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Journal articles on the topic 'Ducks Waterfowl'
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1
Kellett, Dana K., Ray T. Alisauskas, Katherine R. Mehl, Kiel L. Drake, Joshua J. Traylor, and Shona L. Lawson. "Body Mass of Long-Tailed Ducks (Clangula Hyemalis) During Incubation." Auk 122, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/122.1.313.
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Abstract We investigated body-mass dynamics during incubation of Long-tailed Ducks (Clangula hyemalis) nesting in Canada’s central Arctic, 1998–2003. Long-tailed Duck females (n = 37) lost 7% of pre-incubation body mass during incubation; on average, females weighed 618 ± 15 g (mean ± SE) at clutch completion and 575 ± 11 g at hatch. Given the differences in body size, Long-tailed Ducks relied less on endogenous reserves than sympatric King Eiders (Somateria spectabilis), but lost less mass than similar-sized waterfowl species nesting in temperate climates. Preliminary data suggest that Long-tailed Ducks maintain similar or higher nest-attendance rates than temperate-nesting waterfowl of similar size, and we suggest that access to locally abundant, high-quality foods enable Long-tailed Duck females to maintain high incubation constancy without sacrificing female body condition. Nevertheless, Long-tailed Ducks appear to differ widely from most Arctic-nesting waterfowl in nutritional strategy for nesting. Masse corporelle chez l’Harelde kakawi (Clangula hyemalis) au cours de l’incubation
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St. James, Elizabeth A., Michael L. Schummer, Richard M. Kaminski, Edward J. Penny, and L. Wesley Burger. "Effect of Weekly Hunting Frequency on Rate of Ducks Harvested." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 6, no. 1 (September 1, 2014): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/012014-jfwm-009.
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Abstract Waterfowl hunting is important culturally and economically in North America. Few studies have evaluated the relationship between weekly hunting frequency and rate of ducks harvested. We evaluated the effect of hunting 2 or 4 d/wk on rate of ducks harvested on three Mississippi Wildlife Management Areas, USA, during three waterfowl hunting seasons, December–January 2008–2011. Harvest of all ducks combined, mallard Anas platyrhynchos, northern shoveler Anas clypeata, or green-winged teal Anas crecca per hunter day did not differ between areas hunted 2 or 4 d/wk, but increased with hours spent afield. We suggest Wildlife Management Areas may be hunted 4 d/wk without reducing duck harvest per hunter day. We recommend continued evaluations of weekly hunting frequency on rate of ducks harvested to sustain science-guided management of waterfowl hunting on Mississippi public lands and elsewhere.
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Callicutt, James T., Heath M. Hagy, and Michael L. Schummer. "The Food Preference Paradigm: A Review of Autumn–Winter Food Use by North American Dabbling Ducks (1900–2009)." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/102010-jfwm-038.
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Abstract Studies describing food use (i.e., diet) of nonbreeding dabbling ducks Anas spp. are essential to understanding physiological needs of and recommending habitat management for these birds. We conducted a review of published autumn and winter food-use studies of dabbling ducks in North America to characterize the current state of knowledge and identify remaining research needs. We initiated our review to determine whether valuations of duck foods and the term “preference” commonly used by researchers and in waterfowl management guides (i.e., the food preference paradigm) were supported by available peer-reviewed literature. We analyzed peer-reviewed literature (1900–2009) on autumn–winter food use of dabbling ducks (n = 59 studies). Most studies (68%) used methods known to contain substantial bias including data from gizzards and hunter-collected ducks. Only 5% of published articles reliably determined food selection by concurrently measuring food use and availability, and no study determined food use at a scale appropriate for winter home ranges of dabbling ducks. In some habitats commonly managed for waterfowl (e.g., agricultural lands), few if any collections of ducks are available to obtain data on food use. The limited geographic and habitat scope of unbiased food use and selection studies for dabbling ducks during autumn and winter suggests that the food-preference paradigm found in waterfowl management literature is not supported by empirical evidence and that managers must continue to use best judgment in managing foraging habitats for waterfowl. Researchers and conservation planners should aim to reduce uncertainty regarding the value of waterfowl foods by conducting contemporary food-selection studies using unbiased collection and processing methodologies. Further, we suggest future researchers conduct concurrent behavioral observations, habitat use, and food selection studies within winter home ranges of dabbling ducks to aid managers in meeting the nutritional requirements of dabbling ducks during autumn and winter in North America.
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Metz, Karen J., and C. Davison Ankney. "Are brightly coloured male ducks selectively shot by duck hunters?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 2 (February 1, 1991): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-043.
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In many species of ducks, males are harvested at higher rates than females. Several studies have suggested that particular aspects of the birds' biology may account for this difference, but few studies have attempted to determine the effect of hunter behaviour on the differential vulnerability. The objective of this study was to determine if the bright plumage of male ducks was related to greater hunting mortality. Ducks shot from pairs at Long Point Waterfowl Management Unit, Ontario, from September 25 to November 26, 1987, were examined, and questions were asked of hunters who brought the ducks into the Waterfowl Management Unit's check station. Sixty-one percent of ducks shot from pairs were mallards, green-winged teal, or ring-necked ducks. A significant interaction occurred between the degree of dichromatism of plumage and which sex of duck was shot. Approximately equal numbers of males and females were shot when males resembled females. However, when males obtained their full, bright, alternate plumage, a significantly greater proportion of males were shot regardless of which sex was leading. These data suggest that hunters select, consciously or unconsciously, the more distinctive male when he is accompanied by a female. Characteristics of hunters' behaviour while hunting are pertinent to assessing current waterfowl management programs.
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Crome, FHJ. "An Experimental Investigation of Filter-Feeding on Zooplankton by Some Specialized Waterfowl." Australian Journal of Zoology 33, no. 6 (1985): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9850849.
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A study was made of the filtering ability and anatomy of the mouthparts of 4 species of waterfowl: pink-eared duck, Australasian shoveler, freckled duck and grey teal. The first 3 are highly specialized for filter-feeding on zooplankton whereas the last is a more generalized anatid. The pink-eared duck and Australasian shoveler have the filtering lamellae on the bills variously elaborated, whereas the grey teal is similar to published descriptions of the mallard. The freckled duck has bill features more characteristic of flamingoes. On the basis of anatomy it was predicted that pink-eared ducks should be able to filter the smallest particles, followed by shovelers, freckled ducks and grey teal. In feeding experiments the proportions of plankton of various sizes removed by the species was compared. For the 3 specialists the distributions of proportion removed compared with plankton size was, in general, best fitted by a threshold model as follows: y = 1.0[x > P]; y = aebx[60 mu m < x < P], where P is a threshold size above which all plankton can be filtered, y is the proportion filtered out and x is the size class of the plankton (in mu m). Grey teal were inefficient feeders on plankton and gave results only poorly fitted by a simple linear model. The 3 specialists had significantly different threshold sizes, and the results indicated that pink-eared ducks were the most able filterers, followed by freckled ducks, then Australasian shovelers. The failure of a simple mechanistic analysis of anatomy to predict filtering ability is discussed. On the basis of the abundance of these specialized filter-feeders possibly being related to plankton abundance, counts of pink-eared ducks and Australasian shovelers were regressed against plankton counts for a semi-permanent lake in western New South Wales. No simple relationship was found, and the significance of planktivory in these species is discussed.
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Szeredi, Levente, Ádám Dán, Nimród Pálmai, Krisztina Ursu, Ádám Bálint, Zsófia Szeleczky, Éva Ivanics, et al. "Tissue tropism of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 in naturally infected mute swans ( Cygnus Olor ), domestic geese ( Anser Anser var. domestica ), pekin ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos ) and mulard ducks ( Cairina moschata × anas platyrhynchos )." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 58, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.58.2010.1.14.
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The 2006 epidemic due to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) subtype H5N1 in Hungary caused the most severe losses in waterfowl which were, according to the literature at the time, supposed to be the most resistant to this pathogen. The presence of pathological lesions and the amount of viral antigen were quantified by gross pathology, histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the organs of four waterfowl species [mute swans (n = 10), domestic geese (n = 6), mulard ducks (n = 6) and Pekin ducks (n = 5)] collected during the epidemic. H5N1 subtype HPAIV was isolated from all birds examined. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRRT-PCR) was also applied on a subset of samples [domestic geese (n = 3), mulard (n = 4) and Pekin duck (n = 4)] in order to compare its sensitivity with IHC. Viral antigen was detected by IHC in all cases. However, the overall presence of viral antigen in tissue samples was quite variable: virus antigen was present in 56/81 (69%) swan, 22/38 (58%) goose, 28/46 (61%) mulard duck and 5/43 (12%) Pekin duck tissue samples. HPAIV subtype H5N1 was detected by qRRT-PCR in all birds examined, in 19/19 (100%) goose, 7/28 (25%) mulard duck and 12/28 (43%) Pekin duck tissue samples. As compared to qRRTPCR, the IHC was less sensitive in geese and Pekin ducks but more sensitive in mulard ducks. The IHC was consistently positive above 4.31 log10 copies/reaction but it gave very variable results below that level. Neurotropism of the isolated virus strains was demonstrated by finding the largest amount of viral antigen and the highest average RNA load in the brain in all four waterfowl species examined.
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Norton, Michael R., and Vernon G. Thomas. "Economic Analyses of ‘Crippling Losses’ of North American Waterfowl and Their Policy Implications for Management." Environmental Conservation 21, no. 4 (1994): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290003366x.
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Hunter ‘crippling losses’, or unretrieved kill, probably range from 20% to 40% of all ducks hit by gunfire. However, this major mortality factor in duck populations has been largely ignored by waterfowl policymakers and managers. An economic analysis of ‘crippling losses’ for prairie Canada and the USA was conducted, based on 1992 harvest statistics. The analysis is based on current levels of spending on habitat programmes designed to bolster declining North American duck populations, with reference to the North American Waterfowl Management Plan.
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Andersson, Kent, Craig A. Davis, Grant Harris, and David A. Haukos. "Nonbreeding Duck Use at Central Flyway National Wildlife Refuges." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 9, no. 1 (January 4, 2018): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/042017-jfwm-033.
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Abstract Within the U.S. portion of the Central Flyway, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service manages waterfowl on numerous individual units (i.e., Refuges) within the National Wildlife Refuge System. Presently, the extent of waterfowl use that Refuges receive and the contribution of Refuges to waterfowl populations (i.e., the proportion of the Central Flyway population registered at each Refuge) remain unassessed. Such an evaluation would help determine to what extent Refuges support waterfowl relative to stated targets, aid in identifying species requiring management attention, inform management targets, and improve fiscal efficiencies. Using historic monitoring data (1954–2008), we performed this assessment for 23 Refuges in Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska during migration and wintering months (October–March). We examined six dabbling ducks and two diving ducks, plus all dabbling ducks and all diving ducks across two periods (long-term [all data] and short-term [last 10 October–March periods]). Individual Refuge use was represented by the sum of monthly duck count averages for October–March. We used two indices of Refuge contribution: peak contribution and January contribution. Peak contribution was the highest monthly count average for each October–March period divided by the indexed population total for the Central Flyway in the corresponding year; January contribution used the January count average divided by the corresponding population index. Generally, Refuges in Kansas, Nebraska, and New Mexico recorded most use and contribution for mallards Anas platyrhynchos. Refuges along the Texas Gulf Coast recorded most use and contribution for other dabbling ducks, with Laguna Atascosa and Aransas (including Matagorda Island) recording most use for diving ducks. The long-term total January contribution of the assessed Refuges to ducks wintering in the Central Flyway was greatest for green-winged teal Anas crecca with 35%; 12–15% for American wigeon Mareca americana, gadwall Mareca strepera, and northern pintail Anas acuta; and 7–8% for mallard and mottled duck Anas fulvigula. Results indicated that the reliance on the National Wildlife Refuge System decreased for these ducks, with evidence suggesting that, for several species, the assessed Refuges may be operating at carrying capacity. Future analyses could be more detailed and informative were Refuges to implement a single consistent survey methodology that incorporated estimations of detection bias in the survey process, while concomitantly recording habitat metrics on and neighboring each Refuge.
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Pantin-Jackwood, Mary J., Mar Costa-Hurtado, Eric Shepherd, Eric DeJesus, Diane Smith, Erica Spackman, Darrell R. Kapczynski, David L. Suarez, David E. Stallknecht, and David E. Swayne. "Pathogenicity and Transmission of H5 and H7 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Mallards." Journal of Virology 90, no. 21 (August 24, 2016): 9967–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01165-16.
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ABSTRACTWild aquatic birds have been associated with the intercontinental spread of H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 (Gs/GD) lineage during 2005, 2010, and 2014, but dispersion by wild waterfowl has not been implicated with spread of other HPAI viruses. To better understand why Gs/GD H5 HPAI viruses infect and transmit more efficiently in waterfowl than other HPAI viruses, groups of mallard ducks were challenged with one of 14 different H5 and H7 HPAI viruses, including a Gs/GD lineage H5N1 (clade 2.2) virus from Mongolia, part of the 2005 dispersion, and the H5N8 and H5N2 index HPAI viruses (clade 2.3.4.4) from the United States, part of the 2014 dispersion. All virus-inoculated ducks and contact exposed ducks became infected and shed moderate to high titers of the viruses, with the exception that mallards were resistant to Ck/Pennsylvania/83 and Ck/Queretaro/95 H5N2 HPAI virus infection. Clinical signs were only observed in ducks challenged with the H5N1 2005 virus, which all died, and with the H5N8 and H5N2 2014 viruses, which had decreased weight gain and fever. These three viruses were also shed in higher titers by the ducks, which could facilitate virus transmission and spread. This study highlights the possible role of wild waterfowl in the spread of HPAI viruses.IMPORTANCEThe spread of H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the Gs/GD lineage by migratory waterfowl is a serious concern for animal and public health. H5 and H7 HPAI viruses are considered to be adapted to gallinaceous species (chickens, turkeys, quail, etc.) and less likely to infect and transmit in wild ducks. In order to understand why this is different with certain Gs/GD lineage H5 HPAI viruses, we compared the pathogenicity and transmission of several H5 and H7 HPAI viruses from previous poultry outbreaks to Gs/GD lineage H5 viruses, including H5N1 (clade 2.2), H5N8 and H5N2 (clade 2.3.4.4) viruses, in mallards as a representative wild duck species. Surprisingly, most HPAI viruses examined in this study replicated well and transmitted among mallards; however, the three Gs/GD lineage H5 HPAI viruses replicated to higher titers, which could explain the transmission of these viruses in susceptible wild duck populations.
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St. James, Elizabeth A., Michael L. Schummer, Richard M. Kaminski, Edward J. Penny, and L. Wesley Burger. "Effect of Weekly Hunting Frequency on Duck Abundances in Mississippi Wildlife Management Areas." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/042012-jfwm-034.
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Abstract Management of waterfowl habitat and hunting frequency is important to sustain hunting opportunities in Mississippi and elsewhere in North America. Managers have limited scientific information regarding the effect of weekly hunting frequency on waterfowl abundance for use in developing hunting plans for public hunting areas. We divided the hunted portions of three Mississippi Wildlife Management Areas into two treatments to evaluate the effect of hunting 2 versus 4 d/wk on duck abundance. Abundance of all ducks, mallard Anas platyrhynchos, northern shoveler Anas clypeata, and green-winged teal Anas crecca were not detectably different between weekly hunting frequencies. Sanctuary use increased approximately 30% during the first 1.25 h after sunrise regardless of hunting disturbance being present or absent. Our results indicate that duck abundance did not increase with increased rest days at Wildlife Management Areas, suggesting these areas may be hunted 4 d/wk without significantly decreasing duck abundance. Sanctuaries were used daily and may be vital to attract and retain ducks on Wildlife Management Areas.
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Shirkey, Brendan T., and Robert J. Gates. "Survival, Harvest, and Lincoln Estimates of Wood Ducks Banded in Ohio." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 11, no. 1 (March 13, 2020): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/082019-jfwm-070.
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Abstract Wildlife agencies have carefully managed wood duck Aix sponsa populations in part through harvest regulations since the early 1900s. However, unlike many other waterfowl species in North America, waterfowl managers largely do not know breeding population size. Lincoln–Petersen methods based on harvest and band recovery data are an attractive alternative to air or ground count-based surveys for estimating populations of wood ducks by state and federal agencies that are tasked with sustainably managing harvest opportunities for this species. We used banding and recovery data to estimate annual survival rates, harvest rates, and population size in late summer (August–September) using Lincoln–Petersen methods for wood ducks banded within Ohio from 1990 to 2017. Sex, age, and daily bag limits best explained survival rates of wood ducks banded in Ohio, with lower survival rates in years with more liberal bag limits. Lincoln–Petersen estimates of population size ranged from 116,992 to 632,462 annually, and we detected a significant declining trend in population size through time. Mean harvest rates of wood ducks banded in Ohio ranged from 0.069 (adult females) to 0.121 (hatch-year males), and we detected a significant increasing trend in harvest rate through time for adult male, hatch-year male, and hatch-year female wood duck cohorts. Aerial surveys in other Great Lakes states provide comparable population estimates with our Lincoln–Petersen estimates for Ohio and also show a declining trend in population size. We recommend continued investigation into the use of Lincoln–Petersen techniques for estimating wood duck population size throughout the Great Lakes region. If declining population trends are not unique to Ohio, waterfowl managers may need to further assess the potential impact of increased harvest rates on population size to ensure sustainable harvest into the future.
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Hassan, Mohammad M., Ariful Islam, Rubyath B. Hasan, Md K. Rahman, Richard J. Webby, Md A. Hoque, and Mohamed E. El Zowalaty. "Prevalence and Distribution of Avian Influenza Viruses in Domestic Ducks at the Waterfowl-Chicken Interface in Wetlands." Pathogens 9, no. 11 (November 16, 2020): 953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9110953.
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Ducks are a natural reservoir of influenza A viruses (IAVs) and can act as a reassortment vessel. Wetlands, such as Hakaluki and Tanguar haor in Bangladesh, have unique ecosystems including domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) rearing, especially household and free-range ducks. A cross-sectional study was, therefore, conducted to explore avian influenza status and its distribution and risk factors in the wetland areas. During the three consecutive winters of 2015–2017, specifically in December of these years, we collected a total of 947 samples including blood, oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs from domestic ducks (such as free-range ducks (n = 312 samples) and household ducks (n = 635 samples) in wetlands. We screened serum samples using a nucleoprotein competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) to estimate seroprevalence of IAV antibodies and swab samples by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) to detect IA viral M gene. Eleven M gene positive samples were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Serological and viral prevalence rates of IAVs were 63.8% (95% CI: 60.6–66.8) and 10.7% (8.8–12.8), respectively. Serological and viral RNA prevalence rates were 51.8% (95% CI: 47.2–56.4) and 10.2% (7.6–13.3) in Hakaluki haor, 75.6% (71.5–79.4) and 11.1% (8.5–14.3) in Tanguar haor, 66.3% (62.5–69.9) and 11.2% (8.8–13.9) in household ducks and 58.7% (52.9–64.2) and 9.6% (6.5–13.4) in free-range ducks, respectively. The risk factors identified for higher odds of AI seropositive ducks were location (OR = 2.9, 95% CI: 2.2–3.8, p < 0.001; Tanguar haor vs. Hakaluki haor), duck-rearing system (OR = 1.4, 1.1–1.8, household vs. free-range), farmer’s education status (OR = 1.5, 1.2–2.0, p < 0.05 illiterate vs. literate) and contact type (OR = 3.0, 2.1–4.3, p < 0.001; contact with chicken vs. no contact with chicken). The risk factors identified for higher odds of AI viral RNA positive ducks were farmer’s education status (OR = 1.5, 1.0–2.3, p < 0.05 for illiterate vs literate), contact type (OR = 2.7, 1.7–4.2, p < 0.001; ducks having contact with chicken vs. ducks having contact with waterfowl). The phylogenetic analysis of 11 partial M gene sequences suggested that the M gene sequences detected in free-range duck were very similar to each other and were closely related to the M gene sequences of previously reported highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) subtypes in waterfowl in Bangladesh and Southeast Asian countries. Results of the current study will help provide significant information for future surveillance programs and model IAV infection to predict the spread of the viruses among migratory waterfowl, free-range ducks and domestic poultry in Bangladesh.
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Susanti, R., Fidia Fibriana, and Ari Yuniastuti. "PCR-RFLP Analysis of D-Loop mtDNA in Indonesian Domestic Waterfowl." Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education 9, no. 3 (December 31, 2017): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v9i3.12177.
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<p class="IsiAbstrakIndo"><span lang="EN-GB">Phylogenetic or population genetic studies have been focused on finding genetic variations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) because mutations in this region contained five times higher than other genetic materials. The aim of this research was to generate PCR-RFLP D-loop mtDNA profiles of some Indonesian domestic waterfowl. The samples were 35 local ducks, 5 muscovy duck, and 5 geese. These local ducks included on seven types of Javanese ducks in Central Java, i.e. Magelang duck, Peking duck, Pengging duck, Tegal Branjangan duck, Tegal Jarakan duck, Tegal Blorong duck, and Tegal Lemahan duck. PCR technique was used to amplify the D-loop genes, and RFLP analysis of the D-loop was performed with </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Alu</span></em><span lang="EN-GB">I</span><em></em><span lang="EN-GB">and </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Rsa</span></em><span lang="EN-GB">I. The results show that muscovy duck has no restriction sites in D-loop gene. Moreover, goose has a restriction </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">s</span></em><span lang="EN-GB">ite of </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Alu</span></em><span lang="EN-GB">I in D-loop gene at 550 bp and 187 bp; and it has no restriction site of </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Rsa</span></em><span lang="EN-GB">I. The analysis of </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Rsa</span></em><span lang="EN-GB">I-RFLP in mtDNA </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">D-loop </span></em><span lang="EN-GB">region of ducks resulted in 1 restriction fragment pattern which can be applied in the identification of duck to differentiate it from goose and muscovy duck. PCR-RFLP analysis duck D-loop mtDNA using </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Alu</span></em><span lang="EN-GB">I and </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Rsa</span></em><span lang="EN-GB">I restriction enzyme resulted in 3 combinations of restriction fragment pattern shown in 3 haplotypes (A, B, and C). Genetic diversity of Indonesian domestic waterfowl population could be identified by using PCR-RFLP analysis on mtDNA </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">D-loop </span></em><span lang="EN-GB">region. So far, there are few results of research on Indonesian domestic waterfowl genetic characteristics based on PCR-RFLP mtDNA D-loop marker. Also, this research has a good contribution on genetic characterization of local duck. The characterization is an important aspect to maintain breed quality and manage the genetic resources of Indonesian germplasm and in facilitating the breeding program. </span><strong></strong></p>
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Wickson, RJ, FI Norman, GJ Bacher, and JS Garnham. "Concentrations of lead in bone and other tissues of Victorian waterfowl." Wildlife Research 19, no. 2 (1992): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9920221.
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The concentrations of lead in wing bones of Victorian waterfowl were determined from samples collected mainly during the opening weekend of the 1990 duck-hunting season. Of about 7000 wings collected, 1134 (of 12 species and from wetland collection sites throughout the State) were subsampled for analysis. Although lead concentrations in bone were low in some species (e.g. chestnut and grey teal, freckled duck), higher concentrations were found in some small samples of diving ducks and in Pacific black duck. Tissues of Pacific black duck from one major hunting area indicated exposure to lead. Of 194 gizzards inspected, 28 (14.4%) contained ingested and eroded lead shotgun pellets. Lead concentrations in the livers of some Pacific black duck were also elevated, with 4.6% having more than 2.0mg kg-1. Other studies have found that waterfowl may die after ingestion of lead shotgun pellets; since such pellets may present a similar threat to local waterfowl populations, the use of alternative non-toxic ammunition should be encouraged.
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Petrie, Mark J., Joseph P. Fleskes, Mike A. Wolder, Craig R. Isola, Gregory S. Yarris, and Daniel A. Skalos. "Potential Effects of Drought on Carrying Capacity for Wintering Waterfowl in the Central Valley of California." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 7, no. 2 (September 1, 2016): 408–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/082015-jfwm-082.
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Abstract We used the bioenergetics model TRUEMET to evaluate potential effects of California's recent drought on food supplies for waterfowl wintering in the Central Valley under a range of habitat and waterfowl population scenarios. In nondrought years in the current Central Valley landscape, food supplies are projected to be adequate for waterfowl from fall through early spring (except late March) even if waterfowl populations reach North American Waterfowl Management Plan goals. However, in all drought scenarios that we evaluated, food supplies were projected to be exhausted for ducks by mid- to late winter and by late winter or early spring for geese. For ducks, these results were strongly related to projected declines in winter-flooded rice fields that provide 45% of all the food energy available to ducks in the Central Valley in nondrought water years. Delayed flooding of some managed wetlands may help alleviate food shortages by providing wetland food resources better timed with waterfowl migration and abundance patterns in the Central Valley, as well as reducing the amount of water needed to manage these habitats. However, future research is needed to evaluate the impacts of delayed flooding on waterfowl hunting, and whether California's existing water delivery system would make delayed flooding feasible. Securing adequate water supplies for waterfowl and other wetland-dependent birds is among the greatest challenges facing resource managers in coming years, especially in the increasingly arid western United States.
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Chang, Fei-Fei, Chang-Chieh Chen, Shao-Hung Wang, and Chiou-Lin Chen. "Epidemiology and antibiogram of Riemerella anatipestifer isolated from waterfowl slaughterhouses in Taiwan." Journal of Veterinary Research 63, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2019-0003.
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Abstract Introduction: Laryngeal swab samples collected from three waterfowl slaughterhouses in central Taiwan were cultured and suspected isolates of Riemerella anatipestifer were identified by API 20NE and 16S rDNA PCR. Material and Methods: Serum agglutination was used for serotyping, and antimicrobial susceptibility was tested. Results: Seventy-six R. anatipestifer isolates were detected, and the prevalences in the ducks and geese were 12.3% (46/375) and 8.0% (30/375), respectively. The positive isolation rates were 65.6% for all arriving waterfowl, 76.0% for birds in the holding area, 1.6% for defeathered carcasses, but zero for degummed carcasses. A PCR examination detected R. anatipestifer in the slaughtering area frequently. Serotype B was dominant in both duck (34.8%) and goose (46.7%) isolates, but the wide serotype distribution may very well impede vaccination development. All isolates were resistant to colistin, and 79.7% were resistant to more than three common antibiotics. Conclusion: The results proved that most ducks had encountered antibiotic-resistant R. anatipestifer in rearing, which suggests that the bacterium circulates in asymptomatic waterfowl. It is worth noting that most waterfowl farms were found to harbour R. anatipestifer, and contaminated slaughterhouses are a major risk factor in its spread. Effective prevention and containment measures should be established there to interrupt the transmission chain of R. anatipestifer.
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Briggs, SV, MT Maher, and CC Davey. "Hunter Activity and Waterfowls Havests in New South Wales, 1977-82." Wildlife Research 12, no. 3 (1985): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9850515.
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The results of six annual surveys of waterfowl hunters in New South Wales by mail card are reported. The aims of the survey were to ascertain reported distribution of hunting effort, size and composition of hunters' bags, and state of hunter origin. Hunting effort and waterfowl harvests were highest in southern inland New South Wales. Seasonal bag sizes varied between 15.8 and 27.2 ducks per hunter. Pacific black duck, grey teal and maned duck made up 88.6% of hunters' bags. About half the hunters in New South Wales originated from Victoria. Bag size and species composition, effect of reducing bag size on total harvest, regional bias in hunting effort and harvest, and annual variation in licence sales are discussed.
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Tamsil, Hasil. "Genetic Resource of Muscovy Duck (Cairina moschata): Profile and Potential Production as Meat Producer." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 28, no. 3 (December 12, 2018): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v28i3.1839.
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Muscovy duck is a type of waterfowl that has a relatively better growth and percentage compared to ducks. Duck meat has high-quality because of its low fat and savory flavor. Muscovy duck is relatively resistant to the disease and is able to use low-quality feed, but has the disadvantage of low egg production. The development of Muscovy duck as a producer of meat can be done through two approaches, namely the long-term and short-term. The long-term approach is carried out by selecting Muscovy duck which has high growth rate and high meet quality. The selection can be done in two ways, namely directly on the nature of growth and the quality of meat, and indirectly by choosing a marker of growth (morphology, biochemistry or diversity of DNA/ RNA). Short-term selection can be done by bringing in superior Muscovy duck from the outside to be developed by farmers and crossing male Muscovy duck with the layer Indian Runner ducks to produce Serati ducks.
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Bush, Albert O., and John C. Holmes. "Intestinal helminths of lesser scaup ducks: patterns of association." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-022.
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The helminth communities of the small intestines of 45 lesser scaup ducks sampled from 13 lakes in Alberta, Canada, were examined for patterns of association among species. A core of eight frequent, numerous, and positively associated species provided a basic similarity across all host individuals. Six of these core species are specialists in lesser scaup, and the other two are generalists in waterfowl. A group of eight moderately frequent and numerous species, which were positively associated with the core species but not with each other, also contributed to this similarity; these secondary species included two specialists in scaup and three generalists in waterfowl. The 36 remaining "satellite species" appeared to be distributed randomly among birds. Variations among communities in individual birds were due largely to (i) differences in the numbers of two suites of helminth species, one using Hyalella azteca and the other Gammarus lacustris as intermediate host; (ii) differences in the numbers of the Hyalella suite, and in the presence or absence of some secondary or satellite species, associated with the lake from which the duck was taken; and (iii) differences in the total numbers of helminths per duck, which may be associated with differential susceptibility of individual ducks.
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Kingsford, RT, J. Flanjack, and S. Black. "Lead Shot and Ducks on Lake Cowal." Wildlife Research 16, no. 2 (1989): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9890167.
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We determined the amount of lead shot left after shooting, in the sediment and also the occurrence of lead shot in the gizzards of waterfowl shot at Lake Cowal. We also investigated levels of lead in livers. Livers and gizzards of 342 ducks, Pacific black duck (96), grey teal (122), maned duck (102), pink-eared duck (15) and Australasian shoveler (7), were collected during the 1987 duck shooting season. Few birds had ingested shot (1.5%). Black ducks had more grit, the size of shot, in their gizzards than did grey teal or maned duck. Total grit contents in the gizzards were of a similar weight for black duck and maned ducks but less for grey teal. Two ducks had lead levels in the liver indicative of lead poisoning (>6 ppm) wet weight. Lead levels in the liver were generally low, 0.32 � 0.76 ppm (mean + s.d.). There were no differences between species or sexes in levels of lead in livers. There was also no difference between lead levels of ducks shot on opening day compared to those shot 4 weeks later. Crude density estimates, extrapolated from 77 samples of sediment (800 cm2), averaged 16 000 shot per hectare for areas close to where hunters camped. Crude density, extrapolated from 100 samples, was 3400 shot per hectare for areas of low hunter density.
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Lewis, Nicole L., Theodore C. Nichols, Christina Lilley, Douglas E. Roscoe, and Jan Lovy. "Blood Lead Declines in Wintering American Black Ducks in New Jersey Following the Lead Shot Ban." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 12, no. 1 (April 13, 2021): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-20-044.
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Abstract Waterfowl managers first recognized the problem of lead poisoning in ducks from the ingestion of spent lead shot (pellets) over 100 years ago. The phaseout of lead shot for waterfowl hunting began in the Atlantic Flyway in the 1970s. Lead shot was subsequently banned throughout the United States and Canada prior to 2000. We compared blood lead levels in American black ducks Anas rubripes wintering in coastal New Jersey in 1978, prior to the lead ban, and in 2017, about 39 years after lead shot was first banned for use in Atlantic coastal marshes and 27 years after it was banned for waterfowl hunting in New Jersey. The prevalence of blood lead >0.2 ppm, a level commonly used to indicate lead exposure, declined nearly fourfold from 1978 (79%) to 2017 (20%). We found no significant differences in the prevalence of birds with blood lead levels >0.2 ppm between sexes in either year or between age classes in 2017. The prevalence of ducks with blood lead levels >1.0 ppm, considered clinically evident toxicity, declined from 19% in 1978 to 1% in 2017. Our study provides further evidence that the ban on the use of lead shot over 20 years ago throughout North America has resulted in lower blood lead levels in waterfowl. Notwithstanding, we still found evidence of lead exposure in black ducks in 2017, which warrants further investigation.
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Ren, Xiao, Xiaolei Wang, Shan Zhang, Xintao Gao, Lichun Fang, Xixi Wang, Weidong Lin, et al. "pUC18-CpG Is an Effective Adjuvant for a Duck Tembusu Virus Inactivated Vaccine." Viruses 12, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12020238.
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Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an emerging pathogenic flavivirus responsible for massive economic losses in the duck industry. However, commercially inactivated DTMUV vaccines have been ineffective at inducing protective immunity in ducks. The widely used adjuvant cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) reportedly improve humoral and cellular immunities in animal models. However, its effectiveness in DTMUV vaccines requires validation. Here, we assessed the protective efficacy of pUC18-CpG as an adjuvant in an inactivated live DTMUV vaccine in ducks. Our results revealed that the serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers, positive rates of anti-DTMUV antibodies, the concentration of serum cytokines, and protection efficacy were significantly increased in ducks immunized with pUC18-CpG compared to that in the control group. Moreover, ducks immunized with a full vaccine dose containing a half dose of antigen supplemented with 40 μg of pUC18-CpG exhibited the most potent responses. This study suggests that pUC18-CpG is a promising adjuvant against DTMUV, which might prove effective in treating other viral diseases in waterfowl.
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Sturm-Ramirez, K. M., D. J. Hulse-Post, E. A. Govorkova, J. Humberd, P. Seiler, P. Puthavathana, C. Buranathai, et al. "Are Ducks Contributing to the Endemicity of Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Virus in Asia?" Journal of Virology 79, no. 17 (September 1, 2005): 11269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.17.11269-11279.2005.
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ABSTRACT Wild waterfowl are the natural reservoir of all influenza A viruses, and these viruses are usually nonpathogenic in these birds. However, since late 2002, H5N1 outbreaks in Asia have resulted in mortality among waterfowl in recreational parks, domestic flocks, and wild migratory birds. The evolutionary stasis between influenza virus and its natural host may have been disrupted, prompting us to ask whether waterfowl are resistant to H5N1 influenza virus disease and whether they can still act as a reservoir for these viruses. To better understand the biology of H5N1 viruses in ducks and attempt to answer this question, we inoculated juvenile mallards with 23 different H5N1 influenza viruses isolated in Asia between 2003 and 2004. All virus isolates replicated efficiently in inoculated ducks, and 22 were transmitted to susceptible contacts. Viruses replicated to higher levels in the trachea than in the cloaca of both inoculated and contact birds, suggesting that the digestive tract is not the main site of H5N1 influenza virus replication in ducks and that the fecal-oral route may no longer be the main transmission path. The virus isolates' pathogenicities varied from completely nonpathogenic to highly lethal and were positively correlated with tracheal virus titers. Nevertheless, the eight virus isolates that were nonpathogenic in ducks replicated and transmitted efficiently to naïve contacts, suggesting that highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses causing minimal signs of disease in ducks can propagate silently and efficiently among domestic and wild ducks in Asia and that they represent a serious threat to human and veterinary public health.
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Sturm-Ramirez, Katharine M., Trevor Ellis, Barry Bousfield, Lucy Bissett, Kitman Dyrting, Jerold E. Rehg, Leo Poon, Yi Guan, Malik Peiris, and Robert G. Webster. "Reemerging H5N1 Influenza Viruses in Hong Kong in 2002 Are Highly Pathogenic to Ducks." Journal of Virology 78, no. 9 (May 1, 2004): 4892–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.9.4892-4901.2004.
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ABSTRACT Waterfowl are the natural reservoir of all influenza A viruses, which are usually nonpathogenic in wild aquatic birds. However, in late 2002, outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus caused deaths among wild migratory birds and resident waterfowl, including ducks, in two Hong Kong parks. In February 2003, an avian H5N1 virus closely related to one of these viruses was isolated from two humans with acute respiratory distress, one of whom died. Antigenic analysis of the new avian isolates showed a reactivity pattern different from that of H5N1 viruses isolated in 1997 and 2001. This finding suggests that significant antigenic variation has recently occurred among H5N1 viruses. We inoculated mallards with antigenically different H5N1 influenza viruses isolated between 1997 and 2003. The new 2002 avian isolates caused systemic infection in the ducks, with high virus titers and pathology in multiple organs, particularly the brain. Ducks developed acute disease, including severe neurological dysfunction and death. Virus was also isolated at high titers from the birds' drinking water and from contact birds, demonstrating efficient transmission. In contrast, H5N1 isolates from 1997 and 2001 were not consistently transmitted efficiently among ducks and did not cause significant disease. Despite a high level of genomic homology, the human isolate showed striking biological differences from its avian homologue in a duck model. This is the first reported case of lethal influenza virus infection in wild aquatic birds since 1961.
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Briggs, SV, and JE Holmes. "Bag Sizes of Waterfowl in New-South-Wales and Their Relation to Antecedent Rainfall." Wildlife Research 15, no. 4 (1988): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9880459.
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Bag sizes of game ducks in New South Wales between 1977 and 1984 were compared with antecedent annual rainfall in eastern Australia. Mean bag size is equivalent to 'catch-per-unit-effort', an index of population abundance. Annual rainfall is an index of habitat availability for waterfowl. Bag sizes of Pacific black duck and all game species combined were significantly (P<O.05) related to antecedent rainfall. Rates of increase (computed from annual catch-per-unit-effort) of black duck, maned duck and all species combined were significantly related to rainfall difference between the preceding 2 years. This study indicates that prior rainfall is a useful predictor of duck numbers in New South Wales.
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Liu, Fengli, Yanxin Cao, Maokai Yan, Mengxu Sun, Qingshui Zhang, Jun Wang, Guanghua Fu, Rongchang Liu, Yu Huang, and Jingliang Su. "Development of a Colloidal Gold Immunochromatographic Assay for Duck Enteritis Virus Detection Using Monoclonal Antibodies." Pathogens 10, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030365.
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Duck viral enteritis is a highly contagious and fatal disease of commercial waterfowl flocks. The disease occurs sporadically or epizootically in mainland China due to insufficient vaccinations. Early and rapid diagnosis is important for preventive intervention and the control of epizootic events in clinical settings. In this study, we generated two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that specifically recognized the duck enteritis virus (DEV) envelope glycoprotein B and tegument protein UL47, respectively. Using these MAbs, a colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic assay (ICA) was developed for the efficient detection of DEV antigens within 15 min. Our results showed that the detection limit of the developed ICA strip was 2.52 × 103 TCID50/mL for the virus infected cell culture suspension with no cross-reactivity with other pathogenic viruses commonly encountered in commercially raised waterfowl. Using samples from experimentally infected ducks, we demonstrated that the ICA detected the virus in cloacal swab samples on day three post-infection, demonstrating an 80% concordance with the PCR. For tissue homogenates from ducks succumbing to infection, the detection sensitivity was 100%. The efficient and specific detection by this ICA test provides a valuable, convenient, easy to use and rapid diagnostic tool for DVE under both laboratory and field conditions.
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Brook, Rodney W., Maria Pasitschniak-Arts, David W. Howerter, and François Messier. "Influence of rodent abundance on nesting success of prairie waterfowl." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 6 (June 2008): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-019.
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Most waterfowl nesting failure in the prairie biome is attributed to predation. However, the contribution of small mammal abundance to the prairie predator–prey cycle and how this affects waterfowl productivity is not known. We modelled seasonal variability of nesting success, including a number of habitat and nest-related variables, to quantify influence of rodent abundance for prairie nesting waterfowl for six study sites in the Prairie Pothole Region of Canada, 1996–1998. We estimated there is a curvilinear relationship between the abundance of meadow voles ( Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord, 1815)) and the nesting success of ducks. The relationship has characteristics of the alternate prey hypothesis at low vole density and characteristics of the shared prey hypothesis at higher densities. At low vole densities, duck nests appear to be buffered from predation by voles but, at higher densities, nesting success was affected negatively. We recommend that predator–prey dynamics should be included as an integral part of management plans for nesting waterfowl and suggest further research using rigorous experiment design to elucidate mechanisms and pathways responsible for this observed relationship.
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Hepp, Gary R. "Effects of Body Weight and Age on the Time of Pairing of American Black Ducks." Auk 103, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/103.3.477.
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Abstract I used captive young and adult American Black Ducks (Anas rubripes) during October-February 1984-1985 to test whether body weight and age affected time of pair-bond formation. Eighty ducks were marked individually, and 10 ducks (6 males and 4 females, half of each age class) were assigned to each of 8 experimental pens. Ducks in 4 pens received an ad libitum diet of commercial duck food, and ducks in the other 4 pens received a restricted ration of the same food. During early winter ducks in both groups gained weight, but ducks on the restricted diet gained less than birds on the ad libitum diet; peak winter weight of ducks on the ad libitum diet averaged 22% greater than initial body weight compared with 6.5% for ducks on the restricted diet. In late winter ducks on the restricted diet lost 28.7% of peak winter weight, and ducks on the ad libitum diet lost 19.3%. Weight loss of ducks on the ad libitum diet began before weather conditions became severe and coincided with a reduction in food consumption. This result supports the idea that weight loss of waterfowl in late winter is controlled endogenously. Individuals on the ad libitum diet paired earlier than those on the restricted diet, and pair bonds were stronger. Adults of both sexes paired earlier than young ducks, but differences for females were not significant statistically. Age and energy constraints are factors that can affect intraspecific variation in pairing chronology.
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English, Matthew D., Gregory J. Robertson, Liam E. Peck, Donald Pirie-Hay, Sheena Roul, and Mark L. Mallory. "Body condition of American Black Ducks (Anas rubripes) wintering in Atlantic Canada using carcass composition and a scaled mass index." Canadian Journal of Zoology 96, no. 10 (October 2018): 1137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2017-0329.
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Body condition is commonly used in ecology to assess the physiological health of an organism or population and can be used to predict individual survival or breeding success. Waterfowl have been the focus of much research on body condition, and we studied body condition via carcass composition and using a scaled mass index (SMI) in American Black Ducks (Anas rubripes Brewster, 1902) wintering in coastal, agricultural, and urban areas of Atlantic Canada. Carcass composition varied between sexes and body mass decreased through winter as fat reserves depleted. Carcass composition was compared with American Black Ducks wintering in the United States, and American Black Ducks wintering in Atlantic Canada were structurally smaller yet proportionally fatter than those wintering in the United States, likely as a mechanism to survive Atlantic Canada’s harsher winters. SMI did not differ between coastal, agricultural, or urban American Black Ducks, indicating that despite known differences in the diets of the Black Ducks from these three areas, they can maintain similar body conditions capable of surviving the winter. We show that the SMI is a nondestructive alternative to study body condition in waterfowl. Our research highlights the adaptability and hardiness of American Black Ducks at the northern limit of their winter range.
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Satyukova, L. P., M. I. Shopinskaya, P. V. Kulach, and A. I. Vishnyakov. "VETERINARY AND SANITARY EVALUATION, AND INCREASING DUCK MEAT PRODUCTION AT POULTRY ENTERPRISES." Problems of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology 1, no. 1 (2019): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.san.hyg.ecol.201901002.
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In recent years, interest in waterfowl breeding has been growing around the world. Ducks are very promising type of agricultural poultry, and the economic feasibility of their breeding is due to a simplified, controlled environment and high-quality products. Duck meat is one of the most valuable protein products, providing necessary proteins, lipids, minerals and vitamins. The authors describe the state of this type of poultry farming in the domestic market and abroad, and also provide statistics on the consumption of duck meat and characterize its consumer properties.
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Fleskes, Joseph P., Andrew M. Ramey, Andrew B. Reeves, and Julie L. Yee. "Body Mass, Wing Length, and Condition of Wintering Ducks Relative to Hematozoa Infection." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/082016-jfwm-063.
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Abstract Waterfowl managers lack information regarding factors that may be reducing the positive response of waterfowl body condition to habitat improvements. Protozoan blood parasites (i.e., hematozoa) are commonly found in birds and have been related to reduced body mass, wing length, and body condition. We studied relationships between 12 measures of hematozoa infection and body mass, wing length, and body mass divided by wing length (i.e., body condition index) of the five most common duck species (northern pintail [Anas acuta], mallard [A. platyrhynchos], green-winged teal [A. crecca], American wigeon [A. americana], northern shoveler [A. clypeata]) wintering in the Central Valley of California during October 2006–January 2007. After accounting for variation due to species, age–sex cohort, Central Valley region, and month, wing length, body mass, and body condition index were found to be negatively related to infection by Leucocytozoon and by “any hematozoa” but not related to infection by only Plasmodium or Haemoproteus, or coinfections of greater than one genus or parasite haplotype (albeit few ducks had Plasmodium or Haemoproteus infection or coinfections). Evidence of a negative relationship with infection was stronger for body mass and body condition index than for wing length and indicated that the relationships varied among species, age–sex cohorts, regions, and months. Compared with uninfected ducks, hematozoa-infected duck body mass, wing length, and body condition index was −1.63% (85% CI = −2.79% to −0.47%), −0.12% (−0.41% to 0.17%), and −1.38% (−2.49% to −0.26%), respectively. Although seemingly small, the −1.63% difference in body mass represents a large percentage (e.g., 38% for northern pintail) of the observed increase in wintering duck body mass associated with Central Valley habitat improvements. Because infection prevalence and relationship to body condition might change over time because of climate or other factors, tracking hematozoa infection prevalence might be important to inform and accurately assess the effect of conservation programs designed to improve waterfowl body condition.
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Ackerman, Joshua T., John M. Eadie, and Thomas G. Moore. "Does Life History Predict Risk-Taking Behavior of Wintering Dabbling Ducks?" Condor 108, no. 3 (August 1, 2006): 530–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/108.3.530.
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AbstractLife-history theory predicts that longer-lived, less fecund species should take fewer risks when exposed to predation than shorter-lived, more fecund species. We tested this prediction for seven species of dabbling ducks (Anas) by measuring the approach behavior (behavior of ducks when approaching potential landing sites) of 1099 duck flocks during 37 hunting trials and 491 flocks during 13 trials conducted immediately after the 1999–2000 waterfowl hunting season in California, USA. We also experimentally manipulated the attractiveness of the study site by using two decoy treatments: (1) traditional, stationary decoys only, and (2) traditional decoys in conjunction with a mechanical spinning-wing decoy. Approach behavior of ducks was strongly correlated with their life history. Minimum approach distance was negatively correlated with reproductive output during each decoy treatment and trial type. Similarly, the proportion of flocks taking risk (approaching landing sites to within 45 m) was positively correlated with reproductive output. We found similar patterns of approach behavior in relation to other life-history parameters (i.e., adult female body mass and annual adult female survival rate). Thus, species characterized by a slower life-history strategy (e.g., Northern Pintail [A. acuta]) were more risk-averse than species with a faster life-history strategy (e.g., Cinnamon Teal [A. cyanoptera]). Furthermore, although we were able to reduce risk-averseness using the spinning-wing decoy, we were unable to override the influence of life history on risk-taking behavior. Alternative explanations did not account for the observed correlation between approach behavior and life-history parameters. These results suggest that life history influences the risk-taking behavior of dabbling ducks and provide an explanation for the differential vulnerability of waterfowl to harvest.
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Padding, Paul I., and J. Andrew Royle. "Assessment of bias in US waterfowl harvest estimates." Wildlife Research 39, no. 4 (2012): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr11105.
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Context North American waterfowl managers have long suspected that waterfowl harvest estimates derived from national harvest surveys in the USA are biased high. Survey bias can be evaluated by comparing survey results with like estimates from independent sources. Aims We used band-recovery data to assess the magnitude of apparent bias in duck and goose harvest estimates, using mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and Canada geese (Branta canadensis) as representatives of ducks and geese, respectively. Methods We compared the number of reported mallard and Canada goose band recoveries, adjusted for band reporting rates, with the estimated harvests of banded mallards and Canada geese from the national harvest surveys. We used the results of those comparisons to develop correction factors that can be applied to annual duck and goose harvest estimates of the national harvest survey. Key results National harvest survey estimates of banded mallards harvested annually averaged 1.37 times greater than those calculated from band-recovery data, whereas Canada goose harvest estimates averaged 1.50 or 1.63 times greater than comparable band-recovery estimates, depending on the harvest survey methodology used. Conclusions Duck harvest estimates produced by the national harvest survey from 1971 to 2010 should be reduced by a factor of 0.73 (95% CI = 0.71–0.75) to correct for apparent bias. Survey-specific correction factors of 0.67 (95% CI = 0.65–0.69) and 0.61 (95% CI = 0.59–0.64) should be applied to the goose harvest estimates for 1971–2001 (duck stamp-based survey) and 1999–2010 (HIP-based survey), respectively. Implications Although this apparent bias likely has not influenced waterfowl harvest management policy in the USA, it does have negative impacts on some applications of harvest estimates, such as indirect estimation of population size. For those types of analyses, we recommend applying the appropriate correction factor to harvest estimates.
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Abulreesh, H. H., T. A. Paget, and R. Goulder. "Waterfowl and the bacteriological quality of amenity ponds." Journal of Water and Health 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2004.0016.
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This study investigated the impact of waterfowl on the bacteriological quality of village ponds in East Yorkshire, north-east England. Water and sediment samples were collected from ponds with and without resident ducks and geese; faecal indicator and potentially pathogenic bacteria were assayed by membrane filtration and by selective enrichment. Escherichia coli, faecal streptococci and, to a degree, Clostridium perfringens were more abundant in ponds with waterfowl; Salmonella was isolated in June–August from the sediment of a pond with waterfowl. The results suggested that the bacteriological quality of village ponds might be adversely affected by waterfowl. All water samples from ponds with waterfowl had faecal indicators at higher concentrations than EU requirements for bathing waters. Although these ponds are not bathing waters we suggest skin contact and accidental ingestion of water should be avoided.
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Lewis, Benjamin S., Michael W. Eichholz, Tina Yerkes, and John M. Coluccy. "Food Resources for Wintering and Spring Staging American Black Ducks." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 10, no. 2 (September 1, 2019): 492–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/102018-jfwm-096.
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Abstract Habitat restoration and enhancement objectives for wintering waterfowl are typically derived by a bioenergetics modeling approach. This approach has been developed as a planning tool to identify the amount of foraging habitat required to meet North American Waterfowl Management Plan population objectives. Our objective was to provide the energetic supply component of the bioenergetics model at an important wintering area for American black ducks Anas rubripes in the Atlantic Flyway, the Eastern Shore of Virginia. We estimated food availability among four main wetland cover types used by overwintering American black ducks: brackish water, freshwater, mudflat, and salt marsh. Mudflat (221 ± 50 kg/ha) and salt marsh (728 ± 175 kg/ha) had the highest amounts of available invertebrate food density, and freshwater (42 ± 9 kg/ha) had the highest amounts of available seed biomass. Our results suggest that seed density found in freshwater wetlands on the Eastern Shore of Virginia is considerably lower than densities found in inland freshwater cover types used by dabbling ducks. We also found that levels of invertebrate density found in Virginia mudflat and salt marsh are considerably lower than levels on Long Island, New York, and in southern New Jersey. Lower levels of food density compared with both more inland and northern wintering areas suggest that American black ducks wintering in Virginia are more likely to be limited by forage availability than American black ducks and other dabbling ducks wintering both inland and in the northern portion of the wintering range.
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English, Matthew D., Gregory J. Robertson, Nelson J. O’Driscoll, Sara J. Klapstein, Liam E. Peck, and Mark L. Mallory. "Variation in isotopic niche, digestive tract morphology, and mercury concentrations in two sympatric waterfowl species wintering in Atlantic Canada." FACETS 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 393–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2019-0056.
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Sympatric communities of organisms may exploit different ecological niches to avoid intra- and interspecific competition. We examined the isotopic niches of American black ducks ( Anas rubripes) and mallards ( A. platyrhynchos) wintering in coastal and urban areas of Atlantic Canada and compared isotopic niche with digestive tract morphologies and blood mercury (Hg) concentrations. Isotopic niche width (for δ13C and δ15N) varied between the three groups of ducks studied, with coastally foraging black ducks exhibiting the widest isotopic niche, followed by coastal mallards, while urban feeding black ducks had a narrow isotopic niche. These niche differences had physical and chemical consequences: coastal black ducks had longer digestive tracts, a larger range in gizzard sizes, and higher and more variable Hg concentrations than urban black ducks and coastal mallards. This plasticity in ecological niche may reduce competition among and within species, and subsequently explain why winter numbers of black ducks and mallards have increased in Atlantic Canada.
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Silverman, E. D., D. T. Saalfeld, J. B. Leirness, and M. D. Koneff. "Wintering Sea Duck Distribution Along the Atlantic Coast of the United States." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 178–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/122012-jfwm-107.
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Abstract Although monitoring data for sea ducks (Tribe Mergini) are limited, current evidence suggests that four of the most common species wintering along the eastern coast of the United States—long-tailed duck Clangula hyemalis, white-winged scoter Melanitta fusca, surf scoter Melanitta perspicillata, and black scoter Melanitta americana—may be declining, while the status of American common eider Somateria mollissima dresseri is uncertain. The apparent negative trends, combined with the fact that sea duck life histories are among the most poorly documented of North American waterfowl, have led to concerns for these species and questions about the impacts of human activities, such as hunting, as well as catastrophic events and environmental change. During winter, thousands of sea ducks are found along the U.S. Atlantic coast, where they may be affected by proposed wind-power development, changes to marine traffic, aquaculture practices, sand mining, and other coastal development. Possible impacts are difficult to quantify because traditional winter waterfowl surveys do not cover many of the marine habitats used by sea ducks. Thus, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service conducted an experimental survey of sea ducks from 2008 to 2011 to characterize their winter distributions along the U.S. Atlantic coast. Each year, data were collected on 11 species of sea ducks on >200 transects, stretching from Maine to Florida. In this paper, we describe distribution of common eider, long-tailed duck, white-winged scoter, surf scoter, and black scoter. Densities of the two species with the most northerly distribution, white-winged scoter and common eider, were highest near Cape Cod and Nantucket. Long-tailed duck was most abundant around Cape Cod, Nantucket Shoals, and in Chesapeake Bay. Surf scoter also concentrated within Chesapeake Bay; however, they were additionally found in high densities in Delaware Bay, and along the Maryland–Delaware outer coast. Black scoter, the most widely distributed species, occurred at high densities along the South Carolina coast and the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. Spatial patterns of high-density transects were consistent among years for all species except black scoter, which exhibited the most interannual variation in distribution. The distance from land, depth, and bottom slope where flocks were observed varied among species and regions, with a median distance of 3.8 km from land along the coastal transects and 75% of flocks observed over depths of <16 m. Common eider and long-tailed duck were observed closer to shore and over steeper ocean bottoms than were the three scoter species. Our results represent the first large-scale quantitative description of winter sea duck distribution along the U.S. Atlantic coast, and should guide the development of sea duck monitoring programs and aid the assessment of potential impacts of ongoing and proposed offshore development.
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Lindstrom, John M., Michael W. Eichholz, and Adam C. Behney. "Effect of Habitat Management on Duck Behavior and Distribution During Spring Migration in Indiana." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 11, no. 1 (December 6, 2019): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/062019-jfwm-044.
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Abstract Spring migration is an important life stage for ducks because their ability to find and acquire nutrients can affect subsequent reproductive success. Therefore, providing sufficient habitat to support the energetic needs of ducks and facilitate efficient feeding is a goal of habitat management and restoration. The rapid, unpredictable flood events that regularly occur in highly modified landscapes can make habitat management challenging and justify diverse management strategies. We examined the effect of habitat management on dabbling duck behavior and distribution during spring migration in southwest Indiana. We investigated three management options for wetlands: active management, passive management, and unmanaged agricultural food plots. We assessed duck behavior and density on 14 wetlands at Patoka River National Wildlife Refuge and Management Area. The agricultural food-plot areas had the lowest estimates of food availability followed by the actively managed areas; the passively managed wetlands had the greatest estimate. Dabbling duck density was greatest on the actively managed wetlands followed by food plots coming in second and passively managed wetlands third. Most dabbling ducks fed more intensively while on the passively managed wetlands followed by the actively managed and food-plot wetlands. Conservation prioritization of passively managed areas would provide larger areas for dabbling ducks to feed, but active management provides habitat regardless of climatic variability. Moving forward, wetland complexes encompassing diverse wetland management approaches would be the best option for spring-migrating waterfowl as these complexes can provide high-quality habitats and buffer against uncontrollable climactic conditions.
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Kokoszyński, D., and Z. Bernacki. "Comparison of some meat traits in ducks from two conservative flocks." Archives Animal Breeding 53, no. 4 (October 10, 2010): 484–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-53-484-2010.
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Abstract. Eighty Pekin ducks from P11 and P22 conservative flocks (40 birds of each strain, including 20 males and 20 females) were investigated. Ducks were raised in a confinement building and fed ad libitum standard diets for waterfowl. At 7 weeks of age, 5 males and 5 females from each strain were slaughtered and dissected. Breast and leg muscles were sampled to determine fatty acid profile and selected minerals. Compared to P22 ducks, P11 ducks showed higher body weight at 7 weeks of age and higher rate of growth paralleled by better feed conversion ratio (kg feed/kg gain), higher dressing percentage, lower proportion (%) of leg muscles and lower proportion of all carcass muscles. Differences in these traits were not significant. Breast muscles of P11 ducks had significantly more C24:0 and C20:4 acids and leg muscles contained significantly more C14:0, C16:1, C18:1 and C24:0 acids compared to P22 ducks. In addition, leg muscles of P11 ducks had a significantly lower proportion of C17:0, C18:0, C24:0 and C22:4 compared to the same muscles of P22 birds. Leg muscles of P11 ducks had significantly more monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), higher unsaturated to saturated fatty acid (UFA/SFA) and polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios (PUFA/SFA), and significantly less saturated fatty acids (SFA) compared to P22 ducks. The Na, K, Mg, Fe, Cu and Zn content of duck muscles was similar in both lines. Compared to leg muscles, breast muscles of P11 and P22 ducks were found to contain significantly more iron (Fe) and copper (Cu), and less zinc (Zn).
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Latorre-Margalef, Neus, Gunnar Gunnarsson, Vincent J. Munster, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus, Johan Elmberg, Björn Olsen, et al. "Effects of influenza A virus infection on migrating mallard ducks." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1659 (December 2, 2008): 1029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1501.
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The natural reservoir of influenza A virus is waterfowl, particularly dabbling ducks (genus Anas ). Although it has long been assumed that waterfowl are asymptomatic carriers of the virus, a recent study found that low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) infection in Bewick's swans ( Cygnus columbianus bewickii ) negatively affected stopover time, body mass and feeding behaviour. In the present study, we investigated whether LPAI infection incurred ecological or physiological costs to migratory mallards ( Anas platyrhynchos ) in terms of body mass loss and staging time, and whether such costs could influence the likelihood for long-distance dispersal of the avian influenza virus by individual ducks. During the autumn migrations of 2002–2007, we collected faecal samples ( n =10 918) and biometric data from mallards captured and banded at Ottenby, a major staging site in a flyway connecting breeding and wintering areas of European waterfowl. Body mass was significantly lower in infected ducks than in uninfected ducks (mean difference almost 20 g over all groups), and the amount of virus shed by infected juveniles was negatively correlated with body mass. There was no general effect of infection on staging time, except for juveniles in September, in which birds that shed fewer viruses stayed shorter than birds that shed more viruses. LPAI infection did not affect speed or distance of subsequent migration. The data from recaptured individuals showed that the maximum duration of infection was on average 8.3 days (s.e. 0.5), with a mean minimum duration of virus shedding of only 3.1 days (s.e. 0.1). Shedding time decreased during the season, suggesting that mallards acquire transient immunity for LPAI infection. In conclusion, deteriorated body mass following infection was detected, but it remains to be seen whether this has more long-term fitness effects. The short virus shedding time suggests that individual mallards are less likely to spread the virus at continental or intercontinental scales.
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Matczuk, Anna Karolina, Monika Chmielewska-Władyka, Magdalena Siedlecka, Karolina Julia Bednarek, and Alina Wieliczko. "Short Beak and Dwarfism Syndrome in Ducks in Poland Caused by Novel Goose Parvovirus." Animals 10, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 2397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122397.
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Short beak and dwarfism syndrome (SBDS), which was previously identified only in mule ducks, is now an emerging disease of Pekin ducks in China and Egypt. The disease is caused by the infection of ducks with a genetic variant of goose parvovirus—novel goose parvovirus (nGPV). In 2019, SBDS was observed for the first time in Poland in eight farms of Pekin ducks. Birds in the affected flock were found to show growth retardation and beak atrophy with tongue protrusions. Morbidity ranged between 15% and 40% (in one flock), while the mortality rate was 4–6%. Co-infection with duck circovirus, a known immunosuppressive agent, was observed in 85.7% of ducks. The complete coding regions of four isolates were sequenced and submitted to GenBank. The phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship of Polish viral sequences with the Chinese nGPV. Genomic sequence alignments showed 98.57–99.28% identity with the nGPV sequences obtained in China, and 96.42% identity with the classical GPV (cGPV; Derzsy’s disease). The rate of amino acid mutations in comparison to cGPV and Chinese nGPV was higher in the Rep protein than in the Vp1 protein. To our knowledge, this is the first report of nGPV infection in Pekin ducks in Poland and Europe. It should be emphasized that monitoring and sequencing of waterfowl parvoviruses is important for tracking the viral genetic changes that enable adaptation to new species of waterbirds.
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Roshier, David A., and Martin W. Asmus. "Use of satellite telemetry on small-bodied waterfowl in Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 60, no. 4 (2009): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08152.
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The nomadic or dispersive movements of many Australian waterfowl in response to irregular environmental cues make satellite telemetry studies the only means by which these long-distance movements can be tracked in real time. Unlike some large-bodied soaring species, attaching satellite transmitters to small-bodied waterfowl (<1 kg) is not straightforward because ducks have high wing loadings and need to maintain active flapping to stay aloft. In the present paper, we detail one harness design and attachment method that enabled us to track grey teal (Anas gracilis) for up to 879 days. In addition, we detail rates of data loss, changes in data quality over time and variation in data quality from solar-powered satellite-tags deployed on ducks in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Up to 68% of all locational fixes have a nominal accuracy of less than 1 km, and satellite-tags deployed on wild birds can provide up to 22 location fixes per day and store enough energy during the day to run continuously throughout the night.
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Shomina, Natalia, and Olga Baydevlatova. "FEATURES OF PROCESSING OF WATERFOWL EGGS DURING THE INCUBATION." Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Animal Science NAAS of Ukraine, no. 124 (2020): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32900/2312-8402-2020-224-232.
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The purpose of this work was to conduct a comparative evaluation of existing disinfectants for their use in the second half of incubation for irrigation of waterfowl eggs. Methods. The study was conducted at the State Poultry Research Station of NAAS on hatching eggs of ducks and incubation wastes. Pre-incubation disinfection of eggs was carried out by irrigation with 5.0% solution of "Lasept-forte". Eggs were incubated according to standard regimes in modernized laboratory incubators ILU-F-0.3 and ILB-0.5. According to the requirements of the current standard for the technological process of incubation of duck eggs from the 13th day of incubation air cooling of eggs twice a day (morning and evening) for 10-15 minutes was carried out, and from the 20th day – a wet one. Modern disinfectants in various concentrations were used to irrigate duck eggs during incubation. Irrigation of duck eggs of the control group was performed with clean water. According to the results of research, the efficiency of irrigation of eggs with «Lasept-forte» and «Brovadez Plus» has been proved, and their optimal concentrations have been selected. It was found that the use of 0.5 % "Lasept-forte" or 0.05 % "Brovadez plus" for irrigation of duck eggs from the 20th day of incubation is desirable because it increases the results of incubation by 1.5- 2.5% due to the improvement of the sanitary condition in the incubator and the reduction of embryo death in the later stages of development. The pathological autopsy of incubation wastes showed that the category of waste "dead" (embryos that died after 25 days of incubation) was in the control group at 7.0%, in the experimental 6.0-6.5 %. At the same time, at the autopsy of the “dead” from these groups, there were signs of death from damage to eggs by microflora and fungi. In the control group, 64.3 % of deaths had such symptoms, in the first experimental group - 53.8 %, in the second experimental group - 33.3 %, which also proves the effectiveness of the means used.
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Hobson, Keith A., Robert B. Brua, William L. Hohman, and Len I. Wassenaar. "Low Frequency of “Double Molt” of Remiges in Ruddy Ducks Revealed by Stable Isotopes: Implications for Tracking Migratory Waterfowl." Auk 117, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/117.1.129.
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Abstract Ratios of the stable carbon (δ13C) and hydrogen (δD) isotopes in newly grown remiges of Ruddy Ducks (Oxyura jamaicensis) are influenced by the isotopic character of food types and ambient water. Systematic isotopic foodweb and water differences between coastal wintering grounds and prairie breeding grounds of Ruddy Ducks provide the basis for using isotopic analyses of feathers to trace the location and timing of molt. Anecdotal evidence, based largely on captive birds, suggests that Ruddy Ducks replace their remiges twice each year (once each on the breeding and wintering grounds), but a recent literature analysis indicates that this phenomenon is rare. Thus, we investigated the extent to which a biannual molt of the remiges occurs in the wild and at the population level. We analyzed the stable isotopes of carbon (n = 57 birds) and hydrogen (n = 50 birds) in flight feathers to estimate the prevalence of the so-called “double molt” of remiges in free-living Ruddy Ducks. Our data showed that natural populations of Ruddy Ducks express an overwhelming unimodal distribution of isotope ratios in their remiges, suggesting that they undergo a single molt at or near the breeding grounds. Only 3 to 6 of 50 birds from Manitoba showed isotopic evidence consistent with growing remiges on the wintering grounds. Feathers from Ruddy Ducks harvested during the fall in the Mississippi Flyway had isotopic profiles consistent with growth on northern freshwater breeding sites. Thus, our results confirm that the replacement of remiges twice each year by Ruddy Ducks is rare, and they suggest that this dual stable-isotope technique can be used to infer general molting origins of North American waterfowl.
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Bond, Jeanine C., Daniel Esler, and Keith A. Hobson. "Isotopic Evidence for Sources of Nutrients Allocated to Clutch Formation by Harlequin Ducks." Condor 109, no. 3 (August 1, 2007): 698–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/109.3.698.
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Abstract Abstract. Waterfowl employ a broad array of strategies for acquiring the energy and nutrients needed for egg formation, ranging from storage of endogenous reserves prior to arrival on breeding areas to complete reliance on exogenous food sources available at breeding sites. We used stable isotope analyses (δ13C and δ15N) to quantify the relative nutrient inputs to Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) eggs and, therefore, to identify the strategy of nutrient acquisition and allocation used by females to meet the demands of egg production. Marine-derived endogenous nutrients are isotopically more enriched than freshwater dietary nutrients for Harlequin Ducks that migrate between marine wintering grounds and terrestrial breeding grounds. There was little evidence that endogenous reserves stored on marine wintering areas were allocated to clutch formation. Therefore, Harlequin Ducks relied on food available in streams on breeding grounds for egg formation, and reserves stored on marine areas were likely used during other energetically and nutritionally demanding periods.
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Yen, Ting-Ying, Kuang-Po Li, Shan-Chia Ou, Jui-Hung Shien, and Poa-Chun Chang. "THE WHITE ROMAN GOOSE AS A HOST FOR INFECTION AND VIRAL SHEDDING OF MUSCOVY DUCK PARVOVIRUS." Taiwan Veterinary Journal 41, no. 02 (June 2015): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1682648515500079.
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Waterfowl parvoviruses are divided into two groups: the goose parvovirus (GPV) group and the Muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV) group. Previous study shows that GPV causes the disease in both geese and Muscovy ducks whereas MDPV causes the disease only in ducks but not in geese. However, the possibility remains that MDPV might cause asymptomatic infection in geese. In this study, the white Roman geese were experimentally inoculated with MDPV. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed that the geese inoculated with MDPV shed virus from cloaca from one to four weeks post-inoculation. Western blot analysis showed that these geese also produced antibodies against MDPV from three weeks post-inoculation. In addition, the presence of MDPV in field samples collected from geese was confirmed by PCR and sequencing analysis. Taken together, these results indicated that the goose is a host for infection and viral shedding of MDPV. This finding is important for the control of MDPV infection in the field.
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Rohwer, Frank C. "Inter and Intraspecific Relationships between Egg Size and Clutch Size in Waterfowl." Auk 105, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/105.1.161.
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Abstract Lack (1967, 1968a) proposed that clutch size of waterfowl and other birds with self-feeding young was limited by females' ability to produce eggs. Lack supported this egg-production hypothesis by showing a strong inverse relationship between egg size and clutch size within and among species of waterfowl. A reanalysis using updated data and more appropriate statistics failed to confirm Lack's results. Grouping all the waterfowl produced a weak (r2 = 0.13 inverse relationship between relative egg size and relative clutch size. This relationship was due mainly to a handful of ducks that nest on oceanic islands. Analyses by tribes showed that relative egg size and relative clutch size were inversely related in only 2 of the 8 major tribes of waterfowl. Finally, intraspecific analyses failed to reveal a trade-off between egg size and clutch size in Blue-winged Teal (Anas discors) and Northern Shovelers (A. clypeata). Similar intraspecific analyses for 12 other waterfowl have failed to show the predicted inverse relationship between egg size and clutch size. These results suggest that the widely accepted egg-production hypothesis may be considerably overemphasized.
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Namgail, Tsewang, John Y. Takekawa, Sivananinthaperumal Bala-Chandran, Ponnusamy Sathiyaselvam, Taej Mundkur, and Scott H. Newman. "Space use of wintering waterbirds in India: Influence of trophic ecology on home-range size." Current Zoology 60, no. 5 (October 1, 2014): 616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.5.616.
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Abstract Relationship between species’ home range and their other biological traits remains poorly understood, especially in migratory birds due to the difficulty associated with tracking them. Advances in satellite telemetry and remote sensing techniques have proved instrumental in overcoming such challenges. We studied the space use of migratory ducks through satellite telemetry with an objective of understanding the influence of body mass and feeding habits on their home-range sizes. We marked 26 individuals, representing five species of migratory ducks, with satellite transmitters during two consecutive winters in three Indian states. We used kernel methods to estimate home ranges and core use areas of these waterfowl, and assessed the influence of body mass and feeding habits on home-range size. Feeding habits influenced the home-range size of the migratory ducks. Carnivorous ducks had the largest home ranges, herbivorous ducks the smallest, while omnivorous species had intermediate home-ranges. Body mass did not explain variation in home-range size. To our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind on migratory ducks, and it has important implications for their conservation and management.
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Mazurkevych, T. A., and V. T. Khomych. "Особливості локалізації лімфоїдної тканини в імунних утвореннях стінки кишечнику, дивертикулі меккеля і сліпокишкових дивертикулах качок." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 19, no. 82 (November 9, 2017): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8207.
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Mucous associated lymphoid tissue has a special place in the immune system, forming the first protective barrier against antigens that enter the body with food and air. In birds 70% of lymphoid tissue that forms the parenchyma of peripheral immune organs localized in the mucosa of tubular digestive organs. Recently, in the literature there have been reports that lymphoid tissue in tubular digestive organs of waterfowl (geese, musk ducks) can not be localized only in the mucosa, but also in muscularis. In this context, the aim of the study was to determine the features of lymphoid tissue localization in immune formations (Peyer’s patches) of the intestine wall of ducks, Meckel diverticulum and apical diverticula in postnatal period ontogenesis. Established that lymphoid tissue in Peyer’s patches of duck intestine, Meckel’s diverticulum and apical diverticula located in the mucosa and muscularis of the wall. From the one-day age of duck, the lymphoid tissue is found in the mucosa of all investigated structures and in the muscularis of the apical diverticula, and in the muscularis of Peyer’s patches of the intestine and the Meckel’s diverticulum – from 10–20-days of age.The complete morphofunctional maturity of the lymphoid tissue of mucosa Peyer's patches of intestine is reached in the 15 days-age of duck, the lymphoid tissue of the mucosa of the Meckel diverticulum – in 20-day age, and in the apical diverticula – in 10-day age. The complete morphofunctional maturity of the lymphoid tissue of muscularis Peyer's patches of intestine is reached in the 15–25 days-age of duck, the lymphoid tissue of the muscularis of the Meckel diverticulum – in 25-day age, and in the apical diverticula – in 10-day age.Area of lymphoid tissue in the mucosa of duodenal and ileum Peyer’s patches increased to 210-day-old ducks and jejunum – to 150-day-old age. Lymphoid tissue occupies the largest area in 150-day ducks in the muscularis of these structures. Area of lymphoid tissue in the mucosa of cecal Peyer’s patches increased to 90-day-old ducks, and in the muscularis – to 240-day-old age.Lymphoid tissue in the mucosa of Meckel’s diverticulum takes up the largest area in 20-day-old ducks, in apical diverticula – in 180-day-old. In the muscularis of these structures, lymphoid tissue occupies the largest area in 150-day ducks.
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Huang, Yanyan, Michelle Wille, Ashley Dobbin, Gregory J. Robertson, Pierre Ryan, Davor Ojkic, Hugh Whitney, and Andrew S. Lang. "A 4-year study of avian influenza virus prevalence and subtype diversity in ducks of Newfoundland, Canada." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 59, no. 10 (October 2013): 701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2013-0507.
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The island of Newfoundland, Canada, is at the eastern edge of North America and has migratory bird connections with the continental mainland as well as across the North Atlantic Ocean. Here, we report a 4-year avian influenza virus (AIV) epidemiological study in ducks in the St. John’s region of Newfoundland. The overall prevalence of AIV detection in ducks during this study was 7.2%, with American Black Ducks contributing the vast majority of the collected samples and the AIV positives. The juvenile ducks showed a significantly higher AIV detection rate (10.6%) compared with adults (3.4%). Seasonally, AIV prevalence rates were higher in the autumn (8.4%), but positives were still detected in the winter (4.6%). Preliminary serology tests showed a high incidence of previous AIV infection (20/38, 52.6%). A total of 43 viruses were characterized for their HA–NA or HA subtypes, which revealed a large diversity of AIV subtypes and little recurrence of subtypes from year to year. Investigation of the movement patterns of ducks in this region showed that it is a largely non-migratory duck population, which may contribute to the observed pattern of high AIV subtype turnover. Phylogenetic analysis of 4 H1N1 and one H5N4 AIVs showed these viruses were highly similar to other low pathogenic AIV sequences from waterfowl in North America and assigned all gene segments into American-avian clades. Notably, the H1N1 viruses, which were identified in consecutive years, possessed homologous genomes. Such detection of homologous AIV genomes across years is rare, but indicates the role of the environmental reservoir in viral perpetuation.