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Korb, Allyson H. "Passing through Dink – A Closer Look at How Couples in the United States Make the Decision to Have Children." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/anthro_theses/58.
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This thesis explores how Dual Income No Kids (DINK) couples within the United States approach family planning. The study is based on ethnographic work I carried out over the course of 2011, including a nationwide survey and in-depth interviews I conducted in Atlanta, Georgia, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and Denver Colorado. Specifically, I was interested in investigating why these couples were “delaying” having children based on the national average. While current literature points to changes in education, healthcare, and societal values as being the catalyst for the DINK movement, I wanted to understand Americans’ childbearing decisions on a more personal level. Through this project I looked at how both the social goals (parent and peer role models) and personal pressures (prioritization of education, career and marital partnership) influence an individual’s decision about whether and when to have children. As such, I also explore themes of identity, life narrative, and choice in regards to family planning. Whereas the popular stereotype of DINK suggests that these couples are uninterested in family or “family values”, my research shows that many couples actually choose to be DINK for a time because they are actively pursuing and preparing for parenthood.
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Boguslaw, Julia. "When the Kids Are Not Alright : Essays on Childhood Disadvantage and Its Consequences." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-147718.
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This thesis consists of three self-contained essays on childhood disadvantage and its consequences in Sweden. A Longitudinal Look at Child Poverty Using Both Monetary and Non-monetary Approaches. In this paper, we broaden the analysis of child poverty by using both monetary and non-monetary measures of poverty and by comparing these over time. We use a composite of questionnaire answers from children regarding possession of socially perceived necessities and participation in social activities to develop two non-monetary child-centric concepts of disadvantage: material deprivation and social exclusion. The empirical analysis is based on two cross-sections and a panel of children in the Swedish Level-of-Living Survey matched with parental survey data and administrative income records. Consistent with previous findings, we find that relative income poverty among children increases significantly between the year 2000 and 2010. The fraction of children that is disadvantaged in two dimensions, monetary and non-monetary, is relatively small (0.9–7.0 percent) but increases significantly during the period of study. The modest size of the overlap suggests that our measures capture different dimensions of disadvantage, thereby pointing to the importance of alternative poverty indicators. We also find that income status in childhood is the best predictor of socio-economic outcomes in young adulthood. The Aspirations-attainment Paradox of Immigrant Children: A Social Networks Approach. Using two independent and nationally representative samples of Swedish children, I compare the university aspirations and expectations between children of immigrants and children of natives. In line with existing findings, I find that children with foreign-born parents have significantly higher aspirations and expectations than their native-majority peers with and without conditioning on school performance, academic potential and friendship networks. I do not find any evidence of a significant immigrant-non-immigrant aspirations-expectations gap; immigrant children's aspirations and expectations are not less aligned than those of their native-majority peers. This result suggests that immigrant-native disparities in school outcomes are not driven by an aspirations-expectations gap. Finally, the results reveal significant gender differences. Native-majority girls with academic potential are, for example, more likely to express an aspirations-expectations gap. Moreover, having only female friends makes one less likely to belong to the aforementioned category. The Key Player in Disruptive Behavior: Whom Should We Target to Improve the Classroom Learning Environment? In this paper, I address the question: Who is the individual that exerts the greatest negative influence on the classroom learning environment? To answer this question, I invoke the key player model from network economics and use self-reported friendship data in order to solve the methodological problems associated with identifying and estimating peer effects. I overcome the issue of endogenous group formation by using the control function approach where I simultaneously estimate network formation and outcomes. The results show that the typical key player scores well on language and cognitive ability tests and is not more likely to be a boy than a girl. I also find evidence that removing the key player has a significantly larger effect on aggregate disruptiveness in a network than removing the most disruptive individual, implying that policy aimed at the most active individual could be inadequate.
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Harris, Elizabeth Ploeser 1969. "Marital locus of control in dual-career and traditional single-income couples." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558207.
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Mason, Todd C. "Perceptions of work-family role combination and well-being in dual-income parents." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0009/NQ28356.pdf.
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Mason, Todd Clifford. "Perceptions of work-family role combination and well-being in dual-income parents." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4068.
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Two hundred and eighty-one dual-income parents (140 men and 141 women) employed full-time, with at least one child aged 12 or younger completed a questionnaire on perceptions of work-family interference and enhancement. It was hypothesized that both types of perceptions would contribute unique variance to explanations of well-being (marital, parenting and job satisfaction) in this sample, and that levels of interference and enhancement may vary by gender and by direction of interference and enhancement. No gender differences in total enhancement were found; however, after controlling for employment and household labour hours, women perceived more total interference and work-to-family interference than did men. There were no gender differences in family-to-work interference, or in direction-specific enhancement. Multiple regression analyses supported hypotheses in that perceptions of interference and enhancement both contributed to explanations of well-being; however, support depended on gender, the direction of interference and enhancement, and the aspect of well-being assessed. Men and women were similar in how specific directions of interference related to well-being. For both men and women, family-to-work interference predicted marital satisfaction, whereas work-to-family interference predicted parenting satisfaction. Men and women differed in how specific directions of enhancement related to well-being. All three aspects of women's well-being were related to one or the other direction of enhancement, whereas only job satisfaction was related to enhancement (work-to-family) for men. Results provide preliminary empirical support for the theory that perceptions of interference and enhancement are independent dimensions of the work-family interface which conjointly influence well-being. Support is also provided for the independence of subtypes or directions of both interference and enhancement. It is concluded that work-family research models should include measures of both enhancement and interference, because exclusion of enhancement measures risks overstating the negative effects and understating the positive effects of work-family role combination. Further, measures should assess direction-specific enhancement and interference, because levels of interference and enhancement and their relation to well-being vary depending on direction of interference and enhancement. Finally, models should continue to test for gender effects, particularly if direction-specific measures of both enhancement and interference are to be used. Implications for families, policy and organizations are discussed.
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Pickup, Richard Kenneth. "A critical analysis of the deductibility for income tax purposes of dual-purpose expenditure." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/4155.
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This thesis critically analysed the apportionment of dual-purpose expenditure. In doing so, two categories of dual-expenditure were examined: expenditure that has been incurred for both trade and non-trade purposes, and expenditure that has been incurred to produce both taxable and exempt income. In conducting this analysis, this thesis set out to answer three questions: has the apportionment of dual-purpose expenditure been officially sanctioned in South Africa, when does the need for apportionment arise, and on what basis should a taxpayer apportion expenditure that has been incurred for a dual purpose? A doctrinal methodology was applied to the documentary data which consisted of relevant tax legislation; South African, Australian and English case law; and commentary of experts in the field of tax law. From the analysis performed, it was revealed that the apportionment of dual-purpose expenditure has been officially sanctioned in South Africa. In addition, it was concluded that the applicable legal principles for determining the need for apportionment and for performing the apportionment calculation are clear and well-established. The difficulty which taxpayers, the courts and the South African Revenue Service face, however, is applying these principles in practice. This research therefore concluded that there is a need for further guidance in this complex area of tax law. In addition, this research proposed some recommendations which could provide more certainty and clarity.
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Bucknall, Julia. "Dual habitats--reconciling nature conservation with the needs of low-income communities in Fortaleza, Brazil." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/64876.
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Jiang, Qin. "The creation and moderation of commune income differentials : the dual rationality of the non-agricultural sector in southern Jiangsu /." View abstract or full-text, 2008. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202008%20JIANG.
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Gudmundsson, Amanda Jayne, and n/a. "Balancing Work and Family: Perspectives of Australian Dual-Earner Parents." Griffith University. School of Applied Psychology, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040512.164321.
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In contemporary Australian workplaces there now exists many employed parents who are endeavouring to balance participation between the two central life domains of work and family. For parents living in dual-earner families, simultaneously occupying work and family roles can be difficult and has been associated with outcomes such as physical and psychological health problems and organisational behaviour deficits. In contrast, parents satisfied with their combination of work and family roles have shown positive organisational attitudes and increased psychological health. The purpose of this research was to investigate the work and family role accumulation experiences of parents living in dual-earner couple relationships, and to explore the strategies and processes used by these parents to combine their work and family roles. This research was conducted using a two-phase cross-sectional methodology, incorporating qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods. In the first instance, 32 mothers and fathers from intact dual-earner couples employed in lower-level or blue-collar jobs were interviewed at length regarding their work and family role accumulation experiences. The perceptions offered by these parents illustrated the difficulties and tensions they encountered in combining their roles as well as the rewards and benefits they associated with their lifestyle choice. In finding that dual-earner parents perceived both conflict and enhancement to be associated with work and family role accumulation, these results appeared to be paradoxically explained by the two competing theories of role occupancy, the role scarcity (Goode, 1960) and role expansion hypotheses (Sieber, 1974). However, further scrutiny of the data revealed that the role scarcity and role expansion hypotheses alone were not sufficient for explaining the choices that parents made about how they distributed their time and commitment between their dual-domain responsibilities. The parents' interviews contained numerous descriptions of behaviours and thoughts that represented female care provision and male income provision. Accordingly, it was interpreted that the linkages that these dual-earner parents made between their work and family roles were entrenched within traditional gender role identities and values. This signified that these parents either valued and identified with traditional gender parental roles, or were at least willing to recognise and conform to customary gender parental role behaviour, adjusting their participation and commitment to each primary life domain accordingly. The implication of this finding was that role identity value and commitment was an underlying concept linking the conflict and enhancement outcomes. Drawing upon this grounded theoretical direction, a quantitative questionnaire was distributed to parents employed in a range of occupations. The responses from 286 dual-earner parents to measures of work and parental role identity, and their perception of work and family role occupancy demands (time and stressors), were cluster analysed. The analysis recovered a stable three-cluster typology, suggesting that dual-earner parents are not a homogeneous category of people and that different groups of parents construct their occupancy of work and family roles in substantially different ways. The parents clustered into the first group (compromisers) appeared to have reached a somewhat compromised balance between their dominant parental role identity and the demands associated with their occupation of work and family roles, reporting a moderate amount of work/family conflict and enhancement. In contrast, the parents in the second cluster group (jugglers) were described as finding it difficult to adequately balance high work and family demands and a dominant work role identity, reporting high conflict and low enhancement outcomes. The parents in the third cluster group (accommodators) were described as having achieved an accommodated balance between the meaning they derived from their work and family roles and the demands of their work and family roles, reporting significantly stronger levels of work/family enhancement and lower levels of work/family conflict in comparison with the parents in the other two groups. Further analysis of the similarities and differences between the parents in the three cluster groups revealed that significant differences occurred by group on the dependent variable systems of family environment, work and family affect, workplace and personal resources, and work and family social support. The parents clustered into the compromisers and accommodators groups, who appeared to have reached congruency between their salient role identity and role occupancy demands, demonstrated significantly stronger levels of family cohesion, higher levels of family and childcare satisfaction, and lower rates of emotional exhaustion in comparison with the parents in the jugglers group. These parents also reported access to a larger social support network, the perception of greater levels of social support, and were more satisfied with their social support network in comparison with the parents in the jugglers group. It is suggested that these findings offer support for the proposition by Kofodimos (1993) that employed parents can achieve a balanced work/family lifestyle by devoting an appropriate amount of time and energy into their work and family roles to compliment their individual needs and values. In summary, the results of this research suggest that it is fundamental for future conceptual models of 'work and family' to incorporate the measurement of an individual's personal role identity and value as well as the distributional dimension of role accumulation demands. This thesis has thus contributed to the theoretical development of work and family role accumulation research, provided an insight into coping strategies and support processes used by dual-earner parents to balance their dual-domain responsibilities, and extended the demographic and occupational scope of the work and family literature.
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Wada, Mineko. "Balance in everyday life : conceptions of men and women in dual-income couples with young children." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42819.
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BACKGROUND: As the social justice movement has lessened the gender gap in occupational participation, the subject of balance in life is receiving enormous attention. A growing body of literature suggests that imbalance can increase individual’s health risks. Although various theories about balance have been developed, it remains elusive as a concept. Understanding how people experience and perceive balance is essential to conceptualizing balance and promoting individual and societal health. OBJECTIVE: To better understand the ways in which men and women in dual-income couples with at least one preschool-aged child perceive and experience balance in everyday life. METHODS: The study was primarily informed by a phenomenographic approach. Fifteen heterosexual, dual-income couples living with at least one child under six years old were recruited from a metropolitan area. Each partner in each couple individually participated in two semi-structured interviews. The first interview was designed to explore participants’ overall experiences of daily life, while the second interview aimed to elicit their experiences and perceptions of balance. Phenomenographic and critical discourse analyses were applied to the interview data. The quality of the findings was assured by peer-debriefing, reflexivity, and the verification of transferability. RESULTS: Two key conceptions of balance were identified: managing life and participating in a mix of occupations. In elucidating these conceptions, parents associated the former with meeting collective needs and the latter with meeting individual needs. Trying to simultaneously satisfy these two conceptions/constructions of balance created tension. Managing life reinforced parents’ intensive commitment to parenting and led to balance, but it limited their engagement in personal occupations, which led to imbalance. Conversely, participating in a mix of occupations allowed parents to meet their own needs and was associated with balance, but as it reduced the time they spent with their families, it led to imbalance. CONCLUSION: Employed parents with young children live with two competing conceptions/constructions of balance, which can create tension and affect health. Developing health care and employment policies that help parents to attain a greater sense of balance by harmonizing collective needs of the family and their personal needs may mediate this tension.
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Tápanes, Vanessa. "Effects of Dual Language Learning on Early Language and Literacy Skills in Low Income Preschool Students." Scholar Commons, 2007. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3804.
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This paper presents a framework for literacy skill development relating to both monolingual and dual language learners. The purpose of this study was to identify the differences that may exist between monolingual and dual language learners' performance on literacy tasks, before having a significant amount of exposure to the preschool curriculum. The sample included 78 monolingual language learners and 44 dual language learners who were assessed using the Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery-Revised (WLPB-R). The researcher used scoring methods that took into consideration split vocabulary in dual language learners where a conceptual scoring technique was used (Bedore, Pena, Garcia, & Cortez, 2005). The research design employed was casual comparative where the effects of dual language learning on letter knowledge, concepts of print, vocabulary, listening comprehension, and broad language development were investigated. Findings from two Multivariate Analysis of Variances indicated that there were significant differences between monolingual and dual language learners on early language and literacy skills. This study contributes to the literature regarding dual language development and the use of appropriate scoring methods. Particularly, the outcomes from this study provide guidance regarding best practices for assessment of dual language learners to identify learning and language difficulties.
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Dahlquist, Matilda. "Does Economic Growth reduce Poverty? : An Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between Poverty and Economic Growth across Low- and Middle-income Countries, illustrated by the Case of Brazil." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-24590.
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Extreme poverty is a reality facing over a billion people, and a striking contradiction is that huge disparities coexist with a relatively rapid economic growth. This thesis investigates whether economic growth reduces poverty. Through an empirical cross-sectional regression, it analyses what impact economic growth has on poverty, and what structures that possibly preserve these phenomena. The theories of Dual Economy and Human Capital are used to explain such structures that cause poverty to coexist with growth. Brazil is an example of a dual economy whose recent history is characterised by successful economic and public policies that have managed to reduce the level of extreme poverty. Structures of dualistic labour markets contribute to the preservation of the extreme poverty, thus they do have some explanatory power of the coexistence of poverty and growth. The main conclusion from the empirical results is that economic growth does indeed reduce poverty. Also the level of poverty is strongly related to decrease of poverty, in such a way that a high level of poverty is associated to a slow decrease of poverty. However, economic growth does not appear to be sufficient a tool when the level of extreme poverty is high, suggesting that well-designed policies and investments in education are needed to obtain an inclusive, pro-poor growth and thus reduce the level of extreme poverty.
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Projo, Nucke Widowati Kusumo. "Dual practice in developing country health system." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E012.
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Le terme «médecin à double pratique» dans cette recherche désigne les médecins qui travaillent dans des établissements de santé publics appartenant au gouvernement et qui exercent en même temps une pratique privée. Nous utilisons la combinaison d’un double régime et de mécanismes d’assurance dans l’analyse pour rendre compte de la décision du patient d’avoir accès à un établissement de santé et de la décision du médecin concernant le lieu de travail dans plusieurs situations: pas de double pratique - pas d'assurance, pas de double pratique avec assurance, double pratique sans assurance et double pratique avec assurance. La dernière question justifie la situation dans laquelle la situation offre le plus grand avantage en prenant le bien-être total provenant de l’utilité du patient, des revenus du fournisseur, de la compagnie d’assurance et du transfert gouvernemental. Nous considérons deux types de bien-être; le premier est le bien-être à long terme où le prix et la qualité ont plus de temps pour s'adapter à leur équilibre. La seconde est le bien-être à court terme où nous examinons l’effet immédiat de la présence d’une double pratique ou d’une double assurance dans le système, en maintenant le prix et les qualités constantsThe term of “dual practice physician” in this research refers to physicians who work in public health care facility owned by government and at the same time also engaged in private practice. Part one will analyse the relationship between public and private provider under dual practice regulation in term of price and quality setting in the public facility. This theoretical work is vital to link dual practice from demand and supply side that appears in Part two and Part three. The research wants to answer particular questions on how a private provider selects its price and quality level after knowing the public price and quality set by government under dual practice compared to non-dual practice regulation. The model also emphasizes the existence of insurance scheme in the system. Health care access enhancement in developing country usually takes one of two forms increasing the supply through allowing physicians to have dual jobs and increasing financial access through insurance coverage
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Powell, Amanda Leigh McCarter. "Poverty levels and dual enrollment demographics and their effect on Mississippi high school graduation rates." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2009. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-03172009-120251.
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Batz, Herrera Silvia. "Effects of ePALS on Latino/Hispanic mother-child interactions and shared book reading." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20695.
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The study examined Latino/Hispanic mother-child interactions and shared book reading behaviors before and after participation in a random-assignment Spanish web-based responsive parenting intervention called Play and Learning Strategies (ePALS), as compared with a Spanish web-based developmental assessment intervention (DAS). The efficacy of PALS was previously demonstrated for improving mother and child behaviors within play contexts, everyday activities, and standardized measures of child language. We did not observe statistical changes in mother-child interactions as measured by the Bilingual Child-Mother Coder Impression; but changes were observed in shared reading interactions as measured by the Adult-Child Interactive Reading Inventory. Mothers enrolled in ePALS slightly increased some reading interactive behaviors, while mothers enrolled in DAS decreased on the use of interactive reading skills. Children enrolled in ePALS significantly increased in their use of interactive reading behaviors, while children’s interactive reading skills in the DAS conditions decreased. These results add to the dual language learners’ literature base, but also add to the supporting importance of targeting responsive behaviors in everyday activities such as shared-reading to facilitate children’s development. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
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Holmlund, Linda. "Essays on Child Care and Higher Education." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-26013.
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This thesis consists of a summary and four self-contained papers. Paper [I] examines whether fathers influence the time their children spend in subsidized child care. Two non-nested models of family child care demand are estimated. The parameter estimates indicate that several characteristics of the father are associated with the time his child spends in child care. J-tests and bootstrapped J-tests also show that a model where the father’s characteristics are excluded can be rejected in favour of a model where his characteristics are included. Paper [II] considers the effects of the Swedish child care fee reform on public expenditures and taxation in the municipalities. A difference-in-difference approach is employed where outcomes are compared with respect to the municipalities’ pre-reform fee systems. The results show that pre-reform characteristics determine taxes and child care expenditures in the post-reform period. It is also found that changes in child care quality were not connected to the pre-reform systems characteristics. Paper [III] provides evidence of the effect of college quality on earnings in Sweden. The results suggest that the link between college quality and earnings is weak. A small positive effect is found for individuals that are likely to work full time. Controlling for region of work affects the estimated effects, indicating a correlation between choice of college quality and choice of labour market region. In Paper [IV], earnings differences between transfer and non-transfer students are analysed. The results show that earnings, during the first years after leaving the university, are significantly lower for students who change universities compared to students who do not change. The earnings differences decrease significantly over time and over the earnings distribution.
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Kotila, Letitia E. "The Development of Father Involvement in Diverse Family Environments." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429538958.
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Dupal, Jiří. "Účinky přímých zahraničních investic podpořených investičními pobídkami v kontextu svých pozitiv a negativ." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76679.
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In the past ten years the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has become a phenomenon, which is nowadays considered to be one of the major future perspectives of an economy. For many economists and politicians, the FDI is perceived as a saving instrument, which should help solve problems such as structure, regional discrepancies and most importantly a high unemployment rate especially under the conditions of global economic and financial crisis. The inflow of the FDI to host economy brings many positive effects that cannot be substituted. In fact, it is considered as a positive externality that must be paid. In order to attract the FDI in a country, the investment incentives are proposed and current incentives are being rebuilt. But attracting FDI at all costs can also be counterproductive. The intended aim of this thesis is to analyze positive and negativ effects of the FDI.
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Oloufade, Djoulassi Kokou. "Analysis of Legal Institutions, Conflict and Trade." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23165.
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In the first paper, the effects of trade openness and conflict risk on income inequality are investigated. I obtain that the effect of trade openness on inequality depends on the level of conflict risk. More precisely, there exists a threshold effect: trade openness worsens income inequality in countries where the risk of internal and external conflicts is high. Moreover, I find that countries with higher risk of conflicts are more unequal, and that more ethnically diverse countries increase income inequality. Finally, I obtain that democratic regimes decrease inequality. In the second paper, we analyze the general-equilibrium consequences of property right enforcement in the natural resource sector. Assuming that exclusion requires both private and public enforcement efforts, we compare states that differ by their ability to provide protection services. This ability is referred to as state capacity. We obtain that public protection services can effectively act as either substitutes or complements to private enforcement, and this strongly depends on state capacity. Under low state capacity, an increase in state protection services leads to a drop in national income as labor is drawn away from the directly productive activities. The opposite holds for high-capacity states. As a result, public protection services have an ambiguous effect on national income even though they can unambiguously increase resource rents. In the third paper, we argue that the right to hold dual citizenship can generate important social and economic benefits beyond its political dimension. We assemble a large panel dataset on dual citizenship. We find that in developing countries, dual citizenship recognition increases remittance inflows by US$1.19 billion, GDP and household consumption, and improves child survival. In developed countries, however, dual citizenship recognition decreases remittance inflows by US$1.44 billion, but increases FDI by US$828 billion, raises household consumption, gross capital formation and trade, and provides incentives for skilled workers to move to other countries.
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Laws, Thomas Alan Clifford. "Men’s health practices within dual income families." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/56316.
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The topic, Men’s health practices in dual income families, is worthy of investigation because social change continues to challenge gender roles that have been used to justify a segregation of parental responsibilities. Although child health has primarily been the responsibility of mothers, the increasing trend toward dual income families has resulted in mothers being less available for this role. An emerging substitute for maternal health care is that provided by fathers. Key researchers of fatherhood have reported that men desire more pragmatic interactions with their child, aimed at directly improving health and wellbeing (Burgess, 1990; Burgess & Ruxton, 1997; Burghes, et al., 1997). However, little is known about men’s willingness and capability in performing the range of practices necessary to effectively reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with child illness and injury (Hallberg, 2007; Laws, 2003a). This study used several methods of data collection that ultimately identified new knowledge of men’s health practices not previously recorded in the literature. Document searches, for evidence of men’s health practices, are presented as six chapters; each chapter explores a discrete category of child health or illness; Acute illness, Chronic illness, Mental health problems, Terminal illness, Health promotion and Accident and injury prevention. All six document searches revealed scant information on men’s health practices; this finding supported the need for additional methods. Focus group discussions and individual interviewsm aimed to identify men’s knowledge of child health problems, their repertoire of skills and experiences of practicing health. A questionnaire survey was distributed to households to assess respondent’s attitudes toward the concept of gender equity, shared parenting and to measure the actual health practices performed toward children. Analysis of focus group discussions and survey data revealed a) strong support for gender equity in the workplace and the home b) strong support for equitable parenting c) a repertoire of health practices and frequency of performance far in excess of that evident in the literature. These findings suggest more equitable parenting is occurring and a reclaimed fatherhood role. However, all three methods of data collection identify that men experience substantial barriers to expanding their parental role into child health care; these findings and emerging evidence indicate the need for health professionals and policy makers to develop strategies that enhance men’s inclusion, as partners, in child health practices.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Population Health and Clinical Practice, 2009
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Lin, Zi-Xuan, and 林姿萱. "The Effect of Dual Income Tax System on Economic Growth." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80753907037890303198.
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碩士國立臺北商業技術學院
會計財稅研究所
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This study examines the impact of dual income tax (DIT) system on economic growth. We use a panel data of OECD member countries from 1990 to 2011 to empirically examine this issue by adopting the Heckman two-stage model to control the self-selection bias.We summarize the relevant factors that may cause a country to adopt DIT system, exploring that influence a country's adoption of the DIT, and then extend exploring the impact of DIT system on economic growth.In this study, the DIT system are divided into two definitions: narrow and broad DIT system. Aftercontroling the self-selection bias,the empirical results show that: first, under the narrow definition,the influence of the DIT system on economic growth is insignificant ; second, under the broad definition, the DIT system even have a significant negative influence on economic growth. The resultssuggest that although the DIT systemtake efficiency into consideration, but it cannot stimulate economic growth.
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Desmond, Chris. "The dual role of income in the spread of HIV in Africa." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4619.
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Every day more people in Africa are infected with HIV despite prevention efforts. These new infections and those already infected are not evenly spread throughout the continent. Substantial variations in HIV prevalence exist within and between countries. Understanding these variations helps understand what is driving the epidemic and this understanding in turn helps in the design of more appropriate interventions to prevent its further spread. This thesis builds on existing work by attempting to develop a more
comprehensive theory of what role income plays in the spread of HIV. To this end the Theory of the Dual Role of Income in the Spread of HIV is outlined and explained. It uses the concepts of relative and absolute income, borrowed from elsewhere in the health economics literature, to separate the different effects income has on individual and group risk of HIV infection. The theory hypothesises that, while higher levels of absolute
income (income independent of others) offer protection against infection via better access to health care and information, higher relative income (the income of an individual relative to other members of their social or reference group) increases risk of infection either as a result of more sexual partners or higher risk partners. The theory in no way argues that HIV infections are not related to poverty, but rather that the relationship is,
somewhat more complicated and non-linear than often suggested. The explanatory power of the theory is examined with the use primarily of two data sets: firstly using data collected from antenatal clinics in two South African provinces linked with census data and secondly with data on a large South African company. While these data are not ideal, the results from the analysis are in line with the expectations based on the theory.
The theory and the results of the analysis presented in this thesis support the argument that environments in which decisions are made and actions taken are important in determining risk of HIV infection. This argument suggests that prevention efforts need to do more then provide information.Thesis (M.Com.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.
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LIU, HSUAN-WEI, and 劉宣緯. "Maternal gatekeeping, paternal competence, and father involvement in the dual-income families." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37180288623808874667.
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碩士輔仁大學
兒童與家庭學系碩士班
95
The research primarily focused on studying the relations of maternal gatekeeping, paternal competence and father involvement among mothers in dual-earner families. Furthermore, this study also explored the influence of maternal gatekeeping, paternal competence and background factors on father involvement. The research method was questionnaire. The subjects were the full-time career mothers of the dual-earner family in Taipei area. They had at least a 3-6 year-old child. The instruments included〝Maternal Gatekeeping Scale〞,〝Paternal Competence Scale〞, and〝Father Involvement Scale〞. Five hundred and five mothers were surveyed and 411 valid questionnaires were collected. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, factor analysis, reliability analysis, One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVAs), Pearson Correlation, and Multiple Regression. The results were summarized as followed： 1.The maternal gatekeeping included the 〝leading and high standard〞 and the 〝priority and occupying〞. The mothers perceived that they had middle level of maternal gatekeeping for fathers. 2.The paternal competence included〝discipline guidance and school encouragement〞, 〝learning assistance and living care〞, and 〝accompany and praise 〞. The mothers perceived that paternal competence of fathers was fine. 3.The father involvement included 〝teaching and planning〞, 〝warmth and responsivity〞,〝providing experience and stimulation〞, and 〝requirement of behaving〞. The fathers often involved in parenting. 4.Regarding the differences among father involvement based upon educational level and working hours, the significant differences were found. 5.The correlations showed that maternal gatekeeping was negatively related to paternal competence and father involvement. Paternal competence and education level were positively correlated with father involvement. 6.The regression analysis indicated that paternal competence and education level did show significantly positive association with father involvement. Suggestions were proposed to the parents, practitioners. The directions for future research were also proposed.
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Lin, Meng-Chuan, and 林夢絹. "The Study of Children’s Siblings Relationship through Drawing Representation of Dual-Income Families." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28937472973392385207.
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碩士國立臺北教育大學
幼兒與家庭教育學系碩士班
102
This study aimed to explore in the family of the first and second children’s drawing performances and sibling relationship. Through the implementation and analyses of kinetic family drawings, this study combined the semi-structural interview method with the research subjects being children aged from 4 to 12 years in an elementary school and its affiliated preschool in New Taipei City. The effective sample contained 31 pairs of siblings, 62 people in total. The subjects’ drawings were analyzed with statistical methods such as descriptive statistics and contingency-correlation, and qualitative interview data processing. The findings of this study are summarized below: 1.Among the KFDs by children in dual-income families, the percentage of the KFDs without any character interaction was the highest. And the percentage in the second siblings’ KFDs was higher than in the first siblings’ KFDs. In most of the KFDs, the activities drawn were indoor ones. 2.As for the character distances in the KFDs by children in dual-income families, the characters who were the closest and the furthest to children were their parents. The type of siblings of the highest intimacy was brother-sister pairs. 3.In the KFD performances of children in dual-income families, the most common presentation of characters was to line them up. As for compartmentalization, it was more commonly used when drawing parents than drawing siblings. 4.In the aspect of the character features in the KFDs by children in dual-income families, the characters were drew the first and the largest characters were usually father, mother, and self. The largest characters were drew by children who were over 3 years older or younger than their siblings were their siblings, showing the importance of these characters. 5.As for the symbols in the KFDs by children from dual-income families, the most common ones were natural sceneries, household electric appliances, furniture, decorations, and books. 6.Most of the children perceived their first sibling relationship as a warm/intimate relationship, followed by a conflicting relationship. As for the second sibling relationship, a conflicting relationship was the most common one, followed by a warm/intimate relationship. And the difference between the sibling relationship observed by parents and that perceived by children was significant. Based on the research results and findings, this study proposed some specific suggestions as references for parents, school teachers, and future researchers.
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wen-tzu-ying and 温子瑩. "Child-care Happiness and Demands of Dual-Income Families:Impact of Work-Family Facilitation." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/jzch89.
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碩士國立臺灣師範大學
人類發展與家庭學系
102
The purpose of this research was to understand the child-care happiness, child-care demands and work-family facilitation of dual-income family parents. Additionally, to understand whether the child-care happiness and child-care demands of dual-income family parents could be significantly explained by Demographics variables (gender, age, education, number of child, and working time) and work-family facilitation. A questionnaire, purposive, and snowball sampling were used to obtain responses from 394 participants of dual-income families who both have full-time jobs and at least one child at preschool age in Taiwan. Results indicated that participants tended to experience a higher level of work-family facilitation as well as child-care happiness, and they experienced lower level of child-care demands. In the Demographics variables, ‘education’ reported in significant difference to work-to-family facilitation and child-care demands. Participants with bachelor's degree showed a higher level of work-to-family facilitation than those who only graduated from junior high school level. Participants who only educated from junior high school indicated the lowermost level of child-care happiness. In the meanwhile, ‘working time’ reported a significant difference to family-to-work facilitation and child-care happiness. Participants who working over 60 hours per week displayed a lower level of family-to-work facilitation and child-care happiness than those working between 40 to 49 hours per week. Regression analysis revealed that child-care happiness could be enlightened by work-family facilitation. Child-care happiness was higher when participants perceived more work-family facilitation. On the other hand, child-care demands was not able to be explained by work-family facilitation.
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Wei, Cheng-Cheng, and 魏正誠. "On the Necessity of Taiwan's Comprehensive Income Tax Reform- Through Comparison with and Analysis of Countries Employing Dual Income Tax Base System." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79943308454557567477.
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碩士大葉大學
管理學院碩士在職專班
98
Enhancing tax efficiency is the first goal of the dual income tax system (DIT). Under the prerequisites of eliminating the preferential tax treatment and expending the tax base, the capital income is separated from consolidated income tax base via DIT to construct a low tax rate, no tax breaks and high efficiency capital income tax systems by making a low flat proportional tax rate with separate taxation. Carrying out reform of taxation is not at one stroke and difficulty. Hence, under the Principle of Statutory Taxpaying and inefficiency in legislative, this paper considers the Taiwan specific small open economy characteristic to recommend that Taiwan should give priority to adopt the resumption of stock transaction tax for mitigating tax burden on labour incomes via discussing the experiences of adopting DIT by Nordic countries and tax reforms of OECD countries system. This paper, meanwhile, estimates the tax levy through the resumption of stock transaction tax under DIT with efficient concepts by total turnover volume of Taiwan security market and the stock of listed company in OTC. Moreover, the estimated result is consistent with the degree of freedom for dual income tax policy which indicates that DIT is a simple and efficient tax system.
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Taskin, Ahmet Ali. "Essays on housing and family economics." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/21929.
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This dissertation consists of three essays in Housing and Family Economics. In the first chapter, I analyze the interstate migration patterns of families and the effect of labor force attachment of women on joint migration decisions. I show that as the earned income of spouses become similar, the probability of migration falls substantially. This observation is robust in the sense that 1) it holds even after controlling for a rich set of factors that are strongly correlated with relative income, 2) it yields qualitatively similar results when I model the incidence of attrition as another exit, 3) it consistently disappears for the shorter distance moves. I also find that the negative relationship between income similarity of couples and interstate migration is especially strong for supposedly more settled families and couples that have similar labor market characteristics beyond income levels. In the second chapter, I quantify the contribution of women's labor force attachment to the declining trend in interstate migration. I first document that for families in which both spouses have similar incomes, the propensity to migrate is significantly lower than for families with unequal spousal earnings. I then construct a labor search model in which households make location, marriage, and divorce decisions. I calibrate the model to match aggregate U.S. statistics on mobility, marriage and labor flows and use it to quantify the effect of a fall in the gender wage gap on interstate migration. Narrowing the gender wage gap increases women's contribution to total family income; it induces a higher share of families with both spouses working and more couples with similar incomes. The model predicts that the observed change in the gender wage gap accounts for 35% of the drop in family migration since 1981. Finally, in the third chapter, I examine the effects of homeownership on individuals' unemployment durations in the USA. I take into account that an unemployment spell can terminate with a job or with a non-participation transition. The endogeneity of homeownership is addressed through the estimation of a full maximum likelihood function which jointly models the competing hazards and the probability of being a homeowner. Unobserved factors contributing to the probability of being a homeowner are allowed to be correlated with unobservable heterogeneity in the hazard rates. Tentative results suggest that unemployed homeowners are less likely to find a job which is especially stronger for outright owners. I also find that homeowners' nonparticipation hazard does not significantly differ from that of renters' although having a mortgage lowers the chance of exiting the labor force.text
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Li, Min-Chin, and 李旻津. "The research on parenting self-efficacy and coparenting of elementary school students' fathers of dual-income families." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87557294234246302636.
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YANG, HSIN-YU, and 楊心語. "Work-family conflict and marital satisfaction of dual-income couples: the mediating effect of time spent together." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5cft9s.
Full textAbstract:
碩士輔仁大學
兒童與家庭學系碩士班
104
The purpose of this research is to examine dual-income couples’ work-family conflict effect of themselves and their spouses’ marital satisfaction, and to discuss the mediating effect of time spent together between work-family conflict and marital satisfaction. The data was drawn from a research project granted by the National Science Council Research Project with the dual-income couples, with a total of 164 pairs of married couples. The results of this study discovered that husbands' and wives' work-family conflict had significant difference to marital satisfaction. Husbands' work-family conflict had a direct effect on their marital satisfaction. Our study showed that the higher the husbands' work-family conflict, the lower their marital satisfaction. Husbands' work-family conflict also affected marital satisfaction indirectly through the time spent together, which meant that the lesser the time spent together, the lower the husbands' marital satisfaction. In addition, husbands' work-family conflict had a direct effect on wives' marital satisfaction. Our study found that the higher the husbands' work-family conflict, the lower the wives' marital satisfaction. However neither the time spent together nor husbands' and wives' marital satisfaction had association to wives' work-family conflict. Overall, the impact of husbands' work-family conflict on marital satisfaction was through the time spent together, which meant that husbands' work-family conflict would reduce the time spent together, and thus had a negative effect on marital satisfaction. The higher of the husbands' work-family conflict will reduce the time spent together with wife. Thus, it will make a negative effect in marital satisfaction. We recommend dual-income families arrange their schedule appropriately to reduce the conflict between work and family, and increase the time spent with each other to maintain intimacy and build a better marriage.
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Tseng, Yu-Chun, and 曾鈺純. "Division of Housework in the Dual-Income Families～The Case of Female Elementary School Teachers in Taipei City." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/x4hye3.
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碩士臺北市立大學
人文藝術學院國民小學教師在職進修公民與社會教學碩士學位班
104
Dual-Income family is the mainstream family type nowadays. The husbands and wives believe it is more important to share the household concerns than to rise and educate children. The new concept of the family in this new era is that both husband and wife have to obtain the balance between housework and livelihood and it is not just acareer woman’s duty to make money and do chores at the same time. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the division of housework in a dual-income family. The study objects are 10 female elementary school teachers, and the study method is a qualitative research processed by semi-inducted interviews. It is aimed to analyze how the four dimensions, including tacit knowledge,sex difference, wage differentials and social support, have impacts on the division of housework in a dual-incoming family and how it reaches the balance in their family. In tacit knowledge, due to the increasing influence of school education, teachers can carry on moregender equity education and family educationto arouse the public’s attention to the equity of housework load. In sex difference, males gradually get used to share the housework with females and usually do what they are skilled in first. In wage differentials, when the male who needs to work longer for a higher wage will usually reduce his housework load; nevertheless, when the male has a flextime at career but still get a good pay will increase his housework load. In social support, it is better to adopt humanist technology, and the support of lineal relatives is helpful in a high level. To enhance the balance between housework and career of a female elementary school teacher, the very first essential is to increase the days of family care leave, and the next is to reduce the times of working overtime at weekends.
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田安里. "A Study on The Gender Role Attitude and Role Commitment of Couples on Marriage Satisfaction in a Dual-Income Family." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/03776919933920067136.
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碩士國立嘉義大學
家庭教育研究所
93
The objective of this study is to find out the impact of gender role attitude and role commitment of couples on marriage satisfaction in a dual-income family. The sampling is retrieved from 402 dual -income families randomly selected in the Taiwan area. We used the methodologies of survey questionnaire to collect our data. Data collected are then subjected to methods of averaging, statistical description, one-way MNOVA analysis, Pearson product-moment correlation, and multiple stepwise regression analysis. The results obtained are: 1.In dual -Income families, the gender role attitude of husbands are more traditional, and their commitment to the family are higher than the wives. However, there is no significant difference between job commitments of respective gender. 2.The differences among gender role attitude, role commitment, and marriage satisfaction of both husband and wife due to the differences in background we found are summarized below: （1）On the issue of “Gender Role Attitude”, people in the categories of female, higher education, professional work, fewer children, and at the early stage of the family life-cycle have more modern approach. （2）On the issue of “Family Commitment,” people in the categories of male, with children, and at the stage of having first-born to his/her schooling stages of the family life-cycle have higher family commitment. （3）On the issue of “Job Commitment,” dual-income couples in the categories of higher education, professional work, and at the higher bracket of personal income have higher job commitment. （4）On the issue of “Marriage Satisfaction,” people in the categories of male, higher education, professional work, higher personal income, fewer children, and at the early stage of the family life-cycle are more satisfied. 3.The gender role attitude and role commitment of the husband are highly correlated with the marriage satisfaction of his wife. Conversely, the role commitment of the wife is highly correlated with the marriage satisfaction of her husband. 4.The variables in predicting the “marriage satisfaction “ of a husband are: the marriage satisfaction of the wife, the role commitment and gender role attitude of the husband, number of children, and wife’s personal income. The total explanatory power of the above items combined amount to 42%. 5.The variables in predicting the “marriage satisfaction “ of a wife are: the marriage satisfaction of the husband, the role commitment of the wife, husband’s personal income, and the type of wife’s work. The total explanatory power of the above items combined amount to 43%. Finally, the researchers made general discussions based on findings in this study and made several recommendations. We hope these will help the interacting behavior of dual-income family couples and government institutions in their making and advocating relevant policies.
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TING, PIN-HSUAN, and 丁品瑄. "The relationship between work-family conflict, coping strategy and depression: A study of dual-income couples in the childrearing stage." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ym336j.
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碩士輔仁大學
兒童與家庭學系碩士班
105
Research objective: This study examines the relationship between work-family conflict, coping strategy and depression. Research methods: This study analyzed secondary data. The research samples are 145 pairs of dual-income couples in the childrearing stage that lived in northern Taiwan. The results are analyzed by SPSS Statistics that using T-test, correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis. Research results: 1. The research findings indicate that there are not any significance between education, age, work hours and depression. 2. In the data of the male participants, work-family conflict is positively related to depression; in the data of the female participants, work-family conflict, work coping strategy and family coping strategy are positively related to depression. 3. In the data of the male participants, there is a significant effects between work-family conflict, family coping strategy and depression. The more work-family conflict they feel, the more depressed they are. The higher frequency of family coping strategy they use, the less depressed they feel. In the data of the female participants, there is a significant effect between work-family conflict, work coping strategy, seeking support coping strategy and depression. The higher work-family conflict they feel, the higher depression they get. The more work coping strategies they use, the higher depression they get. The more seeking support coping strategies they use, the lower depression they get.
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Chang, Chao-Chin, and 張昭琴. "A study of dual income family on the relations among household division of labor , marriage, and job for high school teachers enrolling master program." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/72769738233942457905.
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碩士台南科技大學
生活應用科學研究所
95
The purpose of this study explored the relations among household division of labor, marriage and jobs in dual income families. This study used survey questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to collect deta. The objects included married male and female teachers attending or graduated from master program from 2004 to 2006. They lived in north, south, and central mf Taiwan.After the survey was completed, there were 683 invalid copies. The percentage of response was 88.58%. Seven couples were interviewed simultaneously. The following results were important findings from this study. Most couples thought they had to share twelve items of housework together, especially taking care of their children. Married female teachers did more cooking and laundry than married male teachers did. On the contrary, the male teachers did more maintenance of household appliances than the female teachers did. The time that the couples spent the least in the housework was taking care of their family when their child was sick. There was no significant influence on attitude of household division of labor, degree of satisfaction with marriage and degree of satisfaction with jobs while enrolling master program. In the aspect of household division of labor attitude, female teachers got higher evaluation than male ones. Whether being an administrative staff had influence on high school teachers’ attitude toward household division of labor. The vertically extended family and the family with the first child at the stage of an infant had the best evaluation of household division of labor attitude.The younger married teachers with higher personal income had higher evaluation toward the marriage satisfaction.The middleaged married teachers without children, the teachers whose spouses had master degrees and the teachers whose children were at the infancy were more satisfied with their marriages. As for the working satisfaction aspect, secondary-education teachers who finished the master enrolling master program had good evaluation on the teaching surroundings in their teaching schools, the personnel systems, and the welfare. Family members in the big family could offer various resources, which let teachers who enrolling master program devoted all the efforts to the job without care. Hence, they had the highest evaluation on working satisfaction. In the analysis of the interview, interviewees, All agreed to the division of labor of their household chores.However, both the elders and the juniors actually still kept holding gender-role attitudes.Things such as development of good habits, preference of housework, and the usage of technical electric equipment and relative products could save personal time and energy. Family could also be in the harmony atmosphere.Before the tests and enrolling master program, people who could get the support from spouses and family their satisfaction toward marriage rose. Multi roles do not necessarily bring about negative feelings into marriages. In addition to the spouse’s support, tolerance and assistance from both-side parents also motivated the married female teachers on the enrolling master program. The stress of teachers who enrolling master program usually came from refresher course arrangement, personnel systems, teaching methods and styles during further education stage.Whether serving in the public school or in the private one would affect the refresher course level or not? During the whole process of enrolling master program, making good use of relative sources of people, situations, and objects made the teacher who enrolling master program yield twice the result with half the effort and saved plenty of unnecessary source waste. Among the order of the family, the enrolling master program, and career, the teacher who enrolling master program put the major emphasis on the family.In the three factors, families are the most important one for both male and female interviewers. The husbands viewed practical economy as the second consideration while the wives take enrolling master program and career.
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Yanagiura, Takeshi. "Equity and Higher Education: Essays on Performance-based Financial Aid, Community College Degree Completion, and Dual Enrollment." Thesis, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-abmg-7298.
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This paper consists of three independent, quantitative studies on three higher education policy issues in the U.S. : 1) Performance-based Financial Aid, 2) Community College Degree Attainment, and 3) Dual Enrollment. The first essay discusses how low-income students in free college programs respond to strict achievement standards exceeding the minimum requirement for federal financial aid. To address this question, I examined the impact of a new credit completion requirement for Indiana’s statewide free college program. This program is only available for low-income students and recently increased the number of credits required for maintaining eligibility from “taking” 24 credits per year to “earning” 30 credits per year in 2013. Using Indiana’s statewide administrative data on college students, I exploit the sudden change in the eligibility renewal rule to identify the causal effects of the requirement on their postsecondary outcomes. I found that the new rule increased the likelihood of completing a bachelor’s degree within four years by 2.5 percentage points. At two-year institutions, the policy had mixed impacts, increasing the chance of graduation within two years by 2.9 percentage points but also lowered the second-year persistence rate by 3.7 percentage points. Meanwhile, the number of of degree completers within five years remained unchanged in both the sectors, suggesting that strict achievement requirements only improve program efficiency but not overall productivity in terms of degree attainment. Lastly, the policy effects are largely driven by community college students and students whose high school GPA is at or below the median. This implies that schooling decisions that the policy is intended to influence are mostly concentrated among those students.
In the second essay, I discuss how well machine learning (ML) techniques predict the chance of postsecondary credential attainment for students who started at community colleges. Among community college leaders and others interested in reforms to improve student success, there is growing interest in adopting ML techniques to predict credential completion. However, ML algorithms are often complex and are not readily accessible to practitioners for whom a simpler set of near-term measures may serve as sufficient predictors. This study compares the out-of-sample predictive power of early momentum metrics (EMMs)—13 near-term success measures suggested by the literature - with that of metrics from ML-based models that employ approximately 500 predictors for community college credential completion. Using transcript data from approximately 50,000 students at more than 30 community colleges in two states, I find that the EMMs that were modeled by logistic regression accurately predict completion for approximately 80% of students. This classification performance is comparable to that of the ML-based models. The EMMs even outperform the ML-based models in its ability to approximate the actual probability of degree completion. These findings suggest that EMMs are useful predictors for credential completion and that the marginal gain from using an ML-based model over EMMs is small for credential completion prediction when additional predictors do not have strong rationales to be included in an ML-based model, no matter how large the number of those predictors may be.
The third essay focuses on dual enrollment programs at community colleges. The number of high students taking college courses has grown dramatically over the past two decades but little is known about their long-term educational outcomes. Using student-level data obtained from the National Student Clearinghouse, this study provides state-level descriptive analyses on the demographic characteristics of dual-enrolled students, as well as their educational attainment statuses in their early 20s. We tracked more than 200,000 high school students who first took a community college course in fall 2010 for six years, through summer 2016 (five years after high school). Eighty-eight percent of these students continued in college after high school, and most earned a certificate or degree or transferred from a two-year college to a four-year college within five years. What type of college former dual enrollment students attended after high school and how many completed a college credential varied greatly by state, and many states showed big disparities in credential completion rates between lower and higher income students.
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Rodrigues, Célia Cristina Neves. "A tributação das mais-valias imobiliárias – as questões inerentes à afetação e desafetação de bens imóveis." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/95855.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de DireitoNa presente dissertação propomo-nos a observar o regime legal aplicável aos casos de afetação e desafetação de bens imóveis ao exercício de uma atividade empresarial e profissional – entenda-se, por isto, à categoria B do IRS. O interesse subjacente ao presente tema associa-se não apenas à frequência com que o cidadão comum opta pela sua utilização – devido às vantagens contabilísticas imediatas que dele decorrem – mas também pelas diversas implicações criadas pela referida opção e alteradas sucessivamente pelo legislador ao longo dos anos. Efetivamente, veremos que uma solução legal criada em pelo legislador de 1992 e pacificamente vigente até 2016, torna-se alvo de um súbito ataque feroz liderado pela opinião pública. Interessará, por isso, iniciar pela análise da solução criada pelo legislador e acompanhá-la com a observação das alterações socioculturais que motivaram o despertar para o que consistia numa verdadeira justiça legislativa. Concluiremos que o crescimento exponencial nos últimos anos da atividade do alojamento local, em paralelo com a opção pela empresarialização dos rendimentos prediais – conceitos e regimes que desenvolveremos infra – foram os principais responsáveis pelo levantamento de um véu a um problema que, por isso, tem vindo a ser objeto de diversas intervenções minuciosas por parte do legislador. Não poderemos dispensar ainda uma análise crítico-reflexiva das recentes alterações introduzidas Lei do Orçamento de Estado de 2017 até à atual Proposta de Lei do Orçamento de Estado de 2021, bem como da solução oferecida pelo regime jurídico espanhol.Finalmente, propomos analisar a última solução legislativa à luz dos princípios jurídico-fiscais consagrados na CRP, sendo o objetivo final o de culminar com a tentativa de compreensão global das soluções legislativas e, quiçá, de proposição de uma alternativa dentro de várias que certamente existirão.
In the present dissertation we propose to study the legal regime created for immovable property affection and disaffection to a professional or a business activity. The underlying interest in this theme consists in the fact that it is a matter which appears with an arising currency due to the financial benefits associated but also in the different implications successively changed through different legislative interventions. The Portuguese legislator created a legal regime in 1992, which stayed pacifically untouched until 2016, when, suddenly, the public opinion started to question it. That is why we propose to analyze the referred regime as well as the reality changes that occurred, including the socio-cultural ones, since they were the motivation for the awakening to this legislative injustice. Effectively, the exponential growing of the “local accommodation activity” (a new and different type of hosting services provided to tourists), as well as the immovable property income corporatization have started to unveil the problem, motivating successive alterations. After observing the recent legislative modifications, from the 2017 State Budget Law to the last one, namely, the 2021 State Budget Law and also the Spanish solution. Finally we propose to analyze the recent Portuguese legislative solution under the Portuguese constitutional principles and to terminate with our final aim to fully comprehend the reasoning line under these solutions and even to propose an alternative solution.