Journal articles: 'Duckweeds'

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Kaur, Leela, and Nupur Kanwar. "Duckweed: a model for phytoremediation technology." Holistic approach to environment 12, no. 1 (December 14, 2021): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33765/thate.12.1.4.

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The Lemnaceae or duckweed family comprises 37 species of smallest and simplest flowering plants. Duckweeds have a fast growth rate, can survive under a wide range of temperature and pH conditions and are easy to maintain and harvest which makes them an excellent candidate for bioremediation of wastewaters. The main objective of the present review is to extend an appreciation for the potential of living and non-living biomass of duckweed in remediating waters contaminated with heavy metals. Along with showing the detailed mechanism of phytoremediation by duckweed, the paper also discusses the enhancement of duckweed phytoremediation by the integration of transgenic technology. Furthermore, the paper explores other applications of duckweed specifically as fuel, animal feed, in human nutrition, in medicine and as a life support system. Apart from this, various disposal mechanisms for harvested duckweed have been analysed. Current understanding of removal efficiencies of several contaminants by employing duckweed is limited mainly to laboratory experiments. More concentrated and persistent efforts to develop efficient approaches for the genetic transformation of duckweeds can expand the development and utilization of duckweeds.

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Pagliuso, Débora, Adriana Grandis, Janaina Silva Fortirer, Plinio Camargo, Eny Iochevet Segal Floh, and Marcos Silveira Buckeridge. "Duckweeds as Promising Food Feedstocks Globally." Agronomy 12, no. 4 (March 26, 2022): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040796.

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Duckweeds are the smallest flowering plants on Earth. They grow fast on water’s surface and produce large amounts of biomass. Further, duckweeds display high adaptability, and species are found around the globe growing under different environmental conditions. In this work, we report the composition of 21 ecotypes of fourteen species of duckweeds belonging to the two subfamilies of the group (Lemnoideae and Wolffioideae). It is reported the presence of starch and the composition of soluble sugars, cell walls, amino acids, phenolics, and tannins. These data were combined with literature data recovered from 85 publications to produce a compiled analysis that affords the examination of duckweeds as possible food sources for human consumption. We compare duckweeds compositions with some of the most common food sources and conclude that duckweed, which is already in use as food in Asia, can be an interesting food source anywhere in the world.

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Bunyoo, Chakrit, Peerapat Roongsattham, Sirikorn Khumwan, Juthaporn Phonmakham, Passorn Wonnapinij, and Arinthip Thamchaipenet. "Dynamic Alteration of Microbial Communities of Duckweeds from Nature to Nutrient-Deficient Condition." Plants 11, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 2915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11212915.

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Duckweeds live with complex assemblages of microbes as holobionts that play an important role in duckweed growth and phytoremediation ability. In this study, the structure and diversity of duckweed-associated bacteria (DAB) among four duckweed subtypes under natural and nutrient-deficient conditions were investigated using V3-V4 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. High throughput sequencing analysis indicated that phylum Proteobacteria was predominant in across duckweed samples. A total of 24 microbial genera were identified as a core microbiome that presented in high abundance with consistent proportions across all duckweed subtypes. The most abundant microbes belonged to the genus Rhodobacter, followed by other common DAB, including Acinetobacter, Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium, and Pseudomonas. After nutrient-deficient stress, diversity of microbial communities was significantly deceased. However, the relative abundance of Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium, Pelomonas, Roseateles and Novosphingobium were significantly enhanced in stressed duckweeds. Functional prediction of the metagenome data displayed the relative abundance of essential pathways involved in DAB colonization, such as bacterial motility and biofilm formation, as well as biodegradable ability, such as benzoate degradation and nitrogen metabolism, were significantly enriched under stress condition. The findings improve the understanding of the complexity of duckweed microbiomes and facilitate the establishment of a stable microbiome used for co-cultivation with duckweeds for enhancement of biomass and phytoremediation under environmental stress.

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Yoneda, Yasuko, Kyosuke Yamamoto, Ayaka Makino, Yasuhiro Tanaka, Xian-Ying Meng, Junko Hashimoto, Kazuo Shin-ya, et al. "Novel Plant-Associated Acidobacteria Promotes Growth of Common Floating Aquatic Plants, Duckweeds." Microorganisms 9, no. 6 (May 24, 2021): 1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061133.

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Duckweeds are small, fast growing, and starch- and protein-rich aquatic plants expected to be a next generation energy crop and an excellent biomaterial for phytoremediation. Despite such an importance, very little is known about duckweed–microbe interactions that would be a key biological factor for efficient industrial utilization of duckweeds. Here we first report the duckweed growth promoting ability of bacterial strains belonging to the phylum Acidobacteria, the members of which are known to inhabit soils and terrestrial plants, but their ecological roles and plant–microbe interactions remain largely unclear. Two novel Acidobacteria strains, F-183 and TBR-22, were successfully isolated from wild duckweeds and phylogenetically affiliated with subdivision 3 and 6 of the phylum, respectively, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. In the co-culture experiments with aseptic host plants, the F-183 and TBR-22 strains visibly enhanced growth (frond number) of six duckweed species (subfamily Lemnoideae) up to 1.8–5.1 times and 1.6–3.9 times, respectively, compared with uninoculated controls. Intriguingly, both strains also increased the chlorophyll content of the duckweed (Lemna aequinoctialis) up to 2.4–2.5 times. Under SEM observation, the F-183 and TBR-22 strains were epiphytic and attached to the surface of duckweed. Taken together, our findings suggest that indigenous plant associated Acidobacteria contribute to a healthy growth of their host aquatic plants.

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Friedjung Yosef, Avital, Lusine Ghazaryan, Linda Klamann, Katherine Sarah Kaufman, Capucine Baubin, Ben Poodiack, Noya Ran, et al. "Diversity and Differentiation of Duckweed Species from Israel." Plants 11, no. 23 (December 1, 2022): 3326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11233326.

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Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) are tiny plants that float on aquatic surfaces and are typically isolated from temperate and equatorial regions. Yet, duckweed diversity in Mediterranean and arid regions has been seldom explored. To address this gap in knowledge, we surveyed duckweed diversity in Israel, an ecological junction between Mediterranean and arid climates. We searched for duckweeds in the north and center of Israel on the surface of streams, ponds and waterholes. We collected and isolated 27 duckweeds and characterized their morphology, molecular barcodes (atpF-atpH and psbK-psbI) and biochemical features (protein content and fatty acids composition). Six species were identified—Lemna minor, L. gibba and Wolffia arrhiza dominated the duckweed populations, and together with past sightings, are suggested to be native to Israel. The fatty acid profiles and protein content further suggest that diverged functions have attributed to different haplotypes among the identified species. Spirodela polyrhiza, W. globosa and L. minuta were also identified but were rarer. S. polyrhiza was previously reported in our region, thus, its current low abundance should be revisited. However, L. minuta and W. globosa are native to America and Far East Asia, respectively, and are invasive in Europe. We hypothesize that they may be invasive species to our region as well, carried by migratory birds that disperse them through their migration routes. This study indicates that the duckweed population in Israel’s aquatic environments consists of both native and transient species.

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Аrystarkhova, Е. "Prospects using plants of genus Lemna in biomonitoring and phytoremediation of hydro-ecosystems." Agroecological journal, no. 4 (December 17, 2016): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.4.2016.271280.

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Duckweeds Lemna minor L., L. gibba L., L. trisulca L., Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Horkel ex Wimmer, Spirodela polyrrhjza (L.) Schleid are monocotyledonous aquatic plants having ability to rapid vegetative reproduction to form genetically uniform clones. They have a good perspective as herbs and feed crops. The plants of Lemna genus is a model plant suitable for investigation into medical and ecological biotechnology, plant physiology, biochemistry and ecotoxicology. Depending on the type of the experiment, duckweed is cultivated on different nutrient media under various chamber conditions. Duckweeds play an important role in water formation by taking and processing various matters and intensifying water purification from heavy metals and oily waste due to the presence of oil-oxidation bacteria. Almost all duckweeds are very convenient for ecobiotechnological research because of their firmness. The date from the literature sources were analysed according to peculiarities of water plants of the Lemna genus and their ability to lower maintenance of chemical compounds and ingredients in water solutions with the purpose of intensification of cleaning process of wastewaters is represented. Hence duckweeds can be used in biomonitoring and remediation as model system for the study of water pollutants and an alternative choice for the study of some toxic chemicals present in the pollutants. The necessity of biomonitoring and phytoremediation research of waters from the surface sources of water supply using duckweeds is justified.

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Edelman, Marvin, Klaus-Juergen Appenroth, K. Sowjanya Sree, and Tokitaka Oyama. "Ethnobotanical History: Duckweeds in Different Civilizations." Plants 11, no. 16 (August 15, 2022): 2124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11162124.

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This presentation examines the history of duckweeds in Chinese, Christian, Greek, Hebrew, Hindu, Japanese, Maya, Muslim, and Roman cultures and details the usage of these diminutive freshwater plants from ancient times through the Middle Ages. We find that duckweeds were widely distributed geographically already in antiquity and were integrated in classical cultures in the Americas, Europe, the Near East, and the Far East 2000 years ago. In ancient medicinal sources, duckweeds are encountered in procedures, concoctions, and incantations involving the reduction of high fever. In this regard, we discuss a potential case of ethnobotanical convergence between the Chinese Han and Classical Maya cultures. Duckweeds played a part in several ancient rituals. In one, the unsuitability of its roots to serve as a wick for Sabbath oil lamps. In another reference to its early use as human food during penitence. In a third, a prominent ingredient in a medicinal incantation, and in a fourth, as a crucial element in ritual body purifications. Unexpectedly, it emerged that in several ancient cultures, the floating duckweed plant featured prominently in the vernacular and religious poetry of the day.

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Toyama, T., M. Kuroda, Y. Ogata, Y. Hachiya, A. Quach, K. Tokura, Y. Tanaka, K. Mori, M. Morikawa, and M. Ike. "Enhanced biomass production of duckweeds by inoculating a plant growth-promoting bacterium, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus P23, in sterile medium and non-sterile environmental waters." Water Science and Technology 76, no. 6 (June 5, 2017): 1418–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.296.

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Duckweed offers the promise of a co-benefit culture combining water purification with biomass production. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus P23 is a plant growth-promoting bacterium isolated from a duckweed, Lemna aequinoctialis. This study quantified its growth-promoting effect on three duckweeds (L. aoukikusa, L. minor, and Spirodela polyrhiza) in sterile Hoagland solution and evaluated its usefulness in duckweed culture under non-sterile conditions. P23 promoted growth of three duckweeds in sterile Hoagland solution at low to high nutrient concentrations (1.25–10 mg NO3-N/L and 0.25–2.0 mg PO4-P/L). It increased the biomass production of L. aequinoctialis 3.8–4.3-fold, of L. minor 2.3–3.3-fold, and of S. polyrhiza 1.4–1.5-fold after 7 days compared with noninoculated controls. P23 also increased the biomass production of L. minor 2.4-fold in pond water and 1.7-fold in secondary effluent of a sewage treatment plant under non-sterile conditions at laboratory-scale experiments. P23 rescued L. minor from growth inhibition caused by microorganisms indigenous to the pond water. The results demonstrate that the use of P23 in duckweed culture can improve the efficiency of duckweed biomass production, and a positive effect of P23 on duckweed-based wastewater treatment can be assumed.

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Chen, Guimin, Anton Stepanenko, Olha Lakhneko, Yuzhen Zhou, Olena Kishchenko, Anton Peterson, Dandan Cui, et al. "Biodiversity of Duckweed (Lemnaceae) in Water Reservoirs of Ukraine and China Assessed by Chloroplast DNA Barcoding." Plants 11, no. 11 (May 30, 2022): 1468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11111468.

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Monitoring and characterizing species biodiversity is essential for germplasm preservation, academic studies, and various practical applications. Duckweeds represent a group of tiny aquatic plants that include 36 species divided into 5 genera within the Lemnaceae family. They are an important part of aquatic ecosystems worldwide, often covering large portions of the water reservoirs they inhabit, and have many potential applications, including in bioremediation, biofuels, and biomanufacturing. Here, we evaluated the biodiversity of duckweeds in Ukraine and Eastern China by characterizing specimens using the two-barcode protocol with the chloroplast atpH–atpF and psbK–psbI spacer sequences. In total, 69 Chinese and Ukrainian duckweed specimens were sequenced. The sequences were compared against sequences in the NCBI database using BLAST. We identified six species from China (Spirodela polyrhiza, Landoltia punctata, Lemna aequinoctialis, Lemna minor, Lemna turionifera, and Wolffia globosa) and six from Ukraine (S. polyrhiza, Lemna gibba, Lemna minor, Lemna trisulca, Lemna turionifera, and Wolffia arrhiza). The most common duckweed species in the samples from Ukraine were Le. minor and S. polyrhiza, accounting for 17 and 15 out of 40 specimens, respectively. The most common duckweed species in the samples from China was S. polyrhiza, accounting for 15 out of 29 specimens. La. punctata and Le. aequinoctialis were also common in China, accounting for five and four specimens, respectively. According to both atpH–atpF and psbK–psbI barcode analyses, the species identified as Le. aequinoctialis does not form a uniform taxon similar to other duckweed species, and therefore the phylogenetic status of this species requires further clarification. By monitoring duckweeds using chloroplast DNA sequencing, we not only precisely identified local species and ecotypes, but also provided background for further exploration of native varieties with diverse genetic backgrounds. These data could be useful for future conservation, breeding, and biotechnological applications.

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Coughlan, Neil E., Éamonn Walsh, Roger Ahern, Gavin Burnell, Rachel O’Mahoney, Holger Kuehnhold, and Marcel A. K. Jansen. "Flow Rate and Water Depth Alters Biomass Production and Phytoremediation Capacity of Lemna minor." Plants 11, no. 16 (August 21, 2022): 2170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11162170.

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Given its high biomass production, phytoremediation capacity and suitability as a feedstock for animal and human nutrition, duckweeds are valuable multipurpose plants that can underpin circular economy applications. In recent years, the use of duckweeds to mitigate environmental pollution and valorise wastewaters through the removal of excess nitrogen and phosphate from wastewaters has gained considerable scientific attention. However, quantitative data on optimisation of duckweed performance in phytoremediation systems remain scant. In particular, a mechanistical understanding of how physical flows affect duckweed growth and remediation capacity within vertical indoor multi-tiered bioreactors is unknown. Here, effects of flow rate (0.5, 1.5 or 3.0 L min−1) and medium depth (25 mm or 50 mm) on Lemna minor biomass production and phytoremediation capacity were investigated. Results show that flow rates and water depths significantly affect both parameters. L. minor grew best at 1.5 L min−1 maintained at 50 mm, corresponding to a flow velocity of 0.0012 m s−1. The data are interpreted to mean that flow velocities should be low enough not to physically disturb duckweed but still allow for adequate nutrient mixing. The data presented will considerably advance the optimisation of large-scale indoor (multi-tiered, stacked), as well as outdoor (pond, lagoon, canal), duckweed-based remediation of high nutrient wastewaters.

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Radulović, Olga, Slaviša Stanković, Olja Stanojević, Zoran Vujčić, Biljana Dojnov, Milana Trifunović-Momčilov, and Marija Marković. "Antioxidative Responses of Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) to Phenol and Rhizosphere-Associated Bacterial Strain Hafnia paralvei C32-106/3." Antioxidants 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2021): 1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111719.

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Duckweed (L. minor) is a cosmopolitan aquatic plant of simplified morphology and rapid vegetative reproduction. In this study, an H. paralvei bacterial strain and its influence on the antioxidative response of the duckweeds to phenol, a recalcitrant environmental pollutant, were investigated. Sterile duckweed cultures were inoculated with H. paralvei in vitro and cultivated in the presence or absence of phenol (500 mg L−1), in order to investigate bacterial effects on plant oxidative stress during 5 days. Total soluble proteins, guaiacol peroxidase expression, concentration of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde as well as the total ascorbic acid of the plants were monitored. Moreover, bacterial production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was measured in order to investigate H. paralvei’s influence on plant growth. In general, the addition of phenol elevated all biochemical parameters in L. minor except AsA and total soluble proteins. Phenol as well as bacteria influenced the expression of guaiacol peroxidase. Different isoforms were associated with phenol compared to isoforms expressed in phenol-free medium. Considering that duckweeds showed increased antioxidative parameters in the presence of phenol, it can be assumed that the measured parameters might be involved in the plant’s defense system. H. paralvei is an IAA producer and its presence in the rhizosphere of duckweeds decreased the oxidative stress of the plants, which can be taken as evidence that this bacterial strain acts protectively on the plants during phenol exposure.

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Pakdee, Orathai, Shomo Tshering, Prayad Pokethitiyook, and Metha Meetam. "Examination of the Metallothionein Gene Family in Greater Duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza." Plants 12, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12010125.

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Duckweeds are aquatic plants that proliferate rapidly in a wide range of freshwaters, and they are regarded as a potential source of sustainable biomass for various applications and the cost-effective bioremediation of heavy metal pollutants. To understand the cellular and molecular basis that underlies the high metal tolerance and accumulation capacity of duckweeds, we examined the forms and transcript profiles of the metallothionein (MT) gene family in the model duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza, whose genome has been completely sequenced. Four S. polyrhiza MT-like genes were identified and annotated as SpMT2a, SpMT2b, SpMT3, and SpMT4. All except SpMT2b showed high sequence homology including the conserved cysteine residues with the previously described MTs from flowering plants. The S. polyrhiza genome appears to lack the root-specific Type 1 MT. The transcripts of SpMT2a, SpMT2b, and SpMT3 could be detected in the vegetative whole-plant tissues. The transcript abundance of SpMT2a was upregulated several-fold in response to cadmium stress, and the heterologous expression of SpMT2a conferred copper and cadmium tolerance to the metal-sensitive ∆cup1 strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Based on these results, we proposed that SpMT2a may play an important role in the metal detoxification mechanism of duckweed.

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De Cesare, Fabrizio, Fabrizio Pietrini, Massimo Zacchini, Giuseppe Scarascia Mugnozza, and Antonella Macagnano. "Catechol-Loading Nanofibrous Membranes for Eco-Friendly Iron Nutrition of Plants." Nanomaterials 9, no. 9 (September 14, 2019): 1315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9091315.

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Modern agriculture requires more efficient and low-impact products and formulations than traditional agrochemicals to improve crop yields. Iron is a micronutrient essential for plant growth and photosynthesis, but it is mostly present in insoluble forms in ecosystems so that it is often limiting for plants. This study was aimed at combining natural strategies and biodegradable nanostructured materials to create environmentally friendly and low-toxic bioactive products capable of both supplying iron to Fe-deficient plants and reducing the impact of agricultural products on the environment. Consequently, free-standing electrospun nanofibrous polycaprolactone/polyhydroxybutyrate thin membranes loaded with catechol (CL-NMs) as an iron-chelating natural agent (at two concentrations) were fabricated on purpose to mobilize Fe from insoluble forms and transfer it to duckweed (Lemna minor L.) plants. The effectiveness of CL-NMs in providing iron to Fe-deficient plants, upon catechol release, tested in duckweeds grown for 4 days under controlled hydroponic conditions, displayed temporal variations in both photosynthetic efficiency and biometric parameters measured by chlorophyll fluorescence and growth imaging. Duckweeds supplied with CL-NMs hosting higher catechol concentrations recovered most of the physiological and growth performances previously impaired by Fe limitation. The absence of short-term toxicity of these materials on duckweeds also proved the low impact on ecosystems of these products.

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Fu, Ding, Sun, and Zhang. "Physiological and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Distorted Ion Homeostasis and Responses in the Freshwater Plant Spirodela polyrhiza L. under Salt Stress." Genes 10, no. 10 (September 24, 2019): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10100743.

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Duckweeds are a family of freshwater angiosperms with morphology reduced to fronds and propagation by vegetative budding. Unlike other angiosperm plants such as Arabidopsis and rice that have physical barriers between their photosynthetic organs and soils, the photosynthetic organs of duckweeds face directly to their nutrient suppliers (waters), therefore, their responses to salinity may be distinct. In this research, we found that the duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza L. accumulated high content of sodium and reduced potassium and calcium contents in large amounts under salt stress. Fresh weight, Rubisco and AGPase activities, and starch content were significantly decreaseded in the first day but recovered gradually in the following days and accumulated more starch than control from Day 3 to Day 5 when treated with 100 mM and 150 mM NaCl. A total of 2156 differentially expressed genes were identified. Overall, the genes related to ethylene metabolism, major CHO degradation, lipid degradation, N-metabolism, secondary metabolism of flavonoids, and abiotic stress were significantly increased, while those involved in cell cycle and organization, cell wall, mitochondrial electron transport of ATP synthesis, light reaction of photosynthesis, auxin metabolism, and tetrapyrrole synthesis were greatly inhibited. Moreover, salt stress also significantly influenced the expression of transcription factors that are mainly involved in abiotic stress and cell differentiation. However, most of the osmosensing calcium antiporters (OSCA) and the potassium inward channels were downregulated, Na+/H+ antiporters (SOS1 and NHX) and a Na+/Ca2+ exchanger were slightly upregulated, but most of them did not respond significantly to salt stress. These results indicated that the ion homeostasis was strongly disturbed. Finally, the shared and distinct regulatory networks of salt stress responses between duckweeds and other plants were intensively discussed. Taken together, these findings provide novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of salt stress response in duckweeds, and can be served as a useful foundation for salt tolerance improvement of duckweeds for the application in salinity conditions.

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Tippery, Nicholas P., Donald H. Les, Klaus J. Appenroth, K. Sowjanya Sree, Daniel J. Crawford, and Manuela Bog. "Lemnaceae and Orontiaceae Are Phylogenetically and Morphologically Distinct from Araceae." Plants 10, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 2639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10122639.

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Duckweeds comprise a distinctive clade of pleustophytic monocots that traditionally has been classified as the family Lemnaceae. However, molecular evidence has called into question their phylogenetic independence, with some authors asserting instead that duckweeds should be reclassified as subfamily Lemnoideae of an expanded family Araceae. Although a close phylogenetic relationship of duckweeds with traditional Araceae has been supported by multiple studies, the taxonomic disposition of duckweeds must be evaluated more critically to promote nomenclatural stability and utility. Subsuming duckweeds as a morphologically incongruent lineage of Araceae effectively eliminates the family category of Lemnaceae that has been widely used for many years. Instead, we suggest that Araceae subfamily Orontioideae should be restored to family status as Orontiaceae, which thereby would enable the recognition of three morphologically and phylogenetically distinct lineages: Araceae, Lemnaceae, and Orontiaceae.

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Hoang, Phuong T. N., Jörg Fuchs, Veit Schubert, Tram B. N. Tran, and Ingo Schubert. "Chromosome Numbers and Genome Sizes of All 36 Duckweed Species (Lemnaceae)." Plants 11, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 2674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11202674.

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Usually, chromosome sets (karyotypes) and genome sizes are rather stable for distinct species and therefore of diagnostic value for taxonomy. In combination with (cyto)genomics, both features provide essential cues for genome evolution and phylogenetic relationship studies within and between taxa above the species level. We present for the first time a survey on chromosome counts and genome size measurement for one or more accessions from all 36 duckweed species and discuss the evolutionary impact and peculiarities of both parameters in duckweeds.

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Zhang, Xiaolong, Hongyan Chen, Dawei Wu, Wei Gu, Xiao Sun, Jian Chen, and Qinan Wu. "Determination of Free Amino Acids in Three Species of Duckweed (Lemnaceae)." Journal of Food Quality 2018 (December 5, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7673652.

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In this study, a fast, simple, precise, and sensitive hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) method was established for simultaneous determination of free amino acids in three different varieties of duckweed including Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid., Landoltia punctata (G. Mey.) Les & D. J. Crawford, and Lemna aequinoctialis Welwitsch by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Method validation was processed in terms of linearity, precision, stability, repeatability, and accuracy as well as limits of detection and quantification. The developed method was applied for quantification of 59 batches of samples. Then chemometric analysis was used to evaluate different duckweeds by principle component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The results demonstrated that there was no significant difference in FAAs’ profile among three varieties of duckweed.

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Matošević, Damir, Davor Kralik, Irena Rapčan, and Daria Jovičić. "The influence of digestate concentration during cultivation on the quality of biogas obtained from the anaerobic digestion of duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza)." Poljoprivreda 25, no. 2 (December 12, 2019): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18047/poljo.25.2.10.

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Duckweed is a widespread type of tiny free-floating plants of the flowering class. A typical representative of the family of the cowhide (Lemnaceae) is a large duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) and it is very common on Croatian inland waters. Like all other species of duckweeds, it is characterized by the possibility of vegetative and sexual reproduction and very rapid growth. It has the ability to remove nitrogen, phosphorus and some heavy metals from the substrate and is considered a very desirable raw material for biogas production for several reasons. The necessity of reducing environmental pollution of nitrates from agricultural production and the ability to grow water lenses under eutrophic conditions have sparked this research. The primary objective of the study is to determine the possibilities of continuously growing large duckweed at different concentrations of digestates for the purpose of biogas production. The secondary goal is to determine the dependence between the different digestate concentrations used for the duckweed green mass production and the quantity and quality of the biogas obtained through the anaerobic digestion process at thermophilic conditions.

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Hoang, Phuong T. N., Jean-Marie Rouillard, Jiří Macas, Ivona Kubalová, Veit Schubert, and Ingo Schubert. "Limitation of current probe design for oligo-cross-FISH, exemplified by chromosome evolution studies in duckweeds." Chromosoma 130, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00412-020-00749-2.

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AbstractDuckweeds represent a small, free-floating aquatic family (Lemnaceae) of the monocot order Alismatales with the fastest growth rate among flowering plants. They comprise five genera (Spirodela, Landoltia, Lemna, Wolffiella, and Wolffia) varying in genome size and chromosome number. Spirodela polyrhiza had the first sequenced duckweed genome. Cytogenetic maps are available for both species of the genus Spirodela (S. polyrhiza and S. intermedia). However, elucidation of chromosome homeology and evolutionary chromosome rearrangements by cross-FISH using Spirodela BAC probes to species of other duckweed genera has not been successful so far. We investigated the potential of chromosome-specific oligo-FISH probes to address these topics. We designed oligo-FISH probes specific for one S. intermedia and one S. polyrhiza chromosome (Fig. 1a). Our results show that these oligo-probes cross-hybridize with the homeologous regions of the other congeneric species, but are not suitable to uncover chromosomal homeology across duckweeds genera. This is most likely due to too low sequence similarity between the investigated genera and/or too low probe density on the target genomes. Finally, we suggest genus-specific design of oligo-probes to elucidate chromosome evolution across duckweed genera.

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Gerardo, Romeu, and Isabel P. de Lima. "Monitoring Duckweeds (Lemna minor) in Small Rivers Using Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery: Application of Vegetation and Water Indices to the Lis River (Portugal)." Water 14, no. 15 (July 22, 2022): 2284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14152284.

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Duckweed species, particularly Lemna minor, are widely found in freshwaters all over the world. This macrophyte provides multiple ecosystems’ functions and services, but its excessive proliferation can have negative environmental impacts (including ecological and socio-economic impacts). This work explores the use of remote sensing tools for mapping the dynamics of Lemna minor in open watercourses, which could contribute to identifying suitable monitoring programs and integrated management practices. The study focuses on a selected section of the Lis River (Portugal), a small river that is often affected by water pollution. The study approach uses spatiotemporal multispectral data from the Sentinel-2 satellite and from 2021 and investigates the potential of remote sensing-based vegetation and water indices (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI), Normalized Difference Aquatic Vegetation Index (NDAVI), Green Red Vegetation Index (GRVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)) for detecting duckweeds’ infestation and its severity. The NDAVI was identified as the vegetation index (VI) that better depicted the presence of duckweeds in the surface of the water course; however, results obtained for the other VIs are also encouraging, with NDVI showing a response that is very similar to NDAVI. Results are promising regarding the ability of remote sensing products to provide insight into the behavior of Lemna minor and to identify problematic sections along small watercourses.

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Garcia, Daiane Cristina de Oliveira, Liliane Lazzari Albertin, and Tsunao Matsumoto. "Use of a duckweed pond for the domestic wastewater polishing in Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 28, no. 4 (June 12, 2017): 477–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-07-2015-0138.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency of a duckweed pond in the polishing of a stabilization pond effluent, as well as quantify its biomass production. Once an adequate destination is given to the produced biomass, the wastewater treatment plant can work in a sustainable and integrated way. Design/methodology/approach The duckweed pond consisted of a tank with volume 0.44 m3, operating in continuous flow with an outflow of 0.12 m3/day and hydraulic retention time of 3.8 days. Effluent samples were collected before and after the treatment, with analyzes made: daily-pH, dissolved oxygen and temperature; twice a week – total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and chemical oxygen demand (COD); and weekly – total solids (TS) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5). The duckweeds were collected each for seven days for its production quantification. Findings The highest efficiency of TN, TP, COD, BOD5 and TS removal were of 74.67, 66.18, 88.12, 91.14 and 48.9 percent, respectively. The highest biomass production rate was 10.33 g/m2/day in dry mass. Research limitations/implications There was great variation in biomass production, which may be related to the stabilization pond effluent conditions. The evaluation of the effluent composition, which will be treated with duckweeds, is recommended. Practical implications The evaluated treatment system obtained positive results for the reduction in the analyzed variables concentration, being an efficient technology and with operational simplicity for the domestic effluent polishing. Originality/value The motivation of this work was to bring a simple system of treatment and to give value to a domestic wastewater treatment system in a way that, at the same time the effluent polluter level is reduced and it is also possible to produce biomass during the treatment process.

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Jha, Sasinath, and Bindu Pokharel (Bhattarai). "Duckweed: The hidden treasure." Nepalese Journal of Biosciences 5, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njbs.v5i1.41719.

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In recent years, the tiny aquatic angiospermic plants ‘duckweeds’ have become prominent because they provide high protein animal feed, organic fertilizer, bio-fuel; control mosquitoes; and, have great applicability in wastewater purification, toxicity testing, and in basic research and evolutionary model system. In the aforesaid context, this presentation deals in brief with general characteristics, distribution, environmental requirements, aquaculture, and some uses of duckweeds.

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Feng, Bo, Yang Fang, Zhibin Xu, Chao Xiang, Chunhong Zhou, Fei Jiang, Tao Wang, and Hai Zhao. "Development of a New Marker System for Identification ofSpirodela polyrhizaandLandoltia punctata." International Journal of Genomics 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5196763.

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Lemnaceae (commonly called duckweed) is an aquatic plant ideal for quantitative analysis in plant sciences. Several species of this family represent the smallest and fastest growing flowering plants. Different ecotypes of the same species vary in their biochemical and physiological properties. Thus, selecting of desirable ecotypes of a species is very important. Here, we developed a simple and rapid molecular identification system forSpirodela polyrhizaandLandoltia punctatabased on the sequence polymorphism. First, several pairs of primers were designed and three markers were selected as good for identification. After PCR amplification, DNA fragments (the combination of three PCR products) in different duckweeds were detected using capillary electrophoresis. The high-resolution capillary electrophoresis displayed high identity to the sequencing results. The combination of the PCR products containing several DNA fragments highly improved the identification frequency. These results indicate that this method is not only good for interspecies identification but also ideal for intraspecies distinguishing. Meanwhile, 11 haplotypes were found in both theS. polyrhizaandL. punctataecotypes. The results suggest that this marker system is useful for large-scale identification of duckweed and for the screening of desirable ecotypes to improve the diverse usage in duckweed utilization.

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Pagliuso, Débora, Carmen Eusebia Palacios Jara, Adriana Grandis, Eric Lam, Marcelo José Pena Ferreira, and Marcos Silveira Buckeridge. "Flavonoids from duckweeds: potential applications in the human diet." RSC Advances 10, no. 73 (2020): 44981–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra06741e.

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Petersen, Finn, Johannes Demann, Dina Restemeyer, Hans-Werner Olfs, Heiner Westendarp, Klaus-Juergen Appenroth, and Andreas Ulbrich. "Influence of Light Intensity and Spectrum on Duckweed Growth and Proteins in a Small-Scale, Re-Circulating Indoor Vertical Farm." Plants 11, no. 8 (April 7, 2022): 1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11081010.

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Duckweeds can be potentially used in human and animal nutrition, biotechnology or wastewater treatment. To cultivate large quantities of a defined product quality, a standardized production process is needed. A small-scale, re-circulating indoor vertical farm (IVF) with artificial lighting and a nutrient control and dosing system was used for this purpose. The influence of different light intensities (50, 100 and 150 µmol m−2 s−1) and spectral distributions (red/blue ratios: 70/30, 50/50 and 30/70%) on relative growth rate (RGR), crude protein content (CPC), relative protein yield (RPY) and chlorophyll a of the duckweed species Lemna minor and Wolffiella hyalina were investigated. Increasing light intensity increased RGR (by 67% and 76%) and RPY (by 50% and 89%) and decreased chlorophyll a (by 27% and 32%) for L. minor and W. hyalina, respectively. The spectral distributions had no significant impact on any investigated parameter. Wolffiella hyalina achieved higher values in all investigated parameters compared to L. minor. This investigation proved the successful cultivation of duckweed in a small-scale, re-circulating IVF with artificial lighting.

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Al-Dakhil, Mohammed, Salem Alghamdi, Hussein Migdadi, Muhammad Afzal, and Ahmed Abdelrahim Ali. "Morphological Characterization and DNA Barcoding of Duckweed Species in Saudi Arabia." Plants 10, no. 11 (November 12, 2021): 2438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112438.

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Duckweeds, or Lemnaceae, are widespread aquatic plants. Morphology-based identification of duckweed species is difficult because of their structural complexity. Hence, molecular tools provide significant advantages for characterizing and selecting species or clones for sustainable commercial use. In this study, we collected and characterized ten duckweed isolates from nine different regions in Saudi Arabia (SA). Based on the morphological characterization and phylogenetic analysis of intergenic spacer sequences of chloroplast DNA using six barcoding markers, the clones were classified into three genera, represented by seven species: Lemna gibba L., Lemna minor L., Lemna japonica Landolt, Lemna aequinoctialis Welw., Lemna perpusilla Torr., Spirodela polyryiza (L.) Schleid., and Landoltia punctate G. Mey. Lemna gibba was revealed to be a distinct dominant duckweed species in many regions of SA. Five barcoding markers showed that L. gibba, L. minor, and L. punctata were the most widely distributed species in the country. However, L. punctata, L. perpusilla, and S. polyryiza were the dominant species in the Al-Qassim, Madinah-1, and Madinah-2 regions, respectively. Moreover, the morphological traits revealed variations for these clones, relative to other studied duckweed clones. According to the results obtained in this study, three out of six plastid markers (trnH-psbA, matK, and atpF-atpH) helped to identify the dominant duckweed species in Saudi Arabia. Further evaluation based on adaptability, molecular genetic studies, and functional genomics is needed for these species to be used at the commercial level in Saudi Arabia.

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MURRIETA-MOREY, Germán Augusto, Harvey SATALAYA-ARELLANO, Clint Sting RAMÍREZ-CHIRINOZ, and Luciano Alfredo RODRÍGUEZ-CHU. "MORTALITY OF BLACK-BAND MYLEUS Myloplus Schomburgkii DUE TO POOR WATER QUALITY ASSOCIATED WITH OVERPOPULATION OF DUCKWEEDS IN A CULTURE POND IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZONIA." Folia Amazónica 30, no. 1 (October 18, 2021): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24841/fa.v30i1.543.

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Ponds covered with duckweeds release nutrients rapidly, causing problems of eutrophication of the water which can reduce water clarity and quality, creating a hypoxic or anoxic ‘dead zone' lacking sufficient oxygen to support most organisms. In the present study, the sudden mortality of black-band myleus Myloplus schomburgkii Jardine, 1841 drove the investigate of factors that caused the death of the specimens registered in a fish pond in the Peruvian Amazon. After the tallying of dead fish, it was revealed that sixty individuals (75% of the total population) of M. schomburgkii had died. The taxonomic identification of the aquatic plant revealed the presence of “duckweeds” locally named in Peru as “lenteja de agua” Lemna minor distributed throughout the pond. Physical and chemical water parameters revealed low levels of oxygen, acid water, and high levels of nitrate and phosphate. Since duckweeds cannot be completely eliminated from waters that are conducive to its growth and require periodic harvesting to prevent matting, proper management strategies therefore become critical to guarantee good quality of water in the pond and avoid black-band myleus deaths due to imbalances in physical and chemical parameters.

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Wang, Kuang-Teng, Ming-Chang Hong, Yu-Sheng Wu, and Tsung-Meng Wu. "Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Taiwanese Isolates of Lemna aequinoctialis." Plants 10, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 1576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081576.

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Duckweed (Lemna aequinoctialis) is one of the smallest flowering plants in the world. Due to its high reproduction rate and biomass, duckweeds are used as biofactors and feedstuff additives for livestock. It is also an ideal system for basic biological research and various practical applications. In this study, we attempt to establish a micropropagation technique and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in L. aequinoctialis. The plant-growth regulator type and concentration and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation were evaluated for their effects on duckweed callus induction, proliferation, regeneration, and gene transformation efficiency. Calli were successfully induced from 100% of explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 25.0 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2.0 μM thidiazuron (TDZ). MS medium containing 4.5 μM 2,4-D and 2.0 μM TDZ supported the long-lasting growth of calli. Fronds regenerated from 100% of calli on Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) medium containing 1.0 μM 6-benzyladenine (6-BA). We also determined that 200 μM acetosyringone in the cocultivation medium for 1 day in the dark was crucial for transformation efficiency (up to 3 ± 1%). Additionally, we propose that both techniques will facilitate efficient high-throughput genetic manipulation in Lemnaceae.

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Wang, Wenqin, Randall A. Kerstetter, and Todd P. Michael. "Evolution of Genome Size in Duckweeds (Lemnaceae)." Journal of Botany 2011 (July 28, 2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/570319.

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To extensively estimate the DNA content and to provide a basic reference for duckweed genome sequence research, the nuclear DNA content for 115 different accessions of 23 duckweed species was measured by flow cytometry (FCM) stained with propidium iodide as DNA stain. The 1C-value of DNA content in duckweed family varied nearly thirteen-fold, ranging from 150 megabases (Mbp) in Spirodela polyrhiza to 1,881 Mbp in Wolffia arrhiza. There is a continuous increase of DNA content in Spirodela, Landoltia, Lemna, Wolffiella, and Wolffia that parallels a morphological reduction in size. There is a significant intraspecific variation in the genus Lemna. However, no such variation was found in other studied species with multiple accessions of genera Spirodela, Landoltia, Wolffiella, and Wolffia.

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Szabó, Sándor, Mihály Braun, and Gábor Borics. "Elemental flux between algae and duckweeds (Lemna gibba) during competition." Fundamental and Applied Limnology 146, no. 3 (October 22, 1999): 355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/146/1999/355.

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Yang, Jingjing, Xuyao Zhao, Gaojie Li, Shiqi Hu, Yan Chen, Zuoliang Sun, and Hongwei Hou. "Research and application in duckweeds: A review." Chinese Science Bulletin 66, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 1026–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/tb-2020-0927.

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Les, Donald H., and Daniel J. Crawford. "Landoltia (Lemnaceae), a New Genus of Duckweeds." Novon 9, no. 4 (1999): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3392157.

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Ziegler, P., K. S. Sree, and K. J. Appenroth. "Duckweeds for water remediation and toxicity testing." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 98, no. 10 (January 21, 2016): 1127–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2015.1094701.

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Kanoun-Boulé, Myriam, Joaquim A. F. Vicente, Cristina Nabais, M. N. V. Prasad, and Helena Freitas. "Ecophysiological tolerance of duckweeds exposed to copper." Aquatic Toxicology 91, no. 1 (January 2009): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.09.009.

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Muranaka, T., M. Okada, J. Yomo, S. Kubota, and T. Oyama. "Characterisation of circadian rhythms of various duckweeds." Plant Biology 17 (June 18, 2014): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/plb.12202.

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Toyama, Tadashi, Kazuhiro Mori, Yasuhiro Tanaka, Michihiko Ike, and Masaaki Morikawa. "Growth Promotion of Giant Duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza (Lemnaceae) by Ensifer sp. SP4 Through Enhancement of Nitrogen Metabolism and Photosynthesis." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 35, no. 1 (January 2022): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-06-21-0157-r.

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Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) are representative producers in fresh aquatic ecosystems and also yield sustainable biomass for animal feeds, human foods, and biofuels, and contribute toward effective wastewater treatment; thus, enhancing duckweed productivity is a critical challenge. Plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can improve the productivity of terrestrial plants; however, duckweed–PGPB interactions remain unclear and no previous study has investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying duckweed–PGPB interaction. Herein, a PGPB, Ensifer sp. strain SP4, was newly isolated from giant duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza), and the interactions between S. polyrhiza and SP4 were investigated through physiological, biochemical, and metabolomic analyses. In S. polyrhiza and SP4 coculture, SP4 increased the nitrogen (N), chlorophyll, and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) contents and the photosynthesis rate of S. polyrhiza by 2.5-, 2.5-, 2.7-, and 2.4-fold, respectively. Elevated photosynthesis increased the relative growth rate and biomass productivity of S. polyrhiza by 1.5- and 2.7-fold, respectively. Strain SP4 significantly altered the metabolomic profile of S. polyrhiza, especially its amino acid profile. N stable isotope analysis revealed that organic N compounds were transferred from SP4 to S. polyrhiza. These N compounds, particularly glutamic acid, possibly triggered the increase in photosynthetic and growth activities. Accordingly, we propose a new model for the molecular mechanism underlying S. polyrhiza growth promotion by its associated bacteria Ensifer sp. SP4, which occurs through enhanced N compound metabolism and photosynthesis. Our findings show that Ensifer sp. SP4 is a promising PGPB for increasing biomass yield, wastewater purification activity, and CO2 capture of S. polyrhiza. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

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Romano, Leone Ermes, Maurizio Iovane, Luigi Gennaro Izzo, and Giovanna Aronne. "A Machine-Learning Method to Assess Growth Patterns in Plants of the Family Lemnaceae." Plants 11, no. 15 (July 23, 2022): 1910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11151910.

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Numerous new technologies have been implemented in image analysis methods that help researchers draw scientific conclusions from biological phenomena. Plants of the family Lemnaceae (duckweeds) are the smallest flowering plants in the world, and biometric measurements of single plants and their growth rate are highly challenging. Although the use of software for digital image analysis has changed the way scientists extract phenomenological data (also for studies on duckweeds), the procedure is often not wholly automated and sometimes relies on the intervention of a human operator. Such a constraint can limit the objectivity of the measurements and generally slows down the time required to produce scientific data. Herein lies the need to implement image analysis software with artificial intelligence that can substitute the human operator. In this paper, we present a new method to study the growth rates of the plants of the Lemnaceae family based on the application of machine-learning procedures to digital image analysis. The method is compared to existing analogical and computer-operated procedures. The results showed that our method drastically reduces the time consumption of the human operator while retaining a high correlation in the growth rates measured with other procedures. As expected, machine-learning methods applied to digital image analysis can overcome the constraints of measuring growth rates of very small plants and might help duckweeds gain worldwide attention thanks to their strong nutritional qualities and biological plasticity.

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Harkess, Alex, Fionn McLoughlin, Natasha Bilkey, Kiona Elliott, Ryan Emenecker, Erin Mattoon, Kari Miller, et al. "Improved Spirodela polyrhiza genome and proteomic analyses reveal a conserved chromosomal structure with high abundance of chloroplastic proteins favoring energy production." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 7 (January 17, 2021): 2491–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab006.

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Abstract Duckweeds are a monophyletic group of rapidly reproducing aquatic monocots in the Lemnaceae family. Given their clonal, exponentially fast reproduction, a key question is whether genome structure is conserved across the species in the absence of meiotic recombination. Here, we studied the genome and proteome of Spirodela polyrhiza, or greater duckweed, which has the largest body plan yet the smallest genome size in the family (1C=150 Mb). Using Oxford Nanopore sequencing combined with Hi-C scaffolding, we generated a highly contiguous, chromosome-scale assembly of S. polyrhiza line Sp7498 (Sp7498_HiC). Both the Sp7498_HiC and Sp9509 genome assemblies reveal large chromosomal misorientations relative to a recent PacBio assembly of Sp7498, highlighting the need for orthogonal long-range scaffolding techniques such as Hi-C and BioNano optical mapping. Shotgun proteomics of Sp7498 verified the expression of ~2250 proteins and revealed a high abundance of proteins involved in photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism among other functions. In addition, a strong increase in chloroplast proteins was observed that correlated to chloroplast density. This Sp7498_HiC genome was generated cheaply and quickly with a single Oxford Nanopore MinION flow cell and one Hi-C library in a classroom setting. Combining these data with a mass spectrometry-generated proteome illustrates the utility of duckweed as a model for genomics- and proteomics-based education.

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Schmid, Rudolf, E. Landolt, and R. Kandeler. "Biosystematic Investigations in the Family of Duckweeds (Lemnaceae)." Taxon 37, no. 4 (November 1988): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1222101.

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Schmid, Rudolf, and E. Landolt. "Biosystematic Investigations in the Family of Duckweeds (Lemnaceae)." Taxon 36, no. 4 (November 1987): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1221147.

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Crawford, Daniel, Elias Landolt, Donald Les, and Rebecca Kimball. "Speciation in Duckweeds (Lemnaceae): Phylogenetic and Ecological Inferences." Aliso 22, no. 1 (2006): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20062201.19.

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Edwards, P., M. S. Hassan, C. H. Chao, and C. Pacharaprakiti. "Cultivation of duckweeds in septage-loaded earthen ponds." Bioresource Technology 40, no. 2 (January 1992): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(92)90195-4.

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Appenroth, Klaus-J., K. Sowjanya Sree, Volker Böhm, Simon Hammann, Walter Vetter, Matthias Leiterer, and Gerhard Jahreis. "Nutritional value of duckweeds (Lemnaceae) as human food." Food Chemistry 217 (February 2017): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.116.

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Sree, K., Manuela Bog, and Klaus Appenroth. "Taxonomy of duckweeds (Lemnaceae), potential new crop plants." Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 28, no. 5 (2016): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2016-01-038.

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Bokhari, Syeda Huma, Muhammad Mahmood-Ul-Hassan, and Munir Ahmad. "Phytoextraction of Ni, Pb and, Cd by duckweeds." International Journal of Phytoremediation 21, no. 8 (February 18, 2019): 799–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2019.1566882.

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Huebert, David B., and Jennifer M. Shay. "Considerations in the assessment of toxicity using duckweeds." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12, no. 3 (March 1993): 481–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620120309.

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Ceschin, Simona, Flaminia Mariani, Dario Di Lernia, Iole Venditti, Emanuele Pelella, and Maria Adelaide Iannelli. "Effects of Microplastic Contamination on the Aquatic Plant Lemna minuta (Least Duckweed)." Plants 12, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12010207.

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Microplastics are widely spread in aquatic environments. Although they are considered among the most alarming contaminants, toxic effects on organisms are unclear, particularly on freshwater plants. In this study, the duckweed Lemna minuta was grown on different concentrations (50, 100 mg/L) of poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) microplastics (MP) and exposure times (T0, T7, T14, T28 days). The phytotoxic effects of MP were investigated by analyzing several plant morphological and biochemical parameters (frond and root size, plant growth, chlorophyll, and malondialdehyde content). Observations by scanning electron microscope revealed MP adsorption on plant surfaces. Exposition to MP adversely affected plant growth and chlorophyll content with respect to both MP concentrations and exposure times. Conversely, malondialdehyde measurements did not indicate an alteration of oxidative lipid damage in plant tissue. The presence of MP induced root elongation when compared to the control plants. The effects of MP on L. minuta plants were more evident at T28. These results contribute to a better understanding of MP’s impact on aquatic plants and highlight that MP contamination manifests with chronic-type effects, which are thus detectable at longer exposure times of 7 days than those traditionally used in phytotoxicology tests on duckweeds.

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Ding, Yanqiang, Yang Fang, Ling Guo, Zhidan Li, Kaize He, Yun Zhao, and Hai Zhao. "Phylogenic study of Lemnoideae (duckweeds) through complete chloroplast genomes for eight accessions." PeerJ 5 (December 22, 2017): e4186. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4186.

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Background Phylogenetic relationship within different genera of Lemnoideae, a kind of small aquatic monocotyledonous plants, was not well resolved, using either morphological characters or traditional markers. Given that rich genetic information in chloroplast genome makes them particularly useful for phylogenetic studies, we used chloroplast genomes to clarify the phylogeny within Lemnoideae. Methods DNAs were sequenced with next-generation sequencing. The duckweeds chloroplast genomes were indirectly filtered from the total DNA data, or directly obtained from chloroplast DNA data. To test the reliability of assembling the chloroplast genome based on the filtration of the total DNA, two methods were used to assemble the chloroplast genome of Landoltia punctata strain ZH0202. A phylogenetic tree was built on the basis of the whole chloroplast genome sequences using MrBayes v.3.2.6 and PhyML 3.0. Results Eight complete duckweeds chloroplast genomes were assembled, with lengths ranging from 165,775 bp to 171,152 bp, and each contains 80 protein-coding sequences, four rRNAs, 30 tRNAs and two pseudogenes. The identity of L. punctata strain ZH0202 chloroplast genomes assembled through two methods was 100%, and their sequences and lengths were completely identical. The chloroplast genome comparison demonstrated that the differences in chloroplast genome sizes among the Lemnoideae primarily resulted from variation in non-coding regions, especially from repeat sequence variation. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the different genera of Lemnoideae are derived from each other in the following order: Spirodela, Landoltia, Lemna, Wolffiella, and Wolffia. Discussion This study demonstrates potential of whole chloroplast genome DNA as an effective option for phylogenetic studies of Lemnoideae. It also showed the possibility of using chloroplast DNA data to elucidate those phylogenies which were not yet solved well by traditional methods even in plants other than duckweeds.

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Uddin, MN, MS Rahman, and M. Shahjahan. "Effects of Duckweed (Lemna minor) as Supplementary Feed on Monoculture of Gift Strain of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)." Progressive Agriculture 18, no. 2 (March 4, 2014): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v18i2.18201.

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An experiment was conducted for a period of 135 days on the effect of duckweed (Lemna minor) as supplementary feed on monoculture of GIFT strain of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The experiment had two treatments, each with three replications. In treatment-1 ponds were supplied with duckweed as supplementary fish feed and in treatment-2 ponds were kept as control (without supply of duckweed). Ponds were stocked at a stocking density of 150 fingerlings per decimal. The ponds were fertilized fortnightly with poultry dropping at the rate of 5 kg/decimal, urea 60g/decimal and TSP 90g/decimal. Duckweeds were supplied to the ponds (treatment-1) at the rate of 60% of the total body weight (wet weight basis) of the fish. During the experimental period, the ranges of physico-chemical parameters viz, water temperature, transparency, dissolved oxygen, pH, total alkalinity, free CO2, PO4-P, and NO3-N were within the productive limit and more or less similar in all the ponds under treatments 1 and 2. There were 24 genera of phytoplankton under 5 major groups and 10 genera of zooplankton under 3 major groups were found in the experimental ponds. Mean survival rates in treatments 1 and 2 were 85.34% and 83.68% respectively. Specific growth rate (SGR, % per day) of the fish in treatments 1 and 2 were 1.90% and 1.60% respectively. Calculated net production of the fish in treatment-1 was 5.03 ton/ha/yr and in treatment-2 was 3.11 ton/ha/yr. By t test it was found that the net production of fish in treatment-1 was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of treatment-2.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v18i2.18201 Progress. Agric. 18(2): 183 - 188, 2007

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Appenroth, Klaus-J., Paul Ziegler, and K. Sowjanya Sree. "Accumulation of starch in duckweeds (Lemnaceae), potential energy plants." Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 27, no. 11 (November 2021): 2621–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12298-021-01100-4.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Duckweeds'

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