Journal articles: 'Ductile cast iron'

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Dan, L. O., and L. O. Trofimova. "On the role of residual austenite in improving the complex of properties of ductile cast iron." Reporter of the Priazovskyi State Technical University. Section: Technical sciences, no. 45 (December 29, 2022): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31498/2225-6733.45.2022.276233.

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This article is analyzing the prospects and ways to expand the field of applying ductile cast iron-high-strength cast iron in technology. Ductile cast iron occupies a special place among structural materials. With the same level of mechanical properties, having less specific weight than steel, it provides less weight of products in comparison with steel. This reduces the consumption of raw materials and energy resources in the manufacture and operation of machines and mechanisms. There is a positive effect both in terms of economy and ecology. In addition, ductile cast iron has better casting properties than steel. In recent years, scientists and engineers have focused their efforts on finding new ways to improve the complex of mechanical and operational properties of ductile cast iron. This will make it possible to expand the field of their application and obtain additional advantages. A very effective direction – obtaining bainite matrix and a great amount of stable austenite in the structure of ductile cast iron by heat treatment allows to realize martensitic transformation in the most loaded parts during their operation and thereby increases adaptability. In this case, in addition to the traditional type of heat treatment - one-stage isothermal hardening, the technology of two-stage isothermal hardening is actively implemented, which allows for providing more dispersed ferrite and more stable austenite in the structure. A fundamentally new approach to obtaining the favorable microstructure of ductile cast iron is the organization of a foundry and heat treatment complex that makes it possible to obtain the ferrite-austenite mixture in the structure of ductile cast iron directly from the cast state, bypassing a separate heat treatment operation

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Boldyrev, Denis, Sergey Nefed’ev, Ruslan Amirov, and Alexandr Koldin. "Ductile iron with nodular and compact graphite as a rational alternative to malleable cast iron." E3S Web of Conferences 389 (2023): 02019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338902019.

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There is a need for cast irons with a combined combination of properties in modern conditions. Such properties can be provided by ductile cast iron with nodular and vermicular graphite, which is essentially a hybrid cast iron in terms of microstructure. The article found that ductile iron with nodular and vermicular graphite in terms of its mechanical properties is a rational alternative to malleable cast iron, namely the grade KCh45-6 (GOST 1215-79). Also, the ratio of nodular/vermicular graphite (70…95/5…30%) was determined, which provides the data of mechanical characteristics. Differences in pearlite/ferrite ratio and hardness for ductile iron with nodular and vermicular graphite and ductile iron are shown, providing grade KCh45-6.

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Bonora, Nicola, and Andrew Ruggiero. "Micromechanical modeling of ductile cast iron incorporating damage. Part I: Ferritic ductile cast iron." International Journal of Solids and Structures 42, no. 5-6 (March 2005): 1401–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2004.07.025.

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Mostafavi Kashani, S. M., and S. M. A. Boutorabi. "As-cast acicular ductile aluminum cast iron." Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 16, no. 6 (June 2009): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1006-706x(10)60022-2.

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5

Wei, De Qiang. "The Influence of Boron on Structure and Mechanical Properties of Bainite Ductile Iron in the Step Austempering in Room Temperature Machine Oil." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.235.

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In this paper, the low alloy bainite ductile cast iron has been obtained by a new heat treatment technique of the step austempering in room-temperature machine oil. The effects of element boron, manganese and copper on structure and mechanical properties of the bainite ductile cast Iron in above-mentioned process are investigated. The phenomenon, hardness lag of the alloyed bainite ductile cast Iron, has been discussed. It shows that after the step austempering in room-temperature machine oil, the hardness will increases with the time. It is found that boron and manganese can increase the hardness and reduce the impact strength while copper can increase the impact strength. The results show that reasonable alloyed elements can improve mechanical properties of the bainite ductile cast Iron. Essentially, hardness lag of the alloyed bainite ductile cast Iron is resulted from solute drag-like effect.

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Abdullah, Harith Hammody, Ali Awad Ibraheem, and Ahmed Abdel Ameer Khudhair. "Production of Ductile Iron Using Inside-Mold Treatment Technique." Iraqi Journal of Industrial Research 9, no. 2 (October 20, 2022): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.53523/ijoirvol9i2id176.

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Ductile Cast Iron is a widely used cast iron. Ductile iron applications are used in various sectors of modern mechanical industries. Ductile iron has wide uses in the field of car industry, military industries, agricultural equipment, construction and mines. The production of ductile iron faces many technical difficulties in our local factories due to the difficulty in providing equipment and technologies for its production by common methods. In this study, we resorted to applying one of the modern methods in the production of ductile iron, which is the treatment process for the molten iron in the sand mold. Magnesium alloys were added inside the sand mold within the casting stream and in the casting cavity for casting production. Specific weights were added and experiments were performed to determine the fusible chemical composition appropriate for preparing ductile cast iron. The study proved that adding magnesium alloys inside the sand mold, whether inside the mold cavity or in the casting channel, is both a successful method for producing ductile iron alloys. It is possible to produce different types of ductile iron by controlling the ratio of alloy additions to the molten metal content during casting.

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Zhang, Yu, Er Jun Guo, Li Ping Wang, Yi Cheng Feng, Si Cong Zhao, and Mei Hui Song. "Effect of Annealing Treatment on Microstructure, Mechanical and Damping Properties of Ductile Iron." Materials Science Forum 944 (January 2019): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.944.222.

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Ductile iron was prepared through Sandwich Process and annealing treatment was carried out. The effects of annealing treatment on the microstructure, mechanical and damping properties of ductile iron were studied by means of metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, universal test machine and dynamic thermal mechanical analyzer. The results show that annealing treatment has little effect on the morphology and distribution of graphite cast iron, but it will lead to the decrease of pearlite content in the matrix, the increase of ferrite content and the disappearance of cementite. Annealing transforms the fracture form of ductile iron from cleavage fracture to quasi-cleavage fracture, which greatly increases the ductile fracture area of the matrix compared with the as-cast, and tends to develop ductile fracture. The annealing treatment results in a decrease in the tensile strength of the ductile iron, but it can increase the plasticity and increase the elongation after fracture to 7.5 times that of the as-cast state. The damping value of as-cast ductile iron increases first and then decreases with the increase of temperature, and peaks at 190 °C when Q-1 is 0.025. The damping value of annealing ductile iron decreases with increasing temperature. The damping value increases with increasing strain amplitude before and after annealing. Annealing treatment will reduce the sensitivity of the damping property of ductile iron to strain amplitude.

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Mnati, Ali A., Kadhim K. Resan, and Ehsan Omaraa. "Structural Characterization and Mechanical Properties of Ductile Iron - Enhanced Alloyed Ductile Iron." Key Engineering Materials 924 (June 30, 2022): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-oko587.

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In this study, an attempt has been made to produce ductile iron or spheroidal graphite iron and to study its important properties with a view to reduce the import of machinery parts made of ductile iron. Locally available compressor scrap (i.e. the compressor cylinder) which is made from grey cast iron was used to produce ductile iron using a crucible furnace that is fired by oil. Also, recycling of the grey cast iron to ductile iron was investigated and its effect on the microstructure, chemical composition, mechanical properties and chip shape. The mechanical and structural characteristics of the ductile irons that alloyed by the supplement of Ni, Mo, Mg, and Cr were studied In this study, four kilograms of the scrap were charged into an oil-fired crucible furnace. The scrap was heated to 1400°C with using a temperature controller to monitor the temperature with an inserted thermocouple. For desulphurization, the mixture of 3 wt.% burnt lime with 1 wt.% fluorspar of scrap weight was added to the molten at 1400°C by direct tapping into the molten. Then, 2.75 wt.% nickel element, 0.75 wt.% ferromolybdenum and 0.5wt.% ferromanganese of the scrap weight were added. Also, 1.25 wt.% spheroidizing alloy (FeSiMg9) and 1wt.% inoculant alloy of scrap weight were used to treat the iron melt at 1450°C. The analysis of scrap sample and product sample was done to determine their chemical composition, tensile strength, impact strength, hardness, and microstructure. The scrap and the as-cast product analysis determine its chemical composition, tensile, impact, hardness and microstructure. The microstructures revealed that the scrap contains flake graphite and the as-cast product contains spheroid graphite. An increase of the ultimate tensile stress (537.17 MPa), elongation (10%), hardness value (480.4 HB) and impact value (11.21 J) was observed for the alloyed ductile iron as compared with the mechanical properties of grey cast iron scrap, including (247.75 MPa), (6%), (400.3 HB) and (5.66 J), respectively. One of the important conclusions is the plunge container manufactured, and that was used according to the plunging technique followed in this investigation proved successful

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Çelik, G. Aktaş, Fulya Kahrıman, Ş. Hakan Atapek, and Şeyda Polat. "Characterization of the high temperature oxidation behavior of iron based alloys used as exhaust manifolds." MATEC Web of Conferences 188 (2018): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818802001.

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Nowadays engine capacities of vehicles spread in a wide range due to different vehicle power demands. Power density of engines affects exhaust gas and therefore exhaust gas temperature varies from 650 °C to 1000 °C in exhaust manifolds. Depending on the exhaust gas temperature, different types of iron based alloys are used as manifold materials such as ferritic ductile cast irons (GGG40, SiMo), austenitic ductile cast irons (Ni-resist D5S), ferritic cast stainless steels (ACIHK30, AISI 409) and austenitic cast stainless steels (CF8C). In this study high temperature oxidation behavior of different cast alloys used as exhaust manifold materials like, (i) GGG40 ferritic ductile cast iron, (ii) SiMo ferritic ductile cast iron (iii) AISI 409 ferritic cast stainless steel and (iv) CF8C austenitic cast stainless steel, were investigated.

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Yang, Yun Long, Zhan Yi Cao, Yang Qi, and Yong Bing Liu. "The Study on Oxidation Resistance Properties of Ductile Cast Irons for Exhaust Manifold at High Temperatures." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 530–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.530.

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The oxidation behavior of two ductile cast irons was investigated in this paper. The alloys were a high Si-Mo ductile and a ductile Ni-Resist cast iron which were developed by FAW Foundry. Polished sections were exposed at temperatures between 800 °C and 1000 °C, mostly for 80h. It has been found that the property of oxidation resistance of ductile Ni-Resist cast iron is excellent or better than that of high Si-Mo ductile by comparison and analysis.

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11

Zhang, Yu, Erjun Guo, Liping Wang, Yicheng Feng, Sicong Zhao, and Meihui Song. "Research and Analysis of the Effect of Heat Treatment on Damping Properties of Ductile Iron." Open Physics 17, no. 1 (October 4, 2019): 566–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2019-0058.

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Abstract With the continuous development of metal manufacturing technology, high-strength and high-hardness ductile iron materials have excellent comprehensive performance. Many performance indexes are comparable to those of alloy steels, and they have excellent casting properties. Many large-scale parts produced by cast steel are slowly being replaced by this material. Ductile iron is obtained by a spheroidizing treatment and inoculation to obtain spheroidal graphite. The mechanical properties of cast iron have been effectively improved, especially plasticity and toughness, and the strength obtained is higher than that of carbon steel. Ductile iron has the properties of iron and the properties of steel. It is a new type of engineering material with high plasticity, strength, corrosion resistance, and wear-resistance. Because of its excellent performance, it has been successfully used to cast parts with high-stress conditions, high strength, toughness and wear resistance. Due to the small splitting effect of ductile iron on the metal matrix, the stress concentration is effectively eliminated. Therefore, the matrix structure of ductile cast iron is changed by heat treatment, thereby improving its mechanical properties and the damping performance of the material itself. Through a heat treatment process experiment of ductile iron, the related process and technical measures of damping performance in the heat treatment production process are obtained.

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12

Lim, Bokkyu, and Young Woo Choi. "Effect of Semi Austempering Treatment on the Fatigue Properties of Ductile Cast Iron." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.295.

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Single phase bainite structure which is obtained by the conventional austempering treatment reduces the ductility of ductile cast iron. Because of the reduction of ductility it is possible to worsen the fatigue properties. Therefore, semi austempered ductile iron which is treated from +ϒ is prepared to investigate the static strength and fatigue properties in comparison with fully austempered ductile iron (is treated from ϒ). In spite of semi austempered ductile iron shows the 86% increase of ductility. Also, semi austempered ductile iron shows the higher fatigue limit and lower fatigue crack growth rate as compared with fully austempered ductile iron. By the fractographical analysis, it is revealed that the ferrite obtained by semi austempering process brings about the plastic deformation(ductile striation) of crack tip and gives the prior path of crack propagation. The relatively low crack growth rate in semi austempered specimen is caused by above fractographical reasons

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13

Meško, Jozef, Rastislav Nigrovič, Hubert Danielewski, Ružica R. Nikolić, Branislav Hadzima, and Nenad Gubeljak. "Laser cutting of ductile cast iron." Materials Testing 62, no. 8 (August 3, 2020): 820–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/120.111548.

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14

Mahmoud, A., M. Ammar, G. Attia, and S. Ibrahim. "SURFACE IMPROVEMENT OF DUCTILE CAST-IRON." International Conference on Aerospace Sciences and Aviation Technology 7, ASAT CONFERENCE (May 1, 1997): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/asat.1997.25417.

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15

Elmabrouk, Omar, Osama M. Erfan, and Ali Kalkanli. "The Effect of Magnesium to Sulfur Ratio on the Graphite Morphology of Graphite Cast Iron Produced at Differrent Section Thicknesses." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 5880–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.5880.

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This paper is concerned with the investigation of the effect of magnesium to sulfur ratio on the graphite morphology and estimation of the ranges of this ratio use to produce graphite cast iron at different section sections. The main factors affecting shape of graphite cast iron are the metallurgical structures and the section thicknesses. Cast iron of different shapes of graphite particles directly affect its thermo-mechanical properties. The nodular shape of these graphite particles such as in ductile cast iron improve its mechanical properties, on the other hand, when the shape of these graphite particles become elongated such as in flake graphite cast iron results in improving its thermal conductivity. In between, the worm-like shape of these graphite particles such as in compacted graphite cast iron, make this type of cast iron to have thermo-mechanical properties in between those of ductile and flake graphite cast iron. The different types of ductile , compacted and flake graphite cast iron were produced by means of plunger method at different section thicknesses and the effect of Mg/S ratio on these types of graphite particles was investigated and its range was established.

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16

Gumienny, G. "Carbidic Bainitic and Ausferritic Ductile Cast Iron." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 1053–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0125.

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Abstract This article presents new kinds of carbidic ductile cast iron with different microstructures of the metal matrix. This cast iron was obtained using the Inmold method nodularisation which guarantees strong refining of graphite and the metal matrix components. A different microstructure of the metal matrix of the cast iron was obtained without any thermal treatment (unwrought) by a suitable composition of alloy additives. It was shown that by adding molybdenum, chromium, nickel and copper it is possible to obtain in the cast iron metal matrix consisting of upper bainite, its mixture with lower bainite or ausferrite in the casts with the wall thickness of 3/25 mm. The process of cast iron crystallization is presented and described with the help of the thermal and derivative analysis (TDA) curves. It also shows the thermal effects from transformation of austenite in solid state.

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Martinez, Israel, Ryutaro Tanaka, Yasuo Yamane, Katsuhiko Sekiya, Keiji Yamada, Tadahiro Ishihara, and Satoshi Furuya. "Wear Characteristics of Coated Carbide Tools in the Face Milling of Ductile Cast Iron." Key Engineering Materials 749 (August 2017): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.749.178.

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This study reports an experimental investigation about the wear behavior of TiN and TiCN coated carbide tools during the face milling of pearlitic and ferritic ductile cast iron. Pearlitic ductile cast iron caused the highest cutting forces and flank wear in both TiN and TiCN coated tools. Due to its protective effect, the TiCN coated carbide tool outperformed the TiN coated carbide tool regarding flank wear. The main issue when face milling ferritic ductile cast iron with TiN coated tools was notching wear. The principal reason for notch wear was pointed as adhesive wear caused for the high tendency of ferrite to adhere on the tool. The results demonstrated that the TiCN coating did not showed notching wear when face milling ferritic ductile cast iron, therefore a good choice of coating material can prevent notching wear.

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18

Li, Meng. "Production of as-Cast High Strength Toughness Ductile Iron." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.533.

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The paper has mainly reviewed the production process of as-cast high toughness ductile iron, analysing the effects of chemical composition, desulphurization process, nodulizing process and the craft of inoculation on the production of as-cast high toughness ductile iron.

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Nofal, Adel, Amal S. I. Ahmed, Wafaa A. Ghanem, W. A. Hussein, and Nanis K. Mohamed. "Evaluation of Corrosion Behavior of Different Grades of Cast Iron Insodium Chloride Solutions." Key Engineering Materials 835 (March 2020): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.835.223.

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In this work, the corrosion behavior of different grades of cast iron in 3.5% and 5% of NaClsolution was evaluated. The samples used in this work are; Grey cast iron (GI), ductile cast iron(DI), austempered ductile cast iron (ADI), intercritically austempered cast iron (IADI) and Ni-Resist cast iron. The study was carried out using the Open- Circuit technique (OPC),Potentiodynamic polarization (PP), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)measurements and complemented by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energydispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The results obtained showed that the austempering heattreatment and nickel addition improves the corrosion resistance of cast iron. The order ofcorrosion resistance in NaCl solution is as follows: Ni-Resist > ADI > IADI > DI > GI.

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AGNOLETTO, Douglas, Guilherme Vieira Braga LEMOS, Arthur Bortolini BESKOW, Cleber Rodrigo de Lima LESSA, and Afonso REGULY. "METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINATION OF DEGREE OF NODULARITY IN A DUCTILE CAST IRON GGG 40 BY ULTRASONIC VELOCITY TEST." SOUTHERN BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 26, no. 26 (December 20, 2018): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.48141/sbjchem.v26.n26.2018.15_2018.pdf.

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Cast iron alloys combine many elements such as carbon, iron, silicon, magnesium and can be usually classified according to their microstructure in ductile, gray, compacted, white, and malleable. Each one has particularities in terms of properties and applications. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the degree of nodularity (%) in a ductile cast iron alloy GGG 40. In this context, a methodology to investigate the degree of nodularity was proposed. The ultrasonic method was used to determine the amount of ductile graphite as well as for parts release and thus facilitated the industrial operational execution. The effect of ultrasonic sound was investigated in sixty-seven ductile cast irons, and these analyses were further compared to the level of nodularity observed by metallography. Finally, based on the findings, the cast iron quality was guaranteed, leading to time savings, avoiding the microstructural examination, and thus promoting cost reductions.

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Agnoletto, Douglas, Guilherme Vieira Braga Lemos, Arthur Bortolini Beskow, Cleber Rodrigo de Lima Lessa, and Afonso Reguly. "Methodology for Determination of Degree of Nodularity in a Ductile Cast Iron GGG 40 by Ultrasonic Velocity Test." Southern Brazilian Journal of Chemistry, Volume 26, No. 26, 2018 26, no. 26 (June 30, 2018): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37633/sbjc.26(26)2018.10-16.

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Cast iron alloys combine many elements such as carbon, iron, silicon, magnesium and can be usually classified according to their microstructure in ductile, gray, compacted, white, and malleable. Each one has particularities in terms of properties and applications. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the degree of nodularity (%) in a ductile cast iron alloy GGG 40. In this context, a methodology to investigate the degree of nodularity was proposed. The ultrasonic method was used to determine the amount of ductile graphite as well as for parts release and thus facilitated the industrial operational execution. The effect of ultrasonic sound was investigated in sixtyseven ductile cast irons, and these analyses were further compared to the level of nodularity observed by metallography. Finally, based on the findings, the cast iron quality was guaranteed, leading to time-savings, avoiding the microstructural examination, and thus promoting cost reductions.

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22

Zykova, Anna, Dmitry Lychagin, Andrey Chumaevsky, Natalya Popova, and Irina Kurzina. "Influence of Ultrafine Particles on Structure, Mechanical Properties, and Strengthening of Ductile Cast Iron." Metals 8, no. 7 (July 20, 2018): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8070559.

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Integrated assessment of the influence of an ultrafine mixture TiO2 + ZrO2 + Na3AlF6 on the formation of the structure, mechanical properties, and strengthening of ductile cast iron was made in the paper. The structural-phase composition of ductile cast iron was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy and a transmission electron microscope. Plastic deformation was determined during testing of uniaxial compression. The change in the structural state of the alloy and in its mechanical properties was observed. Quantitative assessment of contributions of separate physical mechanisms to strengthening characteristics of unmodified and modified ductile cast iron was made.

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Pilc, Jozef, Michal Šajgalík, Jozef Holubják, Marianna Piešová, Lucia Zaušková, Ondrej Babík, Viktor Kuždák, and Jozef Rákoci. "Austempered Ductile Iron Machining." Technological Engineering 12, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teen-2015-0002.

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Abstract This article deals with the machining of cast iron. In industrial practice, Austempered Ductile Iron began to be used relatively recently. ADI is ductile iron that has gone through austempering to get improved properties, among which we can include strength, wear resistance or noise damping. This specific material is defined also by other properties, such as high elasticity, ductility and endurance against tenigue, which are the properties, that considerably make the tooling characteristic worse.

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Strobl, Susanne, and Roland Haubner. "Investigation of the Diffusion Couple Ductile Cast Iron / Iron." Defect and Diffusion Forum 405 (November 2020): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.405.54.

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Forging of ductile cast iron with pure iron by the Damascus technique, results in a new composite material. The combination of cast iron and pure iron is unusual because of its rather different properties. After forging these two materials a small diffusion zone of about 150 µm was observed. Various heat treatments at 900 °C for 2, 4 or 20 hours and 950 °C for 4 h were performed to increase the diffusion zone up to 2.4 mm. At 900 °C carbon solubility in austenite is about 1.2 wt. % and at 950 °C 1.4 wt. %. During the heat treatment carbon diffuses from cast iron into the pure iron and the diffusion gradient grows with time and temperature. Furthermore, the samples were air cooled or water quenched. In the ductile cast iron, graphite nodules are surrounded by ferrite. During the heat treatment graphite is dissolved and pores are observed. In the diffusion gradient layer, a broad range of microstructures observed in hyper- and hypoeutectoid steels could be found. The microstructures were revealed by different etchants and moreover, hardness measurements were performed.

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Guo, Wen Tao, Guo Wei Chang, Shu Ying Chen, and Ji Chao Wang. "Study on Inclusions in Ductile Cast Iron." Advanced Materials Research 299-300 (July 2011): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.299-300.273.

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The type, shape and distribution of inclusions in ductile cast iron were studied using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the energy spectrum analysis, combining the thermodynamic calculation of inclusions formation. The results show that the oxides are most likely formed from the thermodynamics in ductile cast iron when the temperature is 1373~1873 K , followed by the sulfides, the carbides again. There exist the uniphase inclusions MgO, SiO2and MgS, the heterogeneous inclusions of containing rare-earth MnO-MgO-SiO2-La2O3and MgS-LaS-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO , and the heterogeneous inclusions of non-rare earth SiO2-MnO-MgO-Al2O3in ductile cast iron. The shapes of the inclusions are mainly polygon, and the size variation is from 3 to 10 um. The inclusions are mainly distributed on the graphite ball surfaces, the ferrite grain boundaries and in the pearlites.

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Dong, Xue Wu, Dai Ren, Dong Qiang Wang, and Ya Fei Zhai. "Effect of Residual Stress in Ductile Iron Component on its Natural Frequency." Advanced Materials Research 308-310 (August 2011): 967–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.308-310.967.

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In the paper four components of ductile iron cast in different stress status, including the cast status, the status of vibratory stress relief and the status of thermal stress relief with 3 months of the natural stress relief and 10 years of the natural stress relief, are selected.X-ray diffraction method is used to measure residual stress and experimental modal analysis is for measuring natural frequency. A quantitative relation between residual stress in ductile iron cast component and its natural frequency variation is obtained. Thus we provide a reference for using natural frequency to evaluate the macroscopic residual stress of ductile iron material component. The results show that the peak value variation of macro residual stress in ductile iron component have a logarithmic relation to its natural frequency variation, and same as the mean value variation in macro-residual stress and its natural frequency variation.

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27

El-Banna, E. M. "A study of ferritic centrifugally cast ductile cast iron." Materials Letters 20, no. 3-4 (July 1994): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-577x(94)90069-8.

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28

Pascual, M., C. Ferrer, and E. Rayón. "Weldability of spheroidal graphite ductile cast iron using Ni / Ni-Fe electrodes." Revista de Metalurgia 45, no. 5 (October 30, 2009): 334–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.0814.

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29

Catalán, Néstor, Esteban Ramos-Moore, Adrian Boccardo, and Diego Celentano. "Surface Laser Treatment of Cast Irons: A Review." Metals 12, no. 4 (March 26, 2022): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12040562.

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Heat treatments are frequently used to modify the microstructure and mechanical properties of materials according to the requirements of their applications. Laser surface treatment (LST) has become a relevant technique due to the high control of the parameters and localization involved in surface modification. It allows for the rapid transformation of the microstructure near the surface, resulting in minimal distortion of the workpiece bulk. LST encompasses, in turn, laser surface melting and laser surface hardening techniques. Many of the works devoted to studying the effects of LST in cast iron are diverse and spread in several scientific communities. This work aims to review the main experimental aspects involved in the LST treatment of four cast-iron groups: gray (lamellar) cast iron, pearlitic ductile (nodular) iron, austempered ductile iron, and ferritic ductile iron. The effects of key experimental parameters, such as laser power, scanning velocity, and interaction time, on the microstructure, composition, hardness, and wear are presented, discussed, and overviewed. Finally, we highlight the main scientific and technological challenges regarding LST applied to cast irons.

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30

Jiang, Zhi Qiang, Xi Lan Feng, and Jin Fa Shi. "Study on Characteristics of Damage Mechanics of Ductile Iron." Key Engineering Materials 324-325 (November 2006): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.324-325.347.

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The damage characteristics of ferrite ductile cast-iron under uniaxial stress has been studied through measuring electric resistance. The results showed that the damage in ductile cast-iron happens when the applied stress is more than a certain extent, and the damage value increases with stress. The evolutional law of damage value as a function of stress was obtained. The damage threshold of ductile cast-iron exists and increases with nodularity, but this threshold is always below the yield strength, which has related significant reference to the design of machinery structure and the choice of materials. The critical damage value is not related to the nodularity, which is about 0.06~0.068 under the present test condition.

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Kaleicheva, Julieta, Valentin Mishev, and Manahil Tongov. "INVESTIGATION ON TRIBOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF DUCTILE CAST IRONS WITH NANOSIZED PARTICLES." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (June 20, 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2019vol3.4181.

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The work in this study is focused on investigation of the tribological behavior of ductile cast iron with nanosized particles: titanium nitride TiN; titanium nitride 30% + titanium carbonitride 70% (30%TiN+70%TiCN). The ductile cast iron composition is: Fe-3,55C-2,67Si-0,31Mn-0,009S-0,027P-0,040Cu-0,025Cr-0,08Ni-0,06Mg wt%. Before the addition to the melt nanosized particles were coated with nickel by the electroless nickel deposition method EFFTOMNICKEL .The nickel coating on the nanosized particles ensures their wetting in the melt as well as their uniform distribution into the cast. The optical and quantity metallographic observations and wear test are performed to study the influence of the nanoparticle additives on the cast iron tribological properties. It is observed that the quantity proportion changes between pearlite, ferrite and graphite phase in the cast iron structure. The graphite shape is retained the same, but the nanosized additives decrease the average diameter of the graphite spheres Dmid and increase the quantity of the graphite phase in the structure of ductile cast irons. The cast iron wear resistance in the presence of nanosized additives of (TiN+TiCN) and TiN increases to 55–69% in comparison to wear resistance of the cast iron without nanoparticles.

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Kim, K. T., H. W. Kim, H. Y. Chang, B. T. Lim, H. B. Park, and Y. S. Kim. "Corrosion Inhibiting Mechanism of Nitrite Ion on the Passivation of Carbon Steel and Ductile Cast Iron for Nuclear Power Plants." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/408138.

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While NaNO2addition can greatly inhibit the corrosion of carbon steel and ductile cast iron, in order to improve the similar corrosion resistance,ca.100 times more NaNO2addition is needed for ductile cast iron compared to carbon steel. A corrosion and inhibition mechanism is proposed wherebyNO2-ion is added to oxidize. TheNO2-ion can be reduced to nitrogen compounds and these compounds may be absorbed on the surface of graphite. Therefore, since nitrite ion needs to oxidize the surface of matrix and needs to passivate the galvanic corroded area and since it is absorbed on the surface of graphite, a greater amount of corrosion inhibitor needs to be added to ductile cast iron compared to carbon steel. The passive film of carbon steel and ductile cast iron, formed by NaNO2addition showed N-type semiconductive properties and its resistance, is increased; the passive current density is thus decreased and the corrosion rate is then lowered. In addition, the film is mainly composed of iron oxide due to the oxidation byNO2-ion; however, regardless of the alloys, nitrogen compounds (not nitrite) were detected at the outermost surface but were not incorporated in the inner oxide.

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Sekunowo, O. I., J. O. Ugboaja, and J. A. Tiamiyu. "Investigation of the Nodularisation Propensity of Calcined Cashew-Nut Shell-Ash in Cast-Iron Melt Graphite." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 18, no. 1 (June 24, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v18i1.1.

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Production of ductile iron using ferrosilicon-magnesium master alloy in melt treatment is currently fraught with challenges bothering on cost and availability. In this study the suitability of cashew nut shells ash (CNSA) as a viable alternative to magnesium master alloys employed in the treatment of molten cast iron for enhanced mechanical properties was studied. The carbonized CNSA used varied from 2-10 wt. % to treat different heat batches; CA1-CA5 containing varied amount of CNSA, CaO and FeSi in the molten cast iron. The cast samples were subjected to both mechanical characterisation (tensile, hardness and impact) and microstructural analysis using Instron electromechanical machine, impact tester and scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS). Results show that the 8 wt. % CNSA addition demonstrated the best mechanical properties comparable to ASTM A536 ferritic ductile cast iron. Specifically, the 8 wt. % CNSA cast samples exhibited 433 MPa tensile strength, 144HRC hardness and ductility of 14.7%. Contributions to improved mechanical properties may be attributed to the development of sufficient fractions of graphite nodules during melt treatment with CNSA. These outcomes are a boost both to the production of quality ductile irons and a cleaner environment. Keywords: Nodularisation, ductile-iron, cashew-nut, ferrosilicon-magnesium alloy, mechanical properties

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Szymczak, T. "The Silumin Coat Structure on Alloy Ductile Iron." Archives of Foundry Engineering 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2013-0023.

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Abstract The work presents the research results of the silumin coat structure applied on the carbidic alloy ductile iron with the metal matrix: pearlitic, bainitic and martensitic. The coats were made in the AlSi5 silumin bath at the temperature tk = 750±5°C. The holding time of cast iron element in the bath was τ = 180s. Irrespective of the kind of tested ductile iron the obtained coat consisted of three layers with a different phase composition. The first layer from the cast iron ground “g1`” is built from Fe4CSi carbide which contains selected alloy additives of the cast iron. On it the second layer “g1``” crystallizes. It consists of the AlFeSi inter-metallic phase which can appear in its pure form or contain a small quantity of the alloy additives of the cast iron. The last external part of the layer “g2” mainly consists of the hypo-eutectic phases of silumin. The AlFeSi inter-metallic phases in the form of free precipitations with a lamellar or faceted morphology can also appear there. These phases also can contain a small quantity of the alloy additives of the cast iron. More than that, in all the layers of the coat there are graphite precipitations. The phenomenon of graphite movement to the coat is caused by intensive dissolving of the cast iron element surface by the aluminum of the silumin bath.

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Mindivan, Harun. "Investigation of thermochemical boriding effect on wear behavior of a GGG 50 quality as-cast ductile iron." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 68, no. 4 (June 13, 2016): 476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-10-2015-0148.

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Purpose This study aims to investigate the microstructure and the abrasive wear features of the untreated and pack borided GGG 50 quality ductile iron under various working temperatures. Design/methodology/approach GGG 50 quality as-cast ductile iron samples were pack borided in Ekabor II powder at 900°C for 3 h, followed by furnace cooling. Structural characterization was made by optical microscopy. Mechanical characterization was made by hardness and pin-on-disc wear test. Pin-on-disc test was conducted on a 240-mesh Al2O3 abrasive paper at various temperatures in between 25 and 450°C. Findings Room temperature abrasive wear resistance of the borided ductile iron increased with an increase in its surface hardness. High-temperature abrasive wear resistances of the borided ductile iron linearly decreased with an increase in test temperature. However, the untreated ductile iron exhibited relatively high resistance to abrasion at a temperature of 150°C. Originality/value This study can be a practical reference and offers insight into the effects of boriding process on the increase of room temperature wear resistance. However, above 150°C, the untreated ductile iron exhibited similar abrasive wear performance as compared to the borided ductile iron.

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Pribulová, Alena, Peter Futaš, and Marcela Pokusova. "Influence of Charge Composition on EN-GJS-500-7 Ductile Iron Properties in Foundry Operating Conditions." Materials Science Forum 998 (June 2020): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.998.42.

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Worldwide production of ductile iron castings reached in year 2017 26,428,148 metric tons, which is 34% of the total weight of all castings made from cast iron. The most significant increase in ductile iron castings was recorded in Slovakia, up to 78.6%. Castings from ductile iron have a very huge utilization thanks their very good foundry and mechanical properties. The current economic situation in all industries forces entrepreneurs and producers to rationalize production and reduce production costs, with a worldwide trend to increase the share of steel scrap, a technology for the production of ductile cast iron. The paper describes the results of research focused on the effect of charge composition, mainly the share of scrap steel on the final properties and structure of ductile iron EN-GJS-500-7 under the operating conditions of foundry. Six melts with different charge composition were made. The samples from all melts were taken and chemical analysis, microstructure analysis and testing on mechanical properties were made on them. The mechanical properties of produced globular cast irons were according with the relevant standard. It is important to mention that there has been a significant increase in strength characteristics in melts in which the carbon content exceeded 4% (CE = 4.7 and 4.8%, respectively).

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Niu, Li Bin, Zhen Xu, and Jian Hong Peng. "Study on the (Fe,Cr)₇C₃ Particles Reinforced Iron-Based Composite Coating." Materials Science Forum 809-810 (December 2014): 569–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.809-810.569.

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An iron based composite coating reinforced by (Fe,Cr)7C3particles, with a thickness of 4.0 mm, was fabricated on the ductile cast iron substrate by means of a centrifugal casting and in situ techniques. The microstructure and properties of the composite coatings were investigated by optical microscope, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron micrograph, energy dispersive spectrum, microhardness tester and pin-on-disc wear tester. Results show that the composite coatings consists of primary (Fe,Cr)7C3carbides as the reinforcing phase and interdendritic (Fe,Cr)7C3/γ eutectics accompanied by negligible graphite nodules as the matrix. The reinforcements are metallurgical bonded to the ductile cast iron substrate. Compared with unreinforced ductile cast iron, the composite coatings offer virtually a unique wear resistant behaviour under the condition of dry sliding with loads.

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Dojka, R., and A. Studnicki. "Influence of Boron on Crystallization and Microstructure of Ductile Cast Iron." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0043.

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AbstractThe objective of the research was to determine the influence of boron on the crystallization process and microstructure of ductile cast iron. In the case of ductile cast iron it is a vital issue because even as little as trace presence of boron changes the properties of ductile cast iron in a significant way. With the use of a new ATD-4 (TDA) tester and CRYSTALDIGRPAH converter it was possible to measure the crystallization process parameters of the same alloy with four different contents of boron in one mould. Four samples with different boron contents were extracted, their microhardness was measured and quantitative analysis of microstructure was conducted. Obtained results allowed to state that with increasing content of boron the amount of graphite precipitates decreases, the amount of pearlite precipitates increases, the shape of graphite precipitates deteriorates and hardness increases. It is also planned to perform additional testings with boron contents between previously tested values.

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39

Leijten, M. C., H. Nieswaag, and Laurens Katgerman. "The Isothermal Transformation of Ductile Cast Iron." Advanced Materials Research 4-5 (October 1997): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.4-5.385.

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40

Adwe, Vaibhav Ramesh, Rashtrapal Chandrabhan Humane, Gaurao Dalit Badge, Raj Umaji Sonkusare, Ashish Yograj Ganvir, and Prof Amir Sayyed. "Ductile Cast Iron 350/4 using SMAW." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 4087–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44828.

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Abstract: This article examines the weldability of ductile cast iron when the root weld is applied with a tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding process employing an Inconel 625 source rod, and when thefiller welds are applied with electrodes coated with 97.6% Ni. The welds were performed on ductile cast iron specimen test plates sized 300 mm × 90 mm × 10 mm with edges tapered at angles of 60◦ . The plates were subjected to two heat treatments. This article analyzes the influence on weldabilityof the various types of electrodes and the effect of preheat treatments. Finally, a microstructure analysis is made of the material next to the weld in the metal-weld interface and in the weld itself. The microstructure produced is correlated with the strength of the welds. We treat an alloy with 97.6% Ni, which prevents the formation of carbides. With a heat treatment at 900 ◦C and 97.6% Ni,there is a dissolution of all carbides, forming nodules in ferritic matrix graphite.

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41

KOBAYASHI, Toshiro, and Shinya YAMADA. "Strength and Toughness of Ductile Cast Iron." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 43, no. 494 (1994): 1427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.43.1427.

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42

Abu-Elfotouh, H., O. Abu-Zeid, B. Elsarnagawy, and A. Eleiche. "IMPACT TOUGHNESS OP AUSTEMPERED DUCTILE CAST IRON." International Conference on Applied Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering 2, no. 2 (May 1, 1986): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/amme.1986.57076.

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Pahlevani, Farshid, and M. Nili-Ahmadabadi. "Development of semi-solid ductile cast iron." International Journal of Cast Metals Research 17, no. 3 (March 2004): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/136404604225020560.

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Martinez Celis, M., N. Valle, J. Lacaze, I. O. Thorbjornsson, B. Johannesson, and J. T. Thorgrimsson. "Microstructure of as cast reinforced ductile iron." International Journal of Cast Metals Research 24, no. 2 (April 2011): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/136404610x12738456167384.

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45

Kobayashi, Toshiro, and Hiroshi Yamamoto. "Strength and toughness of ductile cast iron." International Journal of Materials and Product Technology 14, no. 2/3/4 (1999): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmpt.1999.036275.

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46

Putatunda, Susil K., Mony T. Ambooken, and Bobby J. Pullum. "Thermo-magnetic processing of ductile cast iron." Materials Science and Engineering: A 460-461 (July 2007): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.01.072.

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47

Bublikov, V. B., A. V. Narivskiy, Yu D. Bachinskyi, and O. O. Yasinskyi. "SiliconAlloyed Ductile Cast Iron and Its Application." Casting processes 139, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/plit2020.01.020.

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48

Stawarz, M. "SiMo Ductile Iron Crystallization Process." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0027.

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Abstract The article presents crystallization process of silicon molybdenum ductile cast iron (SiMo). The alloy with 5% silicon content and with variable amounts of Mo in a range of 0-1% was chosen for the research. The carbon content in the analysed alloys did not exceed 3,1%. The studies of crystallization process were based on thermal - derivative analysis (TDA). Chemical composition of all examined samples was analysed with the use of LECO spectrometer. Additionally, the carbon and the sulphur content was determined basing on carbon and sulphur LECO analyser. For metallographic examination, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDS analyser was used. Disclosed phases have been also tested with the use of X-ray diffraction. The results allowed the description of crystallization processes of silicon molybdenum ductile cast iron using thermal - derivative analysis (TDA). Conducted studies did not allow for the clear identification of all complex phases containing molybdenum, occurring at the grain boundaries. Therefore, the further stages of the research could include the use of a transmission electron microscope to specify the description of complex compounds present in the alloy.

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Nofal, Adel. "An Overview on Cast Iron Research at CMRDI." Key Engineering Materials 457 (December 2010): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.457.3.

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This report is an overview on the cast iron research carried out at the Foundry Department of the Central Metallurgical R&D Institute (CMRDI) over the past three decades. CMRDI is an national industrial research institute, whose main objective is to serve the metallurgical industries in Egypt. This overview shows selected examples of the cast iron research programs covering fundamental research, optimizing melting techniques, developing cast iron alloys for special applications, investigating novel processing techniques of cast iron rather than sand casting, e.g. continuous casting, hot and cold rolling of ductile and austempered ductile irons as well as ausforming of ADI. The influence of elastic vibrations of mechanical and ultrasonic frequencies on the inoculation and structure formation of ductile as well as white high-Cr irons has been the subject of intensive research. The review illustrates that over 30 years, the foundry group at CMRDI has been striving to keep some sort of balance between fundamental and applied research, with the results of the latter being oriented towards developing the local foundry industry.

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Burbelko, Andriy A., Daniel Gurgul, Wojciech Kapturkiewicz, and Edward Guzik. "Modelling of the Density Changes of Nodular Cast Iron During Solidification by CA-FD Method." Materials Science Forum 790-791 (May 2014): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.790-791.140.

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Formation of the shrinkage defects in ductile iron castings is far more complicated phenomenon than in other casting alloys. In the presented paper changes the ductile iron density during solidification is analyzed. During the solidification path the influence of the temperature, phase fractions and phase composition is taking into account. Computer model, using cellular automata method, for estimation of changes in density of ductile iron during its solidification is applied. Results of the solidification modeling for Fe-C binary alloys with different composition in the castings with a different wall thickness are presented. As a result of calculations it was stated that after undercooling ductile iron below liquidus temperature volumetric changes proceed in three stages: pre-eutectic shrinkage (minimal in eutectic cast iron), eutectic expansion and the last shrinkage.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ductile cast iron'

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