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1
Dwyer, Chris P., and Guy A. Baldassarre. "Habitat use by sympatric female mallards and American black ducks breeding in a forested environment." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 9 (September 1, 1994): 1538–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-204.
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There has been much speculation regarding whether breeding mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and American black ducks (A. rubripes) use similar habitat types in forested areas, which could lead to increased interspecific contact. To study this issue, we used radiotelemetry during 1990–1991 on sympatric female mallards and black ducks breeding in the western Adirondack Mountains of New York. Mallard and black duck pairs occupied the general area at a density of 0.7 and 0.6/km2, respectively. Black duck home ranges tended to be larger than those of mallards, although the difference was not significant. Habitat composition within the home ranges of mallards and black ducks was similar, upland forest being the dominant habitat type, followed by wetlands, disturbed areas, and active residential sites. Within home ranges, mallards and black ducks were similar in their use of four major wetland habitat types. Our data suggest that undisturbed forest and habitat use within such areas may not serve as an isolating mechanism between breeding mallards and black ducks.
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Hidayati, Nuke Nur, Enny Yusuf Wachidah Yuniwarti, and Sri Isdadiyanto. "Perbandingan Kualitas Daging Itik Magelang, Itik Pengging Dan Itik Tegal." Bioma : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi 18, no. 2 (August 10, 2016): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/bioma.18.2.56-63.
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Local ducks in Indonesia there was several kinds, for example Tegal ducks, Magelang ducks and Pengging duck each having morphology different of duck. Research on the quality meat of ducks that includes ash content, water content, carbohydrate content, fat content, protein content, and muscle cell diameter of femoral ducks important to know quality meat of each duck. This study aimed to analyzed the differences types of ducks on the chemical content of meat and femoral muscle histology of diameter cell at Tegal ducks, Magelang ducks and Pengging ducks. Ducks were used in this study maintained in the Central Breeding and Raising Ducks Work Unit Non Ruminant Livestock Banyubiru, Ambarawa. The duck six month old was analyzed chemical content of meat and measuring diameter of femoral muscle cells. Duck samples taken from three different types of ducks that Tegal duck,Pengging duck and Magelang duck, of each type of sample taken many ducks as 6 tails. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). If the data were analyzed contained a real difference, continued by the Least Significant Differences Test (LSDT) at 95% confidence level. The results showed that no significant difference in all variables, from the result has been concluded that differences type of ducks not affect the chemical contents of duck meat and diameter of femoral muscle cells. Keywords: Local Ducks in Central Java, Quality of Meat, Muscle Cell Diameter Femoral Ducks.
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Tubelyte, Vaida, Saulius Švažas, Aniolas Sruoga, Dalius Butkauskas, Algimantas Paulauskas, Vykintas Baublys, Janis Viksne, Gennady Grishanov, and Alexander Kozulin. "Genetic diversity of tufted ducks (Aythya fuligula, Anatidae) in Eastern Europe." Open Life Sciences 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2011): 1044–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-011-0083-z.
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AbstractThe tufted duck (Aythya fuligula, Anatidae) is widespread in the Palaearctic across Northern Eurasia. Birds breeding in Northern and Eastern Europe are highly migratory, while populations from Western Europe are partially migratory or resident. The aim of this study is to explore genetic variation within and between ducks breeding in Latvia and migrants sampled in North West Russia and Belarus. The technique of random amplified polymorphic DNA was applied using five random primers (ol-1, ol-9-12). Genetic variability was measured for all tufted ducks investigated and for different sub-populations from various regions. Individual genetic structure and genetic variability was higher in ducks collected from Latvia. Gene diversity of amplified DNA bands in birds of Latvian origin was 24% with 80% polymorphism. Means of gene diversity and polymorphism for tufted ducks sampled in other countries varied from 12 to 14% and from 27 to 40%, respectively. A high number of unique bands characterized ducks breeding in Latvia. The oligonucleotide primers used in this study were suitable to analyze differences among tufted ducks of different origin. Possible explanations for the variation observed among the studied ducks are discussed.
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Boertmann, David. "Distribution and Conservation of the Harlequin Duck, Histrionicus histrionicus, in Greenland." Canadian Field-Naturalist 117, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v117i2.704.
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The breeding range of the Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) in Greenland includes West Greenland to as far north as 72º 30’ N and a few sites in East Greenland. The breeding population is guessed at a few thousand pairs. During winter Harlequin Ducks occur along the West Greenland coast between Maniitsoq and Nanortalik. The size of the winter population is unknown. As Canadian males, which have moulted in Southwest Greenland, also winter there, perhaps accompanied by females and juveniles, the numbers may be considerable. The peak period for clutch initiation seems to be mid- to late June. There is no immediate conservation concern for the small breeding population of Harlequin Ducks in Greenland. However, there is a risk from marine oil spills along coasts where congregations of non-breeding Harlequin Ducks from both Greenland and eastern Canada occur.
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Wulandari, Desi, Sunarno Sunarno, and Tyas Rini Saraswati. "Perbedaan Somatometri Itik Tegal, Itik Magelang Dan Itik Pengging." Bioma : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi 17, no. 2 (December 21, 2015): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/bioma.17.2.94-101.
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Local ducks in Indonesia there are several kinds, for example Tegal ducks, Magelang ducks and Pengging duck each having characteristics different somatometri. Research on somatometri ducks that includes body weight, leg length, beak length, wing length, body length, and long-neck ducks important to know somatometri of each duck. This study aimed to analyze the differences somatometri at Tegal ducks, Magelang ducks and Pengging duck, which includes weight, leg length, beak length, wing length, body length, and a long neck. Ducks were used in this study maintained in the Central Breeding and Raising Ducks Work Unit Non Ruminant Livestock Banyubiru, Ambarawa. The study was conducted by measuring somatometri of each six monthold ducks. Duck samples taken from three different types of ducks that Tegal duck, Pengging duck and Magelang duck, of each type of sample taken many ducks as 6 tails. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the differentiating factor is the type of duck. If the data were analyzed contained a real difference, then do a further test using the test Least Significant Differences (LSD) at 95% confidence level. The results showed that there was no significant difference in all parameters of the study. Conclusion of the study three types of ducks will have somatometri not unlike that includes, weight, leg length, beak length, wing length, body length and the length of the neck. It was because give feed and feed same time. Keywords: Local Ducks in Central Java, Somatometri, Tegal ducks, Magelang ducks, Pengging duck
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Haukos, David, Stephanie Martinez, and Jeannie Heltzel. "Characteristics of Ponds Used by Breeding Mottled Ducks on the Chenier Plain of the Texas Gulf Coast." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2010): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/032010-jfwm-005.
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Abstract Mottled ducks Anas fulvigula are nonmigratory and primarily depend on habitats associated with coastal marshes of the Gulf Coast for their entire life cycle. Much of remaining available coastal marsh habitats of the Texas Gulf Coast are managed by state and federal agencies. The Texas Gulf Coast breeding population of mottled ducks has recently declined dramatically. To aid in development of management plans for breeding mottled ducks, we estimated the number of potential pair ponds available on the Texas Chenier Plain National Wildlife Refuge Complex relative to marsh type (fresh, intermediate, brackish, and saline), estimated occupancy, compared habitats of used and unused pair ponds, and evaluated pair pond selection relative to marsh type during spring 2004 and 2005. Greater than 18,000 ponds were recorded in >22,400 ha of coastal marsh with >74% of potential pair ponds in the intermediate marsh type. Average pond size of 425 randomly selected ponds across marsh types was 0.09 ha. Pond occupancy was estimated as 1.3% and 2.5% in 2004 and 2005, respectively, in 634 ponds surveyed for presence of mottled duck pairs. Mottled ducks selected for ponds in fresh marsh with short surrounding vegetation associated with recent cattle grazing, but avoided recently (<3 mo prior) burned areas. Pond area was greater with shallower water depth for used compared to unused ponds. The presence and coverage of submergent and emergent vegetation did not influence use of pair ponds by mottled ducks. Development of breeding habitat (pair ponds, nesting cover, brood habitat) in fresh marsh will benefit mottled ducks. Our results indicate development of breeding habitat on the Texas Gulf Coast, and vegetation management using cattle grazing timed for disturbance in fresh marsh during mid- to late winter and early spring will further attract breeding mottled ducks.
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Smith, Cyndi M., Fred Cooke, Gregory J. Robertson, R. Ian Goudie, and W. Sean Boyd. "Long-Term Pair Bonds in Harlequin Ducks." Condor 102, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.1.201.
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Abstract We documented the frequency of pair reunion in Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) on breeding streams in Alberta, and at a molting/wintering area in southwestern British Columbia. As long as their mate is alive, Harlequin Duck pairs reunite on the wintering area and return to the breeding stream together. Pairs reunite even if the female is unsuccessful at breeding the previous season, which suggests that reuniting with the same mate year after year is important. Some males that have lost their mate and fail to re-pair on the wintering area show fidelity to their former breeding site.
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Seymour, N. R. "Forced copulation in sympatric American black ducks and mallards in Nova Scotia." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 8 (August 1, 1990): 1691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-249.
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Observations of primarily identifiable wild black ducks and mallards provided qualitative and quantitative descriptions of interactions within and between intraspecific, interspecific, and heterospecific pairs throughout the breeding season. The study was carried out in a watershed on the St. Lawrence estuary shore of Nova Scotia from 1972 to 1988. Attempted forced copulation and forced pair copulation were rare among black ducks at any time throughout the breeding period. Only two apparently successful forced copulations were observed. Territorial males chased both female black ducks and mallards, and these chases appeared motivated by hostility. Males that had left their mates/territories did not attempt forced copulation with other females. Females sometimes avoided strange males, particularly when they returned to territories from their nests. Paired males rarely approached females with broods. Male mallards chased both female mallards and black ducks, and did not appear to discriminate between species when attempting forced copulation. Male mallards were more persistent and vigorous in their chases than black ducks, and they attempted forced copulation, whether with black ducks or mallards, more frequently than male black ducks did. Apparently successful forced copulation between a male mallard and female black duck occurred on three occasions.
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Fitriani, Eka, Sri Isdadiyanto, and Silvana Tana. "Kualitas Kerabang Telur pada Berbagai Itik Petelur Lokal di Balai Pembibitan dan Budidaya Ternak Non Ruminansia (BPBTNR), Ambarawa." Bioma : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi 18, no. 2 (December 30, 2016): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/bioma.18.2.107-113.
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Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) was one type of potential poultry producing eggs. Efforts to increase productivity can be done through the selection of good breeding stock, provision of adequate food in quantity and quality as well as the provision of additional feed (feed additive). Calcium carbonate was a mineral needed by a group of ducks for egg shell formation. The purpose of the research was quality of the local duck eggs Pengging include ducks, duck Tegal and duck Magelang based on the quality of its shell. This study uses a completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments (Pengging duck, duck Ducks Tegal and Magelang) and 6 replication.The measured variable was the index of egg shell, eggshell weight, eggshell thickness and eggshell calcium. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with a differentiating factor is the type of duck. Real different data analyzeda further test using Least Significant Differences Test (LSDT) at the level of 95%. The results of this research indexshowed that ducks Tegaland duck Pengging no significant difference but significantly different with Magelang ducks. Weight eggshell and eggshell thickness showed no significantly different for the three types of local ducks. Eggshell calcium levels showed that Magelang ducks and duck Pengging no significant difference but significantly different with Tegal ducks.Conclusion of the study was index eggshell and eggshell calcium could affect the quality of the eggshell. Keywords: Local Ducks in Central Java, the index of egg shell, eggshell weight, eggshell thickness, eggshell calcium.
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Nudds, Thomas D., and Robert G. Wickett. "Body size and seasonal coexistence of North American dabbling ducks." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 779–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-104.
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Controversy exists about whether (i) regular character (usually body size) ratios among coexisting species might result from interspecific competition and (ii) migratory dabbling ducks (Anas sp.) might be limited by the abundance of invertebrate prey on wintering or breeding areas. We tested these ideas by comparing the extent to which coexistence of dabbling ducks on breeding and wintering grounds depended on differences in body size which, in turn, reflect differences in prey size. Species of dabbling ducks that differ in body size by less than a factor of 1.2 co-occurred less frequently than expected by chance during the breeding season when duck assemblages are characterized by low dominance (i.e., the fractional abundances of species are roughly similar). In winter, when duck assemblages are characterized by high dominance (i.e., a few abundant species and many rarer ones), the pattern of species co-occurrence in relation to differences in body size could not be discerned from that which might occur by chance. This implies that competition for invertebrate prey, at least, is unlikely during winter. These results contrast with data from assemblages of other sexually reproducing vertebrate species, and with recent theories which predict that species' assortment patterns should be more regular than random in assemblages characterized by high dominance. Our results are consistent with the idea that communities of dabbling ducks are assembled, except during winter, according to some limiting size similarity and are influenced more by interspecific interactions than by chance.
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Bond, Jeanine C., Daniel Esler, and Tony D. Williams. "Breeding Propensity of Female Harlequin Ducks." Journal of Wildlife Management 72, no. 6 (August 2008): 1388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2007-241.
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Lestari, Fitriani Eka Puji, Jakaria Jakaria, and Rukmiasih Rukmiasih. "Sensori dan Karakteristik Asam Lemak Daging Itik Cihateup, Alabio dan Silangannya (Sensory and Fatty Acids Characteristics of Cihateup Duck Meats, Alabio and Cross-bred)." Jurnal Sains Terapan 5, no. 1 (June 4, 2015): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jstsv.5.1.17-25.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the off odor in the meat of Alabio, Cihateup and cross-bred of both on the second generation. There were 36 ducks consisting 8 Cihateup Ducks, 9 alabio ducks and 19 cross-bred ducks. These ducks were reared for 10 weeks and fed by commercial feed containing 21-23% protein and 2900-3000 kcal/kg metabolic energy as much as 125 g/head/day. Ducks were put in colonies in box sized 1m x1 m. The off odor intensity, degree of liking and fatty acid composition of chest and thighs meat from Cihateup Duck, Alabio Duck and their crossbreeding were determined. Therefore, off odor intensity was analyzed using the rating intensity. Degree of liking was performed by hedonic ratio fatty acid composition analysis which was conducted by Gas Chromatography (GC). The off odor intensity of commercial meet of Alabio, Cihateup and their crossbreeding were not significantly different. Degree of aroma liking among Alabio, Cihateup and their crossbreeding meat was significantly different in breast commercial cutting where their cross breeding meat had the highest degree of liking. Ratio of unsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid of meat from crossbreeding duck was lower than the one from the ancestor.Keyword: sensory, duck meat, Alabio, Cihateup, cross-breed
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Kokoszyński, Dariusz, Mohamed Saleh, Zenon Bernacki, Marek Kotowicz, Małgorzata Sobczak, Joanna Żochowska-Kujawska, and Kamil Stęczny. "Digestive tract morphometry and breast muscle microstructure in spent breeder ducks maintainedin a conservation programme of genetic resources." Archives Animal Breeding 61, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-61-373-2018.
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Abstract. The objective of this study was to compare three genetic groups of ducks: P9 (French Pekin), K2 (bred from wild mallards – Anas platyrhynchos L. and Pekin duck), and KhO1 (hybrid of Khaki Campbell drake and Orpington Fauve duck) after two breeding seasons for body weight and length, length of intestine and its segments, percentage of other internal organs, and breast muscle microstructure. The study used 60 ducks, 20 birds (10 males and 10 females) from each genetic group. At 110 weeks of age, P9 ducks exhibited significantly (p<0.05) greater body weight and length, and length of intestine and its segments (except for colon length) compared to K2 and KhO1 ducks. KhO1 ducks had significantly shorter jejunum and ileum compared to K2 birds. The lighter K2 and KhO1 ducks had significantly greater relative length of intestine and its segments. In P9 ducks, liver, heart, and gizzard were heavier and spleen percentage in body weight significantly lower than in K2 and KhO1 birds. KhO1 ducks had a significantly higher percentage of proventriculus compared to the other duck groups. The different genetic origins of the ducks had no effect on microstructural characteristics of m. pectoralis superficialis except for perimysium and endomysium thickness. Our study provided information about differences in the digestive tract morphometry and breast muscle microstructure of ducks from three genetic groups after two reproductive seasons, which are maintained in a conservation programme of genetic resources in Poland.
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Anwar, Nuril, Satria Putra Utama, and Reswita. "EFISIENSI USAHA PEMBIBITAN ITIK MODERN DAN TRADISIONAL PADA SKALA RUMAH TANGGA DI KABUPATEN LEBONG." Jurnal AGRISEP 14, no. 1 (March 12, 2015): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.14.1.26-38.
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The objectives of this research are to determine the income level and to estimate the differencies of income between modern and traditional techniques of breeding by the household in Amen and Lebong Sakti subdistrict, Lebong District. The determinationoftheamountofrevenueisdoneusinganalysisofrevenues,whilefor testingwhethertherearedifferencesintheincomeofboththeduckbreedingefforts carriedout by differentassayanalysisofaverageincome.Thecalculationtodeterminethe level of efficiencyof thebusiness activities ofbreedingducks usingR/Cratio. Basedon theresults of the research theaveragerevenuesofmodernducksnursery isRp.1.331.969,21forfourmonths,while theaverageincomeof thetraditionalduck breeding attempt amounted to Rp. 1.662.396,66 for four months. After a test of the difference of income between enterprises of modern and traditional duck breeding, breeding ofmodernducksrevenuessmaller revenuesequaltothetraditionalduckbreeding where therealdifferencesinthedegreesofconfidence95.The averagevalueoftheresults analysis of R/Cratioinmodernduckbreeding effortsLebongisequalto2.00while R/C ratio of thetraditional duck breeding amounted to 2.15.Keywords:breeding ducks, households,incomeand efficiencyefforts
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Bond, Jeanine C., Daniel Esler, and Keith A. Hobson. "Isotopic Evidence for Sources of Nutrients Allocated to Clutch Formation by Harlequin Ducks." Condor 109, no. 3 (August 1, 2007): 698–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/109.3.698.
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Abstract Abstract. Waterfowl employ a broad array of strategies for acquiring the energy and nutrients needed for egg formation, ranging from storage of endogenous reserves prior to arrival on breeding areas to complete reliance on exogenous food sources available at breeding sites. We used stable isotope analyses (δ13C and δ15N) to quantify the relative nutrient inputs to Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) eggs and, therefore, to identify the strategy of nutrient acquisition and allocation used by females to meet the demands of egg production. Marine-derived endogenous nutrients are isotopically more enriched than freshwater dietary nutrients for Harlequin Ducks that migrate between marine wintering grounds and terrestrial breeding grounds. There was little evidence that endogenous reserves stored on marine wintering areas were allocated to clutch formation. Therefore, Harlequin Ducks relied on food available in streams on breeding grounds for egg formation, and reserves stored on marine areas were likely used during other energetically and nutritionally demanding periods.
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Briggs, SV, WG Lawler, and SA Thornton. "Effects of breeding and environment on body condition of maned ducks, Chenonetta jubata." Wildlife Research 18, no. 5 (1991): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9910577.
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Body weights and fat levels of non-breeding maned ducks on the southern tablelands of New South Wales and in the Australian Capital Territory were high during spring and summer, and low during autumn and winter. During the non-breeding season, paired females were fatter than unpaired females but fat levels of paired and unpaired males did not differ. Protein levels of females did not vary significantly with season, but protein levels of males were lower in winter. Females undergoing rapid follicle development before laying were fatter than non-breeding birds in the same months. Before laying, females stored fat but not protein for egg production. They used 44% of their pre-laying fat while laying, and a further 47% of the body fat present at the beginning of incubation was used during it. Laying and incubating maned ducks, and ducks with young, were less fat than non-breeding birds in the same months. Body condition of maned ducks was related to food availability, whether breeding or not, to the stage of breeding, and in females to pair status.
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Restiadi, Tjuk Imam, Tatik Hernawati, Dadik Rahardjo, and Thomas V. Widiyatno. "POTENSI TEKNOLOGI INSEMINASI BUATAN PADA PENINGKATAN PRODUKTIVITAS ITIK TURI LAMONGAN." Ovozoa : Journal of Animal Reproduction 8, no. 1 (April 6, 2020): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ovz.v8i1.2019.82-88.
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Duck is one of the most poultry that potential can be best developed for its productivity to be used for meat and eggs. The obstacles faced by farmers include productivity of low and not meat and duck eggs. Application of science and technology through the development of reproductive technology of Artificial Insemination (AI) by conducting cross-breeding. The application to cross ducks is very beneficial because in addition to being economical it is also efficient. AI duck is very easy to apply and fast, does not require a complicated and long process as in large livestock. Ducks from artificial insemination are produced in Turi local female ducks (Anas plathirinchos) with plump males (Cairina moschata). The reason for the crossing is because the duck man has a body size that is too large compared to the local duck, so it can produce offspring with rapid growth and large body size. The conclusion is that duck farming with IB in Tawangrejo Turi Lamongan is useful for increasing body weight and productivity.
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Satyukova, L. P., M. I. Shopinskaya, P. V. Kulach, and A. I. Vishnyakov. "VETERINARY AND SANITARY EVALUATION, AND INCREASING DUCK MEAT PRODUCTION AT POULTRY ENTERPRISES." Problems of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology 1, no. 1 (2019): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.san.hyg.ecol.201901002.
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In recent years, interest in waterfowl breeding has been growing around the world. Ducks are very promising type of agricultural poultry, and the economic feasibility of their breeding is due to a simplified, controlled environment and high-quality products. Duck meat is one of the most valuable protein products, providing necessary proteins, lipids, minerals and vitamins. The authors describe the state of this type of poultry farming in the domestic market and abroad, and also provide statistics on the consumption of duck meat and characterize its consumer properties.
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Savard, JEAN-PIERRE L., and James N. M. Smith. "Interspecific Aggression By Barrow's Goldeneye: a Descriptive and Functional Analysis." Behaviour 102, no. 3-4 (1987): 168–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853986x00108.
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AbstractWe describe interspecific aggression and territoriality by a diving duck, the Barrow's goldeneye. Males of this species are strongly interspecifically territorial early during the breeding season, and in winter. Females are interspecifically territorial while tending broods of ducklings. Aggression was strongest against conspecifics, and against the con-generic bufflehead, which shares the same breeding habitat. Other diving ducks, which overlap in diet with goldeneyes, were frequently attacked, while dabbling ducks, with differing feeding habits, were generally tolerated, and were seldom attacked. One dabbling duck, the blue-winged teal, in which the drake resembles the Barrow's goldeneye drake in plumage, was attacked more strongly than other dabblers. We propose that the strong interspecific aggressiveness exhibited by the Barrow's goldeneye, and its congeners the bufflehead and common goldeneye, is a consequence of the strong intraspecific aggressiveness of these species. Selectivity in aggression towards victims of different species can be explained by two hypotheses. Species that have (1) similar diets, and (2) similar plumages to Barrow's goldeneye are selectively attacked.
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Roberts, Anthony J., J. Andrew Royle, Paul I. Padding, Patrick K. Devers, Christine Lepage, and Daniel Bordage. "Occupancy Patterns of Breeding American Black Ducks." Journal of Wildlife Management 84, no. 1 (October 29, 2019): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21775.
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Krapu, Gary L. "Temporal Flexibility of Reproduction in Temperate-Breeding Dabbling Ducks." Auk 117, no. 3 (July 1, 2000): 640–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/117.3.640.
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AbstractI compared nesting intervals during three consecutive years in five species of temperate-nesting dabbling ducks (Mallard [Anas platyrhynchos], Northern Pintail [Anas acuta], Northern Shoveler [Anas clypeata], Blue-winged Teal [Anas discors], Gadwall [Anas strepera]) and assessed whether differences existed in timing of refractoriness. Most nesting by females of all five species ended by the summer solstice. Nesting ended earliest for Northern Shovelers and Northern Pintails and latest for Gadwalls. Some Mallards, Blue-winged Teal, and Gadwalls continued to nest into mid- and late summer, whereas Northern Shovelers and Northern Pintails did not. Mallards, Blue-winged Teal, and Gadwalls accounted for 99% (81 of 82) of flightless broods resulting from nests initiated during mid- or late summer in North Dakota and 98% (58 of 59) of flightless juveniles shot on or after 1 October by a random sample of duck hunters from across the United States. Early cessation of breeding by Northern Shovelers may have evolved in response to the species' limited flexibility in diet. Photorefractory mechanisms that limit most breeding to spring presumably evolved in response to severe constraints on reproductive success when nesting continued through summer (e.g. mortality of late-hatched young and molting females due to low temperatures). Interspecific differences in photosensitivity may account for variation in timing of cessation of nesting in late spring, but controlled experiments are needed to assess the possible role of non-photic influences. My results suggest that the refractory mechanisms controlling length of the breeding season in temperate-nesting dabbling ducks are more varied and complex than previously thought, with non-photic influences (e.g. water conditions, food availability, food quality) having a larger role than indicated by earlier research.
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Hobson, Keith A., Robert B. Brua, William L. Hohman, and Len I. Wassenaar. "Low Frequency of “Double Molt” of Remiges in Ruddy Ducks Revealed by Stable Isotopes: Implications for Tracking Migratory Waterfowl." Auk 117, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/117.1.129.
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Abstract Ratios of the stable carbon (δ13C) and hydrogen (δD) isotopes in newly grown remiges of Ruddy Ducks (Oxyura jamaicensis) are influenced by the isotopic character of food types and ambient water. Systematic isotopic foodweb and water differences between coastal wintering grounds and prairie breeding grounds of Ruddy Ducks provide the basis for using isotopic analyses of feathers to trace the location and timing of molt. Anecdotal evidence, based largely on captive birds, suggests that Ruddy Ducks replace their remiges twice each year (once each on the breeding and wintering grounds), but a recent literature analysis indicates that this phenomenon is rare. Thus, we investigated the extent to which a biannual molt of the remiges occurs in the wild and at the population level. We analyzed the stable isotopes of carbon (n = 57 birds) and hydrogen (n = 50 birds) in flight feathers to estimate the prevalence of the so-called “double molt” of remiges in free-living Ruddy Ducks. Our data showed that natural populations of Ruddy Ducks express an overwhelming unimodal distribution of isotope ratios in their remiges, suggesting that they undergo a single molt at or near the breeding grounds. Only 3 to 6 of 50 birds from Manitoba showed isotopic evidence consistent with growing remiges on the wintering grounds. Feathers from Ruddy Ducks harvested during the fall in the Mississippi Flyway had isotopic profiles consistent with growth on northern freshwater breeding sites. Thus, our results confirm that the replacement of remiges twice each year by Ruddy Ducks is rare, and they suggest that this dual stable-isotope technique can be used to infer general molting origins of North American waterfowl.
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Alisauskas, Ray T., Robert T. Eberhardt, and C. Davison Ankney. "Nutrient reserves of breeding Ring-necked Ducks (Aythya collaris)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 2524–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-353.
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We studied carcass composition of Ring-necked Ducks, Aythya collaris, collected on breeding areas in Beltrami County, Minnesota. Females collected before they had commenced rapid growth of ovarian follicles apparently stored body lipid and body protein. For every gram of egg lipid produced, somatic lipid stores declined by 0.48 g at all stages of rapid follicle growth, irrespective of the daily rate of egg lipid production. A decline in body protein coincided with increased daily requirements for clutch proteins. However, females increased their protein reserves from mid to late rapid follicle growth, resulting in no difference between reserves of females starting and terminating rapid follicle growth. We suggest that observed patterns of lipid storage by Ring-necked Ducks, and possibly by other species of temperate-nesting ducks, have evolved to allow supply of clutch lipids at a rate in line with the ease with which we suspect that breeding hens are able to procure dietary protein; the high daily protein requirements to meet protein demands of clutch formation are possible to meet because ducks typically nest near wetlands in which there is a large seasonal flush of invertebrates.
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Hipes, Daniel L., and Gary R. Hepp. "Nutrient-Reserve Dynamics of Breeding Male Wood Ducks." Condor 97, no. 2 (May 1995): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1369031.
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LeBourdais, S. V., R. C. Ydenberg, and D. Esler. "Fish and harlequin ducks compete on breeding streams." Canadian Journal of Zoology 87, no. 1 (January 2009): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-135.
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We investigated interactions among harlequin ducks ( Histrionicus histrionicus (L., 1758)), fish, and their shared aquatic insect prey. We measured flow variability, benthic aquatic prey abundance, fish presence, and breeding density of harlequins on eight rivers in the Southern Coast Mountain Range in British Columbia, Canada, in 2003 and 2004. Rivers with lower flow variability had higher abundance of aquatic insects. Densities of harlequins and fish presence on the rivers were both significantly and positively related to insect abundance, but path analysis revealed a strong negative correlation between them. We interpret this as an indirect interaction between harlequins and fish mediated by anti-predator behaviour of insects in the presence of fish, which reduces insect availability, rather than as a reduction in the abundance of aquatic insects through consumption by fishes. We hypothesize that the ongoing and widespread introduction of fish into historically fishless waters throughout North America may have contributed to the current low productivity and recruitment measured in populations of harlequins by reducing quality of breeding habitat.
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Robinson, Orin J., Conor P. McGowan, and Patrick K. Devers. "Updating movement estimates for American black ducks (Anas rubripes)." PeerJ 4 (March 10, 2016): e1787. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1787.
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Understanding migratory connectivity for species of concern is of great importance if we are to implement management aimed at conserving them. New methods are improving our understanding of migration; however, banding (ringing) data is by far the most widely available and accessible movement data for researchers. Here, we use band recovery data for American black ducks (Anas rubripes) from 1951–2011 and analyze their movement among seven management regions using a hierarchical Bayesian framework. We showed that black ducks generally exhibit flyway fidelity, and that many black ducks, regardless of breeding region, stopover or overwinter on the Atlantic coast of the United States. We also show that a non-trivial portion of the continental black duck population either does not move at all or moves to the north during the fall migration (they typically move to the south). The results of this analysis will be used in a projection modeling context to evaluate how habitat or harvest management actions in one region would propagate throughout the continental population of black ducks. This analysis may provide a guide for future research and help inform management efforts for black ducks as well as other migratory species.
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Kulikova, Irina V., Yury N. Zhuravlev, and Kevin G. McCracken. "Asymmetric Hybridization and Sex-Biased Gene Flow Between Eastern Spot-Billed Ducks (Anas Zonorhyncha) and Mallards (A. Platyrhynchos) in the Russian Far East." Auk 121, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 930–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/121.3.930.
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AbstractThe Eastern Spot-billed Duck (Anas zonorhyncha) historically was rare in the southern Russian Far East. However, during the last 60–70 years, its breeding range in East Asia has expanded northwest; Eastern Spot-billed Ducks are breeding increasingly within the range of Mallards (A. platyrhynchos). We collected 120 Eastern Spot-billed Ducks and Mallards from Primorye, Russia, and sequenced 666–667 base pairs (bp) of the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and 255 bp of the ornithine decarboxylase intron six (ODC6). Control region and ODC-6 allele sequences revealed two divergent groups of haplotypes and alleles that differ by 1.5% and 2.0%, respectively, and correspond to Avise et al.'s (1990) group A and B mtDNA haplotypes. Group A mtDNA haplotypes occurred in 22 Eastern Spot-billed Ducks and 78 Asian Mallards, and group B haplotypes occurred in 14 Eastern Spot-billed Ducks and 4 Asian Mallards. Moreover, the group B haplotypes that we observed predominantly in Eastern Spot-billed Ducks (i.e. group SB) were monophyletic and diverged by 2–16 substitutions from group B haplotypes previously sequenced from 241 Mottled (A. fulvigula), American Black (A. rubripes), and Mexican ducks (A. diazi), and from North American Mallards. In contrast, type 1 and 2 ODC-6 allele frequencies for Eastern Spot-billed Ducks and Mallards did not differ, but heterozygosity for the former was greater than expected under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Our analysis is the first to document the existence of two divergent haplotype and allele lineages (group A and B, type 1 and 2) in Asian mallard species and suggests that Eastern Spot-billed Ducks are more closely related to North America's Mottled, American Black, and Mexican ducks than they are to Mallards, which occur sympatrically in East Asia. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that Eastern Spot-billed Ducks and Mallards have hybridized extensively in the Russian Far East. If so, apparent differences in group A and B mtDNA haplotype ratios, effective populations sizes, and migration rates indicate that many more male Eastern Spot-billed Ducks mated with female Mallards and more Eastern Spot-billed Ducks received ODC-6 alleles from Mallards than vice versa. We hypothesize that those differences reflect strong female natal-site fidelity and high levels of male dispersal, and that Mallards significantly outnumber Eastern Spotbilled Ducks in Primorye. Excess heterozygosity in Eastern Spot-billed Ducks (and in Mallards to a lesser extent) is probably maintained by ongoing emigration of Eastern Spot-billed Ducks and Mallards from areas of allopatry outside the Primorye region, where Eastern Spot-billed Ducks and Mallards are predicted to possesses genotypic frequencies historically diagnostic of each species.
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Ranade, Sachin P., and Vibhu Prakash. "Nesting of Lesser Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna javanica (Horsfield, 1821) (Aves: Anseriformes: Anatidae) and broken-wing distraction display at Kamrup District, Assam, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 8, no. 5 (May 26, 2016): 8824. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2817.8.5.8824-8826.
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We observed 13 nesting attempts of the Lesser Whistling-Duck during 2011–2014 at Rani, Kamrup District in Assam, India. Failure in egg laying by the ducks and nest raiding by Grey Mongoose were recorded, while the breeding success was 38.5%. For the first time we witnessed broken wing distraction display exhibited by this species as an anti-predator strategy, which we have recorded here.
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Petkov, Nikolai. "Habitat characteristics assessmen of the wetlands with breeding Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca and Pochard A. ferina in Bulgaria / Ocena habitatnih značilnosti mokrišč z gnezdečimi kostanjevkami Aythya nyroca in sivkami A. ferina v Bolgariji." Acrocephalus 32, no. 150-151 (October 1, 2012): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10100-011-0005-1.
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Abstract The Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca and Pochard A. ferina are both regular breeders in Bulgaria. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Ferruginous Duck was a widely distributed and abundant breeding species in Bulgaria, while Pochard was first confirmed to breed in the country only in the 1950s. Breeding habitat characteristics of Ferruginous Duck and Pochard were assessed in 2002 during a national census of the former species in 30 and 23 wetlands, respectively, where the species were present. Preferred habitat characteristics were determined based on vegetation cover, water depth, and the presence of mosaic vegetation, bank side vegetation, floating vegetation, shallow or steep banks, shallow mudflats, shallow vegetated areas and woodland along the banks. In 2002, the Ferruginous Duck population in Bulgaria was restricted more to artificial wetlands, like fishponds and micro-reservoirs, while Pochard preferred more natural wetlands, predominantly natural marshes. The altitude of wetlands with Ferruginous Ducks varied markedly, with breeding recorded up to 880 m a.s.l., while Pochard bred at lower altitudes, mostly below 300 m a.s.l. Analysis revealed that Ferruginous Ducks preferred well-vegetated, comparatively shallow wetlands with well-structured mosaic vegetation and a diversity of microhabitats, like shallow mudflats and floating vegetation. The Pochard was found to be more of a generalist in wetland selection, significantly correlated with fewer wetland parameters, and showed preference only for larger, open-water bodies. These results could help explain and give some insight into the reasons for the differences in range size, numbers and distribution of the two species and their respective conservation status in Europe and worldwide. The Pochard, whilst close to the limits of the breeding range in Bulgaria, expands its range in Europe, occupying a variety of wetlands and thus having a favourable status. The Ferruginous Duck is more of a habitat specialist, which limits its distribution and makes it more susceptible to habitat changes. These habitat preferences and the deterioration of the wetland habitats in many parts of its range could probably explain the Ferruginous Duck decreasing population and shrinking breeding range, and thus its current unfavourable conservation status.
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Lai, Fang-Yu, Yi-Ying Chang, Yi-Chen Chen, En-Chung Lin, Hsiu-Chou Liu, Jeng-Fang Huang, Shih-Torng Ding, and Pei-Hwa Wang. "Monitoring of genetically close Tsaiya duck populations using novel microsatellite markers with high polymorphism." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 33, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 888–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.19.0175.
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Objective: A set of microsatellite markers with high polymorphism from Tsaiya duck were used for the genetic monitoring and genetic structure analysis of Brown and White Tsaiya duck populations in Taiwan.Methods: The synthetic short tandem repeated probes were used to isolate new microsatellite markers from the genomic DNA of Tsaiya ducks. Eight populations, a total of 566 samples, sourced from Ilan Branch, Livestock Research Institute were genotyped through novel and known markers. The population genetic variables were calculated using optional programs in order to describe and monitor the genetic variability and the genetic structures of these Tsaiya duck populations.Results: In total 24 primer pairs, including 17 novel microsatellite loci from this study and seven previously known loci, were constructed for the detection of genetic variations in duck populations. The average values for the allele number, the effective number of alleles, the observed heterozygosity, the expected heterozygosity, and the polymorphism information content were 11.29, 5.370, 0.591, 0.746, and 0.708, respectively. The results of analysis of molecular variance and principal component analysis indicated a contracting Brown Tsaiya duck cluster and a spreading White Tsaiya duck cluster. The Brown Tsaiya ducks and the White Tsaiya ducks with Pekin ducks were just split to six clusters and three clusters when K was set equal to 6 and 3 in the Bayesian cluster analysis. The individual phylogenetic tree revealed eight taxa, and each individual was assigned to its own population.Conclusion: According to our study, the 24 novel microsatellite markers exhibited a high capacity to analyze relationships of inter- and intra-population in those populations with a relatively limited degree of genetic diversity. We suggest that duck farms in Taiwan could use the new (novel) microsatellite set to monitor the genetic characteristics and structures of their Tsaiya duck populations at various intervals in order to ensure quality breeding and conservation strategies.
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Heath, J. P., G. J. Robertson, and W. A. Montevecchi. "Population structure of breeding Harlequin Ducks and the influence of predation risk." Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, no. 6 (June 2006): 855–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-059.
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Landscape features can have an important influence on the characteristics of populations, often resulting in heterogeneity in demographic processes. Therefore, local measurements of population parameters may not reflect regional characteristics. We studied populations of Harlequin Ducks ( Histrionicus histrionicus L., 1758) breeding in 11 river canyons in northern Labrador in relation to biophysical habitat characteristics and abundance of avian predators. Density and stability of Harlequin Duck populations varied among river canyons and were positively related (mean of 4.7 survey years per river). Both density and stability were negatively related to densities of raptorial birds. Raptor density was related to availability of suitable cliff ledges for nesting. Comparison of rivers with stable, high-density Harlequin Duck populations and those with variable, low-density populations revealed no detectable differences in habitat or prey availability. In a high-density population, observed stability but positive projected growth suggested the system was at carrying capacity and a source of emigrants. In contrast, unstable, low-density populations approached local extinction in some years, while large increases in subsequent years were suggestive of immigration. These findings demonstrate that breeding aggregations in different river canyons could represent an important unit of demographic structure. The abundance of raptors appears to be an important factor influencing local characteristics of Harlequin Duck populations. We discuss the potential influence of local demographic differences on regional population dynamics and their importance for conservation management strategies for migratory species.
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Dynowska, Maria, Włodzimierz Meissner, and Justyna Pacyńska. "Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos) as a potential link in the epidemiological chain mycoses originating from water reservoirs." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 57, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bvip-2013-0056.
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Abstract Swabs sampled from beaks and cloaca of 123 live Mallard ducks (also referred to as wild ducks) were subjected to routine mycological diagnostics. Out of 246 samples analysed, positive results were noted in 210 (85.4%) cases. The taxonomic analysis revealed 30 species of yeast and yeast-like fungi and 24 species of mould fungi, included 35 classified to BSL categories. The most frequently isolated species were: Candida albicans, C. guilliermondii, C. krusei, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cr. laurentii, Rhodotorula rubra, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger, and Fusarium solani. The results demonstrated that wild duck breeding in the proximate vicinity of man constitutes a rich reservoir of potentially-pathogenic fungi and a significant link in epidemiology of many mycotic diseases.
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Jamwal, Pushpinder S., Pankaj Chandan, and Rohit Rattan. "A rare sighting of the Long-tailed Duck Clangula hyemalis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Aves: Anseriformes: Anatidae) over a four-week period in northwestern India: first detailed scientific documentation in 73 years." Journal of Threatened Taxa 9, no. 8 (August 26, 2017): 10631. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3084.9.8.10631-10632.
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The Long-tailed Duck Clangula hyemalis is a circumpolar species, breeding in North America, Europe and Asia, however, it is currently among the rarest ducks in Asia, and assessed as globally Vulnerable. Conservation actions explicitly include improved monitoring efforts in Asia. We report the second sighting of this species at the Gharana Wetland Reserve the third in northwestern India, in over 73 years, and have carefully documented our findings over four weeks.
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Bond, Jeanine C., Samuel A. Iverson, N. Beth Maccallum, Cyndi M. Smith, Howard J. Bruner, and Daniel Esler. "Variation in Breeding Season Survival of Female Harlequin Ducks." Journal of Wildlife Management 73, no. 6 (August 2009): 965–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2008-236.
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Hepp, Gary R., Richard T. Hoppe, and Robert A. Kennamer. "Population Parameters and Philopatry of Breeding Female Wood Ducks." Journal of Wildlife Management 51, no. 2 (April 1987): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3801026.
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Schneider, Jon P., Thomas C. Tacha, and David Lobpries. "Breeding Distribution of Black-Bellied Whistling Ducks in Texas." Southwestern Naturalist 38, no. 4 (December 1993): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3671621.
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HARTKE, KEVIN M., and GARY R. HEPP. "HABITAT USE AND PREFERENCES OF BREEDING FEMALE WOOD DUCKS." Journal of Wildlife Management 68, no. 1 (January 2004): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0022-541x(2004)068[0084:huapob]2.0.co;2.
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Hartke, Kevin M., James B. Grand, Gary R. Hepp, and Travis H. Folk. "Sources of Variation in Survival of Breeding Female Wood Ducks." Condor 108, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/108.1.201.
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Abstract In waterfowl, reproduction is physiologically demanding and females are exposed to varying risks of mortality at different periods of the breeding cycle. Moreover, differences among females may influence survival within breeding periods. We captured and fitted female Wood Ducks (Aix sponsa) with radio-transmitters before nest initiation during two breeding seasons to estimate survival and investigate sources of variation in survival. We partitioned the breeding season into three periods (preincubation, incubation, postnesting) according to breeding status of individual females, and used information-theoretic methods to compare models in which daily survival varied among periods, between successful and failed nesting females, and with parameters describing individual heterogeneity. Our analysis suggested that daily survival was best modeled as a function of breeding period, differences between successful and failed nesting females during postnesting, and early incubation body condition of successful females during postnesting. Model-averaged daily survival was 0.9988 (95% CL: 0.9963–0.9996) during preincubation and 1.0 during incubation. Postnesting daily survival was 1.0 for failed nesting females and 0.9948 (0.9773–0.9988) for successful females, suggesting a trade-off between current reproduction and survival. Female age, body condition at capture, nest initiation date, and brood size generally were not useful for explaining variation in survival. Only early incubation body condition was important for modeling survival of successful females during postnesting; however, weight of evidence was limited and the effect on survival was weak. Mortality was greatest for females during preincubation and for females that nested successfully. Results support the hypothesis that brood care is costly for females.
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Witak, B. "Tissue composition of carcass, meat quality and fatty acid content of ducks of a commercial breeding line at different age." Archives Animal Breeding 51, no. 3 (October 10, 2008): 266–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-51-266-2008.
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Abstract. Composition of carcasses and meat quality were investigated in ducks from A44 strain from the 7th to 9th week of life. Drakes and ducks in the 8th and 9th week of age were characterized by significantly higher dressing percentage and better musculature than in the 7th week. Fatness of drakes and ducks carcasses significantly increased in the 8th and 9th week of rearing and the meat : fat ratios were similar to the results obtained in ducks of the 7th week of age. Basing on pH values, faulty meat of PSE and DFD was not found. Protein and fat contents in breast and leg muscles of ducks in the tested periods of rearing indicated significantly higher nutrition value of A44 ducks’ meat in the 9th than in the 7th and 8th week of age. The fatty acid profile analysis for ducks’ muscles and fat showed that the tissues had a relatively good nutritive and processing value as regard higher unsaturated than saturated fatty acid content and high content of oleic and linoleic fatty acids. Better PUFA n-6/n-3 ratios in breast muscles and skin with subcutaneous fat than in leg muscles and abdominal fat were found.
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Eberhardt, Robert T., and Mike Riggs. "Effects of sex and reproductive status on the diets of breeding Ring-necked Ducks (Aythya collaris) in north-central Minnesota." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-043.
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We analyzed the diets of 83 Ring-necked Ducks (Aythya collaris) collected on breeding areas in Beltrami County, Minnesota. Larval Trichoptera, Odonata, and Diptera, adult Hirudinea, and seeds from three plant genera, Zizania, Nuphar, and Potamogeton, formed most of the diets of hens during the breeding season. Males differed from females in the amounts and proportions of animal taxa consumed and in their diversity. Differences between the sexes increased during the breeding season. Consumption of animals by females increased significantly between prelaying and laying periods, while consumption by males changed little. We suggest that temporal diet shifts of female Ring-necked Ducks relative to males are a result of the higher protein requirements of females during prelaying and laying periods.
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Rodway, Michael S. "Habitat use by Harlequin Ducks breeding in Hebron Fiord, Labrador." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 897–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-023.
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Understanding of breeding habitat requirements is vital to recovery plans for the endangered eastern North American population of Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus). I compared habitat characteristics and benthic invertebrate fauna between streams in Hebron Fiord, Labrador, used and unused by Harlequin Ducks in 1996. Used streams were narrower, had higher pH and temperature, a larger substrate, steeper shorelines, and greater vegetation cover on islands and shorelines than unused streams. Greater numbers of invertebrates were recovered from kick samples, simuliid larvae and plecopteran nymphs were more frequent, and chironomid larvae and emphemeropteran nymphs were less frequent in used than in unused streams. Results from this study will help focus future survey and conservation efforts.
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PURGER, JENŐ J., and LÍDIA A. MÉSZÁROS. "Possible effects of nest predation on the breeding success of Ferruginous Ducks Aythya nyroca." Bird Conservation International 16, no. 4 (December 2006): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270906000451.
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To investigate whether nest predation can influence the breeding success of Ferruginous Ducks Aythya nyroca, artificial nests were used in Nagyberek, the strictly protected swamp pond of the Juniper Woodland Nature Conservation Area (Somogy county, south Hungary). Experimentation lasted for 4 weeks, a similar length of time to the incubation period of Ferruginous Ducks. After 1 week, 80% of nests were intact, after 2 weeks only 46%, and after 3 and 4 weeks only 2% remained undamaged. Nest survival rates were not affected by the width of the sedge stands, but as water levels surrounding nests decreased, nests became more accessible to Wild Boar Sus scrofa and other land mammal predators, which increased the rate of predation. Artificially maintaining water levels would not only decrease the predation rate of nests, but would also maintain feeding areas for ducks. Wild Boar were the main cause of clutch loss in this area, and therefore by management measures, such as a reduction in their abundance or attracting them away from potential nesting sites by providing food elsewhere, the breeding success of the Ferruginous Ducks may be further improved.
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Kingsford, RT. "The Effect of Drought on Duckling Survival of Maned Ducks." Wildlife Research 16, no. 4 (1989): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9890405.
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Regular brood surveys on a population of maned ducks, Chenonetta jubata, in south-eastern Australia provided information on the timing of breeding, brood sizes, duckling survival and production for this species. Over three years (1981-83), most breeding was during the spring, ducklings hatching between late August and late November. Some autumn (March-May) breeding also occurred. Timing of breeding appeared to be more closely related to the abundance of food than to rainfall alone. There were clear differences in reproductive success between the drought year of 1982 and the two years of similar weather, 1981 and 1983. Breeding began later in 1982, with a mean hatch date of 18 � 5.1 November, compared with 7 � 3.6 October in 1981 and 21 � 5.1 September in 1983. Broods hatched over 43 days in 1982 compared with 69 days in 1981 and 101 days in 1983. Also, duckling survival was lowest in 1982, with about a 20% probability of survival to fledging compared with 89% in 1981 and 82% in 1983. Only six broods were found in 1982 compared with 33 in 1981 and 30 in 1983. An estimated 158 and 176 ducklings survived to fledging compared with seven in 1982. Brood sizes at hatching did not show the same clear annual differences. In 1981 and 1983 there were seasonal differences in brood size at hatching. Broods were smaller late in the season (4.1) compared with early (7.2) and mid-season (7.2). Broods were also larger in 1983 (7.2) than in 1981 (5.4). Brood size at hatching in 1982 was 6.0.
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Alam, MB, ABMS Uddin, MAZH Bablu, MHK Kamaly, and MM Rahaman. "Socio-economic profile of duck farmers and duck management practices in Rajshahi region." Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 41, no. 2 (March 10, 2013): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v41i2.14124.
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The present study was conducted to determine the socio-economic profiles of the duck farmers and to investigate the management practices of duck farming and to identify the problems of duck farming in two upazilas of Rajshahi district namely: Bagmara and Tanore during the period from April to May 2012 by using a pre-tested questionnaire. Socio-economic profile of the duck farmers like age, education, family size, occupation, marital status, farm size, training received, annual income and management practices particularly housing, feeding, breeding, cleaning, disposal of diseased/dead birds, vaccination program, veterinary services followed by the farmers were investigated during the research. A total of 100 duck (50 from each upazila) were selected randomly for this study. The results reveal that most of the respondent farmers were young (60%) having secondary level of education (69%). Family size of the most of the farmers (57%) were small (size 4.53 persons) and majority of the farmers (75%) were marginal (0.021-020 hectare). Most of the farmers were medium income group (57%) with mean annual income of Tk. 200500. About 42% farmers had training on farming of different duration (7 to 30 d). Highest proportion of the duck houses were made of tin-shed (74%) having necessary floor space for ducks. The data obtained illustrated that majority of the farmers (74%) used sufficient supplementary feed to their ducks. About 65% of the farmers reared Deshi ducks in their farms. Most of the farmers (70%) cleaned their farm houses regularly. About 73% farmers separated their diseased duck from healthy ones. It was also found that most of the farmers (89%) buried their dead ducks under soil. Data indicated that majority of the farmers (67%) had partial idea about duck diseases. The highest proportion of the farmers (72%) followed vaccination program strictly. About 71% farmers consulted with village doctor. Nearly 51% farmers had low level of knowledge about duck farming. In the present study 10 problems were identified out of which low price of duck meat and egg made ranked as most serious problems. If the problems are addressed properly, the duck raising could be more profitable business in Bangladesh.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v41i2.14124Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2012. 41 (2): 96-105
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Josée Bernice HOUESSIONON, Finagnon, Gabriel Assouan BONOU, Gbénagnon Serge AHOUNOU, Mahamadou DAHOUDA, Tossou Jacques DOUGNON, Guy Apollinaire MENSAH, Sallou BANI KOGUI, and Issaka YOUSSAO ABDOU KARIM. "Caractéristiques de l’élevage du canard de Barbarie dans les zones agro-écologiques du Sud-Bénin." Journal of Applied Biosciences 145 (January 31, 2020): 14862–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/jabs.145.3.
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Objectif : L’élevage du canard de Barbarie est moins développé au Bénin comparativement aux poulets et à la pintade. L’objectif de l’étude est de caractériser cet élevage dans le Sud du Bénin. Méthodologie et résultats : Ainsi, une enquête a été réalisée de Juin 2015 à Août 2016 dans 213 élevages de canard de Barbarie répartis dans trois zones agro-écologiques: dépression, pêcheries et terres de barre. L’élevage de canard de Barbarie est pratiqué par plusieurs catégories socio-professionnelles dont l’âge varie de 39 à 42ans. Il est plus pratiqué par les hommes dans les zones des pêcheries (67,86 %) et des terres de barre (78,50 %) et plus par les femmes (59,55 %) dans la zone de dépression (p<0,05). Les éleveurs de canard sont majoritairement non scolarisés et la plupart des élevages ont été créés entre 2000 et 2016. La proportion des aviculteurs qui élèvent les canards de Barbarie en divagation dans la zone de dépression (90,91 %) est significativement plus élevée (p<0,05) que celles des zones des pêcheries (52,38 %) et des terres de barre (63,55 %). Les éleveurs qui distribuent des céréales, des sous-produits agricoles et des restes de cuisine aux canards dans la zone de dépression (100 %) et dans la zone des pêcheries (95,24 %) sont plus fréquents (p<0,05) que ceux de la zone des terres de barre (69,16 %). La fréquence des éleveurs de la zone de dépression (31,82 %) qui font l’élevage des canards de Barbarie pour la vente et l’auto consommation est inférieure (p<0,05) à celles des zones des pêcheries (57,14 %) et des terres de barre (67,29 %). Dans la zone des terres de barre, la proportion des éleveurs (63,21 %) qui soigne les canards est supérieure (p<0,05) à celle des zones des pêcheries (46,43 %) et de dépression (36,36 %). A l’exception de l’alimentation, les canards ne sont pas exigeants pour l’habitat ; ils croissent mieux et résistent plus aux pathologies comparativement aux poulets dans les trois zones de l’étude. Conclusion et application : L’élevage des canards de Barbarie dans le Sud du Bénin est de type familial avec une diversité observée dans le mode d’élevage, l’alimentation et le suivi sanitaire dans les différentes zones agro écologiques. Les résultats contribueront à la mise en place d’un programme d’amélioration des systèmes d’élevage. Mots clés : Elevage ; Canard de Barbarie ; Zone agro-écologique ; Bénin ABSTRACT Background and objective: Muscovy duck breeding is less developed in Benin compared to chickens and guinea fowl. The study aimed to characterize this breeding in South-Benin. Methodology and results: A survey was carried out from June 2015 to August 2016 in 213 Muscovy duck farms in three agro-ecological zones: depression, fisheries and bar lands. The Muscovy duck breeding is practiced by several socio-economic professional categories whose age varies from 39 to 42 years. It is more practiced by men in fisheries (67.86%) and bar lands (78.50%) zones and more by women (59.55%) in depression zone (p<0.05). Duck farmers are largely out-of-school persons and most of the farms were created between 2000 and 2016. The proportion of poultry producers who breeds Muscovy ducks in free range in depression zone (90.91%) is significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in fisheries (52.38%) and bar lands (63.55%) zones. Breeders giving cereals, by-products and kitchen leftovers in depression zone (100%) and in fishery zone (95.24%) are more frequent (p<0.05) than those in bar lands area (69.16%). The frequency of breeders in depression zone (31.82%) who rear Muscovy ducks for sale and self-consumption is lower (p<0.05) than those in fisheries (57.14%) and in bar lands (67.29%) zones. In bar lands zone, the proportion of breeders (63.21%) who gives ducks medical care is higher (p<0.05) than that of fisheries (46.43%) and depression (36.36%) zones. Frequencies of breeders treating ducks by self-medication in bar lands (50.47%) and fisheries (40.24%) zones are higher (p<0.05) than that of depression (4.55%). A part from feeding, ducks are not exigent for habitat; they grow better and are more resistant to pathologies compared to chickens in the three study areas. Conclusion and application: The Muscovy duck breeding in the three agro-ecological zones is of family type with a diversity observed in the farming method, feeding and health monitoring in the different agro-ecological zones. The results will contribute to set a program improving the breeding systems. Keywords: Breeding; Muscovy duck; Agro-ecological zone; Benin.
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Krementz, David G., Daniel B. Stotts, Grey W. Pendleton, James E. Hines, and Vernon Stotts. "Comparative productivity of American black ducks and mallards nesting on Chesapeake Bay islands." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-035.
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We estimated laying dates, clutch sizes, and nest success rates of sympatrically breeding populations of American black ducks (Anas rubripes) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) on Chesapeake Bay islands between 1986 and 1989. Neither average laying date nor clutch size differed between black ducks and mallards. Nest success rates were higher for mallards in 2 of 4 years, but were area dependent.
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Petrie, Scott A., and Kevin H. Rogers. "Nutrient-reserve dynamics of semiarid-breeding White-faced Whistling Ducks: a north-temperate contrast." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 1082–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-085.
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Little is known about the nutrient-reserve dynamics of waterfowl that breed in semiarid environments. Breeding White-faced Whistling Ducks, Dendrocygna viduata (L., 1766), were collected on the Nyl River floodplain, South Africa, during 1992–1993 and 1995. Mass of major lipid (wet skin + visceral fat + abdominal fat) and protein (breast muscle + leg muscle + gizzard) deposits and organs of males and females were evaluated in relation to sex and reproductive stage. Both sexes arrived at breeding areas with large lipid reserves and did not store additional lipid after arrival. Stored reserves enabled females to begin laying shortly after arrival, an important adaptation to ephemeral wetlands in semiarid environments. Females catabolized at least 37 g of lipid and 27 g of body protein during rapid follicular growth and ovulation. This accounted for 87% of their total lipid and 60% of their protein requirements during egg laying. Males catabolized at least 19 g of lipid between arrival and the end of laying. Although diets of breeding White-faced Whistling Ducks are high in fat, females satisfied most of their lipid requirements for clutch formation from endogenous reserves. Female White-faced Whistling Ducks can reproduce despite their reliance on a relatively low protein diet, and this suggests that they efficiently assimilate amino acids from plant matter. Biparental care apparently decreases the reliance of female White-faced Whistling Ducks on stored nutrients after ovulation, thereby allowing greater allocation of stored nutrients to egg production.
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Drever, Mark C., Andreas Wins-Purdy, Thomas D. Nudds, and Robert G. Clark. "Decline of Duck Nest Success Revisited: Relationships With Predators and Wetlands in Dynamic Prairie Environments." Auk 121, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 497–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/121.2.497.
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Abstract Covariation among factors that may affect nest success of dabbling ducks in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America (e.g. productivity of upland and wetland habitat related to climate variation, and duck and predator densities) often confounds efforts to interpret the effect of any individual factor. A comparison of nest success of dabbling ducks at sites with and without predator management provided an opportunity to separate the effect of predation pressure from other factors because predator management has occurred over a range of climatic conditions. We updated an existing study on temporal trends of nest success for prairie ducks in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America by compiling recent estimates of nest success for five species of dabbling ducks (Mallard [Anas platyhrynchos], Northern Pintail [A. acuta], Northern Shoveler [A. clypeata], Blue-winged Teal [A. discors], and Gadwall [A. strepera]). In addition, we compared trends of nest success at unmanaged sites and sites where nest predators were excluded or removed. We used pond density calculated from annual surveys for breeding waterfowl as an index of upland and wetland productivity and a correlate of predator and duck density. At unmanaged sites, the best approximating local regression model suggested that, rather than having undergone a monotonic decline, average nest success has fluctuated through time, although those changes do not appear to be associated with changes in pond density. At sites where predators were excluded, nest success did not vary with time but varied positively with pond density in the previous year, although that effect was tempered by high pond density in the year of observation. At sites where predators were removed but could emigrate back into study plots, nest success varied widely over time and we found no evidence of an effect of pond density. We show that nest success of dabbling ducks is higher under predator management than at sites without predator management, and that this relationship varies with climatic conditions, possibly related to complex interactions within and among duck species, their predators, and their prey.
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Nudds, Thomas D., and Richard W. Cole. "Changes in Populations and Breeding Success of Boreal Forest Ducks." Journal of Wildlife Management 55, no. 4 (October 1991): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3809500.
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Diefenbach, Duane R., and Ray B. Owen. "A Model of Habitat Use by Breeding American Black Ducks." Journal of Wildlife Management 53, no. 2 (April 1989): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3801141.
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