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Journal articles on the topic 'Dual-process theorie'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

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1

Tutić, Andreas. "Die Dual-Process-Perspektive in der interdisziplinären Handlungstheorie: Stand und Perspektiven." Soziale Welt 73, no. 2 (2022): 203–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0038-6073-2022-2-203.

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Es wird die These entwickelt, dass die neue soziologische Handlungstheorie, die neuen Theorien der begrenzten Rationalität und der Dual-Process-Ansatz in der Kognitions- und Sozialpsychologie auf ein einheitliches Modell in der interdisziplinären Handlungstheorie konvergieren. Demnach lässt sich menschliches Handeln über die Interaktion zweier Selbste erklären. Das erste Selbst agiert autonom, schnell, beruht auf Assoziationen, seine Aktivität ist dem Entscheider nicht bewusst und es involviert nicht das Arbeitsgedächtnis. Das zweite Selbst unterliegt der Kontrolle, operiert langsam, prozessiert Kalküle, seine Aktivität ist dem Entscheider bewusst und es involviert das Arbeitsgedächtnis. Die Interaktion der zwei Selbste erklärt das Handeln; die Definition der Situation beeinflusst die Interaktion der zwei Selbste. Der Beitrag skizziert die Grundideen dieses einheitlichen Modells vor dem Hintergrund allgemeiner methodologischer Erwägungen zur Handlungstheorie, zeigt auf, wie damit Anomalien der Rational-Choice-Theorie prinzipiell erklärt werden können und formuliert eine axiomatische Charakterisierung einer entsprechenden Entscheidungsprozedur in Termen beobachtbaren Handelns.

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Kim, Ji-Hye, and Sanghag Kim. "Research on Values and Dual-Process Theory : Application of Implicit Cognitive Measures." Korean Journal of Sociology 56, no. 3 (August 31, 2022): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21562/kjs.2022.08.56.3.1.

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3

Frankish, Keith. "Dual-Process and Dual-System Theories of Reasoning." Philosophy Compass 5, no. 10 (October 2010): 914–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-9991.2010.00330.x.

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4

Pyysiäinen, Ilkka. "Dual-process theories and hybrid systems." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26, no. 5 (October 2003): 617–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x03340130.

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The distinction between such differing approaches to cognition as connectionism and rule-based models is paralleled by a distinction between two basic modes of cognition postulated in the so-called dual-process theories. Integrating these theories with insights from hybrid systems might help solve the dilemma of combining the demands of evolutionary plausibility and computational universality. No single approach alone can achieve this.

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5

Evans, Jonathan St B. T., and Keith E. Stanovich. "Dual-Process Theories of Higher Cognition." Perspectives on Psychological Science 8, no. 3 (May 2013): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691612460685.

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6

Milli, Smitha, Falk Lieder, and Thomas L. Griffiths. "A rational reinterpretation of dual-process theories." Cognition 217 (December 2021): 104881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104881.

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7

Eraña, Angeles. "Dual process theories versus massive modularity hypotheses." Philosophical Psychology 25, no. 6 (December 2012): 855–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2011.631994.

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8

Mugg, Joshua. "The dual-process turn: How recent defenses of dual-process theories of reasoning fail." Philosophical Psychology 29, no. 2 (September 4, 2015): 300–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2015.1078458.

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9

Osman, Magda. "An evaluation of dual-process theories of reasoning." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 11, no. 6 (December 2004): 988–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03196730.

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10

De Neys, Wim, and Tamara Glumicic. "Conflict monitoring in dual process theories of thinking." Cognition 106, no. 3 (March 2008): 1248–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2007.06.002.

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11

Sahlin, Nils-Eric, Annika Wallin, and Johannes Persson. "Decision science: from Ramsey to dual process theories." Synthese 172, no. 1 (February 26, 2009): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11229-009-9472-5.

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12

Brocas, Isabelle, and Juan D. Carrillo. "Dual-process theories of decision-making: A selective survey." Journal of Economic Psychology 41 (April 2014): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2013.01.004.

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13

Okuhara, Tsuyoshi, Hirono Ishikawa, Hiroko Okada, Haruka Ueno, and Takahiro Kiuchi. "Dual-process theories to counter the anti-vaccination movement." Preventive Medicine Reports 20 (December 2020): 101205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101205.

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14

Herschbach, Mitchell. "Direct social perception and dual process theories of mindreading." Consciousness and Cognition 36 (November 2015): 483–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2015.04.001.

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15

Barrouillet, Pierre. "Dual-process theories and cognitive development: Advances and challenges." Developmental Review 31, no. 2-3 (September 2011): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2011.07.002.

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16

Evans, Jonathan St B. T. "Introspection, confabulation, and dual-process theory." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32, no. 2 (April 2009): 142–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x09000600.

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AbstractThis excellent target article helps to resolve a problem for dual-process theories of higher cognition. Theorists posit two systems, one of which appears to be conscious and volitional. It seems to control some behaviours but to confabulate explanations for others. I argue that this system is only conscious in an illusory sense and that all self-explanations are confabulatory, as Carruthers suggests.

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Thompson, Valerie A., Ian R. Newman, Jamie I. D. Campbell, Clark Kish-Greer, Giovanni Quartararo, and Taylor Spock. "Reasoning = representation + process: Common ground for Fuzzy Trace and Dual Process Theories." Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 10, no. 4 (December 2021): 532–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2021.10.008.

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18

Grayot, James D. "Dual Process Theories in Behavioral Economics and Neuroeconomics: a Critical Review." Review of Philosophy and Psychology 11, no. 1 (September 16, 2019): 105–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13164-019-00446-9.

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Abstract Despite their popularity, dual process accounts of human reasoning and decision-making have come under intense scrutiny in recent years. Cognitive scientists and philosophers alike have come to question the theoretical foundations of the ‘standard view’ of dual process theory and have challenged the validity and relevance of evidence in support of it. Moreover, attempts to modify and refine dual process theory in light of these challenges have generated additional concerns about its applicability and refutability as a scientific theory. With these concerns in mind, this paper provides a critical review of dual process theory in economics, focusing on its role as a psychological framework for decision modeling in behavioral economics and neuroeconomics. I argue that the influx of criticisms against dual process theory challenge the descriptive accuracy of dualistic decision models in economics. In fact, the case can be made that the popularity of dual process theory in economics has less to do with the empirical success of dualistic decision models, and more to do with the convenience that the dual process narrative provides economists looking to explain-away decision anomalies. This leaves behavioral economists and neuroeconomists with something of a dilemma: either they stick to their purported ambitions to give a realistic description of human decision-making and give up the narrative, or they revise and restate their scientific ambitions.

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Hagger, Martin S. "Non-conscious processes and dual-process theories in health psychology." Health Psychology Review 10, no. 4 (October 2016): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2016.1244647.

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20

Paley, John, Helen Cheyne, Len Dalgleish, Edward A. S. Duncan, and Catherine A. Niven. "Nursing’s ways of knowing and dual process theories of cognition." Journal of Advanced Nursing 60, no. 6 (December 2007): 692–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04478.x.

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21

Kogler, Christoph, and Anton Kühberger. "Dual process theories: A key for understanding the diversification bias?" Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 34, no. 2 (March 8, 2007): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11166-007-9008-7.

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22

Evans, Jonathan St B. T. "Dual-process theories of reasoning: Contemporary issues and developmental applications." Developmental Review 31, no. 2-3 (September 2011): 86–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2011.07.007.

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23

Stanovich, Keith E. "Balance in psychological research: The dual process perspective." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 3 (June 2004): 357–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0453008x.

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Krueger & Funder (K&F) are right that various imbalances characterize social psychology, but I question whether they are characteristic of psychology or cognitive science as a whole. Dual-process theories, popular in the latter fields, emphasize both processing biases and the adaptiveness of human cognition in a more balanced manner.

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24

Gawronski, Bertram, Skylar M. Brannon, and Nyx L. Ng. "Debunking Misinformation About a Causal Link Between Vaccines and Autism: Two Preregistered Tests of Dual-Process Versus Single-Process Predictions (With Conflicting Results)." Social Cognition 40, no. 6 (December 2022): 580–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.2022.40.6.580.

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Dual-process and single-process theories lead to conflicting predictions about whether debunking messages negating a state of affairs should change responses on implicit measures in a manner intended by the message. Two preregistered studies (N1 = 550; N2 = 880) tested these predictions using official health information from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention debunking the idea that vaccines would cause autism. Consistent with predictions derived from dual-process learning theories, Experiment 1 found that debunking-via-negation increased responses linking vaccines to autism on implicit measures, although it effectively reduced self-reported judgments linking vaccines to autism on explicit measures. Using the same measures and materials, Experiment 2 found that debunking-via-negation effectively reduced responses linking vaccines to autism on both implicit and explicit measures, consistent with predictions derived from single-process propositional theories. Potential reasons for the conflicting outcomes are discussed, including their implications for the debate between dual-process and single-process theories.

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25

Coventry, Kenny R. "Gambling and decision-making: A dual process perspective." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 4 (July 29, 2008): 444–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x08004809.

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AbstractThe consideration of gambling as a decision-making disorder may fail to explain why the majority of people gamble, yet only a small percentage of people lose control of their behaviour to the point where their gambling becomes problematic. The application of dual process theories to gambling addiction offers a means of explaining the differences between “normal” and “problem” gambling, augmenting the multiple vulnerabilities proposed by Redish et al.

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Evans, Jonathan St B. T. "On the resolution of conflict in dual process theories of reasoning." Thinking & Reasoning 13, no. 4 (October 2007): 321–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13546780601008825.

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Keller, Victor N., Jenna A. Harder, and Joseph Cesario. "Is Splintering Dual-Process Theories a Good Strategy for Theory Development?" Psychological Inquiry 29, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1047840x.2018.1435632.

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28

Macchi, Laura, David Over, and Riccardo Viale. "Special issue on: Dual process theories of human thought: the debate." Mind & Society 11, no. 1 (April 27, 2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11299-012-0105-1.

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29

Servaty-Seib, Heather L. "Connections Between Counseling Theories and Current Theories of Grief and Mourning." Journal of Mental Health Counseling 26, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 125–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17744/mehc.26.2.p9aukha7v8fqkc9g.

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The primary purpose of the present article is to provide an overview of three theories of mourning--The Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement, Meaning Reconstruction and Loss, and Attachment Theory and Loss: Revisited. These are linked both by their emphasis on the phenomenological and by ideas such as balance and flexibility. Connections are drawn between the mourning theories and counseling theories that are commonly employed by mental health counselors.

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30

Bronstein, Michael, Gordon Pennycook, Jutta Joormann, Philip Corlett, and Tyrone Cannon. "T70. DUAL-PROCESS THEORY, CONFLICT PROCESSING, AND DELUSIONAL BELIEF." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa029.630.

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Abstract Background Individuals endorsing delusions exhibit multiple reasoning biases, including a bias toward lower decision thresholds, a bias toward gathering less data before forming conclusions, and a bias toward discounting evidence against one’s beliefs. Although these biases have been repeatedly associated with delusions, it remains unclear how they might arise, how they might be interrelated, and whether any of them play a causal role in forming or maintaining delusions. Progress toward answering these questions may be made by examining delusion-related reasoning biases from the perspective of dual-process theories of reasoning. Dual-process theories posit that human reasoning proceeds via two systems: an intuitive system (which is autonomous, does not require working memory) and an analytic system (which relies on working memory, supports hypothetical thought). Importantly, when the outputs of one or both systems conflict with one another, successful detection of this conflict is thought to produce additional engagement in analytic reasoning. Thus, the detection of and ensuing neurocognitive response to conflict may modulate analytic reasoning engagement. Working from this dual-process perspective, recent theories have hypothesized that more limited engagement in analytic reasoning, perhaps resulting from conflict processing deficits, may engender delusion-inspiring reasoning biases in people with schizophrenia. Methods Given this hypothesis, a literature review (Bronstein et al., 2019, Clinical Psychology Review, 72, 101748) was conducted to critically evaluate whether impaired conflict processing might be a primary initiating deficit in pathways relevant to the generation of delusion-relevant reasoning biases and the formation and/or maintenance of delusions themselves. Results Research examined in this review suggested that in healthy people, successful conflict detection raises decision thresholds. Conflict-processing deficits in delusional individuals with schizophrenia might impair this process. Consistent with this possibility, delusional individuals with schizophrenia (vs. healthy controls) make more decisions when they perceive their favored choice to be only marginally better than alternatives. Lower decision thresholds in individuals who endorse delusions may limit analytic thinking (which takes time). Reductions in decision-making thresholds and in analytic reasoning engagement may encourage these individuals to jump to conclusions, potentially promoting delusion formation, and may also increase bias against disconfirmatory evidence, which may help delusions persist. Discussion Extant literature suggests that conflict processing deficits might encourage delusion-related cognitive biases, which is broadly consistent with the idea that these deficits may be causally primary in pathways leading to delusions. This conclusion lends credence to previous theories suggesting that reduced modulation toward analytic reasoning in the presence of conflict might promote delusions. Future research should attempt to more specifically determine the source of deficits related to analytic reasoning engagement in delusional individuals with schizophrenia. It is often unclear whether analytic-reasoning-related deficits observed in existing literature result from impairments in conflict detection, responsiveness to conflict, or both. Tasks used to study dual-process reasoning in the general population may be useful platforms for specifying the nature of analytic-reasoning-related deficits in delusional individuals with schizophrenia.

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Evans, Jonathan St B. T., and David E. Over. "The role of language in the dual process theory of thinking." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 6 (December 2002): 684–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02330127.

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Carruthers’proposals would seem to implicate language in what is known as System 2 thinking (explicit) rather than System 1 thinking (implicit) in contemporary dual process theories of thinking and reasoning. We provide outline description of these theories and show that while Carruthers’characterization of non-verbal processes as domain-specific identifies one critical feature of System 1 thinking, he appears to overlook the fact that much cognition of this type results from domain-general learning processes. We also review cognitive psychological evidence that shows that language and the explicit representations it supports are heavily involved in supporting System 1 thinking, but falls short of supporting his claim that it is the medium in which domain-general thinking occurs.

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Brakel, Linda A. W., and Howard Shevrin. "Freud's dual process theory and the place of the a-rational." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26, no. 4 (August 2003): 527–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x03210116.

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In this commentary on Stanovich & West (S&W) we call attention to two points: (1) Freud's original dual process theory, which antedates others by some seventy-five years, deserves inclusion in any consideration of dual process theories. His concepts of primary and secondary processes (Systems 1 and 2, respectively) anticipate significant aspects of current dual process theories and provide an explanation for many of their characteristics. (2) System 1 is neither rational nor irrational, but instead a-rational. Nevertheless, both the a-rational System 1 and the rational System 2 can each have different roles in enhancing evolutionary fitness. Lastly, System 1 operations are incorrectly deemed “rational” whenever they increase evolutionary fitness.

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LUO, Junlong, Entao ZHANG, Caizhen YUE, Xiaochen TANG, Jun ZHONG, and Qinglin ZHANG. "Neural Mechanisms of the Belief-bias Effect Based on Dual Process Theories." Advances in Psychological Science 21, no. 5 (December 10, 2013): 800–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2013.00800.

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34

Mandler, George. "Familiarity Breeds Attempts: A Critical Review of Dual-Process Theories of Recognition." Perspectives on Psychological Science 3, no. 5 (September 2008): 390–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00087.x.

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35

Barrett, Lisa Feldman, Michele M. Tugade, and Randall W. Engle. "Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity and Dual-Process Theories of the Mind." Psychological Bulletin 130, no. 4 (2004): 553–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.553.

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36

Shea, Nicholas, and Chris D. Frith. "Dual-process theories and consciousness: the case for ‘Type Zero’ cognition: Table 1." Neuroscience of Consciousness 2016, no. 1 (2016): niw005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nc/niw005.

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37

Hamilton, Erin L., and Jennifer Winchel. "Investors' Processing of Financial Communications: A Persuasion Perspective." Behavioral Research in Accounting 31, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 133–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/bria-52211.

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ABSTRACT In this paper, we provide a comprehensive summary of persuasion theories from a variety of fields (e.g., psychology, marketing, and economics) and describe how these theories can enhance our understanding of how investors process and respond to financial communications (e.g., firm disclosures and analyst research reports). We draw on dual-process theories of persuasion to describe the circumstances under which an investor's response to a financial disclosure is likely to represent the investor's intuition or reflect more deliberate and analytical processing of financial information. Examples from the financial accounting literature are used to illustrate how dual-process thinking and reasoning operate within a financial reporting domain. In addition, we offer broad suggestions on how financial accounting researchers can use the psychology of persuasion to understand and form empirical predictions about investor processing of and reaction to managers' and analysts' financial disclosures.

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Zezelj, Iris. "Dual elaboration models in attitude change processes." Psihologija 38, no. 3 (2005): 255–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0503255z.

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This article examines empirical and theoretical developments in research on attitude change in the past 50 years. It focuses the period from 1980 till present as well as cognitive response theories as the dominant theoretical approach in the field. The postulates of Elaboration Likelihood Model, as most-researched representative of dual process theories are studied, based on review of accumulated research evidence. Main research findings are grouped in four basic factors: message source, message content, message recipient and its context. Most influential criticisms of the theory are then presented regarding its empirical base and dual process assumption. Some possible applications and further research perspectives are discussed at the end.

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Wieland, Mareike, and Katharina Kleinen-von Königslöw. "Conceptualizing different forms of news processing following incidental news contact: A triple-path model." Journalism 21, no. 8 (April 27, 2020): 1049–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884920915353.

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Research on incidental news exposure in the context of social media focuses on ‘successful’ incidental news exposure – when unintended news contacts result in active engagement and knowledge gains. However, we lack both theoretical and empirical approaches to the far more likely case that people keep on scrolling through their newsfeed without any post triggering active engagement. To fill this gap, the article conceptualizes a triple-path model of incidental news exposure on social media as a process. Building upon the Cognitive Mediation Model, dual system theories on information processing and recent empirical findings, three different pathways of incidental news processing are identified: automatic, incidental and active. The triple-path model thus allows to theorize the learning potentials that can plausibly be expected from each incidental news exposure path as a starting point for future research.

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Reinhard, Marc-André, and Siegfried L. Sporer. "Content Versus Source Cue Information as a Basis for Credibility Judgments." Social Psychology 41, no. 2 (January 2010): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000014.

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Basic assumptions of dual-process theories are used to explain the process of credibility attribution. Three experiments test the assumption that high task involvement leads to intensive processing of content information, whereas low task involvement leads to the use of noncontent information like source cues when people make credibility judgments. In Experiment 1, as predicted, when task involvement is low, only source attractiveness influences credibility attributions; when task involvement is high, content information also influences credibility attributions. Experiments 2 and 3 replicate these results with different source cue and message content manipulations. These findings demonstrate the fruitfulness of applying basic assumptions of dual-process theories to the field of deceptive communication research. Practical implications for forensic credibility assessment are outlined.

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Furley, Philip, Geoffrey Schweizer, and Alex Bertrams. "The two modes of an athlete: dual-process theories in the field of sport." International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 8, no. 1 (January 2015): 106–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1750984x.2015.1022203.

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Strobach, Tilo, Chris Englert, Darko Jekauc, and Ines Pfeffer. "Predicting adoption and maintenance of physical activity in the context of dual-process theories." Performance Enhancement & Health 8, no. 1 (June 2020): 100162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2020.100162.

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43

Godden, David. "Argumentation, rationality, and psychology of reasoning." Informal Logic 35, no. 2 (May 29, 2015): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v35i2.4124.

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This paper explicates an account of argumentative rationality by articulating the common, basic idea of its nature, and then identifying a collection of assumptions inherent in it. Argumentative rationality is then contrasted with dual-process theories of reasoning and rationality prevalent in the psychology of reasoning. It is argued that argumentative rationality properly corresponds only with system-2 reasoning in dual-process theories. This result challenges the prescriptive force of argumentative norms derives if they derive at all from their descriptive accuracy of our cognitive capacities. In response, I propose an activity-based account of reasoning which retains the assumptions of argumentative rationality while recontextualizing the relationship between reasoning as a justificatory activity and the psychological states and processes underlying that activity.

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Cash, Philip, Jaap Daalhuizen, Dagny Valgeirsdottir, and Robin Van Oorschot. "A Theory-Driven Design Research Agenda: Exploring Dual-Process Theory." Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design 1, no. 1 (July 2019): 1373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.143.

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AbstractDesign research faces a critical 'impact gap' where the potential for scientific and practical impact is yet to be fully realised. A key means of bridging this gap is the adoption of fundamental theory from other fields to support clarification and synergy in design research. In this paper we examine one of the main candidates for adoption: dual-process theory of cognition. Cognition forms a common element across much of the design literature and leads to fundamental dual-process theories of reasoning. While dual- process theory has started to be recognised in design research, its widespread recognition and potential utility have not been widely explored. Following a conceptual theory development approach we identify and logically describe interactions between dual-process theory and design research. We conclude the paper with a proposition of a design research framework with a core rooted in dual-process theory, and based on this, an agenda for theory-driven design research. This contributes to the debate on how to improve impact, and theoretical and scientific rigour in design research, and provides a concrete agenda for discussion and development within the community.

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45

Yu, Hao, and Yong Lin Kang. "Research on the Mechanism of Aging of Dual Phase Steel Produced by Continuous Annealing." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 556–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.556.

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The microstructure and properties of aging at room temperature of dual phase steel produced by continuous annealing were investigated by using mechanical property test, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). In order to know the mechanisms of aging of dual phase steel produced by this process, the relative theories of dissolution and diffusion of interstitials, dislocation and precipitation are proposed and discussed. From analysis, the results showed that dual phase steel produced by continuous annealing had high strain aging resistance after overaging.

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Heycke, Tobias, Frederik Aust, and Christoph Stahl. "Subliminal influence on preferences? A test of evaluative conditioning for brief visual conditioned stimuli using auditory unconditioned stimuli." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 9 (September 2017): 160935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160935.

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In the field of evaluative conditioning (EC), two opposing theories—propositional single-process theory versus dual-process theory—are currently being discussed in the literature. The present set of experiments test a crucial prediction to adjudicate between these two theories: Dual-process theory postulates that evaluative conditioning can occur without awareness of the contingency between conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US); in contrast, single-process propositional theory postulates that EC requires CS-US contingency awareness. In a set of three studies, we experimentally manipulate contingency awareness by presenting the CSs very briefly, thereby rendering it unlikely to be processed consciously. We address potential issues with previous studies on EC with subliminal or near-threshold CSs that limited their interpretation. Across two experiments, we consistently found an EC effect for CSs presented for 1000 ms and consistently failed to find an EC effect for briefly presented CSs. In a third pre-registered experiment, we again found evidence for an EC effect with CSs presented for 1000 ms, and we found some indication for an EC effect for CSs presented for 20 ms.

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Cooper, Brian P., and Arthur D. Fisk. "Age Similarities in Complex Memory Search: An Extension of Dual Process Theory." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 2 (October 1994): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403800208.

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Understanding age-related similarities and differences in development of cognitive skill is important as it can inform theories of cognitive aging as well as serve the pragmatic value of informing those individuals who are developing age-related interventions for numerous activities of daily living. We investigated both the performance and learning of skilled memory search, a task that has shown age-related similarity in performance if sufficient consistent practice is provided, to determine if training guidelines for this class of processing activities is applicable to both young and old adults. Old and young adults received memory search training, and then the participants were transferred to untrained exemplars of the trained memory set categories. The results suggest that both young and old adults are, at least to some extent, learning at the semantic-category level. This study provides additional evidence that training guidelines derived from an automatic and controlled processing framework can be applied to an older adult population in tasks which have memory search components.

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Hagan, John, Bill McCarthy, Daniel Herda, and Andrea Cann Chandrasekher. "Dual-process theory of racial isolation, legal cynicism, and reported crime." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 28 (July 9, 2018): 7190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1722210115.

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Why is neighborhood racial composition linked so strongly to police-reported crime? Common explanations include over-policing and negative interactions with police, but police reports of crime are heavily dependent on resident 911 calls. Using Sampson’s concept of legal cynicism and Vaisey’s dual-process theory, we theorize that racial concentration and isolation consciously and nonconsciously influence neighborhood variation in 911 calls for protection and prevention. The data we analyze are consistent with this thesis. Independent of police reports of crime, we find that neighborhood racial segregation in 1990 and the legal cynicism about crime prevention and protection it engenders have lasting effects on 911 calls more than a decade later, in 2006–2008. Our theory explains this persistent predictive influence through continuity and change in intervening factors. A source of cumulative continuity, the intensification of neighborhood racial concentration and isolation between 1990 and 2000, predicts 911 calls. Likewise, sources of change—heightened neighborhood incarceration and home foreclosures during the financial crisis in 2006–2008—also predict these calls. Our findings are consistent with legal cynicism theory’s focus on neighborhood disadvantage, racial isolation, and concerns about police protection and crime prevention; they correspond less with the emphasis of procedural justice theory on police legitimacy.

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Evans, Jonathan St B. T. "The presumption of consciousness." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 1 (January 24, 2014): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13000691.

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AbstractThroughout this article the authors presume – without justification – that decision making must be a conscious process unless proved otherwise, and they place an unreasonably strict burden of proof on anyone wishing to claim a role for unconscious processing. In addition, I show that their arguments do not, as implied here, impact upon contemporary dual-process theories of reasoning and decision making.

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Wagner, Stephan. "Substituierte Attribute – Kognitive Störungen im Recht des digitalisierten Staates." Rechtswissenschaft 11, no. 3 (2020): 344–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1868-8098-2020-3-344.

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Ein von psychologischen und neurowissenschaftlichen Dual Process-Theorien beschriebenes Phänomen ist der übergreifende Prozess der Attributsubstitution. Dieser oft unbewusste kognitionspsychologische Vorgang kann gemessen am Maßstab der Rationalität zu kognitiven Fehlschlüssen und Verzerrungen (kognitiven Störungen) führen, die wiederum signifikant nachteilige soziale Auswirkungen haben können. Besonders einflussreich ist die Attributsubstitution bei komplexen Wertungsentscheidungen. Sie besitzt daher bereits definitionsgemäß eine erhebliche Relevanz für Rechtsetzung, Rechtsprechung und Rechtswissenschaft. Digitale Prozesse und Phänomene gehören zu den besonders geeigneten Kandidaten für die Attributsubstitution. Ihre technischen Substrate sind dem menschlichen Verstand nicht ohne Weiteres zugänglich, ihre Auswirkungen auf die soziale Realität vermitteln sich regelmäßig über eine erhebliche kausale, räumliche, zeitliche und soziale Distanz und Komplexität. Es besteht daher die Gefahr, dass auch ihre rechtliche Erfassung und Beurteilung kognitiven Störungen ausgesetzt ist. Im folgenden Beitrag soll diesen nach einer kurzen Einführung in die Dual Process-Theorien (I.) und einem Aufriss ihrer rechtlichen Relevanz insbesondere in einer digitalisierten Lebenswirklichkeit (II.) an ausgewählten Beispielen nachgespürt und sollen zugleich Strategien ihrer rationalen Einhegung aufzeigt werden (III.).

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