Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ducks – Breeding

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Ducks – Breeding'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Ducks – Breeding"

1

Dwyer, Chris P., and Guy A. Baldassarre. "Habitat use by sympatric female mallards and American black ducks breeding in a forested environment." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 9 (September 1, 1994): 1538–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-204.

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There has been much speculation regarding whether breeding mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and American black ducks (A. rubripes) use similar habitat types in forested areas, which could lead to increased interspecific contact. To study this issue, we used radiotelemetry during 1990–1991 on sympatric female mallards and black ducks breeding in the western Adirondack Mountains of New York. Mallard and black duck pairs occupied the general area at a density of 0.7 and 0.6/km2, respectively. Black duck home ranges tended to be larger than those of mallards, although the difference was not significant. Habitat composition within the home ranges of mallards and black ducks was similar, upland forest being the dominant habitat type, followed by wetlands, disturbed areas, and active residential sites. Within home ranges, mallards and black ducks were similar in their use of four major wetland habitat types. Our data suggest that undisturbed forest and habitat use within such areas may not serve as an isolating mechanism between breeding mallards and black ducks.
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Hidayati, Nuke Nur, Enny Yusuf Wachidah Yuniwarti, and Sri Isdadiyanto. "Perbandingan Kualitas Daging Itik Magelang, Itik Pengging Dan Itik Tegal." Bioma : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi 18, no. 2 (August 10, 2016): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/bioma.18.2.56-63.

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Local ducks in Indonesia there was several kinds, for example Tegal ducks, Magelang ducks and Pengging duck each having morphology different of duck. Research on the quality meat of ducks that includes ash content, water content, carbohydrate content, fat content, protein content, and muscle cell diameter of femoral ducks important to know quality meat of each duck. This study aimed to analyzed the differences types of ducks on the chemical content of meat and femoral muscle histology of diameter cell at Tegal ducks, Magelang ducks and Pengging ducks. Ducks were used in this study maintained in the Central Breeding and Raising Ducks Work Unit Non Ruminant Livestock Banyubiru, Ambarawa. The duck six month old was analyzed chemical content of meat and measuring diameter of femoral muscle cells. Duck samples taken from three different types of ducks that Tegal duck,Pengging duck and Magelang duck, of each type of sample taken many ducks as 6 tails. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). If the data were analyzed contained a real difference, continued by the Least Significant Differences Test (LSDT) at 95% confidence level. The results showed that no significant difference in all variables, from the result has been concluded that differences type of ducks not affect the chemical contents of duck meat and diameter of femoral muscle cells. Keywords: Local Ducks in Central Java, Quality of Meat, Muscle Cell Diameter Femoral Ducks.
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Tubelyte, Vaida, Saulius Švažas, Aniolas Sruoga, Dalius Butkauskas, Algimantas Paulauskas, Vykintas Baublys, Janis Viksne, Gennady Grishanov, and Alexander Kozulin. "Genetic diversity of tufted ducks (Aythya fuligula, Anatidae) in Eastern Europe." Open Life Sciences 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2011): 1044–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-011-0083-z.

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AbstractThe tufted duck (Aythya fuligula, Anatidae) is widespread in the Palaearctic across Northern Eurasia. Birds breeding in Northern and Eastern Europe are highly migratory, while populations from Western Europe are partially migratory or resident. The aim of this study is to explore genetic variation within and between ducks breeding in Latvia and migrants sampled in North West Russia and Belarus. The technique of random amplified polymorphic DNA was applied using five random primers (ol-1, ol-9-12). Genetic variability was measured for all tufted ducks investigated and for different sub-populations from various regions. Individual genetic structure and genetic variability was higher in ducks collected from Latvia. Gene diversity of amplified DNA bands in birds of Latvian origin was 24% with 80% polymorphism. Means of gene diversity and polymorphism for tufted ducks sampled in other countries varied from 12 to 14% and from 27 to 40%, respectively. A high number of unique bands characterized ducks breeding in Latvia. The oligonucleotide primers used in this study were suitable to analyze differences among tufted ducks of different origin. Possible explanations for the variation observed among the studied ducks are discussed.
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Boertmann, David. "Distribution and Conservation of the Harlequin Duck, Histrionicus histrionicus, in Greenland." Canadian Field-Naturalist 117, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v117i2.704.

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The breeding range of the Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) in Greenland includes West Greenland to as far north as 72º 30’ N and a few sites in East Greenland. The breeding population is guessed at a few thousand pairs. During winter Harlequin Ducks occur along the West Greenland coast between Maniitsoq and Nanortalik. The size of the winter population is unknown. As Canadian males, which have moulted in Southwest Greenland, also winter there, perhaps accompanied by females and juveniles, the numbers may be considerable. The peak period for clutch initiation seems to be mid- to late June. There is no immediate conservation concern for the small breeding population of Harlequin Ducks in Greenland. However, there is a risk from marine oil spills along coasts where congregations of non-breeding Harlequin Ducks from both Greenland and eastern Canada occur.
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Wulandari, Desi, Sunarno Sunarno, and Tyas Rini Saraswati. "Perbedaan Somatometri Itik Tegal, Itik Magelang Dan Itik Pengging." Bioma : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi 17, no. 2 (December 21, 2015): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/bioma.17.2.94-101.

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Local ducks in Indonesia there are several kinds, for example Tegal ducks, Magelang ducks and Pengging duck each having characteristics different somatometri. Research on somatometri ducks that includes body weight, leg length, beak length, wing length, body length, and long-neck ducks important to know somatometri of each duck. This study aimed to analyze the differences somatometri at Tegal ducks, Magelang ducks and Pengging duck, which includes weight, leg length, beak length, wing length, body length, and a long neck. Ducks were used in this study maintained in the Central Breeding and Raising Ducks Work Unit Non Ruminant Livestock Banyubiru, Ambarawa. The study was conducted by measuring somatometri of each six monthold ducks. Duck samples taken from three different types of ducks that Tegal duck, Pengging duck and Magelang duck, of each type of sample taken many ducks as 6 tails. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the differentiating factor is the type of duck. If the data were analyzed contained a real difference, then do a further test using the test Least Significant Differences (LSD) at 95% confidence level. The results showed that there was no significant difference in all parameters of the study. Conclusion of the study three types of ducks will have somatometri not unlike that includes, weight, leg length, beak length, wing length, body length and the length of the neck. It was because give feed and feed same time. Keywords: Local Ducks in Central Java, Somatometri, Tegal ducks, Magelang ducks, Pengging duck
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Haukos, David, Stephanie Martinez, and Jeannie Heltzel. "Characteristics of Ponds Used by Breeding Mottled Ducks on the Chenier Plain of the Texas Gulf Coast." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2010): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/032010-jfwm-005.

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Abstract Mottled ducks Anas fulvigula are nonmigratory and primarily depend on habitats associated with coastal marshes of the Gulf Coast for their entire life cycle. Much of remaining available coastal marsh habitats of the Texas Gulf Coast are managed by state and federal agencies. The Texas Gulf Coast breeding population of mottled ducks has recently declined dramatically. To aid in development of management plans for breeding mottled ducks, we estimated the number of potential pair ponds available on the Texas Chenier Plain National Wildlife Refuge Complex relative to marsh type (fresh, intermediate, brackish, and saline), estimated occupancy, compared habitats of used and unused pair ponds, and evaluated pair pond selection relative to marsh type during spring 2004 and 2005. Greater than 18,000 ponds were recorded in >22,400 ha of coastal marsh with >74% of potential pair ponds in the intermediate marsh type. Average pond size of 425 randomly selected ponds across marsh types was 0.09 ha. Pond occupancy was estimated as 1.3% and 2.5% in 2004 and 2005, respectively, in 634 ponds surveyed for presence of mottled duck pairs. Mottled ducks selected for ponds in fresh marsh with short surrounding vegetation associated with recent cattle grazing, but avoided recently (<3 mo prior) burned areas. Pond area was greater with shallower water depth for used compared to unused ponds. The presence and coverage of submergent and emergent vegetation did not influence use of pair ponds by mottled ducks. Development of breeding habitat (pair ponds, nesting cover, brood habitat) in fresh marsh will benefit mottled ducks. Our results indicate development of breeding habitat on the Texas Gulf Coast, and vegetation management using cattle grazing timed for disturbance in fresh marsh during mid- to late winter and early spring will further attract breeding mottled ducks.
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Smith, Cyndi M., Fred Cooke, Gregory J. Robertson, R. Ian Goudie, and W. Sean Boyd. "Long-Term Pair Bonds in Harlequin Ducks." Condor 102, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.1.201.

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Abstract We documented the frequency of pair reunion in Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) on breeding streams in Alberta, and at a molting/wintering area in southwestern British Columbia. As long as their mate is alive, Harlequin Duck pairs reunite on the wintering area and return to the breeding stream together. Pairs reunite even if the female is unsuccessful at breeding the previous season, which suggests that reuniting with the same mate year after year is important. Some males that have lost their mate and fail to re-pair on the wintering area show fidelity to their former breeding site.
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Seymour, N. R. "Forced copulation in sympatric American black ducks and mallards in Nova Scotia." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 8 (August 1, 1990): 1691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-249.

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Observations of primarily identifiable wild black ducks and mallards provided qualitative and quantitative descriptions of interactions within and between intraspecific, interspecific, and heterospecific pairs throughout the breeding season. The study was carried out in a watershed on the St. Lawrence estuary shore of Nova Scotia from 1972 to 1988. Attempted forced copulation and forced pair copulation were rare among black ducks at any time throughout the breeding period. Only two apparently successful forced copulations were observed. Territorial males chased both female black ducks and mallards, and these chases appeared motivated by hostility. Males that had left their mates/territories did not attempt forced copulation with other females. Females sometimes avoided strange males, particularly when they returned to territories from their nests. Paired males rarely approached females with broods. Male mallards chased both female mallards and black ducks, and did not appear to discriminate between species when attempting forced copulation. Male mallards were more persistent and vigorous in their chases than black ducks, and they attempted forced copulation, whether with black ducks or mallards, more frequently than male black ducks did. Apparently successful forced copulation between a male mallard and female black duck occurred on three occasions.
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Fitriani, Eka, Sri Isdadiyanto, and Silvana Tana. "Kualitas Kerabang Telur pada Berbagai Itik Petelur Lokal di Balai Pembibitan dan Budidaya Ternak Non Ruminansia (BPBTNR), Ambarawa." Bioma : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi 18, no. 2 (December 30, 2016): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/bioma.18.2.107-113.

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Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) was one type of potential poultry producing eggs. Efforts to increase productivity can be done through the selection of good breeding stock, provision of adequate food in quantity and quality as well as the provision of additional feed (feed additive). Calcium carbonate was a mineral needed by a group of ducks for egg shell formation. The purpose of the research was quality of the local duck eggs Pengging include ducks, duck Tegal and duck Magelang based on the quality of its shell. This study uses a completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments (Pengging duck, duck Ducks Tegal and Magelang) and 6 replication.The measured variable was the index of egg shell, eggshell weight, eggshell thickness and eggshell calcium. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with a differentiating factor is the type of duck. Real different data analyzeda further test using Least Significant Differences Test (LSDT) at the level of 95%. The results of this research indexshowed that ducks Tegaland duck Pengging no significant difference but significantly different with Magelang ducks. Weight eggshell and eggshell thickness showed no significantly different for the three types of local ducks. Eggshell calcium levels showed that Magelang ducks and duck Pengging no significant difference but significantly different with Tegal ducks.Conclusion of the study was index eggshell and eggshell calcium could affect the quality of the eggshell. Keywords: Local Ducks in Central Java, the index of egg shell, eggshell weight, eggshell thickness, eggshell calcium.
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Nudds, Thomas D., and Robert G. Wickett. "Body size and seasonal coexistence of North American dabbling ducks." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 779–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-104.

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Controversy exists about whether (i) regular character (usually body size) ratios among coexisting species might result from interspecific competition and (ii) migratory dabbling ducks (Anas sp.) might be limited by the abundance of invertebrate prey on wintering or breeding areas. We tested these ideas by comparing the extent to which coexistence of dabbling ducks on breeding and wintering grounds depended on differences in body size which, in turn, reflect differences in prey size. Species of dabbling ducks that differ in body size by less than a factor of 1.2 co-occurred less frequently than expected by chance during the breeding season when duck assemblages are characterized by low dominance (i.e., the fractional abundances of species are roughly similar). In winter, when duck assemblages are characterized by high dominance (i.e., a few abundant species and many rarer ones), the pattern of species co-occurrence in relation to differences in body size could not be discerned from that which might occur by chance. This implies that competition for invertebrate prey, at least, is unlikely during winter. These results contrast with data from assemblages of other sexually reproducing vertebrate species, and with recent theories which predict that species' assortment patterns should be more regular than random in assemblages characterized by high dominance. Our results are consistent with the idea that communities of dabbling ducks are assembled, except during winter, according to some limiting size similarity and are influenced more by interspecific interactions than by chance.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ducks – Breeding"

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Somerville, Alison Joan. "Advantages to late breeding in Ruddy ducks." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25045.

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Ruddy Ducks in the Chilcotin parklands of British Columbia nest in late June, July and early August, later than most other waterfowl species breeding in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. This thesis considers factors that may affect the timing of breeding in Ruddy Ducks by comparing Ruddy Ducks to Barrow's Goldeneye and Bufflehead (species that breed early but do not renest) and to American Coot (a species that breeds early and is able to renest). These factors include predation, flooding and desertion of nests, feeding behavior of ducklings, abundance of food, availability of green vegetation and fluctuations in temperature. Possible advantages of late breeding include reduced nest predation and higher ambient temperature during incubation. Longer dive durations and more frequent feeding and resting by Ruddy ducklings may enable ducklings to maximize energy for growth. Reduced nest flooding late in the season, dependence on green vegetation for nesting and greater abundance of food for young in summer were not demonstrated by this study. Therefore, these factors apparently do not explain the timing of breeding in Ruddy Ducks in southwestern British Columbia. Despite insufficient time to renest and shorter time for ducklings to mature before ponds freeze, the average number of 2B age class young produced per pair of Ruddy Ducks was similar to that of American Coots. Forty percent of nesting Ruddy females did not hatch any young, whereas almost all nesting Coot females successfully hatched young; however, survival of Ruddy ducklings to 2B age class (four weeks old) was higher than that of American Coots, Barrow's Goldeneye and Bufflehead.
Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate
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Tisdall, Carol. "Aggression among captive mallards and black ducks during the breeding season." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23302.

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The behaviour of captive mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and black ducks (Anas rubripes) was studied from the end of March to mid-June in 1991 and 1992 to determine the extent of interspecific aggression exhibited and the effect of sympatry and allopatry on interactions between the two species.
Mallards were more aggressive than black ducks regardless of sex and origin, though both species were equally attacked in both years, male ducks were more aggressive and more attacked than female ducks regardless of species and origin in both years, and ducks of sympatric origin were more aggressive than ducks of allopatric origin in 1991 regardless of sex and species while the opposite was true in 1992.
Site attachment was observed in 7 of 9 experiments performed in 1992. In the experiments involving site attachment, almost all of the activity centered around the feeding stations, not around the nesting platforms.
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Hewitson, Stacy. "Habitat selection by breeding American black ducks (Anas rubripes) in northeastern Nova Scotia." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22739.

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Habitat selection by breeding black ducks (Anas rubripes) was studied in Antigonish County, Nova Scotia during April-September 1990 and 1991.
Black duck pairs selected deciduous shrub ponds and sparsely vegetated ponds and avoided estuarine marsh and large lake habitat. Hens with broods preferred the deciduous shrub habitat while they avoided large lakes.
Black duck pairs appeared to use the distance to a brood-rearing pond as a cue in site selection. The closer a pond was to a suitable rearing pond the more likely it was occupied by a pair, regardless of food or cover resource availability. Black ducks, however, likely used site attributes such as the perimeter of the pond, the availability of aquatic invertebrates and the relative abundance of alder, willow and dead timber as cues in the selection brood-rearing habitat.
Black duck duckling survival, an estimate of recruitment, was the highest on preferred deciduous shrub ponds. Duckling survival was also higher on ponds with only one brood as opposed to ponds with several broods.
The most productive habitat for black ducks in the Antigonish study area were isolated, deciduous shrub ponds influenced by beaver activity. Black duck population numbers can be enhanced by managing local beaver populations.
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Hunt, William Andrew. "The ecology of harlequin ducks, Histrionicus histrionicus, breeding in Jasper National Park, Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq37555.pdf.

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Ross, Ben Paul. "Manipulation of the feeding behaviour of diving ducks on mussel farms." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342005.

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Kindopp, Rhona, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Patterns of habitat use of breeding ducks and grebes in the western boreal forest." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Biology, c2006, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/2520.

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Canada’s boreal forest provides important breeding habitat for 12 to 14 million migratory birds annually. Nonetheless the ecology of boreal wetlands remains poorly understood. Over the last 40 years, rapid industrial development with little attention to conservation has been ongoing in the region. Apparent population declines of species, such as that of lesser scaup have raised concerns about the quality of western boreal wetlands. This is one of very few studies demonstrating patterns in brood-rearing habitat use by ducks and grebes in the Canadian western boreal forest. In this study, wetland characteristics associated with brood-rearing wetlands of American wigeon (Anas Americana), green-winged teal (Anas crecca), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), lesser scaup (Aythya affinis), ring-necked duck (Aythya collaris), horned grebe (Pondiceps auritus), and red-necked grebe (Podiceps grisegena) were investigated on 75 wetlands near Yellowknife, NT, Canada. I used Principle Components and regression analyses to delineate patterns of habitat use by breeding water birds. Results indicate that physical characteristics of wetlands, area in particular, had stronger correlations with brood-rearing habitat then did invertebrate abundance. Invertebrate groups positively associated with brood-rearing wetlands included: Amphipoda, Pelecypoda, and or Ephemeroptera. Breeding diving ducks had negative iv associations with Dipteran abundance. Diving ducks and red-necked grebes were more strongly correlated with habitat variables then were dabbling ducks and horned grebes. Brood-rearing wetlands of the smallest birds in the study, green-winged teal and horned grebe, had the fewest and weakest associations with habitat variables.
xiii, 97 leaves ; 29 cm
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Lavallée, Sophie. "Application of ultrasound technology for selection and production of lean Pekin ducks." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0002/MQ44202.pdf.

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Farhat, Antoine G. "Growth and IGF-I response to breast muscle selection by ultrasound and dietary protein programs in Pekin ducks." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ55327.pdf.

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Gunnarsson, Gunnar. "Survival patterns and density-dependent processes in breeding mallards Anas platyrhynchos." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200712.pdf.

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Hanson, A. R. "Modelling the spatial and temporal variation in density of breeding black ducks at landscape and regional levels." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ58215.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Ducks – Breeding"

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Johnson, Douglas H. Determinants of breeding distributions of ducks. [Bethesda, Md: The Wildlife Society], 1988.

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Johnson, Douglas H. Determinants of breeding distributions of ducks. Bethesda, Md: Wildlife Society, 1988.

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Andrews, Daniel K. Maintaining a flock of ducks. Pullman, [Wash.]: Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture, Washington State University, 1986.

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A, Johnson F. Trends in duck breeding populations, 1955-1990. Laurel, MD: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Migratory Bird Management, 1990.

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Crowley, David W. Breeding ecology of harlequin ducks in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Anchorage, Alaska: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation, 1996.

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Crowley, David W. Breeding ecology of harlequin ducks in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Anchorage, Alaska: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation, 1996.

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Raethel, Heinz-Sigurd. The new duck handbook: Ornamental and domestic ducks : everything about housing, care, feeding, diseases, and breeding, with a special chapter on commercial uses of ducks. New York: Barron's, 1989.

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Ringelman, James K. Identifying the factors that limit duck production. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1992.

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Moore, Alanna. Backyard poultry naturally: [a complete guide to raising chickens & ducks naturally]. Austin, Tex: Acres U.S.A., 2007.

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Evrard, James O. Duck production and harvest in St. Croix and Polk Counties, Wisconsin. Madison, WI: Dept. of Natural Resources, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ducks – Breeding"

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Gardarsson, Arnthor, and Arni Einarsson. "Responses of breeding duck populations to changes in food supply." In Aquatic Birds in the Trophic Web of Lakes, 15–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1128-7_2.

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Mench, Joy. "Behaviour of fowl and other domesticated birds." In The ethology of domestic animals: an introductory text, modular texts, 121–36. 2nd ed. CABI, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845935368.0121.

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"• BREEDING SYSTEMS, SPACING BEHAVIOR, AND REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR OF SEA DUCKS /." In Ecology and Conservation of North American Sea Ducks, 388–439. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18406-17.

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"• SITE FIDELITY, BREEDING HABITATS, AND THE REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES OF SEA DUCKS /." In Ecology and Conservation of North American Sea Ducks, 360–87. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18406-16.

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"• BREEDING COSTS, NUTRIENT RESERVES, AND CROSS-SEASONAL EFFECTS: DEALING WITH DEFICITS IN SEA DUCKS /." In Ecology and Conservation of North American Sea Ducks, 148–91. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18406-11.

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Kwabla Dei, Herbert. "Advances in Poultry Nutrition Research-A Review." In Advances in Poultry Nutrition Research [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95990.

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Poultry production involving farmed avian species (chickens, turkeys and ducks) is globally recognised as a vital aspect of animal agriculture. It contributes greatly to supply of high-quality protein (meat and egg) for humans. The intensification and commercialization of the poultry sector is accelerated and continues to be so as a result of research discoveries in the field of breeding, nutrition, housing management and disease control. However, the explosion in poultry nutrition research, in particular, has significant impact on the success of the poultry sector. The progress in nutritional research is made possible by several advanced techniques reported by researchers in both academia and industry. Nutritional research is mainly geared towards improving knowledge on ingredients good for the growth and health of the bird and of nutritional requirements for various types and classes of birds, as well as the ability to match nutritional requirements of any type or class of bird for variable conditions including that of the environment. This chapter discusses the importance and growth of the poultry sector. Also, nutritional research efforts over the years, achievements, some notable advance research techniques employed, and challenges confronting nutritional research in the 21st Century have been highlighted.
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van Eeten, Michel J. G., and Emery Roe. "The Paradox of the Rising Demand for Both a Better Environment and More Reliable Services." In Ecology, Engineering, and Management. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195139686.003.0004.

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The examples go on and on: loading fish in trucks and on barges to enable them to swim downstream; opening a water gate and drowning endangered birds in one area, or closing the gate and risk burning out habitat of the same species someplace else; spending more than $400 million a year to protect a handful of endangered species in just one region of a country; hatching endangered fish that end up too fat or stick out like neon in the water once released; releasing salmon trained to come to the surface for hatchery food when what is actually dropping from the sky are the ducks ready to eat them; keeping water in a reservoir to save the fish there, thus sacrificing other fish downstream; building a 250-foot-wide, 300-foot-high, $80 million device to better regulate the water temperature for salmon eggs in just one reservoir; controlled burning for fuel load management in the forests that harms not only air quality but also chronically bleeds pollution into adjacent aquatic ecosystems; breeding the wild properties out of endangered fish and releasing them, thereby polluting the gene pool of river fish; fighting urbanization to protect a green and open area, thereby condemning that area to monotonous, industrial agriculture and worse; closing a gate or releasing reservoir water in reaction to a sample of fish coming downstream and triggering electrical blackouts or the most severe urban water quality crisis in decades; restoring natural floodplains, erasing some of the oldest, best preserved, and greenest cultural landscapes in a country; putting in place even more massive infrastructure to keep ecosystems natural, thereby imprisoning them in intensive care units for life; and more. For some readers, these examples may appear a mix of the ridiculous and the desperate. Yet they are prime examples of a hard paradox at work: how do you reconcile the public’s demand for a better environment which requires ecosystem improvements with their concurrent demand for reliable services from that environment, including clean air, water, and power?
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"limited data for the greater Townsville area (Kay et al.1996). Based on the prevalence of key vector species and their abundance and that of the viruses recovered, it was concluded that Big Bay, originally recommended as a prime site for recreational development by the Department of Local Government in 1985, actually presented lower risk than any other locality. Antill Creek also proved relatively safe in terms of mosquito-borne infections, whereas Toonpan during the wet season was a place to be avoided. Both Ross River and the environs of Townsville offered intermediate risk, the latter due to large numbers of saltmarsh mosquitoes breeding in intertidal wetlands. 9.5 Snails and swimmer’s itch Schistosome dermatitis, known as swimmer’s itch, is a common global problem for users of recreational swimming areas in water resource developments. The rash is caused by free living larvae called cercariae (Figure 9.4) of parasitic flukes which burrow into exposed parts of the body. Normally the life-cycle involves water birds such as ducks and pulmonate snails, so infection of humans is accidental. A large number of cercariae may penetrate the skin where they die but cause a localized allergic reaction in sensitized persons. In northern Australia, swimmer’s itch (Trichobilharzia) has been traditionally associated with Austropeplea (= Lymnaea) lessoni (= vinosa) although two planorbid snails, Amerianna carinata and Gyraulus stabilis, have also been identified as intermediate hosts in Lake Moondarra near Mt Isa, Queensland. Our recent data implicates Gyraulus gilberti at the Ross River dam. Snails are also commonly infected with other trematode cercariae, mainly echinostomes, strigeids/diplostomids and clinostomids." In Water Resources, 148. CRC Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203027851-35.

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"sion dam (Stanley 1979). Most of the species collected in the bait traps were those associated with permanent and semipermanent fresh water breeding sites, and the dominant species was Culex annulirostris, which accounted for over 70 per cent of the collections (Liehne et al. 1976a; Stanley 1979). Thus the major vector species for MVE virus was shown to be abundant in the Ord River irrigation area. The major mosquito breeding areas were in swampland adjacent to the diversion dam. Little breeding activity was found in the irrigation area probably due to the excessive use of insecticides applied by aerial spraying for controlling insect pests on cotton crops. However, cotton was discontinued as a crop in 1975, and an increased number of mosquitoes began to appear in 1976. • Viruses. Pools of mosquitoes were processed for virus isolation by intracerebral inoc-ulation of macerated mosquito supernatants into suckling mice. A total of 195 strains of 16 arboviruses were isolated from 1075 pools, of which 29 were identified as MVE virus and 21 as Kunjin virus. The majority of the isolates were made from Culex annulirostris (153 of 195 isolations), including 28 of 29 identified as MVE. Thus the overall virus isolation rate was high (18 per cent). For MVE virus from Culex annulirostris, 3.5 per cent of pools yielded virus at an approximate rate of 1 infected mosquito per 1459 uninfected mosquitoes (Liehne et al. 1976b; 1981). • Serological studies of animals and birds. All the early serological investigations employed the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay. Cattle sera obtained from the Ord River irrigation area exhibited a high incidence of antibody to MVE virus (80 per cent positive), but the incidence declined to 37 per cent positivity in sera collected elsewhere in the Kimberley region (Liehne et al. 1976c). A very significant increase in the incidence of antibody to MVE was observed in cattle between 1972 and 1975 in the irrigation area and nearby cattle properties, with increases ranging from between 22 and 36 per cent to between 75 and 90 per cent (Stanley 1979). While the establishment of the irrigation area and the completion of the Ord River dam were undoubtedly responsible for some of this increase, it is probable that the very heavy ‘wet’ season rainfall in 1973–74 also contributed. • Of 335 sera collected from 31 avian species, 195 were found to have antibody to MVE virus. Although only a few species were sampled in moderate or large num-bers, it was interesting to note that the incidence of antibody was similar between waterbirds and non-waterbirds (56 and 59 per cent, respectively), and between differ-ent avian orders: Ciconiiformes (herons, egrets), 62 per cent; Anseriformes (ducks, grebes), 55 per cent; and Psittaciformes (parrots), 56 per cent, (Liehne et al. 1976c). • Human serological studies. A total of 441 human sera were collected in the Ord River area, of which 293 were from Caucasians and 148 from Aboriginals. A very high incidence of MVE antibodies was observed in the Aboriginal population, with 96 per cent of adults and 77 per cent of children exhibiting antibodies. In the Caucasian pop-ulation, the incidence of MVE virus antibodies was 53 per cent in adults and 24 per." In Water Resources, 129. CRC Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203027851-22.

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