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Griffiths, Cara Veronica. "Moral Psychology, Dual-Process Theory, and Psychopathology." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1564526866237073.
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Ezepue, P. O. "The dual process and renewal theory in the random environment branching process." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312812.
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Pollard, A. J. "Speech production, dual-process theory, and the attentive addressee." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1348544/.
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This thesis outlines a model of Speaker-Addressee interaction that suggests some answers to two linked problems current in speech production. The first concerns an under-researched issue in psycholinguistics: how are decisions about speech content – conceptualization – carried out? The second, a pragmatics problem, asks how Speakers, working under the heavy time pressures of normal dialogue, achieve optimal relevance often enough for successful communication to take place. Links between these problems are discussed in Chapter 1; Chapter 2 reviews existing research on speech production and dialogue. Chapter 3 presents the central claim of my thesis: that the Addressee exerts a significant influence over the Speaker’s decision-making at a level below the latter’s consciousness. Using evidence drawn from psycholinguistics, developmental psychology and human-computer interaction, Chapter 4 presents evidence to support this claim, demonstrating that a Speaker’s performance can be decisively affected at a preconscious level by the degree of attentiveness shown by the Addressee. Lack of attentiveness, in particular, appears to damage speech production at the conceptualization level. I suggest, therefore, that Speaker and Addressee are linked in a feedback loop: unless a Speaker achieves and maintains relevance to an Addressee, the Addressee’s interest will be lost, and this will impair the Speaker’s production abilities and hence the communication process itself. Chapters 5 and 6 consider some automatic mechanisms that may help Speakers dovetail their productions to Addressee need. These include the neural mechanisms underlying face perception and social rejection; automatic aspects of theory of mind; intuitive memory and inference systems of the type being explored in dual-process theory; and connections between verbal performance and behavioural priming currently being investigated. Chapter 7 summarizes the complete argument, discusses its wider implications, and includes suggestions for further work.
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Richards, Daniel. "The disposition effect, dual process theory and emotion regulation." Thesis, Open University, 2012. http://oro.open.ac.uk/54524/.
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Research from the behavioural finance paradigm has detected bias in investors' decision making. One such bias, the disposition effect, shows that investors are reluctant to sell investments at a loss, yet are eager to sell investments at a gain. Investors vary in the extent to which they exhibit the disposition effect and research to date has found that an investor's level of sophistication and amount of experience can somewhat predict their susceptibility to this bias. Despite the disposition effect arising out of the nature of human psychology, few studies have empirically investigated psychological based explanations for susceptibility to this bias. I address this gap by applying two psychological theories to predict the susceptibility to the disposition effect: dual process theory and a model of the role of emotions and their regulation. The thesis contains two studies on the disposition effect of UK investors, a country where investors have not previously been researched for this bias. The first study involves using survival analysis to analyse the transactions made by 4,328 UK investors from July 2006 to December 2009. The second study is a subsample ofthe first, where 261 investors completed an online questionnaire to measure the psychological variables. I show that the average UK investor in this sample is susceptible to the disposition effect. contribute to existing knowledge about the disposition effect by showing that investor sophistication and experience attenuates, but does not eliminate, this bias. I extend knowledge on the disposition effect by showing that through the use of stop loss strategies, investors can inoculate against the disposition effect. In relation to the psychological variables, I find that investors who report higher levels of intuitive ability exhibit this bias to greater extent and investors who report a preference towards analytical cognition exhibit this bias to a lesser extent. Finally, the results tentatively show that investors who reappraise their emotions while investing, exhibit this bias to a lesser extent.
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Kvaran, Trevor. "Dual-process theories and the rationality debate contributions from cognitive neuroscience /." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08032007-161242/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2007.Title from file title page. Andrea Scarantino, Eddy Nahmias, committee co-chairs; Erin McClure, committee member. Electronic text (68 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Jan. 7, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-68).
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Kvaran, Trevor Hannesson. "Dual-Process Theories and the Rationality Debate: Contributions from Cognitive Neuroscience." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/20.
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The past 40 years have seen an enormous amount of research aimed at investigating human reasoning and decision-making abilities. This research has led to an extended debate about the extent to which humans meet the standards of normative theories of rationality. Recently, it has been proposed that dual-process theories, which posit that there are two distinct types of cognitive systems, offer a way to resolve this debate over human rationality. I will propose that the two systems of dual-process theories are best understood as investigative kinds. I will then examine recent empirical research from the cognitive neuroscience of decision-making that lends empirical support to the theoretical claims of dual-process theorists. I will lastly argue that dual-process theories not only offer an explanation for much of the conflicting data seen in decision-making and reasoning research, but that they ultimately offer reason to be optimistic about the prospects of human rationality.
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M, Dube Chad. "Dual-process theory and syllogistic reasoning a signal detection analysis /." Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/242/.
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Brooks, Charles Kennedy. "Multiple independent implicit personality processes: a challenge to dual process theory." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37309.
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This study applied the Process Dissociation Procedure (Bornstein, 2002) to test independence between personality processes represented by different implicit measurement techniques. In contrast to the commonly adopted literal view of dual processes in personality theory, the study predicted that two implicit measures (CRT-A and IAT-A) and one explicit measure (NEO-AH) of aggressive disposition would dissociate with each other in their 1) intercorrelations, 2) predictions of behavioral criteria of aggressiveness, and 3) potential moderation by situational cues. These hypotheses were generally, though not completely, supported. Most importantly, the two implicit measures dissociated in their lack of correlation and differential prediction of behavioral criteria, unaffected by changes in situational cues. As predicted, the CRT-A and the NEO-AH dissociated in their intercorrelations, predictions, and moderation by incentives. The IAT-A and the NEO-AH dissociated in their lack of intercorrelation and their differential moderation by changes in incentive conditions. As predicted, only the explicit measure was moderated by changes in incentive conditions. Unexpectedly, IAT-A and the NEO-AH were statistically indistinguishable in their prediction of behavioral criteria of aggression. The findings provided strong support for the hypotheses predicting multiple independent implicit personality processes.
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Brown, Daniel. "Investigating the Role of Past Behaviour and Habits in Health Behaviour." Thesis, Griffith University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/395107.
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Globally, there is a significant burden of disease due to unhealthy patterns of behaviours. Poor quality nutrition, over-exposure to the sun, insufficient oral hygiene practices, and excessive alcohol consumption are but a few examples of health-related behaviours that affect mortality and quality of life. To effectively modify people’s health behaviour, mechanisms of change must be isolated and tested. Previous research has often used theories of social cognition to understand, explain, and predict health behaviour. More recently, however, researchers are attempting to overcome the notable criticisms of such theories; for example, the tendency to focus on conscious, deliberative processes. To this end, understanding the role of non-conscious, automatic processes have come under the spotlight. The current thesis attempts to contribute to this literature by addressing three main aims. First, this thesis aimed to understand the effect of past behaviour in an integrated, dual-phase model of health behaviour that focuses on multiple deliberative processes. Second, this thesis aimed to explain the effects of past behaviour on future behaviour, with a focus on the role of habit. The final aim was to explore lay representations of habit. As a thesis presented by a series of publications, the four papers that comprise this program of research are presented as journal manuscripts.
Paper 1 aimed to understand the effect of past behaviour in an integrated, multi-theory, dual phase model of health behaviour, exploring fruit and vegetable consumption of Australian heavy goods vehicle drivers (n = 212). The model integrated and tested constructs from self-determination theory (i.e., autonomous motivation), the theory of planned behaviour (i.e., attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, and intention), and the health action process approach (i.e., action planning and coping planning), with the addition of past behaviour. Structural equation modelling identified the relative contributions of motivation, social cognition, and volition to the prediction of fruit and vegetable consumption, one week later. Importantly, past behaviour was shown to attenuate model effects, particularly to the intention-behaviour relationship. This study explicitly demonstrated the effect of past on future behaviour and found significant residual variance unexplained by the conscious, deliberative processes.
To address the second aim of the thesis by seeking to understand which elements of past behaviour exert influence on future behaviour, Paper 2 tested a dual-process model that incorporated constructs that underpinned reasoned action and automatic constructs across three distinct health behaviours and populations: binge drinking in university students (n = 319), dental flossing in adults (n = 251), and parental sun safety behaviour of children 2 – 5 years of age (n = 184). Furthermore, Paper 2 sought to use a measure of past behaviour that combined long-term, recent, and routine patterns of behaviour. This was used to best model potentially distinct patterns of past behaviour; but, to also overcome criticisms that argue past-future behaviour effects are inflated by shared-method variance. The study adopted a prospective design with two waves of data collection, spaced six weeks apart. Structural equation modelling found that the automatic, but not reasoned action constructs, mediated the past-to-future behaviour relationship across all three behaviours.
In further addressing the second aim of the thesis, Paper 3 aimed to explore the role of two different types of habits (i.e., goal-directed and counter-intentional) simultaneously with a reasoned action measure (i.e., intention) in two health-promoting nutrition behaviours (i.e., eating the recommended serves of fruits and vegetables and restricting sugar sweetened beverages) in two populations (i.e., middle school students aged 11 – 14 years (n = 266) and university students aged 17 – 24 years (n = 340)).
Results revealed different patterns of effects whereby intentions predicted both behaviours in both samples and goal-directed habits and counter-intentional habits only predicted fruit and vegetable consumption in the middle-school sample. This study highlighted how automatic processes may play a significant role in explaining and predicting health behaviours. Of note, in Paper 3, the habit for each behaviour that was measured using an avoidance-orientation (i.e., the habit to restrict or avoid) did not produce a significant effect. The non-significant effects could indicate that such habits do not play a role in health behaviour or, alternatively, demonstrate the participants had difficulty understanding and interpreting such questions. Understanding how the general population interprets the meaning of habit is therefore useful; yet, has rarely been explored.
Paper 4, in addressing the last aim of the thesis, sought to understand lay representations of habit using qualitative methodology across two studies. The first study used an online, open-ended questionnaire to elicit the most salient features of habit. The second study used interviews and focus groups to explore a more in-depth understanding of lay representations of habit by exploring what lay people identify as the important features of habit and which behaviours they identify as habitual. Paper 4 found that, overall, there were many consistencies with a lay and scientific representation of habit (e.g., automatic, frequently engaged). However, despite being able to identify specific features of habit, lay people, at times, identified habitual behaviours that were inconsistent with their definition. In particular, lay people often used the word habit to mean clustered, repetitive patterns of behaviour, synonymous with routine, or as something that is characteristic or typical of them. This highlights potential problems with how lay people may answer self-reported measures of habit and how they evaluate interventions seeking to modify habits. Furthermore, as researchers continue to explore other automatic and implicit processes (e.g., counter-intentional habits or implicit attitudes and motivations) there must be a coherent and consistent definition to distinguish between them.
Overall, the findings of this thesis make an important contribution to the health and behavioural medicine literature by contributing to understanding the role of past behaviour and habit in explaining and predicting health behaviour. The research first corroborated the attenuation effects of past behaviour on future behaviour in an integrated model of health behaviour. It was demonstrated that a significant portion of variance was left unexplained when only reasoned, deliberative processes are used in models of behaviour. The research then demonstrated that the residual variance of past-to-future behaviour was accounted for by automatic constructs (i.e., habit) in three distinct behaviours and populations. This was further expanded by exploring the role of two constructs representing automatic processes, goal-directed and counter-intentional habits, alongside intention. The inconsistent effects across behaviours and samples highlighted that little is known about how lay people represent habits, which likely influences how they interpret measures of habit. Therefore, the final paper qualitatively explored lay representations of habit, demonstrating that while there are some consistencies with a scientific understanding of habit, there remains a number of discrepancies. The findings of this thesis contribute to understanding the effects of past behaviour and habit on health behaviour. These findings highlight that further research is needed in enhancing the scientific conceptualisation of habit and in further understanding the conditions in which constructs representing non-conscious and automatic processes mediate the past-to-future behaviour relationship compared with constructs representing reasoned-action processes.Thesis (Professional Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy in Clinical Psychology (PhD ClinPsych)
School of Applied Psychology
Griffith Health
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Gareau, Alexandre. "An Examination of the Motivational Determinants of Academic Achievement Through a Dual-Process Perspective: The Case of the Integrative Process in Self-Determination Theory." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38587.
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Self-determination theory posits, through an organismic perspective of human development, that all humans are inherently curious to assimilate new information and all naturally behave for their psychological growth. Central to this natural tendency is the determinant role of the social environment in maintaining or hindering this inherent function of the self. Humans thus develop, through their life, motivational patterns that can be characterized as being either internalized or not. For SDT, this natural process of integrating one’s motives, values, and belief in the self can be observed through the internalization continuum of self-determination. The self-determination continuum describes the behavioral regulation of individuals and can be broke down in two large dimensions: autonomous vs controlled motivation. When applied to the educational context, the theory would say that students who invest themselves in their academic activities for more internalized and autonomous reasons will be more likely to experience positive educational outcomes (e.g., achievement, perseverance, deeper learning, well-being, and lower dropout intentions). However, recent meta-analyses revealed a small positive association between explicit self-evaluation of autonomous motivation (AM) and academic achievement (r ≈ .177; Cerasoli, Nicklin, & Ford, 2014; Richardson, Abraham, & Bond, 2012; Taylor et al., 2014). In those studies, the internalization dimensions have been mainly measured through self-report methodology, and even if those measures are valid and reliable they should only be interpreted as the accessible declared self-knowledge one individual has about his own motivational dispositions. As such, this thesis embarks on the premise that those explicit self-evaluations mainly tap into the reflective/conscious side on the human brain and that taking a dual-process perspective over the integration process could alleviate our understanding of human motivation. This thesis also acknowledges, as in most dual-process theories, the determinant role of working memory capacity (WMC) in the interplay between the explicit/reflective/controlled and implicit/impulsive/automatic processes. The ability to control and direct attention, as measured by WMC, is an important individual differences that can explain why some dual-process effect might be working for some individuals but not for the other (Barrett, Tugade, & Engle, 2004). In this dissertation, my hypotheses were anchored in SDT and inspired by the implicit social cognition approach. Accordingly, I aimed at exploring the internalization process of university students in the educational context. To that end, I proposed three original studies described in three different articles. In Article 1, I first developed a lexical decision task of implicit AM based on the preliminary work of Burton, Lydon, D'Alessandro, and Koestner (2006). I hypothesized that explicit and implicit AM should interact in a synergistic manner in the prediction of subsequent academic achievement. Moreover, this synergistic effect should depend on the WMC of the students, as the integrative process is likely to be cognitively challenging. A sample of 272 university students were recruited and participated in a lab study (INSPIRE lab). Results of moderated regression analysis revealed that explicit AM was a significant predictor of semester GPA, but only for students with high level of implicit AM, and average to high levels of WMC. This prediction was double the size of past meta-analyses estimate (β = .445), thus demonstrating that incorporating a dual-process perspective of AM enable a more precise account of internalization. In Article 2, I extended the lexical decision task with additional stimuli, replicated the effect of Article 1 with Bayesian estimation and tested a reciprocal hypothesis between academic AM and achievement. I hypothesized that the past academic achievements of students are likely to influence the development of AM for university studies. Again in the INSPIRE lab, 258 undergraduate students participated in this study. Results of a mediational model revealed a significant reciprocal effect of past academic achievement, explicit AM and subsequent academic achievement at university. Moreover, results from study 1 were included as informative prior in the Bayesian analysis of study 2. A moderated-moderation mediation model was tested and revealed a significant synergistic effect between explicit and implicit AM, thus replicating the effect found in study 1. This effect was also moderated by WMC, once again replicating the results of study 1, by demonstrating that sufficient WMC is needed for the synergistic effect of AM to be operant. Lastly, in Article 3 I developed an in-lab learning situation to evaluate if dispositions of AM could be activated outside of the students’ awareness and enable explicitly declared AM to be predictive of subsequent learning performance (math and verbal components). The beneficial effect of explicit AM on subsequent learning performance was only observed for the students who were subliminally primed with AM words. This experimental study thus stressed on the importance of the environment in shaping individuals’ behavior, even when that environment is unconsciously perceived. The findings of this experimental study were thus repositioned in a person x environment interpretation, as opposed to study 1 and 2 which were framed in a person x person interpretation. Of particular interest, contrary to studies 1 and 2, only students with low to average levels of WMC seemed to benefit from the situational priming of AM words. Students with lower levels of WMC can thus benefit from implicit situational cues of AM, as the results demonstrate that it can activate the synergistic effect of AM and ultimately help them perform better on the exam. Overall, this thesis has provided empirical evidence for adopting a dual-process perspective of AM combining motivation and cognitive research in the prediction of academic achievement.
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Quinonez, Bonnie. "Influence of Dual Process Decision-Making Theory in Patients Diagnosed With Cancer." Thesis, Walden University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10639411.
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Each year millions of people face the medical decision-making cycle that comes with a diagnosis of cancer. For patients and their families, this can be a rollercoaster of confusion and fear. Researchers have indicated that the complexity of the decision-making process is underrepresented in the current approach of informed decision-making. The purpose of this study was to add to scientifically-validated research expanding the identification of factors that influence decision-making for individuals diagnosed with cancer. Fuzzy trace theory (FTT) is the dual process memory theory used as the framework for this study. Qualitative data were collected using semistructured interviews with 10 participants. The sampling strategy included purposeful sampling and snowball or chain sampling. The audio-recorded interviews were transcribed and analyzed. Software tools were used to aid in the creation of word mapping and clusters and a naming structure emerged. A comprehensive thematic analysis was completed. Participants detailed experiences with family and social dynamics, psychological or emotional stress, external influencing factors to the decision-making process, and experiences with cancer advertising. This research can create positive social change through the advancement of scientifically-validated research to support patients during the decision-making process.
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Quinonez, Bonnie D. "Influence of Dual Process Decision-Making Theory in Patients Diagnosed With Cancer." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4402.
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Each year millions of people face the medical decision-making cycle that comes with a diagnosis of cancer. For patients and their families, this can be a rollercoaster of confusion and fear. Researchers have indicated that the complexity of the decision-making process is underrepresented in the current approach of informed decision-making. The purpose of this study was to add to scientifically-validated research expanding the identification of factors that influence decision-making for individuals diagnosed with cancer. Fuzzy trace theory (FTT) is the dual process memory theory used as the framework for this study. Qualitative data were collected using semistructured interviews with 10 participants. The sampling strategy included purposeful sampling and snowball or chain sampling. The audio-recorded interviews were transcribed and analyzed. Software tools were used to aid in the creation of word mapping and clusters and a naming structure emerged. A comprehensive thematic analysis was completed. Participants detailed experiences with family and social dynamics, psychological or emotional stress, external influencing factors to the decision-making process, and experiences with cancer advertising. This research can create positive social change through the advancement of scientifically-validated research to support patients during the decision-making process.
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Evans, Clifford Daniel. "The Effect of Implicit Theories of Judgment on Attitudes and Evaluative Outcomes." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1214597292.
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Rosenthal, Erica Lynn. "Overcoming Cognitive and Motivational Barriers to Media Literacy: A Dual-Process Approach." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/32.
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In today's fast-paced, hyper-mediated society, the ability to balance accuracy and efficiency is essential. Media literacy educational programs have arisen to meet this need and proliferated in recent years. Although the practice of media literacy is thriving, its underlying mechanisms are poorly understood and evidence of effectiveness is mixed (e.g., Bergsma & Carney, 2008). A social psychological perspective has the potential to illuminate previously overlooked variables and inform research and practice in this growing field. In particular, whereas media literacy efforts typically emphasize thorough processing of media messages, dual-process theories of persuasion (e.g., Eagly & Chaiken, 1993; Petty & Cacioppo, 1986) suggest this is not always realistic. When motivation or ability is compromised, individuals default to a low-effort processing mode, relying on peripheral cues or heuristics rather than carefully evaluating message arguments. In this mode, media messages can persuade unconsciously.
Using a dual-process approach, the present research investigated how specific barriers to motivation (perceptions of personal invulnerability) and processing ability (emotion-based advertising, environmental distractions) influence the processes of media literacy. Participants (N = 882) were randomly assigned to 16 conditions in a 2 [vulnerability: demonstrated, control] x 2 [distractions: present, absent] x 2(2) [ad type: informational, emotional; two replicates of each type] between-subjects nested design. The vulnerability manipulation increased distrust in the target ads and reduced their persuasiveness, not through the hypothesized mechanism of heightened perceptions of vulnerability, but mediated by increased counterarguing. Relative to informational ads, emotional ads were judged more persuasive, attractive, similar to personal experience, and elicited greater identification. However, they were also rated less trustworthy than informational ads, suggesting emotional advertising largely bypasses logical decision-making processes. Distraction reduced counterarguing only among those who found the ad relatively unpersuasive.
The results of this research highlight the central role of trust in media literacy processes. Although individuals recognize and distrust emotional forms of advertising, they are nonetheless persuaded by such appeals. Given the sophistication of contemporary advertising techniques and the ubiquity of distractions, the present research suggests new approaches to media literacy are needed, specifically tailored to decision-making under these more realistic media-use conditions.
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Onyper, Serge V. "Dual-process signal detection theory in item recognition: evidence for some-or-none recollection /." Related electronic resource:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1407689661&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3739&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Keech, Jacob J. "The influence of stress mindset on health and performance: Advancing theory, measurement, and intervention." Thesis, Griffith University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/388658.
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Despite the impact of stress on both physical and psychological health, very few people seek professional support in managing their stress. Potential targets for non-clinical interventions to aid in stress management are therefore a timely area to explore. Emerging research has found that holding the belief that stress can have enhancing consequences–stress mindset–can have a positive effect on physical and psychological wellbeing, coping behaviours, affective outcomes, and performance in response to laboratory stressor tasks and ecological stress over short periods of time. Stress mindset has also been found to be malleable through brief multimedia interventions and may therefore be a suitable target for non-clinical interventions to aid in stress management. Mindsets are conceptualised as an individual’s beliefs about whether fundamental attributes are fixed or malleable; however, the existing measure of stress mindset diverges from this conceptualisation, operationalising stress mindset as strictly enhancing or strictly debilitating. There is also a lack of data explaining the mechanisms through which stress mindsets influence these stress-related outcomes. Further, interventions have only been evaluated in the context of responses to laboratory stressors and ecological stressors over a few days.
The program of research presented in this thesis has three overarching aims. The first aim is to develop and evaluate a model that explains the mechanisms through which stress mindset influences stress-related outcomes and to evaluate whether the structure of the proposed model holds in a different context and sample. The second aim is to advance measurement of stress mindset through the development and validation of a measure of stress mindset that is theoretically-consistent. The final aim is to develop and evaluate the effect of a novel intervention on individuals’ stress mindset, and on stress-related outcomes while individuals experience ecological stress over a two-week period. As a thesis by publication, four papers report the four studies that comprise this program of research.
Study 1 aimed to validate the stress control mindset measure (SCMM) across samples from Australia (n = 218) and the United Kingdom (n = 214). Confirmatory factor analyses indicated a consistent four-factor structure and measurement invariance across samples. Construct validity regarding conceptually-related measures and reliability was also supported across both samples. Stepwise regression analyses also indicated that the SCMM exhibited incremental validity, accounting for significantly more variance in health and wellbeing outcomes than the stress mindset measure. The SCMM is therefore a valid and reliable measure with good psychometric properties that addresses the divergence in measurement and theory of stress mindset.
To develop an understanding of the mechanisms through which stress mindset may influence health and performance outcomes, Study 2 developed and tested a novel stress beliefs model. Undergraduate students (n = 218) completed study measures in a research laboratory. Findings indicate that behaviours with the goal of proactively meeting demands under stress and perceived somatic symptoms are important mediators of the effect of stress mindset on health- and performance-related outcomes. Study 3 aimed to test the stress beliefs model in a sample of police officers, replicating and extending upon Study 1 and using a Bayesian analytic technique to provide updated estimates of model parameters. Police officers (n = 134) completed study measures in an online survey. Findings supported model predictions, with behaviours aimed at proactively meeting demands and perceived somatic symptoms mediating the effects of stress mindsets on health-related outcomes. The findings from these studies provide formative data which can inform the development of future interventions aiming to encourage more adaptive responses to stress. Study 4 aimed to develop and test of a novel imagery intervention to change stress mindset. The study adopted a pre-registered randomized placebo-controlled trial design. University students (n = 150) attended a research laboratory twice over two weeks, receiving the intervention or placebo in Session 1, and completing measures in both sessions. Students’ academic performance data was collected from university records. Large-sized differences in stress mindset were observed in intervention group participants immediately following the intervention and at the two-week follow-up relative to controls. However, there were no effects of the intervention for the pre-registered analyses. Further theory guided analyses robust effects of the intervention on perceived distress, positive and negative affect, proactive behavior, and academic performance at the follow-up in individuals with high baseline perceived stress.
Overall, the findings of this research program make an important contribution to our knowledge of stress mindset and provide important theoretical and practical implications. The research provides advances in measurement with the new measure of stress mindset, the SCMM, addressing a prior divergence in theory and measurement and accounting for more variance in health and wellbeing outcomes than the existing measure. The development and testing of the stress beliefs model in students and police officers provides foundational theory for understanding how stress mindsets influence health and performance, identifying that proactive coping behaviour under stress and perceptions of somatic symptoms are mediators in this process. The final study developed and tested a novel mental imagery intervention, and findings indicate that the intervention is a promising approach for changing individuals’ stress mindset and that changing stress mindset can have beneficial effects on coping with ecological stressors.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Applied Psychology
Griffith Health
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Furlan, Sarah. "Developmental and individual differences in the Ratio-Bias Phenomenon with and without time pressure." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3427474.
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The ratio bias is known as the tendency to judge a low probability event as more likely when presented as a large-numbered ratio, such as 10/100, than a smaller-numbered ratio, such as 1/10 (Kirkpatrick & Epstein, 1992). Less is known about judgments when the ratio bias frame is reversed, requiring judgments of high probability events. This frame has been scarcely investigated in adults, never in children, and results, as well as predictions, are mixed.
According to cognitive-experiential-self theory (CEST), adult participants should favor a small-numbered ratio (i.e., 9-in-10) rather than a large-numbered ratio (i.e., 90-in-100) because the former is perceived as more concrete than the latter. A correct response depends on the development and strength of analytic processing. Instead, fuzzy-trace theory (FTT) predicts the opposite: people should favor a large-numbered ratio (i.e., 90-in-100) because they have a preference for simplified rather than exact numerical information and “more is better than less”. According to FTT theory, analytic processing and intuition develop together and both of them can lead to a correct response.
Experiment 1 assessed whether the bias pattern changes with age and whether it is more visible when comparing ratios is difficult. The proportion of correct responses should increase with age and instruction. Seventh graders (N = 94), middle adolescents (N = 58) and adults (N = 30) completed three trials of a mathematical scenario. They compared a small-numbered ratio (which was always 9-in-10) to a large-numbered ratio that varied: a) 85-in-95 (smaller than 9-in-10); b) 90-in-100 (equal to 9-in-10); and c) 95-in-105 (larger than 9-in-10). Correct responses increased with age. Seventh graders, however, were 4.9 times more likely than middle adolescents to give the correct response in the comparison between 9-in-10 and 95-in-105. The analysis of the biased preference revealed that, independent of the ratios, seventh graders slightly prefer the large-numbered container, whereas, according to CEST, middle adolescents were biased toward the small-numbered container.
Experiment 2 assessed whether two different real-life scenarios activate world knowledge that triggers the bias in different directions. Participants were 157 seventh graders, 131 middle adolescents, and 69 adults. Each participant completed three trials with a single scenario. The ratios in these trials were the same three ratios used in Experiment 1. In one scenario the responses of middle adolescents were much more biased than those of seventh graders toward the less numerous option. In the other scenario the responses of seventh graders were more biased toward the less numerous option than those of middle adolescents. Adults responded correctly about 75% in every condition and showed little bias.
Experiment 3 investigated how a time-pressure condition influences the interaction between the heuristic and analytic process. Participants were 92 seventh graders, 98 middle adolescents, and 92 adults. Each participant completed the same three trials used in previous experiments with a single scenario (the same three scenarios used in Experiment 1 and 2). Results show that accuracy decreases in all age groups and that, contrary to traditional dual-process theories, time pressure inhibits both analytic and heuristic processes. In addition, time pressure, according to FTT, favors gist processing.
The present findings do not appear completely congruent with the predictions of CEST or the predictions of FTT. Biases on ratios depend on the magnitudes of the probabilities, and both age and context influence the pattern of responses. Furthermore, formal and mathematical competence is needed to overcome the influence of world knowledge. Time to decide leads to wrong decisions based on heuristics.Il ratio bias viene definito come la tendenza sistematica a giudicare un evento dalle basse probabilità di accadimento (per esempio una probabilità di vincita pari al 10%) come più probabile se presentato sotto forma di ampia numerosità (per esempio 10 palline vincenti su 100) piuttosto che di bassa numerosità (1 pallina su 10), nonostante le probabilità di accadimento siano le stesse (Kirkpatrick & Epstein, 1992). Il comportamento decisionale negli eventi ad alta probabilità di accadimento è stato, invece, scarsamente indagato negli adulti e mai in ottica evolutiva. Le poche ricerche a disposizione evidenziano risultati scarsamente coerenti con le ipotesi di partenza. Secondo la cognitive-experiential-self theory (CEST) negli eventi positivi ad alta probabilità di accadimento gli adulti preferiscono i rapporti di probabilità espressi sotto forma di bassa numerosità (ad esempio 9 su 10) rispetto che ad alta numerosità (ad esempio 90 su 100) in quanto i primi sono percepiti come più concreti e di facile visualizzazione. La risposta corretta, coerentemente con lo sviluppo, dipende dal livello di abilità legate al sistema analitico e al ragionamento formale. La fuzzy-trace theory (FFT), invece, predice l’opposto, ovvero che le persone preferiscono i rapporti di probabilità espressi sotto forma di alta numerosità (ad esempio 90 su 100 rispetto a 9 su 10) perché semplificano il confronto basandosi esclusivamente sulla quantità maggiore al numeratore: 90, rispetto a 9, offre maggiori possibilità. Secondo la FTT, la risposta corretta dipende dal ragionamento formale ma anche dal concomitante sviluppo dell’intuizione la quale rappresenta l’apice dello sviluppo. Nell’Esperimento 1 abbiamo indagato se il ratio bias cambia con l’età e diventa più evidente laddove i rapporti di probabilità da confrontare sono caratterizzati da un’elevata difficoltà computazionale. La proporzione di risposte corrette dovrebbe aumentare al crescere dell’età e del livello di istruzione. Sono stati indagati 94 studenti italiani di seconda media, 58 adolescenti italiani e 30 studenti americani della Cornell University. Ciascun partecipante ha risolto un problema a carattere matematico presentato in tre diversi trial. Ogni trial era caratterizzato dal confronto tra due rapporti numerici: il primo, che era costante per ogni trial, era caratterizzato da un rapporto di probabilità espresso sotto forma di bassa numerosità, ovvero 9 su 10. Il secondo, espresso sotto forma di alta numerosità, era diverso per ogni trial: a) 85 su 95 (minore di 9 su 10); b) 90 su 100 (identico a 9 su 10); e c) 95 su 105 (maggiore di 9 su 10). I risultati evidenziano che le risposte corrette aumentano all’aumentare dell’età. Tuttavia, i ragazzi di seconda media rispondono 4.9 volte meglio degli adolescenti nel confronto tra 9 su 10 e 95 su 105. L’analisi delle risposte biased mostra che, indipendentemente dalla specificità del trial considerato, i ragazzi di seconda media hanno una moderata preferenza per il rapporto ad alta numerosità. Gli adolescenti, invece, coerentemente con la CEST, mostrano un chiaro bias verso il rapporto a bassa numerosità. Nell’Esperimento 2 abbiamo indagato se due scenari tratti dalla vita quotidiana attivano rappresentazioni contestualizzate che spingono il bias verso direzioni differenti. I partecipanti erano 157 studenti italiani di seconda media, 131 adolescenti di seconda superiore e 69 studenti americani della Cornell University. Ciascun partecipante ha risolto i tre trial descritti nell’Esperimento 1. I risultati mostrano che in uno scenario le risposte degli adolescenti vanno fortemente nella direzione dei rapporto a bassa numerosità (9 su 10) rispetto alle risposte dei ragazzi di seconda media. Nell’altro scenario il pattern è opposto: i ragazzi di seconda media hanno una preferenza maggiore per il rapporto a bassa numerosità rispetto agli adolescenti. Circa il 75% degli studenti della Cornell University rispondono correttamente e non mostrano alcuna preferenza sistematica per uno dei due rapporti di probabilità. Nell’Esperimento 3 abbiamo fatto rispondere i partecipanti in condizione di forte pressione temporale in modo tale da comprendere l’interazione tra processamento euristico e analitico. I partecipanti erano 92 studenti italiani di seconda media, 98 adolescenti di seconda superiore e 92 studenti americani della Cornell University. A ciascun partecipante è stato assegnato uno dei tre scenari descritti negli Esperimenti 1 e 2 nei tre trial. La proporzione di risposte corrette diminuisce in tutti i gruppi di età. Inoltre, la pressione temporale, coerentemente con la FTT, favorisce intuizioni corrette basate sui rapporti di probabilità. Errori sistematici nel confronto tra rapporti di probabilità dipendono dalle quantità numeriche presentate; inoltre, sia l’età che il contesto influiscono sui pattern di risposta. L’abilità matematica e formale sono importanti per processare correttamente l’informazione numerica indipendentemente dal contesto. Allo stesso tempo, troppo tempo per decidere favorisce la creazione parallela di euristiche di ragionamento che, indipendentemente dalle abilità formali, conducono a decisioni errate.
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Lee, Cheong Lem Valérie Annabelle. "The Perruchet Effect in Speeded Response Tasks." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17695.
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The Perruchet effect refers to the dissociation between the conscious expectation of an outcome and the strength or speed of responding in anticipation of that outcome. This dissociation is considered by many to be the best evidence for dual-process theories of learning, with expectancy driven by participants' conscious beliefs and responding governed by the associative history of the cue. However, advocates of a single-process theory have questioned the validity of the effect on two main points. The first one concerns the generalisability of the effect because mixed results have been found in the choice response time (RT) variant, especially when expectancy and RT are measured concurrently (i.e., on the same trial). The second (and perhaps most important) one is whether the trends observed in responding are genuinely caused by changes in associative strength as a function of cue-outcome associative history. An alternative non-associative explanation is that these trends are caused by recent experience with the outcome, that is, repetition priming based on recency of the outcome. Experiments examining these issues found that the Perruchet effect is temporarily masked, but not abolished, by concurrent measurement of expectancy, and that there is a genuine contribution of associative processes. In addition, the typical decreases in RT across consecutive cue-outcome trials were found to be primarily caused by response priming, with evidence of outcome priming only in certain cognitively demanding tasks. Finally, measuring expectancy concurrent may improve learning and facilitate task performance by focusing participants' attention to task-relevant outcome features. Overall, these results suggest that Perruchet's dissociation is a valid effect, and remains the best evidence against single-process theories of learning.
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Radpour, Ava. "The Dual-Process Theory of Moral Judgments : A Way of Explaining Why VMPFC Patients Make More Utilitarian Judgments in Relation to Harmful Situations." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-9423.
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According to Joshua Greene’s dual-process theory, our moral judgments are processed in one of two systems in the brain referred to as the emotional (quick, unconscious) and rational (slow, conscious) system. The reason for why people tend to answer differently in the footbridge dilemma compared to the trolley dilemma is because the emotional system is dominating over the rational system. Research has demonstrated that patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage make more utilitarian judgments in moral dilemmas in relation to harmful situations. According to the dual-process theory, this is because the emotional system has been impaired which results in that the only working system is the rational system. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how the dual-process theory tries to explain why our moral judgments tend to differ in some moral dilemmas. This thesis will also look at how the dual-process theory tries to explain why patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage make utilitarian judgments in relation to harmful situations. This thesis will sustain that the dual-process theory have gained strong empirical support, especially from the research that has been made on patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage. This thesis will also argue that some modifications needs to be made on the dual-process theory in order to make it stronger.
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Daneryd, Catherine, and Linda Strid. "Sjuksköterskors upplevelser och erfarenheter av att möta patienter i akut kris." Thesis, Sophiahemmet Högskola, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:shh:diva-3278.
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SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund Sjuksköterskor möter regelbundet patienter som befinner sig i akuta krissituationer, vilket är ett naturligt tillstånd i svåra lägen. För att identifiera och ge möjlighet att lindra patienters lidande i dessa situationer samt stödja patienter i en konstruktiv återhämtning, har sjuksköterskor ett betydelsefullt ansvar. Insikt i krisprocesser, sorgbearbetning, Dual-Process Theory samt klinisk definition av lidande kan då vara ett viktigt stöd. Detta då lindring av lidande är ett av sjuksköterskors fundamentala ansvarsområden. Syfte Syftet var att belysa sjuksköterskors upplevelser och erfarenheter av att möta patienter i akuta kristillstånd. Metod Studien utfördes som en litteraturöversikt. Datainsamlingen utgick från databaserna PubMed, CINAHL och PsycINFO. Totalt inkluderades 16 vetenskapliga artiklar, varav 13 med kvalitativa och tre med kvantitativa ansatser. Dessa redovisades i en matris och i löpande text med en efterföljande integrerad analys. Resultat Efter analys av resultaten identifierades tre kategorier. ”Kunskaper och erfarenheter” skildrade sjuksköterskors brist på kunskap inom krishantering samt värdet av erfarenheter. ”Utmanande omvårdnadsarbete” beskrev sjuksköterskors utmanande yrkesroll i krissituationer. ”Sjuksköterskors hanteringsstrategier” belyste självinsikt, självreflektion, stöd samt hanteringsförmåga. Slutsats Kunskapsbrist i krishantering och behov av mer utbildning upplevdes hos sjuksköterskor. Med rätt kunskap kan patienters behov mötas i akuta kriser och onödigt lidande undvikas, vilket kan resultera i lägre vårdkostnader. Sjuksköterskerollen ansågs betydelsefull för krisens utveckling och bör präglas av närvaro, lyhördhet, empati och existentiell reflektion. Omvårdnadsarbetet upplevdes utmanande utifrån patienter och anhörigas krav, samt ett integrerat teamarbete, vilket blir avgörande i krissituationer. Behovet av emotionell vård var omfattande och vårdlidande uppstod genom olika livsvärldsperspektiv hos sjuksköterska och patient.
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Carrick, Laurence. "What do I know? : scepticism - reasoning and knowledge." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13770.
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This thesis concerns approaches to solving the problem of paradoxical sceptical arguments from ignorance within contemporary epistemology. In chapter 1, I critically discuss three frameworks for approaching the sceptical problem, and argue that theoretical responses are unsatisfactory. In chapter 2, I critically examine recent accounts of sceptical hypotheses, and argue against them on the grounds of generality, and in favour of my own account. In chapter 3, I critically examine recent accounts of the epistemic principles underwriting sceptical arguments from ignorance, and argue against them on the grounds of generality, and in favour of my own account. In chapter 4, I critically evaluate the adequacy of resolutions to sceptical paradoxes suggested by three prominent versions of epistemological contextualism. In chapter 5, I examine a central objection to the error theories implied by contextualist resolutions of sceptical paradoxes, which focuses on the notion of semantic blindness. Two assessments of the objection are set out, and contextualist responses to each. I argued that considerations of semantic blindness count against contextualist resolutions of sceptical paradoxes in favour of invariantists. In chapter 6, I assess the potential for an invariantist to provide an adequate error-theory concerning, and resolving, sceptical paradoxes. I critically assess approaches based on aspects of the heuristics and biases paradigm, and of dual-process theories of mindreading. I propose, instead, a novel anti-sceptical error-theory in terms of the default-interventionist model of dual-process theory of judgement and reasoning, together with my conclusions from chapters 2 and 3.
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Bago, Bence. "Testing the corrective assumption of dual process theory in reasoning Fast logic?: Examining the time course assumption of dual process theory The smart system 1: Evidence for the intuitive nature of correct responding in the bat-and-ball problem Advancing the specification of dual process models of higher cognition: a critical test of the hybrid dual process model Fast and Slow Thinking: Electrophysilogical Evidence for early conflict sensitivity The intuitive greater good: Testing the corrective dual process model of moral cognition The rise and fall of conflicting intuitions during reasoning." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB022.
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Dans le champ du raisonnement, les théories du double processus sont largement reconnues comme expliquant différents phénomènes, tels que les biais décisionnels et le raisonnement moral ou coopératif. Ces théories conçoivent le mode de pensée de l'homme comme une interaction entre un système rapide, automatique et intuitif (Système 1) et un système plus lent et contrôlé (Système 2). Le point de vue dominant sur les double processus et le modèle default-interventionist qui suppose l'existence d'une interaction sérielle entre ces systèmes. Ainsi, quand quelqu'un est affronté à un problème de raisonnement, la réponse de Système 1 se forme initialement. Puis, le Système 2 peut être impliqué dans le processus. Les théories du double processus dominantes postulent que les biais de raisonnement sont le résultat d'une réponse intuitive erronée du Système 1. Selon ces théories le Système 1 est capable de générer des réponses basées sur les indices « heuristiques », tels que les stéréotypes - mais il ne peut pas rendre compte des principes logico-mathématiques. Malgré la grande reconnaissante qu'elle a reçu, cette théorie contient une présomption jamais testée, notamment la présomption « corrective ». Celle-ci postule que dans les situations où les indices heuristiques sont en conflit avec les principes logico-mathématiques, le Système 2 devient obligatoirement impliqué afin de corriger la réponse erronée de Système 1 et ainsi arrive à une réponse utilisant les principes logiques. Il semble donc crucial de tester cette présomption, qui est la question centrale de cette thèse. Dans l’Étude 1, j'ai utilisé des versions modifiées du paradigme de deux réponses afin de tester la présomption corrective utilisant deux problèmes classiques du raisonnement (problèmes de taux de base et de raisonnement syllogistique). Dans ce paradigme, les participants résolvent la même tâche deux fois. D'abord, ils doivent donner une réponse très rapidement. Après, ils font face à la même tâche sans contrainte temporelle. Afin de vérifier que la première réponse est intuitive, on a employé quatre méthodes : des instructions, une charge concomitante, un temps limite de réponse, ainsi que la charge concomitante et le temps limite simultanément. La théorie du double processus prédit que les réponses logiquement correctes n'apparaissent que dans l'étape finale. A contrario, j'ai trouvé que la plupart des participants ayant donné la bonne réponse à l'étape finale l'avaient déjà donnée lors de la phase initiale. Cet effet était présent dans toutes les procédures expérimentales et dans les 2 problèmes de raisonnement. Dans l’Étude 2, j'ai testé la même présomption avec un problème de raisonnement plus difficile, le problème de la « batte-et-balle ». J'ai conduit 7 expériences avec le paradigme de deux réponses et j'ai trouvé que les personnes ayant donné la réponse correcte à la fin l'ont déjà générée lors de la réponse initiale - donc, il semblerait que les participants l'ont fait intuitivement. Ces résultats m'ont amené à réviser le cadre default-interventionist et à proposer une théorie du double processus hybride qui suppose que le Système 1 génère deux différentes réponses intuitives dont une basée sur les principes logico-mathématiques. Ces réponses possèdent une force équivoque au début - celle qui gagnera plus en force sera donnée comme la réponse initiale. J'ai testé les prédictions dérivées de ce modèle via l’Étude 3. Grâce l’Étude 4, j'ai mis au point le modèle hybride en testant les changements de force des réponses intuitives au cours du temps. Au cours de l’Étude 5, j'ai commencé à tester la possibilité de généraliser ce modèle hybride et j'ai étudié si les patterns de réponse étaient similaires lorsque les participants répondent à des dilemmes moraux. Dans l’Étude 6, j'ai utilisé l'EEG afin de retrouver les corrélats neuronaux du traitement logique précoce au cours du raisonnementDual-process theories of reasoning have become widely recognized as an explanation for various phenomena, such as thinking biases, moral or cooperative reasoning. Dual-process theory conceives human thinking as the interaction of a fast, more automatic, intuitive system (System 1) and a slower, controlled, more deliberative one (System 2). Arguably, the most dominant view on dual processes is the default-interventionist model. This posits a serial interaction between the two systems. When someone is faced with a reasoning problem, initially a System 1 intuitive response is formed. Then, afterwards, System 2 might get engaged in the process. Prominent dual-process theorists argue that reasoning bias occurs as a result of erroneous System 1 intuition. System 1 is thought to be able to generate responses based on "heuristic" cues, such as stereotypes - and cannot account for logico-mathematical principles. Despite its huge recognition, this theory comes with an untested assumption: the corrective (time-course) assumption. This posits that in cases when heuristic cues are in conflict with logico-mathematical principles, System 2 needs to engage in order to correct initially formed System 1 intuitions, and form a judgement based on logical principles. Testing this assumption is inevitably important and the central question of this thesis. In Study 1, I used four modified versions of the two-response paradigm to test the corrective assumption with two different classical reasoning problems (base rate problems, syllogistic reasoning). In this paradigm, people are presented with the same problem twice. First, they are asked to give an initial, very quick response. After, they are presented with the same problem again and asked to give a final response without any constraints. To make sure that the initial response is really intuitive, we applied four different procedures: instructions, concurrent load, response deadline and load plus deadline. Dual process theory predicts that logically correct responses appear only at the final response stage. Surprisingly, I found that the majority of people who gave the logically correct response in the final response stage already gave it form the beginning. This effect was found to be consistent among all experimental procedures and both reasoning problems. In Study 2, I tried to test the same assumption, with a different -harder- reasoning problem, the bat-and-ball problem. Interestingly, I ran 7 experiments with the two-response paradigm and consistently found that correct reasoners are often able to generate the correct response from the beginning, so-to-say, intuitively. These results forced me to revise the default-interventionist framework and propose the hybrid dual process model. This model now argues that System 1 generates two kinds of intuitive responses one of which is based on mathematico-logical principles. These responses are generated with unequal strength - the one which gains the more strength will be given as the initial response. In Study 3, I directly tested predictions derived from this model. In Study 4, I further developed the hybrid model by testing the changes in the strength of intuitive responses over time. In Study 5, I started to test the hybrid model's domain generality, and test if I find similar patterns of responses when people are faced with moral dilemmas. In Study 6, I used EEG to search for the neural correlates of early logical processing in reasoning. Overall, this thesis found evidence that forces us to revise the traditional dual process view on human reasoning
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Fagerhierta, Nicklas. "Tidspress och ekonomiskt risktagande." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-108759.
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Stress and time pressure is more present in todays labor markets. In financial markets a securities broker is forced to take decisions on investments under high cognitive load and under extreme time pressure. The research of decision under risk gained new ground with the development of the prospect theory and gave us new insights to the decision making of men. Prospect theory has shown that people are risk seekers when dealing with loss decisions and risk avert when dealing with profit decisions. The value function are defined over gains and losses. Losses looms larger then gains. Although much research conducted on the decision making under risk no previous research have been done showing how time pressure affects decision at risk by using skin conductance. This paper aimed through a randomized experiment with 23 participants examine how time pressure affects individuals' decisions related to risk. Furthermore, it intends to analyze whether time pressure mediate a possible effect of stress by using skin conductance. The results show that there is an increase in risk aversion for gains. This risk aversion was also statistically significant at the 1% level when each participant's responses were used and almost at 5% level when the mean values from each participant was used. Upon loss a risk -seeking behavior could be noticed but it was not statistically significant at the 5 % level. Stress levels as measured by skin conductance showed that the time-pressed group showed signs of stress. However, no stress data was significant at the 5 % level.Stress och tidspress är idag allt mer närvarande på arbetsmarknaden. På de finansiella marknaderna kan en värdepappersmäklare tvingas ta beslut om investeringar under hög kognitiv belastning och under en extrem tidspress. Forskningen av beslut under risk har genom prospect theory gett oss nya insikter om vilka beslut vi människor tar. Prospect theory har visat att människor är risksökande vid förlustfrågor och riskaversiva vid vinstfrågor. Prospect theorys värdefunktion är definierad över vinst och förlust. Förluster väger tyngre än vinster. Trots att mycket forskning genomförts på beslut vid risk har ingen tidigare forskning hur tidspress påverkar beslut vid risk med hjälp av hudkonduktans tidigare genomförts. Denna uppsats hade som mål att genom ett randomiserat experiment med 23 deltagare undersöka hur tidspress påverkar individers beslut kopplade till risk. Vidare är syftet att också analysera om upplevd stress medierar en eventuell effekt av tidspress genom att använda hudkonduktans. Resultatet visar att det finns en ökad riskaversion vid vinstfrågor. Denna riskaversion var även statistiskt säkerställd på 1% nivå när varje deltagares svar användes och nästan på 5% nivå då medelvärden från varje deltagare användes. Vid förlustfrågor fanns ett risksökande beteende men den var ej statistiskt säkerställd på 5% nivå. Stressnivåerna som uppmättes med hudkonduktans visade att den tidspressade gruppen blev stressade. Dock var inga stressdata signifikanta på 5% nivå.
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Bubp, Kelly M. "To Prove or Disprove: The Use of Intuition and Analysis by Undergraduate Students to Decide on the Truth Value of Mathematical Statements and Construct Proofs and Counterexamples." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1417178872.
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Schnettler, Melissa Margarite. "Social support for people with obsessive-compulsive disorder: uniting the theory of conversationally-induced reappraisals and the dual-process theory of supportive communication outcomes." Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1746.
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The goal of this investigation was to marry two theories of supportive communication outcomes in order to test a comprehensive model of social support for people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The theoretical frameworks utilized in this investigation were the theory of conversationally-induced reappraisals and the dual-process theory of supportive communication outcomes. These theoretical frameworks provide a foundation for the conversation of how social network members can help their loved ones with OCD manage their distressing symptoms as they explore the types of social support message features (verbal person-centeredness) that are most productive in achieving emotional improvement for those experiencing emotional distress. The union of these two theories in the context of social support and OCD management led to the testing of seven hypotheses.
Participants (n = 168) who self-identified as living with OCD at some point in their life were recruited to fill out an online questionnaire. Results indicated support for the theory of conversationally-induced reappraisals, but not for the dual-process theory of supportive communication outcomes. Overall, the findings of this investigation highlighted the utility of emotional support messages high in verbal person-centeredness as they led those with OCD to reassess the intrusive nature of their symptoms, a process which promoted overall affective improvement. These associations suggest that social network members can help their loved ones with OCD manage their symptoms through supportive communication.
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Blomgren, Ami. "The Neural Correlates of Emotion and Reason in Moral Cognition." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17448.
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Humans are a social species. Automatic affective responses generated by neural systems wired into our brains create a moral intuition or “gut-feeling” of wrong and right that guides our moral judgments. Humans are also an intelligent, problem solving and planning species with neural structures that enable cognitive control and the ability to reason about the costs and benefits of decisions, and moral judgments, not the least. Previous research suggests that moral intuition and moral reasoning operates on different neural networks - a dual process of moral cognition, that sometimes gives rise to an inner conflict in moral judgments. Early lesion studies found correlations between damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) and changes in moral behaviour. This has been further established through brain imaging studies and the suggestion is that VMPFC mediates affective signals from the amygdala in moral decision making and is highly involved in generating the gut-feeling of right and wrong. However, some moral issues are complex and demand higher level processing than intuition, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) seems to be responsible for the rational, cost-benefit reasoning during moral judgments. Further, recent research suggests that during moral judgments, the brain employ neural systems that generates the representation of value, perspective and cognitive control as well as the representation of the mental and emotional states of others. The present thesis aims to investigate prominent and up to date research on the neural correlates of necessary components in moral cognition, and to examine the function of moral intuition versus reason in relation to current complex moral issues. Moral intuition is supposedly an adaption to favour “us” before “them”, not to be concerned with large scale cooperation, which may explain why we treat many moral issues with ignorance. Understanding how the moral brain works involve understanding what sort of tasks the neural mechanisms in moral cognition evolved to handle, which may explain why some modern issues are so difficult to solve.
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Wiese, Anika, and Imke Willer. "A Two-Way Street? : The Mutual Influence between Self-Management as Organizational Structure and Intuition in Decision-Making - A Multiple Case Study." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177970.
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This research investigates the mutual influence between self-management as organizational structure and intuition in decision-making. Self-management as organizational structure has recently developed as a response to current challenges in society and business, thus constitutes an emerging research field. This study is contributing empirically to this under-research field while at the same time building on the well-researched field of decision-making. In particular, this study is building on the positive view of intuition in decision-making that comes along with dual-process theories. The empirical contribution of this study is collected through semi-structured interviews with a multiple-case study research design. This study’s main finding is the confirmation of a mutual influence, even more, a positive mutual influence, between self-management as organizational structure and intuition in decision-making. Furthermore, first findings on how they are influencing each other are brought forward as well as insights into the diversity of decision-making processes when applying self-management as organizational structure.
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Baker, Gregory Douglas Ansell. "User creativity in the appropriation of information and communication technologies :$ba cognitivist-ecological explanation from a critical realist perspective." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Accounting and Information Systems, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9742.
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A fundamental process in many important research foci in information systems is the appropriation of IT artifacts in creative ways by users. The objective of this thesis is to develop a theoretical explanation of that process.
An embedded multiple-case study of incidents in which users, in a variety of field settings, developed creative ways to apply IT artifacts, was conducted. Employing theoretical lenses drawn from cognitive science (dual-process theory, distributed cognition), and Markus and Silver’s (2008) variant of adaptive structuration theory, a novel theoretical framework was developed to analyze the data. This framework – Affordance Field Theory – was used to abstract away the context-specific details of each case, so that the events in each could be compared and analyzed using a common conceptual vocabulary.
Applying critical realist assumptions, the initial retroductive analysis was done with narrative networks, then the cases were re-analyzed using framework matrices. The complementary logical forms (processual and thematic, respectively) of the analytic tools helped to provide empirical corroboration of the findings. A set of cognitive mechanisms was identified that describe the information-processing operations involved in creative user appropriation. Using assumptions from distributed cognition, it was demonstrated that these mechanisms can describe those operations at the individual and collective levels. An integrative model which shows how the mechanisms explain user creativity at the individual level was then developed. It is called the Information Cycle Model of creativity.
This thesis makes several contributions to knowledge. It develops a theoretical framework for analyzing interactions between users and systems that is designed to represent the cycles of ideation and enactment through which creative appropriation moves are developed. It also presents a model of the cognitive mechanisms involved in the discovery of novel appropriation moves. The thesis also contributes to current debates within IS about representational metaphors for user interaction with IT.
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Tait, Veronika Rudd. "Loss Aversion and Perspective Taking in the Sunk-Cost Fallacy." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5834.
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The sunk-cost fallacy (SCF) occurs when an individual makes an investment with a low probability of a payoff because an earlier investment has already been made. It is considered an error because a rational decision should not factor in now-irretrievable investments, as they do not affect current outcome likelihoods. Previous research has measured the tendency to commit the SCF by using hypothetical scenarios in which participants must choose to make a future investment or not after making an initial investment. There are many theories as to why people commit the SCF. Loss aversion, which is the preference for uncertain over certain losses, may be related to the SCF. Dual-process theory, which views decision-making in terms of a fast, automatic process called system 1 and a slow, deliberate process called system 2, may also help to explain the SCF. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to complete a sunk-cost questionnaire in which the initial-investment types and amounts varied. They also completed an endowment-effect task as a measure of loss aversion. The SCF was committed most often when the initial investment was large compared to small and most often with money, less with time, and least with effort. There was an interaction effect in which small differences were seen in the SCF between time, effort, and money when the initial investment was small, and differences grew larger as the initial investment increased. Loss aversion displayed a non-significant negative relation with the SCF. In Experiment 2, participants completed a sunk-cost questionnaire in which they were asked to respond as they normally would and then from the perspective of a fictional person described as a logical decision maker. In cases in which they committed the SCF, they were asked to indicate why they continued to invest. They also completed a risky-lottery loss-aversion task. As seen in Experiment 1, the SCF was more likely when initial investments were greater and occurred most when the initial investment was money, less when it was time, and least when it was effort. Loss aversion had a significant but small negative relation with SCF scores. There was no effect of perspective taking. It may be that the SCF is simply due to the over-application of the personal rule “don't waste”, as not wanting to be wasteful was the most-common reason participants gave for why they committed the SCF.
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Waggoner, Brett Jordan. "ATHEISM AND THE EFFECTS OF MORTALITY SALIENCE AND LIMITED ANALYTIC PROCESSING ABILITY ON RELIGIOUS FAITH AND TELEOLOGICAL THINKIN." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1530473668176033.
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Brügger, Adrian. "Fear appeals and localising climate change : neither is a panacea to motivate action on climate change : a social psychological perspective." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14445.
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This thesis was interested in exploring the questions of why individuals typically do not respond strongly to climate change, and how individual motivations to do so might be strengthened. More specifically, this thesis explored two widely cited barriers to climate change action and the solutions commonly suggested to overcome them. The first barrier is the lack of personal experience with climate change, which is believed to inhibit relevant emotional processes. The second, not unrelated, barrier is that people typically perceive climate change as a distant threat, one that is not relevant to them personally, where they live, and in the present time. To test these explanations, two public surveys of residents of both the UK (n = 616) and Switzerland (n = 316) explored the relationships among negative emotions, perceptions of geographically proximal and distant climate change risks, and variables that capture people’s willingness to address climate change. The findings supported the idea that stronger negative emotions were positively related to more readiness to act against climate change. The relationship between spatially close versus distant risk perceptions and measures of different forms of action was, however, more complex. Specifically, the findings revealed a strong association between global risk perceptions and policy support and a strong association between local risk perceptions and personal intentions. One explanation for these (unexpected) associations is that they are due to spontaneous matches with regard to psychological distance: Local risk perceptions are psychologically proximal on the spatial dimension and personal intentions can be regarded as proximal on the social dimension. Likewise, the spatially remote global risk perceptions can be matched to support for policies, which can be regarded as distant on the social dimension. Studies 3 and 4 tried to experimentally untangle the complex relationships between psychological distance and people’s perceptions and actions that were 2 observed in the survey research. Specifically, in both studies participants were manipulated to adopt either a spatially proximal or distant perspective on climate change. Study 3 (n = 80) measured participants emotional responses to climate change and looked at how these predicted different attitudinal and behavioural responses under a proximal or distant framework, whereas Study 4 (n = 330) more directly explored the possible effects of activating negative emotions (i.e., fear) in combination with different distance frames as part of attempts to promote action on climate change. The findings of Studies 3 and 4 suggest that decreasing the psychological distance of climate change and inducing fear can both be potentially useful strategies to promote action on climate change. However, the operation of both these strategies is more complex than is often assumed and these complexities have implications for the effectiveness of each strategy. For one thing, both attempts to reduce distance and increase fear can initiate multiple psychological processes that simultaneously increase and decrease the likelihood of acting on climate change. Because these processes work in opposition, reduced distance and increased fear can have positive effects, negative effects, or no effect at all. Together, the findings across studies highlight that psychological distance is neither an insurmountable obstacle to action against climate change – it depends on what kind of action is being considered (Studies 1 & 2) – and nor is decreasing psychological distance a panacea to motivate action – this can trigger the same kind of defensiveness that have been observed in response to other strategies, such as the use of emotion (Studies 3 & 4). In the general discussion, the theoretical implications of these insights for different theoretical models of distance, emotion, and action are considered, as are the implications for the practice of promoting public engagement with and action on climate change.
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Fernandes, Cleanto Rog?rio Rego. "Efeito do alerta e val?ncia emocional nos componentes de lembran?a e familiaridade da mem?ria epis?dica." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2014. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17374.
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Previous issue date: 2014-07-30Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
The episodic memory system allows us to retrieve information about events, including its contextual aspects. It has been suggested that episodic memory is composed by two independent components: recollection and familiarity. Recollection is related to the vivid e detailed retrieval of item and contextual information, while familiarity is the capability to recognize items previously seen as familiars. Despite the fact that emotion is one of the most influent process on memory, only a few studies have investigated its effect on recollection and familiarity. Another limitation of studies about the effect of emotion on memory is that the majority of them have not adequately considered the differential effects of arousal and positive/negative valence. The main purpose of the current work is to investigate the independent effect of emotional valence and arousal on recollection and familiarity, as well as to test some hypothesis that have been suggested about the effect of emotion on episodic memory. The participants of the research performed a recognition task for three lists of emotional pictures: high arousal negative, high arousal positive and low arousal positive. At the test session, participants also rated the confidence level of their responses. The confidence ratings were used to plot ROC curves and estimate the contributions of recollection and familiarity of recognition performance. As the main results, we found that negative valence enhanced the component of recollection without any effect on familiarity or recognition accuracy. Arousal did not affect recognition performance or their components, but high arousal was associated with a higher proportion of false memories. This work highlight the importance of to consider both the emotional dimensions and episodic memory components in the study of emotion effect on episodic memory, since they interact in complex and independent way
O sistema de mem?ria epis?dica nos permite recuperar informa??es sobre eventos, incluindo os seus aspectos contextuais. Tem sido sugerido que a mem?ria epis?dica ? composta por dois componentes independentes: lembran?a e familiaridade. A lembran?a est? relacionada com a recupera??o v?vida e detalhada dos itens e sua informa??o contextual, enquanto a familiaridade ? a capacidade de reconhecer os itens previamente vistos como familiares. Apesar do fato de que a emo??o ? um dos processos mais influentes na mem?ria, poucos estudos t?m investigado o seu efeito sobre a lembran?a a familiaridade. Outra limita??o dos estudos sobre o efeito da emo??o na mem?ria ? que a maioria deles n?o considerou adequadamente os efeitos diferenciais do alerta e val?ncia positiva / negativa. O principal objetivo do presente trabalho ? investigar o efeito independente do alerta e val?ncia emocional na lembran?a e familiaridade, bem como testar algumas hip?teses que t?m sido sugeridas sobre o efeito da emo??o na mem?ria epis?dica. Os participantes da pesquisa realizaram uma tarefa de reconhecimento de tr?s listas de fotos emocionais: negativa de alto alerta, positiva de alto alerta e positiva de baixo alerta. Na sess?o de teste, os participantes tamb?m avaliaram o n?vel de confian?a de suas respostas. As avalia??es de confian?a foram utilizados para tra?ar curvas ROC e estimar as contribui??es da lembran?a e familiaridade no desempenho do reconhecimento. Como principais resultados, verificou-se que a val?ncia negativa aumentou o componente de lembran?a, sem qualquer efeito sobre a familiaridade ou acur?cia do reconhecimento. O alerta n?o afetou o desempenho de reconhecimento ou de seus componentes, mas o maior alerta foi associado com uma maior propor??o de falsas mem?rias. Este trabalho destaca a import?ncia de considerar as dimens?es emocionais e componentes de mem?ria epis?dica no estudo do efeito da emo??o sobre a mem?ria epis?dica, uma vez que eles interagem de forma complexa e independente
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Bellardita, C. "HABITUATION AND SENSITIZATION OF THE MONOSYNAPTIC REFLEX IN IN VITRO SPINAL CORD." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/169151.
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The capacity to ignore only those stimuli that are irrelevant and to channel behaviour into organized and directed actions in response to meaningful stimuli is necessary to conserve energy and focus behaviour. This behavioural definition of habituation and sensitization allows to understand the important role played by the two simplest forms of non-associative learning in ordinary life. Likely habituation and sensitization are terms denoting different neural processes (depression and facilitation) which work and compete each other, determining the final behaviour. The complexity of the mammalian models used to study habituation and sensitization 1,2 did not clarify the underlain mechanisms of these processes. They have been studied also in invertebrate models at a cellular level but the obtained results did not exhaustive explain these processes in mammalians. This study was aimed to use the monosynaptic pathway in in vitro spinal cord preparation of rat as a new model to study learning processes in mammalian. Furthermore we investigated how the two opposite processes of habituation and sensitization can interact to shape the final behavioural outcome.
The spinal cord preparation has been isolated from rats between 5 and 15 days old. The dorsal root has been stimulated and the homologue MVR has been recorded. The MVR amplitude has been used as a parameter to evaluate the learning process. Repetitive application of a test stimulus (low intensity/low frequency stimulus, TS) resulted in an exponential decrement of the response, followed by its spontaneous recovery when the stimulation was withheld. The depression was directly related to the stimulus frequency and inverse related to the stimulus intensity. Furthermore habituation of the response occurred faster an at higher degree when more than one training trails have been used (potentiation of habituation). Its spontaneous recovery was longer when the final plateau-like level was reached and further stimuli were delivered (below zero effect). On the contrary a facilitation of the MVR was seen when a strong, noxious stimulus (high intensity stimulus, CS) was applied to a flexor root and the MVR was elicited from a different flexor root (dishabituation). The facilitatory effect of the CS decreased if it was repetitively applied (habituation of dishabituation). Interestingly an additional depression appeared on the habituated response, when the CS was delivered from a flexor root and the MVR was evoke from an extensor root. The stimulus features played a rule in elicit depression or facilitation. It was possible to elicit a pure depression and a pure facilitation processes, described by a simple mathematical model. A repeated stimulation could result in a depression of the response. However if the stimulus was sufficiently strong depression could be preceded by a transient facilitation or even replaced by enduring sensitization.
The central processes underlain habituation and sensitization must to be inferred (Kandel, 1973). A decrement to repeated stimulation is usually termed habituation if it exhibits properties consistent with the behavioural definition of habituation. The MVR showed all the features of behavioural habituation, indicates by Rankin and colleagues (Rankin et all., 2009). The parameters of the TS and the CS could be modified to study the complex interactions between these two processes. Lastly this study represents an additional proof for the dual process theory of learning in which the two opposite processes interact to shape the final behaviour. In conclusion, the possibility to stimulate the dorsal roots with a well-known and defined input (the stimulation), to record the activity of the final output of the motoneurons (the behaviour) and to gain access to the cells underlain this circuit in a very well controlled conditions (known solutions, temperature, possibility to use drugs, etc.), give us the opportunity to use the in vitro spinal cord preparation of rat as a good model to study learning and memory in mammalian nervous system.
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Lemoine, Ida, and Peter Fredin. "How Does Ego Depletion Affect Moral Judgments and Pro-social Decisions?" Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-111858.
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BACKGROUND: Today’s societal changes, including high rate of change and increasing information flows, are increasing the demand on the individual mental capacity. It becomes increasingly difficult to analytically process all the different dilemmas and everyday decisions as individuals have a limited mental capacity available to make these decisions. Thus, it has been suggested that ego-depleted relies more heavily on intuition, which is less burdensome, when making decision. However little is known about to what extent intuitive decisions differ from analytic. Are ego-depleted individuals more or less likely to maximize outcome in moral dilemmas involving conflicting values? Do ego depleted individuals become more or less willing to cooperate? Do ego depleted individuals become more or less altruistic? Is our intuition more or less in accordance with Homo Economicus?AIM: Starting from a Dual Process perspective on decision-making the aim of this study is to examine how ego depletion affects moral judgment and pro-social decisions.METHOD: A laboratory experiment involving 115 subjects, using real monetary incentives, was conducted among students at Linköping University. Subjects were randomized into one of two treatments. Everything was identical across treatments except for the initial ego-depletion manipulation. Using a standard paradigm for ego-depletion subjects in treatment 1 were put under high cognitive load while subjects in treatment two were put under low cognitive load. Subjects faced 16 questions divided into four different decision tasks: Moral dilemmas, Public Goods game, two types of Dictator Game where the type of sacrifice subjects could make in order to contribute money to charity was varied.RESULTS: Subjects in the high cognitive load treatment made fewer consequentialists moral judgments compared to other subjects (p = 0.075). The effect is especially strong when looking only at high-conflict dilemmas such as Crying Baby. No difference between treatments was found for the public goods games. In the dictator game involving monetary sacrifice subjects donated less money to charity when put under high cognitive load. However the finding was not significant (p = 0.292). No difference was found in the dictator game involving effort as personal sacrifice since almost everyone chooses to donate to charity.CONCLUSION: According to The Dual Process perspective this essay shows that intuitive thinking does not evidently lead to that they makes decision that more or less is in accordance with Homo Economicus. The connection between ego depletion and pro-social decisions is more complex. Further research needs to investigate which different mental shortcuts that individuals uses in various types of pro-social decisions and why intuitive and analytical decision-making differ between different decisions. Further research within the area can identify potential mechanisms and policies that can support individuals’ capacity to make decisions in accordance with their own and society’s preferences.
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Sartorelli, Isabel Cristina. "Análise do padrão decisório do auditor brasileiro com uso da metodologia Q e do DMI (Decision Making Inventory)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12136/tde-26052015-115217/.
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Esta tese analisa o padrão decisório do auditor brasileiro (a partir do enfoque da Teoria do Processo Dual em sua versão modificada pela Regret Theory, aqui denominada TPD-m), já que o padrão decisório pode informar a maneira pela qual o auditor exerce seu julgamento. Considerando que auditor e norma precisam estar alinhados, e considerando a adoção de normas baseadas em princípios (IFRS), o objetivo foi aprofundar os estudos de Jamal e Tan (2010), verificando se os tipos de auditores por eles identificados (orientados a princípios, a regras e a clientes) poderiam ser observados empiricamente na amostra delimitada (29 sócios e 35 gerentes de auditoria de firmas Large Six localizadas no Brasil), e se tal tipologia encontraria suporte na literatura que define as características principais desses tipos de auditores. As quatro hipóteses de pesquisa versaram sobre: a ausência de predominância de um único padrão decisório; a associação entre os padrões identificados pelo DMI (se analítico, intuitivo ou emocional) e os tipos de auditores; a homogeneidade na determinação do que seria considerado como mais importante numa auditoria em arrendamento mercantil; a existência de associação entre os agrupamentos identificados pela Metodologia Q e as características condizentes com os tipos de auditores identificados por Jamal e Tan (2010). A primeira hipótese foi verificada com o Teste DMI, e a conclusão indica que o perfil preponderante dos auditores é analítico (explicado pelo processo de accountability vivenciado pelos profissionais), o que fornece sustentação necessária para afirmar que as decisões tomadas por auditores são deliberadas e cuidadosamente analisadas (quando estes têm tempo disponível para análise). Em função do resultado da primeira hipótese, não foi possível verificar a segunda hipótese (não havia indivíduos de padrão intuitivo e emocional suficientes para estabelecer a associação desejada). A terceira hipótese foi verificada pelo exercício de arrendamento baseado na Metodologia Q; os resultados indicam que não há homogeneidade na determinação do que seria considerado mais importante dentre os participantes (nessa análise, fica clara a subdivisão dos participantes analíticos em dois grupos: o primeiro privilegia a análise dos contratos de arrendamento, e o segundo, a definição do valor justo). A quarta hipótese foi verificada analisando-se as palavras mais repetidas observadas nas transcrições das entrevistas, cujo resultado indica que pode haver correspondência entre os agrupamentos da Metodologia Q e os tipos de auditores orientados a princípios e a regras (não foi possível concluir sobre a existência de auditores orientados a clientes). Sobre os métodos empregados: o resultado do exercício de arrendamento corrobora o Teste DMI, já que em todo o grupo de participantes analíticos foi identificada a escolha de atitudes de cunho analítico (de conteúdo mais literal, mais objetivo); a Metodologia Q mostrou-se eficiente na análise da aplicação da norma contábil pelos participantes. Sobre a contribuição teórica, a abordagem da TPD-m ajuda a explicar as evidências empíricas coletadas; além disso, a discussão envolvendo conjuntamente agente e norma contábil, além da conceituação e utilidade de regras e princípios contábeis no processo de julgamento e tomada de decisão contribuem para a consolidação de pesquisas na área.This doctoral dissertation analyzes the decision making style of the Brazilian auditor (from the point of view of the Dual Process Theory in its version modified by Regret Theory, here called TPD-m), since the decision-making pattern yield information about the way in which the auditor make judgments. Considering that auditor and accounting standard must be aligned, and considering the adoption of principle-based standards (IFRS), the objective was to deepen the studies of Jamal and Tan (2010), trying to identify whether the types of auditors identified by them (oriented by principles, by rules and by clients) could be empirically observed in the defined sample (29 partners and 35 managers of Large Six Brazilian audit firms), and whether it could find support in the literature that defines the main features of these types of auditors. The four research hypothesis were about: the lack of predominance of a single decision-making standard; the association between the patterns identified by DMI (if analytical, intuitive or emotional) and the types of auditors; homogeneity in determining what would be considered more important an audit in leasing; the existence of an association between the clusters identified by the Q Methodology and characteristics consistent with the types of auditors identified by Jamal and Tan (2010). The first hypothesis was verified with DMI Test; findings indicates that the predominant profile of auditors is analytical (explained by the accountability process experienced by professionals), which provides necessary support to affirm that the decisions taken by auditors are deliberate and carefully analyzed (if they have time available for analysis). With this result, it was not possible to verify the second hypothesis (there was no sufficient intuitive and emotional individuals to establish the desired association). The third hypothesis was verified by a lease exercise based on the Methodology Q; findings indicates no uniformity in determining what would be considered most important among the participants (in this analysis, it is clear the subdivision of analytical participants into two groups: the first focuses on the lease agreements, and the second on fair value\'s definition). The fourth hypothesis was verified by analyzing the most repeated words observed in the transcripts of the interviews, and the result indicates that there may be correspondence between the clusters of Q Methodology and types of auditors oriented by principles and by rules (it was not possible to conclude on the existence auditors oriented by clients). About the methods employed: the result of the lease exercise corroborates the DMI Test, as in the whole group of participants was identified analytical choosing an analytical attitudes (more literal content, more objective); Q methodology seems to be efficient in the analysis of the application of the accounting standard by the participants. About theoretical contribution: the approach of TPD-m helps to explain the empirical evidence collected; furthermore, the discussion involving jointly agent and accounting standards, the concept and utility of accounting principles and rules in the judgment and decision making process contributes to the consolidation of research in this area.
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Murray, Dylan. "Decisions as Performatives." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/72.
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Decisions are performatives - or at least, they share important features with performative utterances that can elucidate our theory of what type of thought they are, and what they do. Namely, decisions have an analogous force to that of performatives, where the force of a propositional attitude or utterance is constituted by (i) its point, or purpose, which is mainly a matter of its direction-of-fit, and (ii) its felicity conditions. The force of both decisions and performatives is to bring into being the states of affairs represented in their intentional contents, merely in virtue of the decision or performative’s occurrence and the satisfaction of the felicity conditions they presuppose. The first chapter of the thesis explicates this general framework, and the second and third attempt to show some of the work it can do for a theory of decisions.
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Springer, Sheila, and Sheila Springer. "Effects of Media Use on Bereavement." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626158.
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This study applies bereavement and media use theoretical perspectives to examine how survivors use media to cope with spousal loss during the first two years. Specifically, this study explores whether survivors’ television use is associated with grief intensity. Potential associations between television use and grief intensity are explored using an online survey. A media use for coping scale is developed. The relationship between television oscillation (i.e., equal use of television for respite, and to cope with primary and secondary stressors) and grief intensity is also explored, and ten specific moderators of this relationship are examined: recency of loss, type of loss, social support, family proximity and contact, marital relationship quality, economic stability, pre-existing physical and mental health issues, and change in television use.
Results were collected from 356 spousal survivors and indicate that television use to cope is associated with grief intensity. Survivors that report high television use in general are using more television for relaxation, companionship, acceptance, positive reinterpretation and growth, and emotional and instrumental support. The most dramatic effects are observed with television use for relaxation and companionship, and the smallest effects with television use for emotional and instrumental support. However, there was no association between television use for respite, or to cope with primary and secondary stressors and grief intensity. Results support the value of social support, family contact at the time of loss, fewer physical health issues, and decreasing general television use in promoting more positive bereavement outcomes.
Results support television oscillation as a predictor of grief intensity, but only under certain circumstances. Four of the models show significant moderator effects between television oscillation and grief intensity: social support at the time of loss, family contact at the time of loss, pre-existing physical health issues, and change in television use since the loss. When survivors have less social support at the time of loss, television oscillation is associated with less grief intensity as predicted. However, when survivors have more social support, television oscillation is marginally associated with more grief intensity. Likewise, when survivors have less family contact, television oscillation is associated with less grief intensity as predicted. Conversely, when survivors have more family contact, television oscillation is associated with more grief intensity. When survivors have more pre-existing physical health issues, television oscillation is not associated with grief intensity as predicted. For survivors with fewer pre-existing physical health issues, television oscillation is associated with less grief intensity. When survivors decrease television use by approximately one hour, television oscillation is marginally associated with less grief intensity. On the other hand, when survivors increase television use, television oscillation is not associated with grief intensity. Current general television use was a highly significant control variable in all moderator analyses indicating more television use to cope is associated with more grief intensity.
Recency, type of loss, marital relationship quality, family proximity, economic stability, and pre-existing mental health issues did not significantly moderate the relationship between television oscillation and grief intensity.
This study extends previous work by merging the bereavement and media use literatures, and in the development of a media use for coping scale. Moreover, it provides important empirical evidence on theoretical models about bereavement. This expands the potential for discussions about the association of individual vulnerabilities with more positive bereavement outcomes.
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Jonsson, Erik, and Kristina Leander. "ATT HJÄLPA ELLER STJÄLPASANNOLIKHETSBEDÖMNINGAR:KONJUNKTIONSREGELN OCH MENTALARBETSBELASTNING SOM MEDIERANDEFAKTORER." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-143404.
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Den här studien syftade till att undersöka om mental arbetsbelastning kan påverka benägenhetenatt begå konjunktionsfelet vid sannolikhetsbedömningar, trots att man fått ledtrådarsom synliggjort konjunktionsregeln. Detta undersöktes med en experimentell mellangruppsdesign.I studien deltog 57 deltagare, varav 27 i experimentgruppen och 30 i kontrollgruppen.Deltagarna var i huvudsak studenter på universitetsnivå. Grupperna hade en jämn könsfördelning.Vad gäller ålder så var medelvärdet i kontrollgruppen 24.8 och medelvärdet i experimentgruppenvar 30.7. Samtliga deltagare fick utföra ett datorbaserat test. Båda gruppernastest bestod av sannolikhetsbedömningsuppgifter, felstavningsuppgifter, samt en tilläggsuppgiftdär deltagarna ombads ange om ett visst ord förekommit i tidigare fråga eller ej. Experimentbetingelseninnehöll dessutom en visuospatial arbetsminnesuppgift. Resultatet visade attmental arbetsbelastning inte ökade antalet konjunktionsfel vid sannolikhetsbedömningar dådeltagarna fått ledtrådar som synliggjort konjunktionsregeln. Slutsatsen visar att det inte behövervara mer resurskrävande för arbetsminnet att göra normativa bedömningar och att tillgodogörandetav konjunktionsregeln är robust mot mental arbetsbelastning. Framtida forskningskulle kunna undersöka vilken betydelse ett visst antal ledtrådar har för om tillgodogörandetav konjunktionsregeln påverkas av mental arbetsbelastning.The aim of this study was to investigate whether mental workload can affect the tendency tocommit the conjunction fallacy in probability assessments, despite having read clues that exposethe conjunction rule. This was investigated with an experimental between-group design.In total, the study had 57 participants, whereof 27 in the experiment group and 30 in the controlgroup. The groups were equally balanced concerning sex. The average age in the controlgroup was 24.8 years compared to 30.7 years in the experiment group. All participants performeda computer-based test. Both groups’ test consisted of tasks with probability assessments,discovering misspelled words and an additional task about estimating whether a certainword had occurred during the previous task. The experimental condition also consisted ofa visuo-spatial working memory task. The result indicated that mental workload did not increasethe number of conjunction fallacies committed in probability assessments, given thatthe participants had read clues that expose the conjunction rule. From this result, the conclusionis drawn that normative judgments are not necessarily more demanding for the workingmemory, also that the utilization of the conjunction rule is resistant to mental workload. Futureresearch might investigate what impact a certain number of clues has for whether theutilization of the conjunction rule is affected by mental work load.
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Frey, Darren. "The identification of individual-specific conflict detection sensitivities." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB238.
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Les développements récents de la recherche en sciences cognitives ont établi que les individus détectent fréquemment qu'ils sont en train de commettre certaines erreurs de raisonnement, alors même qu'ils n'identifient pas, et peut-être ne peuvent pas identifier, la source de ces erreurs. Jusqu'à maintenant, ce programme de recherche a principalement visé à démontrer que même les individus aux raisonnements les plus biaisés faisaient preuve de tendances à la détection de conflits. Le présent travail s'appuie sur ces résultats et analyse trois domaines d'enquête connexes et encore inexplorés : (1) les sous-types de détection de conflits ; (2) les différences individuelles quant à la détection ; (3) le caractère de généralité ou de spécificité au domaine des sensibilités pour la détection de conflits. En identifiant des sous-types de détection de conflits de plus en plus spécifiques, ce projet a pour objectif d'examiner les corrélations entre, d'une part, certaines sensibilités pour la détection de conflits, et des prédicteurs cognitifs, d'autre part. Il s'agit, fondamentalement, d'un travail préparatoire en vue d'une analyse différentielle complète des sensibilités particulières de détection de conflits parmi les individus en train de raisonnerRecent state of the art research into cognitive biases has revealed that individuals often detect that they are making certain reasoning errors even when they themselves do not, perhaps cannot, articulate the source of the error. Until now, this research has focused primarily on demonstrating the existence of conflict detection tendencies among even the most biased reasoners. This thesis builds on this research by analyzing three related and unexplored areas of inquiry: (1) subtypes of conflict detection; (2) individual-specific differences among detectors; and (3) the domain generality or specificity of conflict detection sensitivities. By identifying increasingly fine-tuned detection subtypes, the project aims to explore correlations between particular conflict detection sensitivities and other cognitive predictors. It is, essentially, preparatory work for a complete differential analysis of conflict detection sensitivities among reasoners
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Welch, Brett. "A phenomenological-enactive theory of the minimal self." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6043.
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The purpose of this project is to argue that we possess a minimal self. It will demonstrate that minimal selfhood arrives early in our development and continues to remain and influence us throughout our entire life. There are two areas of research which shape my understanding of the minimal self: phenomenology and enactivism. Phenomenology emphasizes the sense of givenness, ownership, or mineness that accompanies all of our experiences. Enactivism says there is a sensorimotor coupling that occurs between us and the environment in a way which modulates the dynamic patterns of our self development; the laying down of these basic patterns helps make us who we are and gives rise to the phenomenological, experiential mineness. Drawing on these two core ideas, I will be arguing for a Phenomenological-Enactive Minimal Self (abbreviated PEMS). I will be emphasizing the role of the body and the role of affects (moods, feelings, and emotions) as the most important components relevant to understanding minimal selfhood. Put more concretely, the set of conditions which constitute the PEMS view are: (i) The minimal self is the experiential subject; the minimal sense of self is present whenever there is awareness. It is the subjectivity of experience, the sense of mineness, or givenness which our experiences contain. (ii) The phenomenological part of the PEMS view turns on the idea of a bodily and dynamic integration of sensorimotor coupling and affective experience. It is, ontologically speaking, the lived body in enactive engagement with the environment. It is this embodied subject which anchors and forms the foundation for the later ‘narrative' self, which emerges from it and which is continually influenced by it. It is the subject enactively engaged with others, dependent on sensorimotor processes and affects. We have an identity, but it emerges from relational and dynamic processes.
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De, Beer Leon Tielman. "Job demands-resources theory, health and well-being in South Africa / Leon Tielman de Beer." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8663.
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Work stress has a substantial impact on employees, organisations and economies; especially in the fragile economic environment since the ‘Great Recession’ of 2008; which has seen employment levels drop and employees willing to endure more stress at work to avoid retrenchment. These impacts include serious health and financial consequences. Attempts should therefore be made to effectively manage and address work stress to lessen these dire consequences. Many models have been developed and theorised to assist in explaining work stress, the pinnacle of these being the job demands-resources (JD-R) model. In JD-R theory, the dual process explains that work-related well-being follows the following processes: An energetic, also called the health impairment process, in which job demands leads to ill health outcomes through burnout; and then a motivational process which presents that job resources leads to positive organisational outcomes, e.g. organisational commitment, through engagement.
The main objectives of this research were 1) to investigate a JD-R model in a large South African sample with a categorical estimator; 2) to investigate the reversed causal hypotheses of burnout and engagement in job demands-resources theory over time; 3) to investigate the likelihood of reporting treatment for health conditions based on burnout and engagement, and 4) to investigate the link between burnout and objective financial outcomes, i.e. by medical aid provider expenditure.
To achieve the first objective a cross-sectional design was used (n = 15 633) covering numerous sectors in South Africa. A dual process model was specified with job demands (work overload) leading to ill health through burnout, and job resources (colleague and supervisor support,
communication, growth opportunities and role clarity) leading to organisational commitment through engagement. Results of structural equation modelling indicated that the proposed JD-R model was a good fit to the sample. Furthermore, burnout was found to mediate the relationship between job demands and ill health with a medium effect. Engagement was found to mediate the relationship between job resources and organisational commitment with a large effect.
The second objective, concerning reversed causality, was achieved with a longitudinal design (n = 593). The hypothesized model included burnout and engagement at time one, and at time two work overload as indicator of job demands, and colleague and supervisor support, communication, growth opportunities and role clarity as indicators of job resources. Results indicated that burnout had a significant negative reversed causal effect to supervisor support and colleague support. Engagement showed only one significant result, i.e. a small negative reversed causal relationship with supervisor support.
To achieve the third objective, a cross-sectional design was used (n = 7 895). Results for logistic regression analyses showed that an increase in burnout was associated with a significant increase in the estimated odds for reporting an affirmative answer for receiving treatment for any of the health conditions, i.e. cardiovascular conditions, cholesterol, depression, diabetes, hypertension and irritable bowel syndrome. In contrast, an increase in engagement was associated with a decrease in affirmative reporting for cardiovascular conditions, cholesterol and depression; but not for diabetes, hypertension or irritable bowel syndrome.
Addressing the link between burnout and financial outcomes was the fourth objective; and met with a cross-sectional design (n = 3 182). Participants were divided into a high and low burnout group based on the comorbidity of exhaustion and cynicism Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was implemented, controlling for age and gender, to investigate the difference in medical aid provider expenditure of the two groups. Results revealed that expenditure in the high burnout group was consistently more in all cases, compared to the low burnout group.
By way of conclusion, the implications of the research were discussed and recommendations for managers and for future research were made.Thesis (PhD (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013
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Lamb, Christopher C. "STILL CROSSING THE QUALITY CHASM: A MIXED-METHODS STUDY OF PHYSICIAN DECISION-MAKING WHEN TREATING CHRONIC DISEASES." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1519222095020285.
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Zimmerman, Lindsey. "2008 U.S. Presidential Election: Persuasive YouTube Interactions About War, Health Care, and the Economy." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/psych_theses/64.
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Persuasive appeals posted to United States presidential candidates’ YouTube videos were coded using a grounded theory mixed-methods design. 37,562 comments about education, energy, Iraq, health care, the economy, and the presidential debates were randomly collected by date and time for three studies using coding analysis: pilot, presidential primaries, and the presidential election. Seven argument types were identified and theoretically refined according to dual process models of persuasion: reason-based, candidate-based, emotion-based, endorsements, enthusiasmheuristic, other-interest and self-interest. Theoretical comparisons and hypothesis testing of argument types were conducted by issue and election event. Consistent with impression involvement, reason-based appeals were more frequent during the primaries, whereas consistent with value and outcome involvement, emotion- and candidate-based appeals were more frequent during the election.
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Svenning, Erik. "The Impetuous Voice of Reason : Emotion versus reason in moral decision-making." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-15737.
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This is a review of what the currently dominant theories of moral decision-making are and where they derive from. While the introduction serves as a common ground to explain what moral decision-making is, the earlier parts of the thesis describe older traditionalist theories within the field, theories of emotional decision-making, in the form of the somatic marker hypothesis, as well as critique of the older traditionalist theories through the social intuitionist model. Both of these two theories are explained as the foundation of the current theories of moral decision-making and after establishing a clear basis on what the currently dominant theories of moral decision-making are built on, said theories are introduced in the form of the dual-processing theory and the event-feature-emotion complexes which are thoroughly reviewed, explained in detail and serves as the core of the text. This is afterward followed by criticism as well as arguments in favor of both theories as well as criticisms from other researchers who disagree with the methodology which the theories of moral decision-making are conducted on. The essay reviews the current state of the field of moral decision-making which has been split up into two different approaches, the locationist approach and the constructionist approach. The essay concludes that there are terms which needs to be clarified in order for the field to move forward and studies to be made regarding the social implications of gut reactions in moral decision-making.
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Hughes, Catherine Rose. "Palliative care in context: an ethnographic account of the journey from diagnosis to the end of life." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Social and Political Sciences, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3813.
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This thesis provides an ethnographic account of the journey from diagnosis with a life-limiting illness to the end of life. It tracks the lives and eventual deaths of eight people and 83 family members for a period of three and a half years in total. Culture is located as a central element or lens by which to view this journey. The role, function and issues for social work as a profession are discussed in various chapters. The theoretical underpinnings of the thesis are informed by the ecological perspective combined with psychosocial theories of loss and grief. Drawing on a broad social systems theory, in conjunction with an ethnographic methodology and grounded theory analysis, contributes to the development of research which firmly takes culture into account. Four primary topic areas are presented: a narrative exploration of diagnosis, the changing landscape that participants encounter, the embodiment of new places and spaces, and finally, the journey’s end. The themes from the four topic areas contribute to the development of the two core categories “time and place” and “preparedness for death”. A schematic representation of the paths participants took is provided in the discussion of the core categories. Lastly, the New Zealand Palliative Care Strategy (Ministry of Health, 2001) is drawn on to aid the discussion of issues arising from the research and the implications for practice in this field.
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Hoffmann, Sven, and Christian Beste. "A perspective on neural and cognitive mechanisms of error commission." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-173661.
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Behavioral adaptation and cognitive control are crucial for goal-reaching behaviors. Every creature is ubiquitously faced with choices between behavioral alternatives. Common sense suggests that errors are an important source of information in the regulation of such processes. Several theories exist regarding cognitive control and the processing of undesired outcomes. However, most of these models focus on the consequences of an error, and less attention has been paid to the mechanisms that underlie the commissioning of an error. In this article, we present an integrative review of neuro-cognitive models that detail the determinants of the occurrence of response errors. The factors that may determine the likelihood of committing errors are likely related to the stability of task-representations in prefrontal networks, attentional selection mechanisms and mechanisms of action selection in basal ganglia circuits. An important conclusion is that the likelihood of committing an error is not stable over time but rather changes depending on the interplay of different functional neuro-anatomical and neuro-biological systems. We describe factors that might determine the time-course of cognitive control and the need to adapt behavior following response errors. Finally, we outline the mechanisms that may proof useful for predicting the outcomes of cognitive control and the emergence of response errors in future research.
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Farská, Kateřina. "Cognitive Depletion and Its Effect on Decision Making." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-165267.
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One of the factors significantly influencing our daily decisions is the so-called cognitive depletion.The theory of cognitive depletion postulates the existence of a limited mental resource that is necessary for self-regulation. If the resource is diminished by a task involving self-control, achievement in subsequent self-control task will be impaired. This project examines the effect of cognitive depletion on decisions in the Iowa Gambling Task designed to simulate real-life decision making involving gains and losses. Further, a possible effect of moderating factors that could be affected by cognitive depletion and consequently influence decisions in the Iowa Gambling Task -- risk preference and impulsivity -- is investigated. Dual-process theories postulate there are two systems involved in decision-making: faster, intuitive, emotional System 1 and slower, deliberative, rational System 2. It was found that cognitive depletion leads to enhancement of System 1. As advantageous decisions in the Iowa Gambling Task are closely related to emotional reactions -- domain of System 1 -- it was hypothesized that cognitive depletion will lead to not worse, or possibly even better results in depleted subjects. A controlled laboratory experiment was conducted involving 39 subjects in total. No difference was found in average desicions of depleted and non-depleted subjects in the Iowa Gambling Task, supporting the hypothesis. Further, short-term increase in impulsivity caused by cognitive depletion was very probably moderating choices in the IGT, leading to worse overall performance. Regarding risk preferences, we found that non-depleted subjects were generally more risk seeking in losses context, while depleted subjects exhibited rather loss aversion. This change in risk behaviors due to cognitive depletion very probably did not mediate choices in the Iowa Gambling Task.
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Conradie, Niël. "The nexus of control : intentional activity and moral accountability." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13660.
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There is a conceptual knot at the intersection of moral responsibility and action theory. This knot can be expressed as the following question: What is the relationship between an agent's openness to moral responsibility and the intentional status of her behaviour? My answer to this question is developed in three steps. I first develop a control-backed account of intentional agency, one that borrows vital insights from the cognitive sciences – in the form of Dual Process Theory – in understanding the control condition central to the account, and demonstrate that this account fares at least as well as its rivals in the field. Secondly, I investigate the dominant positions in the discussion surrounding the role of control in moral responsibility. After consideration of some shortcomings of these positions – especially the inability to properly account for so-called ambivalence cases – I defend an alternative pluralist account of moral responsibility, in which there are two co-extant variants of such responsibility: attributability and accountability. The latter of these will be shown to have a necessary control condition, also best understood in terms of a requirement for oversight (rather than conscious or online control), and in terms of the workings of the dual system mechanism. I then demonstrate how these two accounts are necessarily related through the shared role of this kind of control, leading to my answer to the original question: if an agent is open to moral accountability based on some activity or outcome, this activity or outcome must necessarily have positive intentional status. I then apply this answer in a consideration of certain cases of the use of the Doctrine of Double Effect.
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大介, 工藤, and Daisuke Kudo. "東日本大震災と福島第一原子力発電所事故に伴う"風評被害"：買い控えを引き起こす心理的メカニズムの解明と買い控え低減を目標とした応用的戦略の検討." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13059533/?lang=0, 2017. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13059533/?lang=0.
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Tones, Megan Jane. "Patterns of engagement in workplace learning amongst employees from social sectors." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2009. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/31248/1/Megan_Tones_Thesis.pdf.
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Continuous learning and development has become increasingly important in the information age. However, employees with limited formal education in lower status occupations may be disadvantaged in their opportunities for development, as their jobs tend to require more limited knowledge and skills. In mature age, such workers may be subject to cumulative disadvantage with respect to work related learning and development, as well as negative stereotyping. This thesis concerns work related learning and development from a lifespan development psychology perspective. Development across the lifespan is grounded in biocultural co-constructivism. That is, the reciprocal influences of the individual and environment produce change in the individual. Existing theories and models of adaptive development attempt to explain how developmental resources are allocated across the lifespan. These included the Meta- theory of Selective Optimisation with Compensation, Dual Process Model of Self Regulation, and Developmental Regulation via Optimisation and Primary and Secondary Control. These models were integrated to create the Model of Adaptive Development for Work Related Learning.
The Learning and Development Survey (LDS) was constructed to measure the hypothesised processes of adaptive development for work related learning, which were individual goal selection, individual goal engagement, individual goal disengagement, organisational opportunities (selection and engagement), and organisational constraints. Data collection was undertaken in two phases: the pilot study and the main study. The objective of the pilot study was to test the LDS on a target population of 112 employees from a local government organisation. Exploratory factor analysis reduced the pilot version of the survey to 38 items encompassing eight constructs which covered the processes of the model of adaptive development for work related learning.
In the main study, the Revised Learning and Development Survey (R-LDS) was administered to another group of 137 employees from the local government organisation, as well as 110 employees from a private healthcare organisation. The purpose of the main study was to validate the R-LDS on two different groups to provide evidence of stability, and compare survey scores according to age and occupational status to determine construct validity. Findings from the main study indicated that only four constructs of the R-LDS were stable, which were organisational opportunities – selection, individual goal engagement, organisational constraints – disengagement and organisational opportunities – engagement. In addition, MANOVA studies revealed that the demographic variables affected organisational opportunities and constraints in the workplace, although individual goal engagement was not influenced by age.
The findings from the pilot and main study partially supported the model of adaptive development for work related learning. Given that only four factors displayed adequate reliability in terms of internal consistency and stability, the findings suggest that individual goal selection and individual goal disengagement are less relevant to work related learning and development. Some recent research which emerged during the course of the current study has suggested that individual goal selection and individual goal disengagement are more relevant when goal achievement is impeded by biological constraints such as ageing. However, correlations between the retained factors support the model of adaptive development for work related learning, and represent the role of biocultural co-constructivism in development. Individual goal engagement was positively correlated with both opportunity factors (selection and engagement), while organisational constraints – disengagement was negatively correlated with organisational opportunities – selection. Demographic findings indicated that higher occupational status was associated with more opportunities for development. Age was associated with fewer opportunities or greater constraints for development, especially for lower status workers.