Journal articles: 'Dues paid'

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JANSSON, MAIJA. "Dues Paid." Parliamentary History 15, no. 2 (March 17, 2008): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-0206.1996.tb00325.x.

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van Bunderen, Lisanne, and Brock Bastian. "“I have paid my dues”: When physical pain reduces interpersonal justice motivations." Motivation and Emotion 38, no. 4 (March 14, 2014): 540–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11031-014-9403-8.

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JENITA, LIA, I. NYOMAN WIDANA, and DESAK PUTU EKA NILAKUSMAWATI. "PENENTUAN MODEL PREMI TIDAK KONSTAN PADA ASURANSI DANA PENSIUN." E-Jurnal Matematika 5, no. 1 (January 30, 2016): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mtk.2016.v05.i01.p115.

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Pension plan is an effort to anticipate the life of old on the day. In the pension program, there are two methods of normal due’s calculation to be paid by the insured each year, the Entry Age Normal method, namely calculation of normal dues with constant premiums and projected unit credit method, namely calculation of normal dues with Premium Increases Each year or is not constant. This paper wants to develop an inconstant premium calculation method with constant premium increase annually. Where the pension plan participants’ age when he joined the pension plan is 19 years and the retirement age on this contract is 55 years, with premium increases of 5% of the normal dues early. The large ratio of premiums is, for dues normal at the age of 19 years until the age of 28 years, but for dues normal at the age of 29 years to the age of 33 years and to normal dues at the age of 34 years old until the age of one year before retirement.

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Earl, Geoff. "The RCN has paid unfairly high dues to the ICN for too long." Nursing Standard 27, no. 39 (May 29, 2013): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2013.05.27.39.30.s41.

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Keating, Patricia A. "IPA Life Membership." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43, no. 1 (April 2013): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100312000382.

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The International Phonetic Association's by-laws recognize as Life Members those members who have paid membership dues for 30 years. The awarding of Life Membership is intended to honour the impressive records of service of long-time IPA members, and to acknowledge their contribution in a symbolic and in a practical way.

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Keating, Patricia A. "IPA Life Membership." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45, no. 1 (March 30, 2015): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100314000449.

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The International Phonetic Association's by-laws recognize as Life Members those members who have paid membership dues for over 30 years. The awarding of Life Membership is intended to honour the impressive records of service of long-time IPA members, and to acknowledge their contribution in a symbolic and in a practical way.

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Matthews, N. F. "User Charges for Marine Aids to Navigation." Journal of Navigation 38, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300038224.

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When considering user charges for the provision and maintenance of marine aids to navigation, it must be recognized that the basis on which they are calculated and levied is to a large extent due to historical accident. There is no internationally recognised system for levying these dues and every country has its own ideas as to how much money, if any, should be raised by this means.User charges paid by shipping for marine aids to navigation normally fall into two categories. First there are national charges which go towards the running of the national lighthouse authority, either in whole, or in part. Such charges are referred to in this paper as ‘light dues’.

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Masterfano, Michele K. "Effects of participation in paid membership organizations on entrepreneurial success." New England Journal of Entrepreneurship 14, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/neje-14-02-2011-b003.

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Research into entrepreneurial networking activities has ignored an aspect that is important to the entrepreneurs‐does it make sense to pay dues to an organization that promises networking opportunities to help build their business? This study looked at that aspect of networking by comparing revenue growth rates and average number of employees between those businesses whose owners belong to paid membership organizations and those who do not. No differences were found between the two groups of entrepreneurial firms. While there are still benefits to joining these organizations, entrepreneurs should not expect to grow their business because of membership.

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Lubis Ghozali, Ahmad, Munengsih Sari Bunga, Willy Permana Putra, and Iis Juita Sari. "Monitoring Information System for Citizen Cash Contribution at Graha Sudirman Indramayu Housing Based on Web." Jurnal Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Madani (JPMM) 5, no. 1 (June 8, 2021): 128–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/10.21009/jpmm.005.1.10.

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The payment system in economic transactions is experiencing rapid progress along with the development of sophisticated technology. Graha Sudirman is a housing located in Indramayu Regency, West Java. In the cash dues section of residents in the Graha Sudirman Indramayu housing, cash dues collection is still done conventionally by way of the coordinator collecting each resident's house and recording it through a cash book. However, the cash contributions that are collected are not transparent in the data on expenditures or the remaining balance, so that residents do not know the income and disbursements of cash contributions paid every month. This application is designed and implemented using the PHP programming language with MySQL, it can be concluded that with the Citizen Cash Contribution Monitoring application using a codeigniter framework it can help admins recap cash dues, expenses, remaining balances and can help coordinators be able to streamline their time in collecting cash contributions because In this application the coordinator only needs to verify cash contribution payments made by residents by transfer and make it easier for residents to make cash contribution payments, provide criticism and suggestions for housing, find out financial data such as cash contribution reports, and expense reports.

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Koo, Sejin. "Can intraparty democracy save party activism? Evidence from Korea." Party Politics 26, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068818754601.

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This article focuses on Korean parties to address the following gaps in the literature on party member activism: First, little attention has been paid to party members in non-Western democracies. Second, it is unclear how intraparty democracy is related to member activism. Unlike most industrialized democracies, South Korea has recently seen a notable growth in party membership. However, dues-paying remains the exception rather than the rule in the major parties, while the opposite is true for the minor, leftist parties. Using data from party member surveys, I examine the determinants of member activism across three Korean parties, focusing on the effect of members’ evaluations of the internal democracy of their party. I argue that dues-paying has risen as a new form of activism as democracy has been consolidated, and present evidence for a paradox of intra-party democracy that members positively evaluating internal democracy of their party remain less active.

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Clegg, Cyndia Susan. "Pacific Ancient and Modern Language Association." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 115, no. 4 (September 2000): 854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/s0030812900140301.

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The association's ninety-eighth conference will be held 10-12 November 2000 at the University of California, Los Angeles. Chairs of the local committee are Hans Wagener of the German Department and Frederick Burwick of the English Department. Registration at the conference will be $35 and $25. All paper sessions are scheduled for classrooms at UCLA and will begin Friday at 1:00 p.m. and end Sunday at 1:00 p.m. PAMLA members whose dues were paid by 1 June 2000 will receive programs by mail.PAMLA dues are $25 for regular members, $15 for lecturers, $10 for students and emeriti, and $30 for joint memberships. Membership includes a subscription to Pacific Coast Philology, a refereed journal, which, since 1993, appears in two issues each year. By reciprocal agreement, regular NEMLA and PAMLA members may participate in the meetings of both associations. For further information, write the new executive director, Lorely French, Modern Foreign Languages, Pacific Univ., Forest Grove, OR 97116 (frenchl@pacificu.edu), or visit the PAMLA Web site (http://www.pamla.org).

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Chamberlain, Adam, Alixandra B. Yanus, and Nicholas Pyeatt. "From Reconstruction to Reform: Modernization and the Interest Group State, 1875–1900." Social Science History 41, no. 4 (2017): 705–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2017.28.

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The rise of voluntary associations in the late nineteenth century has received significant scholarly attention over the last few decades. Some studies argue that modernization facilitates group formation, but other analyses (e.g., Crowley and Skocpol 2001; Gamm and Putnam 1999) find little support for the argument that modernization caused group formation. Here, we extend this debate to the study of the strength of state-level, voluntary associations with clear political objectives. Using state-level dues paid to national organizations as a measure of group strength, we find evidence that more modernized states typically had the strongest state-level organizations in the 1880s and 1890s. These empirical findings lend support to the modernization thesis but also suggest that group formation and strength may be explained by different processes.

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Jędrejek, Grzegorz. "ODPOWIEDZIALNOŚĆ INWESTORA WOBEC PODWYKONAWCÓW (ART. 6471 § 5 K.C.)." Zeszyty Prawnicze 7, no. 1 (June 23, 2017): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2007.7.1.08.

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The Liability of an Investor to a Subcontractor (Art. 6471 § 5 k.c.)SummaryThe article answers a question w hether an investor in case of a contract for construction works will be liable to a subcontractor also when he paid the latter all dues (including the rem uneration). These doubts are grounded in the form ulation of art. 6471 § 5 of the Polish Civil Code, according to which the party concluding a contract with thesubcontractor and the investor as well as the performer bear a joint andseveral liability for the payment of remuneration due to the subcontractor for the performed construction works. Taking into consideration a linguistic interpretation of the provision, as presented in the doctrine, it should be considered that the investor’s payment of the remuneration for the work performed by the subcontractor is permissible. Nevertheless, the author takes a different position based on the functional interpretation and interpretation referring to the whole system of the civil law.

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Clark, Ann Marie. "Moral Victories: How Activists Provoke Multilateral Action. By Susan Burgerman. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001. 186p. $29.95." American Political Science Review 96, no. 4 (December 2002): 877–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055402210473.

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A lot of scholarly attention has been devoted to demonstrating that transnational activists “matter” in explaining international outcomes. Having paid those dues, it can be argued that scholars of transnational activity can safely shift from a documentary focus to a more profound inquiry concerning how, why, and to what extent nonstate actors matter. On the other hand, to understand the work of transnational activists for the international implementation of moral and legal standards—not a completely new area of inquiry, but a burgeoning one—still requires a considerable amount of empirical documentation of exactly what that work entails. Only time-intensive, border-hopping research provides the names, dates, and actors' words, deeds, and intentions that comprise whatever political activity there is to be theorized about. Thus, both empirical documentation and theorizing about transnational and multilateral processes are demanding, and interdependent, scholarly necessities. In her book Moral Victories: How Activists Provoke Multilateral Action, Susan Burgerman presents finely articulated empirical research that is a welcome contribution to the literature on human rights in multilateral political processes.

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Spencer, J. R. "5 The Corpus Juris Project and the Fight Against Budgetary Fraud." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 1 (1998): 77–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802820990.

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The greater part of the EU budget comes from money paid directly by citizens of the Member States, or by those who do business with them, in the form of customs dues and VAT. Dishonest people therefore have the opportunity to enrich themselves at the EU’s expense by conducting their business affairs so as to evade payment of these taxes which their fellow citizens dutifully pay. Contrary to popular belief as fostered by the tabloid newspapers, very little of the 82 billion or so ECUs that the EU budget represents is swallowed up in fattening the wallets of MEPs and eurocrats, and nearly all of what comes in goes out again in the form of grants and subsidies. This gives dishonest people a further and even more tempting opportunity to enrich themselves at the EU’s expense by obtaining grants and subsidies to which they are not entitled. The most ingenious dishonest people find ways of cheating on both sides of the equation at once, and manage to evade taxes and fraudulently claim benefits simultaneously.

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Spencer, J. R. "The Corpus Juris Project and the Fight Against Budgetary Fraud." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 1 (1998): 77–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000001099.

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The greater part of the EU budget comes from money paid directly by citizens of the Member States, or by those who do business with them, in the form of customs dues and VAT. Dishonest people therefore have the opportunity to enrich themselves at the EU’s expense by conducting their business affairs so as to evade payment of these taxes which their fellow citizens dutifully pay. Contrary to popular belief as fostered by the tabloid newspapers, very little of the 82 billion or so ECUs that the EU budget represents is swallowed up in fattening the wallets of MEPs and eurocrats, and nearly all of what comes in goes out again in the form of grants and subsidies. This gives dishonest people a further and even more tempting opportunity to enrich themselves at the EU’s expense by obtaining grants and subsidies to which they are not entitled. The most ingenious dishonest people find ways of cheating on both sides of the equation at once, and manage to evade taxes and fraudulently claim benefits simultaneously.

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Maurer, Bill. "Out of balance? ‘Konesans’ and first world knowledges in Caribbean women’s studies." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 72, no. 3-4 (January 1, 1998): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002596.

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[First paragraph]We Paid Our Dues: Women Trade Union Leaders of the Caribbean. A. LYNN BOLLES. Washington DC: Howard University Press, 1996. xxxviii + 250 pp. (Paper US$21.95)Gender: A Caribbean Multi-Disciplinary Perspective. ELSA LEO-RHYNIE, BARBARA BAILEY & CHRISTINE BARROW (eds.). Kingston: Ian Randle, 1997. xix + 358 pp. (Paper n.p.)Daughters of Caliban: Caribbean Women in the Twentieth Century. CONSUELO LOPEZ SPRINGFIELD (ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997. xxi + 316 pp. (Cloth US$ 35.00, Paper US$ 17.95)Two weeks before I began writing this review essay, I had the misfortune to contract food poisoning while visiting New York. I was admitted to St. Vincent's Hospital in Greenwich Village where I found myself under the capable care of a team of West Indian nurses. At the time, I didn't give this much thought; I was simply happy to be getting good care far from home. The day before I was released, my right arm swelled up from the intravenous drip that had been delivering fluids and antibiotics into my body. It was first noticed by one of the Jamaican nurses, who told me that the IV had "infiltrated" my arm and that, as a result, my "fluids were out of balance," and this was keeping me from getting well. She promptly pointed this out to another nurse, who took out the IV and stuck another one into my left arm.

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Kumala Dewi, Lina, Bambang Triono, and Dian Suluh Kusuma Dewi. "Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam program pembangunan Infrastruktur Perdesaan (PPIP)." Jurnal Administrasi Pemerintahan Desa 1, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32669/villages.v1i1.12.

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The construction of public participation has paid his dues. This is that in realizing development projects readily undergoing a failure that empowers people. Related in all process that deals with planning, implementation, the use of results and development monitoring. The rural infrastructure development program (PPIP) is development programs community empowerment. Where people have got to dive headlong in village development, especially physical development he purposes of this research is to find how the participation of the community in the Rural infrastructure development program (PPIP), Ngranget Village, Dagangan District, Madiun Regency. The kind of research is qualitative descriptive. In research, this is the population is the number of household heads involved in the delivery rabat concrete development in Ngranget village which consisted of 95 KK. The majority of informants interviewed in this research was 12 people. Was used in the study data collection method that is Technical Documentation interviews and data available for analysis namely described the results of research or data with a form of what is he got writer whether it is the results of the interviews, or result in appreciating documentation then investigated and the studies of the issue and. The result that the community participation in development in the village of rabat concrete Ngranget mind (planning), low participation in the form of energy high, participation in the form of expertise, quite low in the form of goods low, the form of money and participation is very low.

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Sandoval, Luis, Roselvy Juárez, and Mauricio Villarreal. "Different Messages are Transmitted by Individual Duet Contributions and Complete Duets in a Species with Highly Overlapped Duets." Open Ornithology Journal 11, no. 1 (November 22, 2018): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874453201811010056.

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Background: Duet function hypotheses have been mostly studied in bird species that produce duets with male and female solo songs. However, in order to understand if patterns of duet function are similar across all duetting species, it is highly necessary to test the duet function hypotheses in species that produce duets with vocalizations other than solo songs. Objective: We studied the responses of territorial pairs to each sex’s individual duet contribution and complete duets in a species that produces duets with a vocalization other than male and female solo songs. Methods: We conducted a playback experiment where we presented duet contributions of each sex to three populations of White-eared Ground-sparrows (Melozone leucotis) in Costa Rica, during this species’ breeding season in 2016. Results: The responses to complete duets were stronger than those to each sex’s duet contribution, suggesting that complete duets and each sex’s duet contribution have different functions. Complete duets are used to protect resources from intruders (supporting the resource defense hypothesis), and to prevent the partner from being usurped by intruders (supporting the mate-guarding hypothesis). Males used solo songs in response to female duet contributions, and this may work to attract intruder females (increasing the probability of extra-pair copulation). Males also use solo songs in response to male duet contributions, which may work as a signal to repel intruder males and guard their female. In this case, where mate attraction occurs with a completely different type of vocalization than used for duetting, we found a clear pattern of a double agenda for males when a territorial intrusion occurs. Conclusions: This study provides strong support for the dual function hypothesis in duets and reveals conflicting selective pressures between pair members relative to each hypothesis.

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Dahlin, Christine, and Timothy Wright. "Pair duets in the yellow-naped amazon (Amazona auropalliata): Phonology and syntax." Behaviour 144, no. 2 (2007): 207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853907779947346.

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AbstractPair duets are acoustically complex communication signals formed jointly by members of a mated pair. Duets may serve multiple communication functions; quantitative studies of the acoustic structure and organization of notes (or 'syntax') within duets are an important step in identifying these functions. This study examined duets of the yellow-naped amazon (Amazona auropalliata) at two sites in Costa Rica to determine the syntactical rules underlying duet variation. Duets were composed of contact calls and three other note types found only in duets. These latter note types were sex-specific, with one type performed by females and the other two types by males. Sex-specific notes were delivered antiphonally and in distinct pairs, with the male note following and often overlapping that of the female. Note types appeared in a strict sequential order in which each note could be repeated a variable number of times or omitted entirely, a pattern previously termed 'combinatorial syntax'. Additionally, there was considerable variation in acoustic parameters of notes within types. Many of these parameters varied significantly with note order within a duet. These syntactical features suggest a preliminary hypothesis that males and females encode different, and possibly multiple, messages in their respective contributions to duets.

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Keenan, Emily L., Karan J. Odom, Marcelo Araya-Salas, Kyle G. Horton, Matthew Strimas-Mackey, Megan A. Meatte, Nigel I. Mann, Peter J. B. Slater, J. Jordan Price, and Christopher N. Templeton. "Breeding season length predicts duet coordination and consistency in Neotropical wrens (Troglodytidae)." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1941 (December 16, 2020): 20202482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2482.

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Many animals produce coordinated signals, but few are more striking than the elaborate male–female vocal duets produced by some tropical songbirds. Yet, little is known about the factors driving the extreme levels of vocal coordination between mated pairs in these taxa. We examined evolutionary patterns of duet coordination and their potential evolutionary drivers in Neotropical wrens (Troglodytidae), a songbird family well known for highly coordinated duets. Across 23 wren species, we show that the degree of coordination and precision with which pairs combine their songs into duets varies by species. This includes some species that alternate their song phrases with exceptional coordination to produce rapidly alternating duets that are highly consistent across renditions. These highly coordinated, consistent duets evolved independently in multiple wren species. Duet coordination and consistency are greatest in species with especially long breeding seasons, but neither duet coordination nor consistency are correlated with clutch size, conspecific abundance or vegetation density. These results suggest that tightly coordinated duets play an important role in mediating breeding behaviour, possibly by signalling commitment or coalition of the pair to mates and other conspecifics.

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Rivera-Cáceres, Karla D., Esmeralda Quirós-Guerrero, Marcelo Araya-Salas, and William A. Searcy. "Neotropical wrens learn new duet rules as adults." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1843 (November 30, 2016): 20161819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1819.

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Although song development in songbirds has been much studied as an analogue of language development in humans, the development of vocal interaction rules has been relatively neglected in both groups. Duetting avian species provide an ideal model to address the acquisition of interaction rules as duet structure involves time and pattern-specific relationships among the vocalizations from different individuals. In this study, we address the development of the most striking properties of duets: the specific answering rules that individuals use to link their own phrase types to those of their partners (duet codes) and precise temporal coordination. By performing two removal experiments in canebrake wrens ( Cantorchilus zeledoni ), we show that individuals use a fixed phrase repertoire to create new phrase pairings when they acquire a new partner. Furthermore, immediately after pairing, individuals perform duets with poor coordination and poor duet code adherence, but both aspects improve with time. These results indicate that individuals need a learning period to be able to perform well-coordinated duets that follow a consistent duet code. We conclude that both duet coordination and duet code adherence are honest indicators of pair-bond duration.

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Budiono, Arief, Dita Ajeng Yulianie, Ferry Irawan Febriansyah, Rika Maya Sari, Dewi Iriani, and Nuryani Nuryani. "ANALISA DAMPAK KEBIJAKAN ATAS KENAIKAN IURAN JAMINAN KESEHATAN NASIONAL (STUDI DI KECAMATAN BULUKERTO)." Media Keadilan: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 12, no. 1 (April 29, 2021): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/jmk.v12i1.2722.

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The urgency of this research is to analyze the impact of the increase in BPJS Health contributions to be used as a reference so that if there is a policy to increase the BPJS, Kesehatan no longer impacts society. Evaluating something that happens to be a lesson is of great urgency for legal research, especially in the context of policies related to BPJS Kesehatan. The research methodology is a juridical-empirical research method, using a qualitative descriptive approach. Data collection techniques, through interviews and distributing google forms. The study results show that the increase and increase in BPJS dues that occurred since January 1, 2020, impact the fees or the amount of money that a person must pay against the bill that appears; if not paid, then a fine will appear. The results of the Google Form questionnaire show that basically and in essence, policies related to BPJS Kesehatan are constructive for the community, which clearly proves legal welfare in the Bulukerto District area. This is evidenced by data from research respondents, that 97% of respondents actually appreciate the government programs related to BPJS Kesehatan positively. However, the policy that is written or the content of the BPJS Health policy being questioned by the community is the policy or regulation on the increase in BPJS contributions. The 28 respondents also evidence this on Google Form; 23 respondents have an objection to the policy.Keywords: Indonesia; Health; BPJS. ABSTRAKUrgensi dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisa dampak kenaikan iuran BPJS Kesehatan untuk dijadikan acuan agar jika terjadi kebijakan kenaikan BPJS Kesehatan lagi tidak berdampak kembali terhadap masyarakat. Mengevaluasi sesuatu yang terjadi menjadi sebuah pembelajaran merupakan urgensi besar sebuah penelitian hukum khususnya dalam konteks kebijakan terkait BPJS Kesehatan. Metodologi penelitian dengan jenis penelitian yuridis-empiris, menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data, melalui wawancara dan penyebaran google form. Hasil penelitian bahwa, Kenaikan dan melonjaknya iuran BPJS yang terjadi sejak tanggal 1 Januari 2020 yang lalu, berdampak pada iuran atau jumlah uang yang harus dibayar oleh seseorang terhadap tagihan yang muncul, jika tidak dibayar maka akan muncul dendanya. Hasil kuisoner Google Form, bahwa pada dasar dan hakikatnya, kebijakan terkait BPJS Kesehatan sangatlah membantu masyarakat dan itu sangat jelas membuktikan sebuah kesejahteraan hukum di wilayah Kecamatan Bulukerto. Hal itu dibuktikan berdasarkan data responden penelitian, bahwa 97% responden sebenarnya mengapresiasi positif program pemerintah terkait dengan BPJS Kesehatan. Akan tetapi, kebijakan yang tertuliskan atau isi dari kebijakan BPJS Kesehatan yang dipermasalahkan masyarakat yaitu kebijakan atau aturan kenaikan iuran BPJS. Hal ini juga dibuktikan dengan dari 28 responden Google Form, 23 responden berpendapat keberatan dengan kebijakan tersebut.

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Soma, Masayo, and Henrik Brumm. "Group living facilitates the evolution of duets in barbets." Biology Letters 16, no. 8 (August 2020): 20200399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0399.

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The duets of birds have intrigued biologists for a long time, yet much remains unknown about the evolution of these striking collective displays. This is partly because previous studies on duet evolution have been biased to songbirds and neglected other bird groups. In songbirds, the absence of migration has been found to predict the occurrence of duetting, indirectlysupporting the idea that duet communication is linked with pair bonding. Here, we used phylogenetic comparative analyses in a sedentary clade of non-songbirds, the barbets (Capitonidae), to reveal new correlates of duet evolution. We found (i) that duets evolved several times independently in different barbet lineages and (ii) that duetting evolved in association with group living (i.e. the presence of helpers or non-breeding adults during the breeding period), but not with sexual monochromatism or habitat type. Our findings are consistent with a duet function in mate guarding and dominance against subordinate group members as well as joint territory defence. Altogether, the results highlight the importance of the social environment for the evolution of collective signalling.

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Mennill, Daniel J., and Sandra L. Vehrencamp. "Sex Differences in Singing and Duetting Behavior of Neotropical Rufous-and-White Wrens (Thryothorus Rufalbus)." Auk 122, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/122.1.175.

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AbstractIn many tropical bird species, males and females sing together in coordinated vocal duets. Although studies of duetting present unique opportunities for understanding conflict and cooperation between the sexes, very few investigations describe the similarities and differences between male and female singing behaviors. Here, we present the first detailed account of the singing behavior of Rufous-and-white Wrens (Thryothorus rufalbus), a resident tropical duetting songbird. Male and female songs share a similar structure, yet show pronounced sex differences. Male songs have lower frequency characteristics and more repeated trill syllables, and often sound louder than female songs. Males sing more than females, and only males show elevated song output at dawn. Both males and females have song repertoires. Males have an average repertoire size of 10.8 song types, whereas females have a significantly smaller average repertoire size of 8.5 song types. Although males share proportionately more of their song types with neighbors than females do, both sexes share more song types with nearby individuals than with distant individuals. Breeding partners combine their solo songs to create duets. Duets assume a variety of different forms, ranging from simple, overlapping male and female songs to complex combinations of multiple male and female songs. Most duets (73%) are created by females responding to male song. Males respond to female-initiated duets with shorter latencies than when females respond to male-initiated duets. Each pair sings certain combinations of song types in duets more often than can be explained by random association, which demonstrates that Rufous-and-white Wrens have duet types. The most common duet type was different for each pair. Our results show that Rufous-and-white Wrens have pronounced sex differences in song structure, singing activity, repertoire size, repertoire sharing, and duetting behavior.Diferencias entre Sexos en el Canto y Comportamiento de Dueto en Thryothorus rufalbus

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Wheeldon, Amie, Paweł Szymański, Michał Budka, and Tomasz S. Osiejuk. "Structure and functions of Yellow-breasted Boubou (Laniarius atroflavus) solos and duets." PeerJ 8 (October 21, 2020): e10214. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10214.

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Background Birds have extremely well-developed acoustic communication and have become popular in bioacoustics research. The majority of studies on bird song have been conducted in the temperate zones where usually males of birds sing to attract females and defend territories. In over 360 bird species mostly inhabiting the tropics both males and females sing together in duets. Avian duets are usually formed when a male and female coordinate their songs. We focused on a species with relatively weakly coordinated duets, with male solo as the prevailing vocalisation type. Methods Instead of analysing a set of recordings spread over a long time, we analysed whole day microphone-array recordings of the Yellow-breasted Boubou (Laniarius atroflavus), a species endemic to West African montane rainforests. We described the structure of the solo and duet vocalisations and temporal characteristics of daily activity based on 5,934 vocal bouts of 18 focal pairs and their neighbours. Results Birds had small, sex specific repertoires. All males shared three types of loud whistles functioning as song type repertoires in both solos and duets. Females vocalised with five types of harsh, atonal notes with a more variable and usually lower amplitude. Three of them were produced both as solos and in duets, while two seem to function as alarm and excitement calls given almost exclusively as a solo. Solos were the most common vocalisation mode (75.4%), with males being more vocally active than females. Duets accounted for 24.6% of all vocalisations and in most cases were initiated by males (81%). The majority of duets were simple (85.1%) consisting of a single male and female song type, but altogether 38 unique duet combinations were described. Males usually initiated singing at dawn and for this used one particular song type more often than expected by chance. Male solo and duet activities peaked around dawn, while female solos were produced evenly throughout the day. Discussion Yellow-breasted Boubou is a duetting species in which males are much more vocal than females and duetting is not a dominating type of vocal activity. Duet structure, context and timing of daily production support the joint resource defence hypothesis and mate guarding/prevention hypotheses, however maintaining pair contact also seems to be important. This study provides for the first time the basic quantitative data describing calls, solos and duet songs in the Yellow-breasted Boubou.

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Kern, Christian, and Edömer Tassonyi. "Pneumomédiastin: complications dues à ľusage ďun jet à air-comprimé." Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 36, no. 1 (January 1989): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03010892.

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Mulder, Raoul A., Helen Bishop, Michelle Cooper, Sophie Dennis, Melanie Koetsveld, Julia Marshall, Belinda L. Saunders, and Naomi E. Langmore. "Alternate functions for duet and solo songs in magpie-larks, Grallina cyanoleuca." Australian Journal of Zoology 51, no. 1 (2003): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo02060.

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Several possible functions have been proposed for antiphonal duetting in birds, including pair-bond maintenance, cooperative territorial defence and acoustic mate guarding. Previous work has suggested that duetting in magpie-larks was consistent with both defence of the territory and guarding the mate against usurpation. We conducted playback experiments designed to distinguish between these two functions. Responses of males and females to simulated intrusion (broadcasts of unfamiliar solo songs) suggested functional differences for solo songs and duets. Both sexes initiated more songs in response to same-sex conspecific song, suggesting that solo songs are used to deter same-sex rivals in the context of territory defence. Contrary to predictions of the mate-guarding and pair-bond maintenance hypotheses, the sex of playback song had no effect on the likelihood of either sex answering their partner's song to form a duet. Thus, duets are most likely to be performed for the purpose of cooperative territorial defence.

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Clink, Dena J., Allison R. Lau, and Karen L. Bales. "Age-related changes and vocal convergence in titi monkey duet pulses." Behaviour 156, no. 15 (2019): 1471–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003575.

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Abstract Duets in pair-bonding primates serve as a primary mode of communication between pairs, and duets may provide cues to conspecifics regarding the calling individual or pair. Here, we test the hypothesis that pulse elements in coppery titi monkey duets vary with condition and identity of the caller. We predicted that pulse elements would vary with age, sex, or pair-bond length. We estimated pulse rate and duration for 378 pulse elements from the duets of 74 captive titi monkeys (Plecturocebus cupreus). We found inter-individual variation in both features, and evidence for vocal convergence among pair mates in pulse rate. Age was the best predictor of pulse rate, and pulse rate decreased with age. Age and pair-bond length reliably predicted pulse duration. Our results suggest that variation in titi monkey duets reflects differences in caller condition and pair identity, and contribute to growing evidence for vocal plasticity in nonhuman primates.

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Rivera-Cáceres, Karla D., Esmeralda Quirós-Guerrero, Marcelo Araya-Salas, Christopher N. Templeton, and William A. Searcy. "Early development of vocal interaction rules in a duetting songbird." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 2 (February 2018): 171791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171791.

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Exchange of vocal signals is an important aspect of animal communication. Although birdsong is the premier model for understanding vocal development, the development of vocal interaction rules in birds and possible parallels to humans have been little studied. Many tropical songbirds engage in complex vocal interactions in the form of duets between mated pairs. In some species, duets show precise temporal coordination and follow rules (duet codes) governing which song type one bird uses to reply to each of the song types of its mate. We determined whether these duetting rules are acquired during early development in canebrake wrens. Results show that juveniles acquire a duet code by singing with a mated pair of adults and that juveniles gradually increase their fidelity to the code over time. Additionally, we found that juveniles exhibit poorer temporal coordination than adults and improve their coordination as time progresses. Human turn-taking, an analogous rule to temporal coordination, is learned during early development. We report that the ontogeny of vocal interaction rules in songbirds is analogous to that of human conversation rules.

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Templeton, Christopher N., Alejandro A. Ríos-Chelén, Esmeralda Quirós-Guerrero, Nigel I. Mann, and Peter J. B. Slater. "Female happy wrens select songs to cooperate with their mates rather than confront intruders." Biology Letters 9, no. 1 (February 23, 2013): 20120863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0863.

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Vocal duetting occurs in many taxa, but its function remains much-debated. Like species in which only one sex sings, duetting birds can use their song repertoires to signal aggression by singing song types that match those of territorial intruders. However, when pairs do not share specific combinations of songs (duet codes), individuals must choose to signal aggression by matching the same-sex rival, or commitment by replying appropriately to their mate. Here, we examined the song types used by female happy wrens ( Pheugopedius felix ) forced to make this decision in a playback experiment. We temporarily removed the male from the territory and then played songs from two loudspeakers to simulate an intruding female and the removed mate's response, using song types that the pair possessed but did not naturally combine into duets. Females were aggressive towards the female playback speaker, approaching it and overlapping the female playback songs, but nevertheless replied appropriately to their mate's songs instead of type matching the intruding female. This study indicates that females use song overlapping to signal aggression but use their vocal repertoires to create pair-specific duet codes with their mates, suggesting that duetting functions primarily to demonstrate pair commitment.

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Odom, Karan J., and Kevin E. Omland. "Females and males respond more strongly to duets than to female solos: comparing the function of duet and solo singing in a tropical songbird (Icterus icterus)." Behaviour 154, no. 13-15 (2017): 1377–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003473.

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Abstract Both females and males of many animals possess elaborate displays, such as solo songs and duets of songbirds. We know little about the function of female song or what selects for duets. To examine their possible functions, we played female solos, duets and a heterospecific control to pairs of troupials (Icterus icterus). Both sexes responded strongly to duets by approaching the playback speaker significantly closer, faster, and more often compared to female solos or the control. Neither sex responded strongly to female solos; troupials approached closer, sang sooner, and duetted more following female solos than the control, but this difference was not significant. Our results indicate that troupial duets pose a greater threat than female solos and female troupial solos are not particularly threatening. Troupial duets may be especially threatening because they indicate the presence of a mated pair, which likely poses a greater territorial threat than lone, unmated birds.

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Maciel, Catarina. "Cólica Renal Periódica: Síndrome de Nutcracker por Duplicação da Veia Renal Esquerda." Medicina Interna 28, no. 3 (September 21, 2021): 264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24950/cc/59/21/3/2021.

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A síndrome de nutcracker é uma patologia rara, resultante do aumento da pressão na veia renal esquerda devido a diferentes anomalias anatómicas. Apresenta-se com sintomas pouco específicos, tais como dor lombar, hematúria ou varicocele que levam a diagnóstico tardio. Apresentamos o caso de uma doente de 22 anos de idade com múltiplos episódios de dor lombar esquerda e recorrente de grande intensidade, geralmente a preceder o início do cataménio. O estudo imagiológico do território vascular revelou anomalias a nível da vasculatura venosa pélvica esquerda, com duplicação da veia renal homolateral, a condicionar congestão pélvica. Após várias admissões (três internamentos com diagnóstico de pielonefrite aguda) a doente foi submetida a angioplastia da veia renal esquerda com embolização da veia gonadal. Após período de resolução sintomático, houve recaída sintomática associada a disfunção renal vindo a condicionar o autotransplante renal com inserção na fossa ilíaca esquerda. Um alto nível de suspeição é fundamental, sobretudo na ausência de resposta ao tratamento conservador e na recorrência de sintomas sem achados imagiológicos a sugerir outras patologias de natureza obstrutiva e/ou inflamatória.

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PATEL, SUNNY, and Prof H. K. DAVE Prof. H.K.DAVE. "Estimating the Revenue Due to on Street Paid Parking Program on Busy Urban Streets - A Case Study of Surat City." Paripex - Indian Journal Of Research 3, no. 5 (January 15, 2012): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22501991/may2014/83.

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Harrington, Helèna, Audrey Miller, Sarah Mcdowell, Amy Rogers, Joanne Panagos, and Jasmine Ferguson. "Use of Stereo Duet Playback to Investigate Traditional Duet Playback Methods and Mechanisms of Cooperative Territorial Defence in Magpie-Larks." Behaviour 141, no. 6 (2004): 741–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539042245169.

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AbstractDuets are precisely coordinated acoustic displays, usually involving members of a mated pair. Studies investigating avian duet function often employ a single speaker playback system to compare response of focal pairs to simulated territorial intrusion by duetting and solo birds. It has recently been suggested that a 'stereo duet playback', in which male and female duet components are separated and broadcast through two different speakers, would provide a more realistic duet stimulus. We conduct the first comparison of a traditional single speaker versus a new stereo duet playback design and provide evidence that Australian magpie-larks, Grallina cyanoleuca, make significantly more flights towards duet playback presented in a more realistic stereo context. Male and female magpie-lark pairs did not split up and attack one 'intruder' each when presented with a stereo duet playback. Instead they moved towards the same speaker together as a united pair, showing a tendency to approach the speaker initiating the duet intrusion. Distance between the two speakers in a stereo duet design did not have a significant effect on the response variables measured. We conclude that magpie-larks can distinguish between use of a single speaker or stereo duet playback to broadcast a duet and suggest that cooperative defence against duetting intruders in magpie-larks is a result of joint territorial defence rather than intraspecific aggression against same-sex intruders.

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Dingle, Caroline, and Hans Slabbekoorn. "Multiple functions for pair duets in a Neotropical wren Henicorhina leucophrys." Animal Behaviour 145 (November 2018): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.08.013.

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Varma, Rachna, Minal Chandra, and Sudheer Dara. "Low Back Pain with Radiculopathy in a Patient due to Herniated Disc and Associated Cerebellar Ataxia." Indian Journal of Anesthesia and Analgesia 6, no. 1 (2019): 358–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijaa.2349.8471.6119.50.

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Benedict, Lauryn. "California towhee vocal duets are multi-functional signals for multiple receivers." Behaviour 147, no. 8 (2010): 953–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000579510x498633.

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AbstractAvian vocal duets provide a model system for studying the evolution and production of complex signals which require input from multiple individuals. Duets serve a variety of communication functions in diverse species. To explore the function of duetting in California towhees (Pipilo crissalis) I collected behavioural data from a marked population, conducted sound playback experiments, and removed males from established pairs to observe the behaviour of new partners. Results indicate that California towhees use duets during extra-pair communication with conspecifics and during intra-pair communication between duetting partners. During the breeding season duetting frequency peaked during the chick-rearing period and was low during periods of high female fertility. Playbacks provoked similar levels of aggressive response from male and female territory holders. Mated pairs duetted in response to simulated intrusion by conspecific males, females and pairs. California towhee duets briefly increased in frequency after pairing, and showed no evidence of change due to learning. Duets facilitate spatial and behavioural coordination by mates, which should allow them to more effectively perform behaviours related to mutual reproductive success. No single existing hypothesis adequately explains vocal duetting among California towhees. Instead, duets function in multiple contexts and provide multiple potential benefits.

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De Conno, F., L. Saita, and V. Ventafridda. "La thermocoagulation contrôlée au niveau de L5-S1 dans les algies périnéales dues à un cancer avancé." Douleur et Analgésie 1, no. 2 (June 1988): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03006127.

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Geissmann, Thomas. "DUET SONGS OF THE SIAMANG, HYLOBATES SYNDACTYLUS: II. TESTING THE PAIR-BONDING HYPOTHESIS DURING A PARTNER EXCHANGE." Behaviour 136, no. 8 (1999): 1005–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853999501694.

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AbstractIt has repeatedly been suggested for several duetting bird and primate species that duetting might act as a reinforcement of the pair bond. Until now, it has apparently not been demonstrated that the premises underlying the pair-bonding hypothesis are met by any duetting species. Siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus) are monogamous apes which produce long and complex duet songs. This study analyses the changes in duet structure in two pairs of siamangs during a forced partner exchange. The duet songs of the siamangs underwent many notable changes during partner exchange. Of 33 different variants of the great call sequence, 29% in one pair and 21% in the other were restricted to the first stage just after the partner exchange. Some of these changes were certainly due to individualistic traits of the new partner, and for some other changes, this possibility cannot be reliably excluded. At least two changes, however, can only be interpreted in terms of a learning effort by which one partner adapts its duetting behaviour to that of its new mate. The two newly formed pairs of this report appear to be the first documented cases to fulfil the requirements underlying Wickler's (1980) pair-bonding hypothesis: The animals under study were showing a stable song pattern with pair-specific traits. After the partner exchange, new pair-specific traits occurred, some of them obviously achieved through a partner-directed effort of one or both individual(s). Moreover, the pair-bonding hypothesis appears to be one of the few biological functions suggested so far which could explain a high degree of duet-complexity as adaptive. However, the loudness of the siamang song alone suggests that other functions are also involved. These are most probably related to territorial advertisement, pair bond advertisement and (possibly) mate attraction.

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Ritsema Van Eck, P. C. "Johannes Mattheus Kieseling Een Rotterdamse glasgraveur uit Gotha." Oud Holland - Quarterly for Dutch Art History 99, no. 3 (1985): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187501785x00099.

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AbstractIn 1953 the Rijksmuseum acquired a wheel-engraved goblet documented as the work of Johannes Mattheus Kieseling of Rotterdam (Note I). More facts have recently come to light about his life and work. He was born in 1691 and first mentioned in Rotterdam in 1717, when he was enrolled in the register of citizens as coming from 'Saxengota' (Note 3 and 4). In 1718 he married Maria Sluyters of Rotterdam (Note 5) and a daughter Maria Martha was born to them in 1722 (Note 6) . Before then, in 1719, he had bought a house on Vissersdijk (Note 7). He was buried on 19 October 1735. He had moved to Geldersekaay before then and the facts that he owned his house and that his wife paid dues for his burial show that he must have been reasonably well off. He probably derived most of his income from the glass shop he ran rather than from engraving. He is known to have supplied glasses to various polder boards (Note 10). He enjoyed a certain renown as a glass engraver and there were some glasses by him in the well-known collection of Jan Bisschop of Rotterdam (Note I ). These were engraved with a Bacchanal, merry peasants and a duck decoy. The goblet in the Rijksmuseum (Fig. I, Note 12) still has its original leather case lined with red cloth. It had a cover originally, but this is now missing. It is described at length by Pieter de Bye of Gorinchem in his account of the society 'Den Negenden' ('The Ninth'), of which he was a member, an further in formation is given in the memoirs of Diderik van Bleyswijk, burgomaster of Gorinchem. After a scandal in 1684 the ruling families in the town split into two camps engaged in a continuous struggle for power. 1687 saw the foundation of 'De Vriendelijke Bijeenkomst' ( The Friendly Gathering)-society) which owmed a silver cup, while 'Den Negenden' was fouded on 9 December 1727. The members of 'Den Negenden' met every month for a cold supper in the house of one of their number, the goblet, which could only be used for toasting the society, being taken along in its case. It was designed by De Bye himself, a detailed drawing being supplied by Frans van Mieris the Younger of Leiden. Kieseling was commissioned on 26 January 1732 to engrave it and was paid 75 guilders for the job. The goblet was ceremonially inaugurated on 3 August 1732, but in October that year it was broken, so a new one was ordered of the same de sign, but with a few more coats of arms added. The design features figures representing 'Concord' (Fig.2), 'Reason' (Fig.3), 'Counsel' (Fig.4) and Patriotism (Fig.5) separated by columns, with an inscription above in which these virtues are also mentioned. Above the columns are the arms of the Dutch Republic, Holland, Gorinchem and the Land van Arkel and the 'bond of friendship', represented by two clasped hands above the Gorinchem arms with a ribbon on which hang the arms of the twelve members. The date of the society's foundation on the foot is encircled by a snake biting its own tail, the symbol of the eternal bond (Fig. 6). The cover was decorated with oak leaves. This goblet came into use on 8 November 1733, but the society, fell apart in February 1734, one of the members even going over to the opposite camp and taking the goblet with him! In the collection of the De Overwaard Polder Board at Kinderdijk are eight glasses also firmly documented as engraved by Kieseling (Figs. 8, 9, 10, Note 16). These are the survivors of thirteen supplied by him in 1721 with a covering letter and bill (Fig.7). The glasses listed in the letter comprise ten engraved with the arms of members of the board, one with 'Friendship', one with 'Peace and Freedom' and one itiscribed 'Collegium in Aeternum esto'. The members in question had to pay, for the glasses themselves. In 1728 the board decided to have a glass case made in which to keep the engraved glasses, each new member being required to present a glass with his arms and an appropriate motto or device for placing in this case (Note 18). The board's rich collection of glass is still preserved thus today. Kieseling was a creditable engraver, but no more than that. The quality of his engraving can best be compared with that of Willem Otto Robart, a contemporary working in The Hague and Leiden (Note 19). He was certainly the least gifted of his known compatriots working in Holland, but his presence does confirm the German influence on 18th-century Dutch wheel-engraving. Little is known of the circumstances in which glass-engravers worked here in the 18th century, but Kieseling now proves, like Robart, to have kept a shop as well. The detailed documentation of his work further gives a good insight into the way engraved glass was used in the 18th century, another subject about which little is known as yet.

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Geissmann, Thomas, and Mathias Orgeldinger. "The relationship between duet songs and pair bonds in siamangs, Hylobates syndactylus." Animal Behaviour 60, no. 6 (December 2000): 805–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2000.1540.

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van den Heuvel, Irene M., Michael I. Cherry, and Georg M. Klump. "Crimson-breasted Shrike females with extra pair offspring contributed more to duets." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 68, no. 8 (April 26, 2014): 1245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-014-1735-6.

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Outteryck, A., J. Brouard, M. Leroux, B. Guillois, J. F. Duhamel, A. Vabret, and F. Freymuth. "Infections respiratoires aiguës dues au virus respiratoire syncytial type a: corrélation clinique et génotype viral." Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique 46, no. 6 (October 2006): 598–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.allerg.2006.09.033.

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Benarab, Maria do Carmo B. Sammartino, Yara Marcondes Machado Castiglia, Pedro Thadeu Galvão Vianna, and José Reinaldo Cerqueira Braz. "Avaliação da função renal do idoso em duas horas." Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 55, no. 3 (June 2005): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-70942005000300003.

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Geissmann, Thomas. "Mate Change Enhances Duetting Activity in the Siamang Gibbon (Hylobates Syndactulus)." Behaviour 96, no. 1-2 (1986): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853986x00199.

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AbstractSiamang gibbons produce long and complex duet songs. The hypothesis that duetting may act as advertisement of the presence and the status of a mated pair has repeatedly been suggested for duetting birds. If a pair bonding effect of the duet is actually attained through a partner-directed learning effort resulting in a pair-specific duet, the learning investment should be concentrated into a time period as short as possible in order to avoid competitors. Therefore, after the formation of a new pair, an increase of singing activity should be expected. In order to test this prediction, the singing activity of a pair of captive siamang before and after a partner exchange was compared. In the newly formed pair, an increase in singing activity was observed. Additional observations on a second new pair show a similar trend. In this case, both new mates remained in their familiar place so that their singing activity was unlikely to be affected by the process of establishing a new territory.

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Savy, F. P., G. Duval, B. Her, P. Canu, and P. Fintelz. "Echec de la chimiothérapie et de la radiothérapie au cours des fibroses pulmonaires dues au paraquat." Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 7, no. 2 (January 1988): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0750-7658(88)80146-1.

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Batistela, Marciela, and Eliara Solange Müller. "Analysis of duet vocalizations in Myiothlypis leucoblephara (Aves, Parulidae)." Neotropical Biology and Conservation 14, no. 2 (August 13, 2019): 297–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.14.e37655.

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Bird vocalizations might be used for specific recognition, territorial defense, and reproduction. Bioacoustic studies aim to understand the production, propagation and reception of acoustic signals, and they are an important component of research on animal behavior and evolution. In this study we analyzed the sound structure of duet vocalizations in pairs of Myiothlypis leucoblephara and evaluated whether the vocal variables differ among pairs and if there are differences in temporal characteristics and frequency of duets between pairs in forest edges vs. forest interior. Vocalizations were recorded from 17 bird pairs in three remnants of Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil. Six of the bird pairs were situated at the edge of the forest remnant, and 11 were in the interior of the remnant. The duets of different pairs between forest areas showed descriptive differences in the frequency, number of notes per call, and time between issuance of calls, with the main distinguishing feature being a change in frequency of a few notes in the second part of the musical phrase. The minimum frequency of vocalization was reduced at the private area than in the other two remnants (p <0.05). The duets of birds in the forest edge and forest interior did not significantly differ in minimum or maximum frequency of phrases (p> 0.05), phrase duration (p> 0.05) or number of notes per phrase (p> 0.05). Myiothlypis leucoblephara did not show a specific pattern with respect to issue of phrases in duets, but instead showed five different patterns, which were variable among pairs. There was a sharp decline or alternation in frequency between notes in the second part of the musical phrase for recognition among pairs. Variation in vocalization among M. leucoblephara duets may play a role in pair recognition.

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Żmudzka, Elwira, Dariusz Woronko, and Maciej Dłużewski. "The Sources of Moisture in the Sand Dunes – The Example of the Western Sahara Dune Field." Quaestiones Geographicae 33, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2014-0042.

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Abstract Climatic and meteorological conditions may limit the aeolian transport within barchans. An explanation of that issue was the main goal of the investigation held in Western Sahara dune fields located around Tarfaya and Laâyoune. Particular attention was paid to the factors causing the moisture content rising of the sand dune surface layer, which could influence the wind threshold shear velocity in the aeolian transport. The wetted surface layer of sand, when receiving moisture from precipitation or suspensions, reduces the aeolian transport, even in case of wind velocity above 4-5 m s-1. Fog and dew condensation does not affect the moisture of deeper sand layers, what occurs after rainfall.

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Rogers, Amy C., Naomi E. Langmore, and Raoul A. Mulder. "Function of pair duets in the eastern whipbird: cooperative defense or sexual conflict?" Behavioral Ecology 18, no. 1 (November 10, 2006): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arl070.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Dues paid'

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