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Mohammed, A., Lindiwe Zungu, and M. E. Hoque. "Wastewater and solid waste disposal patterns of Dukem town households in Ethiopia." Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection 28, no. 2 (January 2013): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10158782.2013.11441528.
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Mohammed, A. I., L. I. Zungu, and M. E. Hoque. "Access to Safe Drinking Water and Availability of Environmental Sanitation Facilities among Dukem Town Households in Ethiopia." Journal of Human Ecology 41, no. 2 (February 2013): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2013.11906560.
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Suyum, Bikila Ayele. "Relocating Households to Unaccustomed Livelihood: The Impacts of Development-Induced Displacement in Urban Vicinity of Dukem Town, Central Ethiopia." Journal of Agricultural Studies 7, no. 2 (August 14, 2019): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v7i3.15269.
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Involuntary displacement of people in the context of development projects often causes damage to livelihood of displaced people. The level of livelihood risks and impoverishments is often far reaching when the displaced people are relocated to unaccustomed livelihood settings. This research examined the impacts of development-induced displacement on the livelihoods of households displaced by Addis-Djibouti railway corridor construction in the vicinity of Dukem town. The study used mixed cross sectional research design. In-depth interview, focus group discussion and survey methods were used as tools of data collection. In addition, relevant secondary data were also collected from different secondary sources. The study used Cernea’s impoverishment risks and reconstruction model as an analytical framework. The study uncovered that majority of the displaced households have experienced deterioration of economic assets such as landlessness, cattlelessness and joblessness; decline in productivity and food insecurity, socioeconomic marginalization, weakening of social networks and deterioration of access to community services after displacement. Deterioration in access to the livelihood assets due to the displacement has resulted in impoverishments of livelihood of majority of the displaced households.
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Białuński, Grzegorz. "„Dla powszechnego rozwoju, podniesienia i poprawy naszego księstwa”. Lokacje miast mazurskich w Prusach Książęcych (1525-1701)." Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne 69, no. 2 (October 4, 2018): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cph.2017.2.2.
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The article presents the process of creation of new towns in the Duchy of Prussia (1525-1701), which later became Masuria. More specifically, the paper describes how a hamlet received a location privilege. The establishment of towns described here (Olecko, Gołdap, Węgorzewo, Giżycko,Pisz and Ełk) was initiated by Albert, the Duke of Prussia (1525-1568). He was motivated by the idea partially formulated in the location privilege: “For the general growth, elevation and betterment of our duchy”. The duke personally granted the location privilege only to Olecko, which was the sole town established on previously unsettled land. In the remaining cases, he only gave a verbal promise. This did not guarantee a rapid grant of thelocation privilege as the promise was fulfilled by the duke’s successors in the remaining cases. It happened first in case of Gołdap and Węgorzewo, just several years after the promise had been made. It took a little longer in case of Giżycko (after several decades), while Pisz and Ełk had to wait the longest (almost or more than 100 years). Each town had its own different origins. Gołdap was created quickly (1565-1570) on an area which used to be a duke’s grange. Węgorzewo, Giżycko, Pisz and Ełk waited for several hundred years for a legally binding location privilege. It is important to note that each of the aforementioned towns was established near a former castle of the Teutonic Order. Moreover, the hamlets which developed near the former castles had a different status but they all performed a market or craft function. With time, this function served as a basis for applying for the town privilege. The market function was originally carried out by the peasant hamlets in Węgrorzewo and Giżycko, even though the towns were createdon the tenant farmer villages. Furthermore, the old peasant hamlets still functioned but as the contemporary out-of-town jurydykas (German Schloβfreiheit). Pisz was established on the basis of an old peasant hamlet and it never was a tenant farmer village. In case of Ełk it was the exact opposite, there never was a separate peasant hamlet. The tenant farmervillage located there evolved into a town. Only two towns were founded due to the inhabitants’ initiative, namely Olecko and Gołdap. The remaining ones were established collectively by the whole community. Most frequently, it took place with the participation of the inhabitants of the former hamlets (Giżycko, Pisz, and Ełk). The former inhabitants did not participate in the process of town building only in the case of Węgorzewo and Gołdap.Generally speaking, each location privilege described here gave the towns the so-called town privilege (German Stadtrecht). It described in detail the area of land and the type of the town privilege which was granted (Culm law in each case). Moreover, it allowed the creation of town authorities (mayor, council and bench) and granted them the option to issue documents and statutes (German Willkür) as well as allowed them to possess a seal. Furthermore, it allowed the towns to organize markets and fairs on certainfixed dates as well as regulated the rights and obligations of the townsmen. Even though the location privilege formally meant the end of the town creation process as far the law was concerned, it did not mean that it was the end of its formation. Further steps had to be made to constitute the authorities and the bench, to write statutes (German Willkür), guild regulations, etc.
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Dolynska, Maryana. "THE BEGINNINGS OF THE SPATIAL LOCATION OF LVIV IN THE LAST THIRD OF THE 13TH CENTURY." City History, Culture, Society, no. 6 (April 10, 2019): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mics2019.06.039.
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The researches during the last 20 years have shown that there were some spatial features of Magdeburg (city) rule in that time. Primarily the structure of the town was similar to other Central or Western European towns: a castle (castrum, burg, grad, dytynets) and an extensive settlement (podil), the latter having no fortifications and being where merchants and craftsmen lived. The initial formation of the city territory based on the principles of the spatial location of the cities of the German law started around the 70-th years of 13 century – the times of rule of duke Lev.No research this period the author has applied the methodology of recreating the historical topography based on the retrospective comparison of the prestatictical sources and applying it to the historical maps of the period. The primary Lviv space of the 13th century was based on the real-estate of the first Lviv «advocatus», Bertold Stecher, and the «laneus» area of Maria Snizhna Church. (Laneus – medieval measure of area, the similar term «mansus»). The 1368th manuscript explained the German family Stecher received land from Duke Lev without being subject to any rent. This real-estate consisted of three parts; the villa (a house in the countryside); allod (the land owned andnot subject to any rent); and the molendinum (mill).After the late 19th-century comment to Latin text insisted that all of these parts of real-estate were Everyone of Lviv`s historians knows were sure these advocates Bertold Stecher`s real-estate (villa Maly Vinyk, allod Podpresk and molendinum Schilzkikut) were nearby contemporary town Vynnyky and far from 13th -14th cc. town of Lviv and far one from another.Using both the method of the retrospective location of real estate and systematic-criterion approach allows to made hard conclusion, that originally, the Maria Snizhna church «laneus» was near the Stecher mill and this «laneus» had divided the Duke`s jurisdiction from the Stecher settlement. Villa Maly Vinyk have changed its name to «Zamarstyniv ». All these real-estate parts constituted the core of the town of the Magdeburg rule. Lviv`s downtown (town within walls) has the typical Middle Age’s spatial urban form, but some specific of it shows it was founded in the 13th century
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Ptak, Marian J. "Zjazdy książąt śląskich w 1331 roku." Prawo 324 (December 31, 2017): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.324.4.
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Congresses of Silesian dukes of 1331 1331 was marked by four congresses of Silesian dukes, all featuring the King of Bohemia and Poland, John of Luxembourg. The first two were closely linked to John’s planned military expedition against Ladislaus the Elbow-High of Poland. The participants of the congress held between 25 and 30 September in Wrocław included the now vassal dukes of Wrocław and Głogów. It was followed by another congress, convened between 1 and 2 October in Głogów and featuring more or less the same participants, during which John of Ścinawa renounced his rights to Głogów, which was a dower dotalicium, Leibgedinge of Constance, the Duke of Głogów’s widow, in favour of the Bohemian king. This created a legal basis for seizing full ducal power over the duchy and combining it with the Duchy of Wrocław he was to inherit after the death of Duke Henry VI 1335. After his failure in the war against Ladislaus the Elbow-High, John of Luxembourg again came to Wrocław and during another congress, on 19 October, featuring the same dukes, he issued several documents with privileges for the city of Wrocław and Wrocław burghers. On the same day Boleslaus of Legnica gave the king Niemcza castle, town and district as a pledge, for a long time in possession of the independent Duke of Świdnica, Bolko, who opposed John of Luxembourg’s policy in Poland and Silesia. The last congress of Silesian dukes that year was held on 13 December in Prague. It featured nine Silesian dukes from the House of Piast and the Bishop of Wrocław. Those absent were the Dukes of Świdnica and Jawor as well as most dukes from Upper Silesia, with the exception of Ladislaus of Bytom and Bolko of Niemodlin. The congress is confirmed by just one document, which refers to the granting of the Duchy of Legnica, to be held jointly in fee investitura simultanea, Gesamtbelehnung, to Duke Boleslaus and his two sons in a compromise between the Polish ducal law and German feudatory law.Die Zusammenkünfte der schlesischen Herzöge im Jahre 1331Im Jahre 1331 fanden vier Zusammenkünfte der schlesischen Herzöge, alle unter Beteiligung von Johann von Luxemburg, dem König von Böhmen und Polen, statt. Die beiden ersten standen in strikter Verbindung mit dem von Johann gegen Władysław I. Ellenlang geplanten Kriegsfeldzug. In den Tagen des 25.–30. September fand die Zusammenkunft in Breslau statt, an der die bereits vasalisierten Herzöge der Linie Breslau und Glogau teilnahmen. An zwei folgenden Tagen, dem 1. und 2. Oktober fand die Zusammenkunft in Glogau in änhnlicher Zusammensetzung statt, an der Johann von Steinau auf die Erbrechte auf das Glogauer Land, das eine Mitgift dotalicium, Leibgedinge der Witwe Konstanze nach dem Glogauer Herzog darstellte, zugunsten des böhmischen Königs verzichtet hat. Dies gab ihm das Recht, dort die volle herzogliche Macht zu übernehmen und das Land mit dem Breslauer Herzogtum zu verbinden, das nach dem Tode des Herzogs Heinrich VI. 1335 an ihn fallen sollte. Nach den Mißerfolgen im Krieg mit Ellenlang erschien er wiederum in Breslau und an der folgenden Zusammenkunft am 19. Oktober unter Beteiligung von denselben Herzögen, stellte er mehrere Dokumente mit Privilegien für die Stadt Breslau und die Breslauer Bürger aus. An demselben Tage überließ Bolesław von Liegnitz dem König Nimptsch Schloß, Stadt und District als Pfand, der schon lange im Besitz des nicht vasalisierten Herzogs Bolko von Schweidnitz stand, der gegen die polnische und schlesische Politik des Luxemburgers war. Die letzte Zusammenkunft der schlesischen Herzöge in diesem Jahr fand am 13. Dezember in Prag statt. Beteiligt waren an ihr neun Herzöge der Piastendynastie aus Schlesien und der Breslauer Bischof. Abwesend waren die Herzöge der Linie Schweidnitz-Jauer und die meisten Oppelner Herzöge mit der Ausnahme des Władysław von Beuthen und des Bolko von Falkenberg. Ihr Stattfinden wird in nur einem Dokument bestätigt, welches die Belehnung des Fürstentums Liegnitz als Gesamtlehn, d. h. der gesamten Hand investitura simultanea, Gesamtlehn an den Herzog Bolesław und seine zwei Söhne feststellt, das ein Kompromiss zwischen dem polnischen herzoglichen Recht und dem deutschen Lehnrecht darstellte.
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DAMEN, MARIO. "The town as a stage? Urban space and tournaments in late medieval Brussels." Urban History 43, no. 1 (February 10, 2015): 47–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926814000790.
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ABSTRACT:This article discusses the material and spatial features of the tournaments on the Grote Markt, the central market square in Brussels, in the fifteenth and first half of the sixteenth century. It investigates how the tournament acquired meaning in the urban space where it was organized, and how the chivalric event in its turn altered that urban space. These Brussels tournaments, for which both archival, iconographical and narrative sources are available, show us the dynamics of an inherently courtly festival within an urban setting. Recent historiography has stressed that these tournaments, just like other urban festivals, for example joyous entries, demonstrate the submission of the town to the ruler. Indeed, the prince and his household used the public space of the Grote Markt and the facilities of the town hall to organize tournaments and festivities. However, they could not do this on their own. They needed the town government for the organization and logistics of the tournament and for its hospitality. Moreover, the town managed to put its own stamp on the architecture, both permanent and ephemeral, emphasizing the responsibilities that the duke had towards his town, as well as the long tradition of subservience and loyalty of the town to the duke.
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García Moratalla, Pedro Joaquín. "Pleitos de la villa de Albacete a mediados del siglo XVI." Al-Basit : Revista de Estudios Albacetenses 65 (December 1, 2020): 203–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37927/al-basit.65_6.
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In the mid 16th Century, the town of Albacete was immersed in a series of disputes that already came from long ago, although some were originated then and others would last longer. The fights with the neighboring towns of Chinchilla and La Gineta were constant, due to terms and meddling from one to another. The decrease in the public treasure was mainly motivated by the expenditures to afford the confrontations, along with those related to the conflict with the lands of Jorquera and Alcalá, manor of the marquis of Villena and duke of Escalona. The long lasting of the fighting led to cost overruns. The payout, at the Court and the Chancery of Granada, of lawyers, attorneys and solicitors, as well as the dispatch of local laborers and managers with specific messages and orders, largely undermined the funds of the Albacete council.
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Hofmeister, Adolf E. "Bremen, Harderwijk und die Zuiderzee." Hansische Geschichtsblätter 134 (April 18, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/hgbll.2016.40.
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Bremen, Harderwijk and the ZuiderzeeThe Harderwijk peace treaty of 8 May 1446, negotiated by envoys of the duchy of Burgundy and the Hanse town Bremen and ratified by duke Philip the Good of Burgundy on 8 July 1446, brought to an end a war which had lasted for four years, during which Bremen had waged war on the Burgundian territories of Holland, Zealand, Flanders and Brabant in order to gain compensation for ships and goods which had been captured (mainly by privateers) in the conflict between Holland and the Wendish towns (1438– 41). During the latter conflict, neutral ships were been seized if they were suspected to be carrying Dutch or Flemish goods – a practice which also affected skippers and merchants from Kampen, Harderwijk and Deventer. Therefore Kampen repeatedly took the initiative to midwife an agreement between Bremen and Holland. At first, this failed to produce an acceptable result because Flanders could not be included. In the end, however, the negotiations in Harderwijk in April and May 1446 succeeded in bringing the war to an end. Bremen and Stade obtained financial compensation, to be funded by the towns of Holland and Zealand. Evidence of direct connections between Bremen and the Zuiderzee towns begins in the 14th century and concerns quarrels with citizens of Kampen and Deventer or the naturalization of immigrants from the Zuiderzee towns in Bremen. Beginning in the 12th and 13th centuries, vessels from Holland, Utrecht and Flanders on the one hand and from Bremen and Stade on the other used the shipping route via Vecht, Almere (later Zuiderzee) and Vlie for traffic and trade. From the 13th century, merchants from Bremen and from the Zuiderzee are found side by side in Norway and Scania trading in fish. In the 15th century, merchants of Kampen bought grain in Bremen, whereas merchants of Bremen purchased cloth in Deventer. Furthermore, Kampen, Deventer and Zwolle mediated in Bremen’s quarrels with merchants from Osnabrück and Cologne, with the town of Groningen and especially with Antwerpen. In the 16th century, the political and economic situation of the Zuiderzee towns changed radically, as they were first incorporated into the state of emperor Charles V, and then joined the Republic of the United Netherlands. At the same time, Bremen’s trade shifted to West Friesland and Amsterdam. Thus the intermediary position of the Zuiderzee Hanse towns – poised between Bremen and Holland – came to an end.
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Lebner, Ashley. "Race, space, secularism, and the writing of history." Focaal 2017, no. 77 (March 1, 2017): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2017.770110.
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Collins, John F. 2015. Revolt of the saints: Memory and redemption in the twilight of Brazilian racial democracy. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Seales, Chad E. 2013. The secular spectacle: Performing religion in a Southern town. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Dobosz, Józef. "The Location (And Founding) of a Town of Poznań in Light of the Earliest Documents and Narrative Sources." Studia Historiae Oeconomicae 31, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sho-2013-0001.
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Abstract The paper addresses the issue of the origins of the town of Poznań founded in mid-13th century under German law. The birth of the charter town on the left bank of the Warta river is illustrated first and foremost by sources: documents from the mid-13th century, particularly a location charter of 1253, and narrative sources, e.g. The Wielkopolska Chronicle and yearly records written in Wielkopolska. The town was the work of Przemysł I, the duke of Wielkopolska, who sorted out property issues on the left bank of the Warta, made grants and granted privileges, erected his new castle next to the new town, and together with his brother Bolesław issued a location charter in 1253. The duke’s action resulted in the rise of one of the most important urban centers in medieval Poland.
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Karafantis, Layne. "Suburban Growth in the Atomic West." Vulcan 2, no. 1 (June 23, 2014): 98–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134603-00201004.
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One company—Sandia Laboratories—transformed the economic geography, demographics, and future of postwar Albuquerque. Sandia’s construction and expansion during and after World War II drew thousands of educated newcomers to town while creating an instant housing shortage. After 1950, the growing presence of Sandia, nearby Kirtland Air Force Base, and the huge technological complex that emerged on the desolate foothills of the Sandia Mountains thrust Albuquerque northeastward in a new direction. Over time, this wave of suburbanization set the precedent for a northward building trend that, by the 1970s, would spill northwestward from Bernalillo into neighboring Sandoval County. It all began with Sandia. The so-called “science suburbs” of the 1950s and 1960s gradually filled the Northeast Heights with a new population of white-collar, upper-middle-class families and individuals that made Albuquerque a dynamic, modern city characterized by scientific research, higher education, and a strong federal presence. Local boosters used the introduction of the Lab to portray Duke City as a diverse metropolis, welcoming industry and growth. “Duke City” is a nickname for Albuquerque that hearkens to the Spanish Duke of Alburquerque for whom the town was named. The first “r” in Alburquerque was eventually dropped from the city’s name.
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Hadravová, Alena, and Petr Hadrava. "Astronomy in Prague: from the past to the present." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, no. 14 (August 2006): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921307009817.
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Welcome to Prague. Welcome to this Congress Centre built in a close neighbourhood of the ancient seat of the first Czech dukes (Fig. 1). Its name Vyšehrad means the Upper Town. According to the oldest Czech chronicles, it was here where the legendary princess Libuše ordered her people to found the city of Prague and where she envisaged its glory touching the stars (Fig. 2). It was also here where the canon of Vyšehrad recorded in the first half of the 12th century into his chronicle some observed astronomical and meteorological phenomena.
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Williams, Michael E. "The English Hospice Of St. George at Sanlucar De Barrameda." Recusant History 18, no. 3 (May 1987): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268419500020602.
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NOT FAR from Cadiz there is an English property that has remained Catholic for close on five hundred years. Its history goes back to pre-reformation days, indeed to the thirteenth century when the port of Sanlucar de Barrameda was recaptured from the Moors by the Guzman family who later became the Dukes of Medina Sidonia. Strategically Sanlucar was an important port because it was at the mouth of the Guadalquivir and as well as capturing the Seville trade it also commanded the traffic from the Mediterranean to Northern Europe and eventually it was the point of departure for ships leaving for the New World. Among the various nations using the port the English were conspicuous and their merchants were granted various privileges by the Dukes of Medina Sidonia during the fifteenth century. By the early sixteenth century there is evidence of a sizeable colony in the town; in fact the English were the largest single group of foreigners and many English names appear in the baptismal registers as both parents and godparents. At least one of them held high public office in the town. On the accession of Henry VIII to the throne of England, the situation further improved as he abandoned the neutrality of his father and allied himself with Spain against France. So it was that in 1517 a new charter of privileges for the English merchants in Sanlucar was drafted. A grant of land by the river was made so as to provide a chapel and a burial place for Englishmen. The chapel was dedicated to St. George and it was to be looked after by a confraternity. The chaplain was to be appointed by the Bishops of London, Winchester and Exeter, since it was from these dioceses that most of the merchants came. Although there have been rebuildings, this site has remained English ever since.
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DE GREGORIO, MARIO. "PER UN ARCHIVIO DELLA CORRISPONDENZA DEGLI SCIENZIATI ITALIANI." Nuncius 4, no. 2 (1989): 165–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539189x00716.
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Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title The inventory of Giorgio Santi's correspondance preserved in the Public Library of Siena shows the many relations of this tuscan chemist, botanist and naturalist, from 1776 to 1822. He grew in France in close contact with the new theories put forward by Buffon and Lavoisier. He was Professor at the University of Pisa and since 1782 director of the botanical gardens of this town. Santi is one of the most interesting italian scientific personalities between eighteenth and nineteenth century, an important representative of that Tuscan group that worked towards the achievement of the great program of the Grand Duke Pietro Leopoldo, and then persued the goal under the new French administration.
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Bačić, Arsen. "Statute of the Town and Island of Korčula 1214/1265 and issues of (dis) continuity of old and new constitutionalism." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Splitu 55, no. 3 (October 3, 2018): 541–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31141/zrpfs.2018.55.129.541.
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In classic natural law the issue of constitution was related to the laws, institutions and practice of organising and directing states and the political system. According to this understanding, every political system of town-state had a constitution. The contemporary meaning of constitution nevertheless gained specific and valuable foundation: today the constitution means the establishment of a special form of political organisation. Contemporary constitutions talk of limited government. With a constitution, political power is constituted and limited at the same time. Some states are constitutional because they have a limited and responsible government and others are not. In the latter case, we are talking about states that have a constitution, but do not have constitutionalism. After civil revolutions, constitutionalism becomes the central mechanism of control of political power and ensuring freedom. This text opens up the question of whether the Statute of Korčule of the year 1214/1265, as a normative projection of municipal organs in the Town and Island of Korčula (assembly of all people, duke, grand council, small council, curia, utility services...), provided the base for researching the (dis)continuity of „ancient constitutionalism“ and classic rational, uniform and contractualistic forms of modern constitutionalism which is based on the constitution as the highest legal act and court control of constitutionality. In conclusion, the Statute of the Town and Island of Korčula, as a unique normative crossword puzzle of medieval institutions, special freedoms and multi-level jurisdictions, represented a real historical platform. From this platform all those bearers of power who implemented power could be controlled and balanced either within legal boundaries or they strived for absolutism and corruption.
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Ptak, Marian J. "Zjazdy książąt i stanów Śląska w latach 1332–1335." Prawo 325 (December 31, 2018): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.325.3.
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Congresses of Silesian dukes and estates in 1332–1335 In the study the author presents the results of his search for traces of collective political activity of Silesian dukes and estates in 1332–1335, which have been largely omitted from the existing literature on the subject. The author has managed to confirm or at least demonstrate the likelihood that congresses did take place every year in the period in question, with the exception of 1335. There were three types of congresses: of dukes, landed gentry from a given district weichbild and towns from a given principality. Worthy of note is the fact that the congresses were held mainly in Silesia proper, that is in Lower Silesia, as the region would later come to be called.Zusammenkünfte der Fürsten und Stände in den Jahren 1332–1335Diese Bearbeitung präsentiert die Resultate der Suche nach Spuren gemeinschaftlicher politischer Aktivität der Fürsten und Stände Schlesiens in den Jahren 1332–1335, die in der bisherigen Fachliteratur am häufigsten übersehen werden. Es gelang festzustellen oder wenigstens ihre Abhaltung in jedem dieser Jahre, mit Ausnahme des Jahres 1335, wahrscheinlich zu machen. Es gab drei Arten der Zusammenkünfte: der Fürsten, der Gutsbesitzer eines bestimmten Distriktes Weichbildes sowie der Städte eines konkreten Fürstentums. Die Aufmerksamkeit weckt ihre Abhaltung hauptsächlich im eigentlichen Schlesien, also nach der späteren Nomenklatur in Niederschlesien.
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Mearns, James. "A consultation by Andrea Alciato on the laws of war." Tijdschrift voor rechtsgeschiedenis 82, no. 1-2 (October 23, 2014): 100–140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-08212p08.
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In 1550, Andrea Alciato wrote a consilium concerning a case in the Reichskammergericht, one of the so–called Reformationsprozesse, between Henry II (the Younger), Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, on the one hand, and the town of Goslar, together with the leaders of the Schmalkaldic League on the other. In the first question of this consilium, Alciato argues in favour of the Emperor’s legislative supremacy over the Reichskammergericht. In three other questions, he uses feudal law along with the ius commune. Alciato concludes that the Duke’s lands belong to the victors, that his children cannot be deprived of their father’s fiefs and that the League is under an obligation to sequester these. It can be seen that Alciato is legitimating the absolutism of Charles V and that some of his sources are cited for their authoritative nature rather than because they correspond with the political reality.
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Blyzniak, Mykola B. "The Regulation of Economic Activities of the Jewish Community in Volyn in the 18th century (the Case of 1759 from Liubarʼs Parish Register)." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26190106.
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The article aims to determine the role and importance of the regulation of economic activities of the Jewish communities in Volynʼs towns using the case of a private magnate town Liubar. The article uses the following scientific methods: historical and comparative methods, analogy, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction. Findings: the article discusses the issue of the regulation of economic activities of the Jewish communities, which are one of the largest non-indigenous enterprising minorities in Volyn. By the mid-18th century, Volyn had been recovering from the crisis. Ukrainians in towns and cities worked largely in agriculture. Most settlements in Volyn province were private towns and cities, and only few had royal or church ownership. Though these urban centers were cultural hubs and furthered major aspects of civilizationʼs development, the owners (dukes, magnates, nobles) viewed them first of all as the means to enrich themselves (rent, fairs, auctions, propination). Owned by Franciszek Ferdynand Lubomirski, Liubar was one of such cities. Since it was subject to inheritance and had urban centers, special consideration and appropriate “policy” regarding the citizens and their participation in the cityʼs economy had to take place. Thus, Liubarʼs Jews received a regulatory order. The aristocratʼs status did not allow working in trade directly. In these conditions, Jews took a leading role; they were one of the numerous communities, the demographic figures of which showed growth throughout the entire studied period. According to the 18th century sources, Liubarʼs administration gave the Jews all economic spheres: trade, usury, various crafts and trades. The clear regulation of taxes for particular activities became one of the most important regulatory elements of the city life of the Jews in Kremenets district. Using the excuse of fiscal aspects, the magnate tried to control everyday life of Jews as well (family ties, education, etc.). The 1759 Tax Register of Liubar tells about the important structural elements of commodity-money relations and their correlation. Merchants, furriers, and beekeepers who collected wax paid the highest taxes. Similar regulation in the form of a “register” was tested in Mezhyrich (Korets), which was another Volyn city that belonged to Lubomirski family. The attempt of the Jewish community in Liubar to solve its economic problems by leaving the regulation framework was met with harsh opposition from Lubomirski. Thus, all economic development in Volyn cities was under control of the administration. Practical value: the published findings of the research have regional value but can also complement certain economic aspects of the history of the cities in Right-bank Ukraine, including taxation as well as city life problems in Volyn and legal relations between a magnate and Jewish community. The uniqueness of the article is in the comparison of particular examples and in the analysis of figures representing the amounts of taxes paid by the Jewish community of Liubar. Scientific novelty: the interpretation and publication of a regulatory document as a source was made for the first time. It described the urban centers in Volyn in the mid-18th century from regulatory perspective, which would allow better understanding and complementing of the financial conditions and opportunities of the Jews in the region and the owners of the cities. Type of article: descriptive.
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Bowers, Roger. "Aristocratic and Popular Piety in the Patronage of Music in the Fifteenth-century Netherlands." Studies in Church History 28 (1992): 195–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400012456.
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It has always been recognized that during the fifteenth century the vigorous and affluent commercial towns of the Low Countries served as centres of artistic excellence, especially in respect of painting and of manuscript production and illumination. That the region was no less fertile a generator of practitioners and composers of music—especially of music for the Church—has also long been appreciated. If for present purposes the Low Countries be defined—rather generously, perhaps—as the region coterminous with the compact area covered by the six dioceses of Thérouanne, Arras, Cambrai, Tournai, Liège, and Utrecht (see map), then it was an area if not packed with great cathedrals, yet certainly thickly populated with great collegiate churches, which sustained skilled choirs and offered a good living and high esteem to musicians who composed; the area also sustained a catholic and generous patron and consumer of artistic enterprise of all sorts, sacred and secular music included, namely, the House of the Valois Dukes of Burgundy and its Habsburg successors. From the end of the fourteenth century to the first half of the sixteenth, the region produced church musicians in such numbers that it became the principal area of recruitment for those princes of the south of Europe who were seeking the ablest men available to staff their household chapels. The Avignon popes of the 1380s and 1390s, the dukes of Rimini and Savoy, and the Roman popes of the mid-fifteenth century, and from the 1470s onwards the fiercely competitive dukes of Milan and Ferrara, the popes, cardinals, and bishops of the Curia, the king of Naples, the prominent families and churches of Florence and Venice, all alike recruited from the North; and though many of the ablest, like Ciconia, Dufay, Josquin, Isaac, and Tinctoris, were lured south to spend their lives in the sunshine, many more remained at home to maintain the Low Countries tradition.
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Steyn, Carol. "‘MS Cape Town Grey 4C7’: one of the first Antiphonaries written for the Charterhouse of Champmol, mausoleum of the Dukes of Burgundy." Ars Nova 28, no. 1 (January 1996): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03796489608566543.
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Carpi, Daniela. "The trial in John Webster’s The White Devil: Italy in the reenactment of a Renaissance English drama." Forum Italicum: A Journal of Italian Studies 53, no. 2 (February 16, 2019): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0014585819831646.
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English playwrights were fascinated by Italy both in a positive and a negative way: they were drawn to Italy as a symbol of culture and refinement, but also as a nest of corruption and bloody conspiracies. Italy had the function of offering a foreign background in which dramatists could safely address their hostility against the English court. This article highlights this fascination with the darker side of Italy in the revision of the trial of Vittoria Accoramboni in John Webster’s The White Devil (1612). The story of Vittoria Accoramboni was so famous that many writers appropriated it and re-wrote it centuries after the fact: Stendhal, among others, reproduced the records of the time to offer a historical narration of the events in his Chroniques Italiennes – Vittoria Accoramboni, une oeuvre du domain public (1855). In his turn Webster seized the story, changing some elements such as the setting (he replaced Gubbio with Venice, probably because this town was better known to the audience), fictionalizing the love relationship between Victoria and Duke Brachiano, emphasizing the pandering influence of her brother Flamineo and especially adding his own view of the trial and how it was conducted.
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Valkema Blouw, Paul. "A Haarlem press in Sedan and Emden (1561-9) Part two: Sedan and Emden." Quaerendo 19, no. 4 (1989): 253–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006989x00014.
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AbstractIn 1561, after a deadlock of many years, a new printing-office was set up in Holland by Jan van Zuren and three others, including the author Dirck Coornhert. After one year of publishing the press concluded most of its activities, and-according to documentary information recently found- the company was dissolved. Jan van Zuren became the sole owner of the firm, which over the next three years only issued a few books on commission. The production then ended completely. What became of the typographical material of the printing-shop has always been a mystery. As a result of bibliographical analysis it has now become clear that all the typefaces, initials and ornaments (including the devices)-in fact the whole inventory-were removed to the French town of Sedan. With the permission of the Duke of Bouillon a press was founded, which issued a number of exclusively Protestant works, most of them in Dutch, together with a few political publications in French emanating from the Calvinist leaders of the Resistance to Spanish rule. In 1565 the first factor to run the printing-shop, Goossen Goebens, made his name known in the imprint of a panegyric on the foundation of the press. The following year his place was taken by Lenaert der Kinderen, who broke his contract with Plantin for this new post. In 1567 the press appears to have been active in another town, again in another country. At some time during this year the printing-shop was moved to Emden in East Frisia, where, in 1569, the typographical material is to be found in a book published by the emigrant Jean Malet. Meanwhile six publications, including five Protestant books, were issued without any imprint. Circumstantial evidence justifies the conclusion that one or both of Dirck Coornhert's brothers then were running the printing-office, which they probably already owned in the Sedan period.
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Hainsworth, D. R., and Lindsay J. Proudfoot. "Urban Patronage and Social Authority: The Management of the Duke of Devonshire's Towns in Ireland, 1764-1891." American Historical Review 103, no. 3 (June 1998): 896. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2650628.
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Sun, Zhu. "Research on the Rehabilitation of the Ancient City Wall of the Wuchang Uprising Gate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 1526–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.1526.
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To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Xinghai Revolution, the government of Wuchang district in Wuhan City intends to rehabilitate rain-wind corridor, feudal pavilion and the city walls. After access to historical data, site survey, mapping, photographing and measuring, the rehabilitating engineering program of rain-wind corridor, feudal pavilion and the city walls of the Wuchang Uprising Gate is achieved. In the fourth year of Hongwu (1371), Ming dynasty, Zhou Dexing, the duke of Jiangxia, built Wuchang city on the basis of Yingzhou city of Tang dynasty. Wuchang city has large scale. In Ming and Qing dynasty, it was the legacy of county, town, city and province. Its diameter from the east to the west was of 2.5 km, with 3 km from the north to south. The thickness of wall foundation is 22.44 m, with top thickness 17.82 m. Nine gates were designed for the ancient city. The Uprising gate, one of the nine gate of the Wuchang ancient city, was opened to the south and also the busiest gate for entering the city. New Army Engineering Battalion of Hubei took the lead and fired the first shot. And then they occupied Zhonghe Gate and Chu Wangtai to welcome the South Lake artillery, Ma team and other revolutionaries.
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Watt, Timothy D. "The corruption of the law and popular violence: the crisis of order in Dublin, 1729." Irish Historical Studies 39, no. 153 (May 2014): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002112140000359x.
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Even though violent popular protest was a common feature of life in early eighteenth-century Dublin, the riots that broke out in 1729 were exceptionally severe and long-lasting and resulted in the worst disorder to occur in the capital in decades. Over a ten-month period rival gangs rioted against each other or against government forces, causing a considerable degree of destruction, injury and death. At the height of the disorder, in late spring and summer, ‘vast numbers’ of people were reportedly beaten and abused by rioters, and residents of the city became fearful for their personal safety. According to the Dublin Intelligence citizens moved ‘mostly in a kind of hurry’ on account of the riots; parts of the city became no-go areas, and gangs of ‘reprobates’ gathered on the outskirts of the city to rob travellers and rape women. The political elite voiced their concerns too, in particular at the length of time the disorder was lasting. The archbishop of Armagh, Hugh Boulter, wrote to the secretary of state, the duke of Newcastle, from Dublin in March 1730 complaining that they had ‘suffered very much from riots and tumults in this town last summer and even during the present sitting of the parliament’.
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Lind, Douglas. "Azdak, The Rascal Judge." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 12, no. 2 (July 1999): 223–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s084182090000223x.
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Beware of willing JudgesFor Truth is a black catIn a windowless room at midnightAnd Justice a blind bat.A third and shrugging partyAlone can right our wrong.This, this, this, AzdakDoes for a mere song.Bertolt Brecht’s The Caucasian Chalk Circle introduces the character of Azdak—a corrupt, disrespectful menial clerk who on the heels of a coup d’état finds himself appointed judge, complete with judicial robe and a wicker flask for a hat. The circumstances of his appointment foretell the irony of his tenure. A military coup spoils a sunny Easter Sunday in the Caucasian town of Grusinia. The governor is beheaded; the municipal judge hanged. Yet the Grand Duke, oppressive ruler of Grusinia and surrounding territories, escapes, due in no small part to unknowing protection afforded by Azdak. When Azdak learns the next day that the fugitive he harbored over night was the Grand Duke, he heads straight for the courthouse, raging at himself through the streets, to turn himself in and submit to punishment. No judge presides over the courtroom, however, only a few bored soldiers who find Azdak amusing though somewhat crazed. In their amusement they decide to make him the new judge, declaring that the old judge (still hanging in the corner) “was always a rascal. Now the rascal shall be the Judge” (72).On becoming judge, Azdak acts anything but honorably and respectfully toward the law. He sits on the statute book to give himself a more regal aire. He takes bribes; he derides and ridicules the parties appearing before him; he requires a female litigant to perform sexual acts; he does a preliminary assessment of the worth of each lawyer’s arguments by asking the amount of his fee. In short, Azdak judges arbitrarily, with bias and partiality. By play’s end, immediately following his final decrees, he flees out of concern for his life, never to be seen again.
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Romero Medina, Raúl. "Con grande alarido y regosijo y mucha música. La boda del V marqués de Cañete con María de la Cerda y las fiestas organizadas en San Lorenzo de la Parilla en 1605." IMAGO. Revista de Emblemática y Cultura Visual, no. 12 (January 28, 2021): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/imago.12.17060.
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ABSTRACT: In 1605 the festivities for the wedding of Juan Andrés Hurtado de Mendoza, son ot the IV Marquis de Cañete, and María de la Cerda, daughter of the V Duke of Medinaceli, was celebrated in the town of San Lorenzo de la Parilla. The analysis of an unpublished document that relates what happened, allows us focus attention on the visual culture of this festive scene, where music, dance, bullfighting, gifts and food abound. I dedicate these pages to the study of this ephemeral, but also mental image of the baroque city celebrating festivals.
KEYWORDS: Wedding, Marquis of Cañete, San Lorenzo de la Parrilla, Festivities, Ephemeral Image, Baroque City.
RESUMEN: En 1605 se celebraban en la villa de San Lorenzo de la Parilla las fiestas por la boda de Juan Andrés Hurtado de Mendoza, hijo del IV marqués de Cañete, y María de la Cerda, hija del V duque de Medinaceli. El análisis de un documento inédito que relata lo acontecido, nos permite centrar la mirada en la cultura visual de esa escenografía festiva, donde no faltó la música, la danza, los toros, los regalos y la comida por doquier. Al estudio de esta imagen efímera, pero también mental, de la ciudad barroca en fiestas, consagramos estas páginas.
PALABRAS CLAVES: Boda, marqués de Cañete, San Lorenzo de la Parrilla, fiestas, imagen efímera, ciudad barroca.
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Sicking, Louis. "Zuiderzeestädte an der Ostsee." Hansische Geschichtsblätter 134 (April 18, 2020): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/hgbll.2016.42.
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Zuiderzee towns in the Baltic. ‘Vitten’ and ‘Vögte’ – Space and urban representatives in late-medieval ScaniaThe Scania peninsula in the southwest of present-day Sweden was one of the most important trading centres of medieval Northern Europe due to the seasonal presence of immense swarms of herring which attracted large numbers of fishermen and traders. Streching back from the beach of Scania were the so-called vitten, which the traders, grouped by region or city, held as their own, legally autonomous trade settlements, from the Danish King. Initially, these were seasonal trading colonies that were occupied only for the duration of the fair, which began in August and ended in November. In the late Middle Ages the vitten developed into miniature towns, modest off-shoots from the traders‘ mother city. The presence on a small peninsula (c 50 km2) of so many fishermen and merchants who did business together and came from different cities could easily have led to tensions and conflict.
What was the relationship between the spatial arrangement of the vitten at Scania and the urban representatives of the vitten, the so-called vögte or governors? This question is addressed by focusing on the vitten of the Zuiderzee towns. Their vitten, among which were numbered those of eastern Zuiderzee cities like Kampen and Zutphen as well as those of western cities like Amsterdam, Brielle and Zierikzee, were part of the Hanse. However, the vitten of these cities have been virtually neglected in historiography. The territorial or local-topographical development of these vitten was characterized by regional concentration: the Zuiderzee vitten were located close or adjacent to one another. The new vitten of Zierikzee and Amsterdam bordered on that of Kampen. Traders from cities and towns without their own vitte were housed in a vitte of a neighboring city: those of Deventer and Zwolle, for instance, in the vitte of Kampen, those of Enkhuizen and Wieringen in the Amsterdam vitte and those from Schouwen island in the vitte of Zierikzee.
The vitten of the eastern Zuiderzee towns were founded at the beginning of the fourteenth century, that is on average half a century earlier than those of the western Zuiderzee towns. The count of Holland and Zealand initially appointed the Zierikzee vogt or governor for all his subjects. Later on, the cities in his counties then had their own governors, first appointed by the count, later by the city (with or without the count‘s approval). The development of the representation of Holland and Zeeland towns in Scania differs from what was characteristic of the eastern Zuiderzee towns. Neither the Count /Duke of Guelders nor the bishop of Utrecht (as overlord of the Oversticht) attempted to interfere with the individual towns‘ governors or the vitten.
The trend towards territorialisation in Scania was unmistakable. Although foreign traders, by reason of their origins, were subject to the jurisdiction of their mother city (the personality principle), a fact reflected in the responsibility of the vogt for the citizens in question, they were also increasingly spatially limited in Scania. This was a consequence of the limited space available, of the pursuit of control over one’s own community, and of the goal of allowing different urban groups to live together peaceably, prevent conflicts and guarantee the conduct of international trade. In this way the vitten, in particular those of the Zuiderzee towns that were further away from their mother cities, can be understood as urban colonies overseas.
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Roberts, Allen F. "BOOK REVIEW: Masquelier, Adeline. PRAYER HAS SPOILED EVERYTHING: POSSESSION, POWER, AND IDENTITY IN AN ISLAMIC TOWN OF NIGER. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2001." Africa Today 50, no. 1 (March 2003): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/aft.2003.50.1.137.
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Johnson, James H. "Book Review: Urban patronage and social authority — the management of the Duke of Devonshire's towns in Ireland, 1764—1891." Progress in Human Geography 21, no. 1 (February 1997): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913259702100130.
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Kassa, Fekadu. "The Rates and Effects of Urban Sprawl in Developing Countries: The Case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Area Studies 9, no. 2 (December 10, 2014): 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijas-2014-0009.
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Abstract This paper presents the rate and effects of urban sprawl in Ethiopia highlighting the city of Addis Ababa. The purpose is to assess the rate and effects of urban sprawl and its role for metropolitan linkage. The study was conducted based on both primary and secondary sources. The primary sources were obtained from selected informants who can be principally distinguished as key government officials such as mayor and head of sub-cities and selected satellite towns. The qualitative approaches used were based on document and content analysis. The rate of urban sprawl along the five outlets of the city is dissimilar. The highest growth rate of urban spread has been observed along the Mojo outlet stretching to the towns of Dukem and Debrezeit; the rate of spread along the Jimma outlet to Alem Gena is also high. A lesser extent of urban sprawl is found along Dessie, Gojam and Nekemite outlets. The rate of urban sprawl along the Mojo and Jimma outlets is more than double that of the other outlets. Holistically, in 2010, the growth of the city stretched along its catchments for an average of about 1 km in all direction, and 2 km along the major outlets. From 2020 onward, it is predicted to 0.5 km intervals. The city may also expand vertically rather than horizontally. Urban sprawl has both positive and negative effects on the areas of expansion and their peoples. The positive effects are that it contributes to improvements in the economy of farmers in the invaded areas, changes their way of life to an urban style, and the indigenous peoples also have a better chance of being reclassified as urban and therefore of engaging in urban employment than under the previous system of farming. This development also plays a significant role in the urban growth of the city and the integration of satellite areas. Thus, the rate of urban growth of the city is very high. The ideal prescription would be to practice strong integrative work with the sub-cities and proximate rural areas in order to encourage timely and proper supervision and to bring the required growth to the city.
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Kieven, Elisabeth. "An Italian Architect in London: The Case of Alessandro Galilei (1691–1737)." Architectural History 51 (2008): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066622x00003002.
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‘I will carry with me the best architect in Europe.’ With these bold words Robert, first Viscount Molesworth, announced to his wife his arrival in Ireland in the company of the young Italian architect and engineer Alessandro Galilei in May 1717. Lord Molesworth could not know that, twenty years later, Galilei would be indeed one of the best-known architects in Europe, after having built in Rome, to the order of Pope Clement XII Corsini (1730–40), the facade of San Giovanni in Laterano (St John Lateran), the Cappella Corsini in the same church and the facade of San Giovanni dei Fiorentini.Galilei was born on 25 August 1691, in Florence, the eldest son of the notary Giuseppe Maria Galilei and his wife Margherita Merlini. The Galilei family could trace their lineage to the Buonaiuti, who in the fourteenth century twice held the post of ‘Gonfaloniere della Giustizia’, then the most important position in the city government. They took the surname Galilei from the last Gonfaloniere in their family, the master of philosophy and medicine, Galileo (early fifteenth century). Even into the sixteenth century, members of the family belonged to the town council. The most famous bearer of the name was without doubt Galileo Galilei (1564–1641), from whom Alessandro was not directly descended but to whom he was remotely related. Although Alessandro’s father, Giuseppe, who in 1707 and 1711 was Proconsul of Notaries, counted himself as one of the nobili, the standing of the old patrician families had been considerably reduced under the Medici Grand Dukes because they did not actually hold a landed title. Financial decline seems also to have damaged the prestige of Alessandro’s branch of the family.
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Boltanski, Ariane. "A Jesuit Missio Castrensis in France at the End of the Sixteenth Century: Discipline and Violence at War." Journal of Jesuit Studies 4, no. 4 (August 8, 2017): 581–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00404003.
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France was a crucial testing ground for the Counter-Reformation conduct of war. In 1590–92, the Holy League appeared a receptive field for the model of an ideal “Christian soldier,” and a Jesuit apostolate to an army at war and some examples of missio castrensis were therefore attempted in France, or in close contact with French battlefields. In particular, a Jesuit mission was established for the papal troops sent to support the Duke of Mayenne (1554–1611), and the Holy League. An earlier Jesuit mission to the troops of Alessandro Farnese in the Low Countries served as an inspiration to the Leaguers, the more so as on two occasions he led his soldiers into France to help them. As shown in numerous writings coming from the radical and urban circles of the League, as well as from the clergy engaged alongside the soldiers and urban militias in certain towns, the Christian soldier model was welcomed. However, no formal religious service was introduced within Mayenne’s army, and the Jesuit project ended in failure, largely because the expected discipline and moral reform of soldiers’ behavior failed to materialize. The failure of the mission is equally highlighted by the levels of violence during the war.
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ROWELL, S. C. "MEILUŽĖ IR RAGANA: KOTRYNA TELNIČIETĖ IR „JUODASIS“ JOS MITAS / CONCUBINE AND ENCHANTRESS: KATARZYNA TELNICZANKA AND HER BLACK MYTHSUMMARY." Lietuvos istorijos metraštis 2019/2 (November 19, 2019): 41–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/25386549-201902002.
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CONCUBINE AND ENCHANTRESS: KATARZYNA TELNICZANKA AND HER BLACK MYTH Summary S.C. R O W E L L Katarzyna Hochstadt of Telnicz (ca 1480–1528), mistress of Sigismund the Old, mother of John of the Lithuanian Dukes, bishop of Vilnius (1519–36) and Poznań (1536–38) has come down in history as an enchanting beauty or a witch, or both. Her image is defined by her relationship with powerful men – her lover, her son, her husband (Andrzej Kościelecki, castellan of Wojnicz and sub–treasurer of the Crown of Poland) and alleged victims (various royal secretaries and high–ranking clerics). This article assesses what little by way of solid evidence is known of her life and how this can be related with the image of man–chasing vamp, interference in the running of the diocese of Vilnius (thereby allegedly provoking the appointment of bishop protectors to the see) and scandal in village and town (according to one seventeenth–century historian). There is evidence that while John of the Lithuanian Dukes was still a minor and enjoyed the rank of provost of Płock and Poznań and canon of Kraków the property associated with his office was overseen by his step–father and perhaps by his mother. After John became bishop of Vilnius, Her Magnificence the Bishop‘s Mother, the Lady Dowager Castellan of Wojnicz and Sub–Treasurer of the Crown of Poland resided for some time at her son‘s court in Vilnius and on at least two occasions exercised her maternal influence to facilitate access to the bishop for canons (Stanislaw Dambrowka, Martin of Dusniki and Albert Wielezinski) involved in a dispute with their brother canon and scholast Jakub Staszkowski. The detailed discussion of internal cathedral disputes in the presence of a lay person, and even worse, a woman, scandalised members of the Cathedral Chapter but there is no evidence that Lady Katarzyna sought to determine the outcome of this case. We also know that she patronised at least one noblewoman (the widowed sister–in–law of Bishop Albert Tabor) who subsequently adopted Bishop John as her son and heir and made financial endowments on both the bishop and his mother. After Katarzyna died in Vilnius in the late summer of 1528 her corpse was transported to Kraków for burial by a Vilnius canon, Erasmus Eustachii, whose family had connections with Andrzej Kościelecki and Bishop John of Vilnius. The satirical verse penned by Andrzej Krzycki concerning a mother–stepmother and father–stepfather (Katarzyna and King Sigismund) and „an old hag who stinks like a goat“ represents neo–Latin literary exercises provoked by fear of the influence at the royal court of Katarzyna and her family rather than an accurate and literal description of Katarzyna and her activities.
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Dziarnovich, A. I. "The Belarusian-Lithuanian borderlands of the 10–13th centuries: from Krevа to Kernavė." Doklady of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 64, no. 5 (November 5, 2020): 632–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8323-2020-64-5-632-640.
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Traditional notions on the Belarusian-Lithuanian borderlands and the earlier Lithuania of the 10-13th c. are quite sketchy. In the public consciousness of a population of the historical Lithuania (“Lithuania in the narrow sense”) is significantly inferior in terms of its civilization development of neighboring Rus' and Poland. But already in the 13th century new impulses of state formation began from Lithuania at a time when the entire of the East Slavic region of Europe was in a deep crisis. The article analyzes the results of the latest archaeological and historical research of the four centers of the Belarusian-Lithuanian borderlands and the historical Lithuania in the 10-13th c.: Kreva, Halsany, Kemaй (Kernave), Vilnia (Vilnius). The significant presence of Slavic settlers influenced the existence of urban settlements with a clear administrative and sacred function among the Baltic pagan population of Lithuania in the 12th-14th centuries. On the example of Kreva and Kernave we can see the emergence of regional centers of Lithuania, the first of which is already in the 14th century it will be the domain of Alhierd (Olgierd) and Jagiello, and the second in the late 13th - early 14th centuries it will be the main residence of the Duke Trojdzien and perhaps of Vicien. Halsany become generic possession of the Halsanski princes and early modern town as and Kreva will develop in accordance with the process of urbanization (16-18th cc.). Kreva, Kernave and Vilnius can be described as the sacred center of the Balts. These observations allow us to consider the emergence of a new state, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as a result of the influence of the Slavic ethnos on the corresponding development of political and economic interests of Lithuanian elites, as well as ethno-cultural interaction.
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Kovács, Lóránt. "Assessment of the environmental value of the Zichy Castle Park in Voivodeni, Romania – Brief description." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Agriculture and Environment 6, no. 1 (November 1, 2014): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausae-2014-0013.
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Abstract The Zichy Castle from Vajdaszentiväny (Voievodeni) is located in Mure§ County, central Romania, south-west from the town of Reghin. Its constniction in classical baroque style dates back to the beginning of the X\TH Century. The archaeological findings from the area show that Vajdaszentiväny was already populated in the Copper Age. The findings of gray dishes from the III and IV centuries were considered by Dr. Protase as indigenous Daco-Roman relics. The Roman presence here was demonstrated by residues of the hewn-stone road along the Maros River. After the Roman Age, several other populations (Goths, Slavonic peoples. Darghins and Huns) settled down here. The feudal Hungarian state occupied this area around the XI Century. Several streams, terraces and old cemetery ruins demonstrate tliat the Hungarians used the region for protective purposes. The first mitten records of Vajdaszentiväny date back to 1332, when die Papal documents (Sacerdos de Sancto Johanne) mention the settlement for the first time. In 1366. the name of the village was Märton-Szent-Ivän. and dunng the centuries it belonged to several old and noble families and dynasties as szentiväni Szekely. monoszlai Losonczi. Szakäcsi. the Bänffy and Dezsöfi, the Szentiväni, Butkai, Balog, Kecseti, Kerelöi, Szengyeli, Dengelegi, Fodor, vajdaszentivänyi Földväri, Koka, Piski, Järai or Järai Felsöjärai Abafäja. During the first half of the 19* Century, among former Hungarians noble owners of the village, the following can be mentioned: Count Sämuel Kemeny, Albert Horvath, Budai, Szocs (Käroly es Mihäly) and Duke Löwenthäl. Later on, the village of Vajdaszentiväny became famous because of its castle, later named the “Zichy Castle,” but also because of its citizens as preservers of folk music, folk dance and folk tales.
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Freel, Stephanie A., Christine Deeter, Deborah Hannah, Marissa Stroo, Rebecca Brouwer, and Denise Snyder. "3194 Workforce Engagement and Resilience (WE-R): A Framework for Innovating Clinical Research Careers." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 3, s1 (March 2019): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2019.183.
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: 1.Assess changes in clinical research workforce landscape at Duke 2.Optimize and evaluate efficacy of a tier advancement process for clinical research career progression at Duke 3.Implement CRP engagement as a change management mechanism for workforce innovation METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We evaluated 857 clinical research positions at Duke to understand changes in the workforce (demographics, numbers in each position and tier) since implementing the tier advancement process in 2016. To understand the efficacy of the tier assessment process, data from a subset of this population (n=84) who underwent the advancement process was examined for success rate. Individual employees and their managers were surveyed to understand their perception of the advancement process and identify areas for improvement. We also describe implementation of multiple mechanisms of community engagement to manage expectations around the tier advancement process and to provide opportunities for employees to self-manage their career planning, including portfolio planning and leadership opportunities. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Whereas the clinical research workforce has grown by 5.5% since tiering began (2016, n=810; 2018 n=857). Nearly 13% of that growth has been in managerial or senior positions (2016, n=111; 2018 n=127). Distributions across job classifications changed only slightly, representing realignment of positions with study-level responsibilities over department-level responsibilities. Notably, clinical research nurses (CRNC & CRNC Sr.) was the only category including tiered and non-tiered positions to drop overall numbers between 2016 (n = 136) and 2018 (n=115), representing a shift in the workforce from research nurses to research coordinators. General demographics (gender, age) remained largely the same. A total of 359 positions have been hired during this time frame, nearly half of which were entry-level positions (175/359): 47 of these positions represent expansion of the workforce. Of 359 new hires since 2016, 271 currently still work in one of the research roles. Of the 84 employees who underwent the tier advancement process, 84% (43/51) succeeded in tier 2 advancement, 70% (14/20) succeeded in tier 3 advancement (CRC, CRNC, and regulatory coordinators), and 77% (10/13) of research program leaders (RPLs) succeeded in achieving tier two, which is the highest tier for this group. Fifty-five employees (65%) and 32 managers responded to a voluntary feedback survey. Overall confidence in the process improved in both groups from 2016 to 2018, most notably with managers. Both groups indicated a 10 hour reduction (employees = 35hr, 2016 and 25hr 2018; managers 25hr, 2016 and 15hr 2018) in time required to complete the tier advancement process. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The use of objectively-assessed competencies is an important step in the development of a workforce. By 1) maintaining alignment with industry standards for competencies, 2) upholding high standards, and 3) offering a consistent approach to career growth, Duke is working to develop and maintain a workforce that supports high quality research. Since the implementation of standardized job classifications and competency-based tier advancement, the positions have undergone rigorous competency-based needs evaluation. This leads to better matched jobs to study needs as well as increased standardization across the clinical research workforce. We believe that the subtle workforce shifts represent alignment of our positions with the business needs of our clinical research enterprise. Additionally, approximately 15% of our clinical research workforce has taken advantage of the opportunity to advance their own careers. We have made significant improvements in the following tier advancement processes: standardization of assessments, scoring guides, and modes; changes from LMS to a REDCap delivery of the knowledge assessments; streamlined the utilization of electronic documentation; and additional guidance for employees and managers regarding portfolio inclusions. These improvements have increased satisfaction and acceptance with the advancement process and were made possible through strategic communication across the workforce. Regular town hall meetings and focus group feedback sessions have included the clinical research community in discussions of WE-R initiatives and provided a much-needed feedback loop for process improvement and change management. Moreover, inclusion of WE-R discussion in our Research Professional Network events has provided opportunities to discuss career advancement strategies as well as volunteer opportunities to grow and demonstrate leadership competencies.
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Bradanović, Marijan. "Razvitak naselja na kvarnerskim otocima - primjer Dobrinja." Ars Adriatica, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/ars.445.
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The paper discusses the urbanistic development of Dobrinj, one of the medieval castle settlements on the island of Krk, which developed in the shadow of the town of Krk - an ancient urban and Episcopal centre with unbroken continuity of occupancy since Roman times and proto-history. Although situated away from the sea, from Dobrinj it was possible to survey the Vinodol Channel in the direction of Kotor, its counterpart on the mainland of the neighbouring Vinodol, founded above the mouth of the river Dubračina. From Dobrinj it was also possible to control indirectly the salt-works of the Dukes of Krk in the nearby Saline Bay. Dobrinj’s location on an isolated mountain ridge caused the characteristically linear development of its oldest part, the downtown area of Dolinji Grad. In spite of subsequent significant remodelling which updated the originally modest buildings, even today it is possible to recognize the characteristic rows of rectangular residential single-floor structures with a single-room layout. The houses’ façades faced each other and the ground floors were separated by narrow passageways. However, on the first floor level they were joined by barrel-vaulted structures which supported roof terraces. The rows of houses along the outskirts of Dolinji Grad adopted a fortification function through their predominantly block-like exteriors. Representative residential structures were concentrated around the Plokat square, below the parish church of St Stephen. Numerous pieces of information are provided by comparative analyses: in particular comparison with other settlements on the island of Krk, but also in combination with written sources and toponomastic research. From the confined area of Dolinji Grad, the settlement spread from the parish church towards the south. Here, around the field which stood in front of the settlement, the inhabitants built churches from the middle ages onward and a graveyard gradually developed. During the sixteenth century, this area was gradually transformed into Placa, the new communal centre, following the example of the main square at Krk, which was developed by the Venetians. Although few material remains survive in situ, it can be observed that in this area Renaissance houses were provided with the characteristic door-cum-window openings (called "na koljeno") indicative of shops on the ground-floor level. Written sources reveal that in the sixteenth century religious building focused on Placa. The beginning of the seventeenth century saw a further contraction in the area of Dolinji Grad, and the completion of the work on the parish church which had begun in the second half of the sixteenth century. From the second half of the seventeenth century, following the end of the dangers posed to Dobrinj by the Uskok War, the settlement spread out in a horse-shoe shape southward into the area of the upper town - Gorinji Grad. The process continued in the eighteenth century and thus the example of small and urbanistically underdeveloped Dobrinj demonstrates that this late period of Venetian rule does not necessarily stand for urbanistic stagnation.
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Zakharchenko, P. "Institutions of the Judiciary in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (XIV-XVI centuries): structure, classification, competence." Herald of criminal justice, no. 3 (2019): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2413-5372.2019.3/151-163.
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The article deals with the classification of the judiciary in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (hereinafter referred to as the GDL), which included most Ukrainian lands during that period. The purpose of the work is to identify institutes of justice that were active during the Middle Ages in the GDL, to study their structure, to classify and competence each of them. Following the majority of researchers in the history of national law, the author shares the view that the three stages of the evolution of the organization of justice in the specified period. The periodicisation is based on the well-known principle of court ownership, distinguishing state and non-state courts. Characterization of each of the judicial institutions is carried out. It noted that state courts were under the direct jurisdiction of the Grand Duke and his government officials, while non-state courts were not subordinate to government officials, but their decisions were found to be legitimate. Such courts have arranged both the Grand Duke of Lithuania (the master) and the general population, since the former sought to relieve the courts, and the latter sought opportunities to resolve the dispute on the spot, without long journeys and the pecuniary expense of keeping the letter and spirit of the law. The author pays the most attention to land courts created on the basis of customary Ukrainian law. They originated in the fourteenth century. from the tradition of the Russian faithful courts. It is considered by public courts operating throughout Ukraine's ethnic territory, mostly in rural areas. Cities and towns that were not in Magdeburg law were also included in the land area. Representatives of various sections and strata of Ukrainian society participated in his work, starting with the peasantry and ending with the nobles-government. Attention is drawn to the jurisdiction of land courts in criminal proceedings. It has been proven that property crimes - theft, robbery, robbery, arson - were distinguished from criminal cases considered by land courts. Qualified death penalty was practiced, first of all hanging, burning, quartering. Initially, all the inhabitants of the land district (suburbs) came under the jurisdiction of the land courts, but subsequently the nobility was granted the right to sue the commercial court. The findings of the paper stated that despite the variety of judicial institutions, the competence of each court was sufficiently clearly defined.
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REUL, BARBARA M. "CATHERINE THE GREAT AND THE ROLE OF CELEBRATORY MUSIC AT THE COURT OF ANHALT-ZERBST." Eighteenth Century Music 3, no. 2 (September 2006): 269–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478570606000613.
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As Empress of Russia, Catherine the Great (1729–1796) shaped not only history in general but also, as a member of its princely family, the history of Anhalt-Zerbst. Drawing upon little known eighteenth-century manuscripts housed at the Landeshauptarchiv of Saxony-Anhalt in Dessau and the Francisceumsbibliothek in Zerbst, this study assesses the impact of Catherine’s marriage in 1745 to Grand Duke Peter of Russia (1728–1762) on musical life at the court of Anhalt-Zerbst during and after the thirty-six-year tenure of Kapellmeister Johann Friedrich Fasch (1688–1758). First the role of music at the court prior to 1745 will be considered – specifically the ‘Concert-Stube’, an inventory of the Hofkapelle’s musical library prepared according to Fasch’s specifications in March 1743. The second section of this article focuses on the celebrations held at the court in 1745 on the occasion of Catherine the Great’s wedding. The Hofkapelle premiered a large-scale serenata by Fasch, the music to which has been lost. However, an examination of the extant libretto and of other music by Fasch that was performed at the court during the 1740s sheds light on the musical forces he would have employed and the compositional approach he might have taken. The Hofkapelle also performed a secular wedding cantata for bass solo and instruments by an anonymous composer as part of a spectacular fireworks display in three acts, the ‘Anhalt-Zerbstisches Freuden-Feuer’ (Fire of Joy), chronicled by Zerbst headmaster Johann Hoxa. Finally, it is possible to reconstruct a performance schedule of sacred music premiered in honour of Catherine the Great from 1746 to 1773. Despite Fasch’s death in 1758 and the Seven Years War, which led to the town of Zerbst being occupied by 16,000 Prussian soldiers for three years until 1761, new music was commissioned by the court from Fasch’s successor Johann Georg Röllig (1710–1790), Catherine the Great’s keyboard instructor at the court of Anhalt-Zerbst. He not only provided occasional compositions to commemorate her birthday and accession to the Russian throne but also composed a new cycle of Sunday cantatas to reflect the changing artistic priorities and practices of the Hofkapelle in the early 1760s.
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Sharpe, Mani. "FELDMAN, Hannah From a Nation Torn: Decolonizing Art and Representation in France, 1945-1962 Durham: Duke University Press, 2014 336 pp., $27.95, ISBN: 978-0-8223-5371-3." Modern & Contemporary France 22, no. 4 (June 19, 2014): 548–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09639489.2014.921603.
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Lee, Maurice. "The Buccleuch Marriage Contract: An Unknown Episode in Scottish Politics." Albion 25, no. 3 (1993): 395–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4050875.
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On October 5, 1663, the Scottish Parliament took an action unique in its long and variegated history. It ratified a marriage contract between two of the king's subjects. Not ordinary subjects, to be sure—they were the duke of Monmouth, Charles II’s eldest bastard, a lad of fourteen, and Anna Scott, countess of Buccleuch, aged twelve, who had been married the previous April. Persuading Parliament to ratify this contract was potentially a very tricky business; the king entrusted the handling of it to the earl of Lauderdale, the secretary of state, normally resident in Whitehall, who had been sent to Scotland to manage this session of Parliament. The ratification was a private act, one of a large number passed at each session of the Scottish Parliament in favor of private individuals and corporations: towns, universities, etc. Because it was a private act Osmund Airy, the editor of the Lauderdale papers, our principal source for the day-to-day doings of this Parliament, ignored it in making his selection from the vast Lauderdale correspondence. So the episode has gone completely unnoticed by historians. This is a pity, not only because the story of the marriage contract and its ratification is fascinating in itself, but also because it was important for Lauderdale's political future. Lauderdale's success in getting the ratification passed without backlash helped to convince King Charles that he was the man to manage Scottish business from now on.The political history of Restoration Scotland has been largely neglected by historians. Lauderdale was the dominant figure for most of Charles's reign, but it was some years before he achieved that eminence. Lord Chancellor Clarendon, until his fall in 1667, was Charles's principal adviser for all of his three kingdoms, a fact that Lauderdale resented but had to live with. Clarendon did not like Lauderdale, who, he wrote, had been a leader of the Covenanters' rebellion “when he was scarce of age, and prosecuted it to the end with the most eminent fierceness and animosity.”
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Craig, Michelle Huntingford. "From a Nation Torn: Decolonizing Art and Representation in France, 1945–1962 by Hannah Feldman Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014. 336 pp., 21 color, 63 b/w illus. $99.95 cloth; $27.95 paper." African Arts 48, no. 4 (December 2015): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/afar_r_00260.
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Garrard, John. "Lindsay J. Proudfoot. Urban Patronage and Social Authority: The Management of the Duke of Devonshire's Towns in Ireland, 1764-1891. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University Press. 1995. Pp. xvi, 398. $69.95. ISBN 0-8132-0819-X." Albion 28, no. 3 (1996): 551–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4052238.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 76, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2002): 117–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002550.
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-James Sidbury, Peter Linebaugh ,The many-headed Hydra: Sailors, slaves, commoners, and the hidden history of the revolutionary Atlantic. Boston: Beacon Press, 2000. 433 pp., Marcus Rediker (eds)-Ray A. Kea, Herbert S. Klein, The Atlantic slave trade. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1999. xxi + 234 pp.-Johannes Postma, P.C. Emmer, De Nederlandse slavenhandel 1500-1850. Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspers, 2000. 259 pp.-Karen Racine, Mimi Sheller, Democracy after slavery: Black publics and peasant radicalism in Haiti and Jamaica. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2001. xv + 224 pp.-Clarence V.H. Maxwell, Michael Craton ,Islanders in the stream: A history of the Bahamian people. Volume two: From the ending of slavery to the twenty-first century. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998. xv + 562 pp., Gail Saunders (eds)-César J. Ayala, Guillermo A. Baralt, Buena Vista: Life and work on a Puerto Rican hacienda, 1833-1904. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999. xix + 183 pp.-Elizabeth Deloughrey, Thomas W. Krise, Caribbeana: An anthology of English literature of the West Indies 1657-1777. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. xii + 358 pp.-Vera M. Kutzinski, John Gilmore, The poetics of empire: A study of James Grainger's The Sugar Cane (1764). London: Athlone Press, 2000. x + 342 pp.-Sue N. Greene, Adele S. Newson ,Winds of change: The transforming voices of Caribbean women writers and scholars. New York: Peter Lang, 1998. viii + 237 pp., Linda Strong-Leek (eds)-Sue N. Greene, Mary Condé ,Caribbean women writers: Fiction in English. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999. x + 233 pp., Thorunn Lonsdale (eds)-Cynthia James, Simone A. James Alexander, Mother imagery in the novels of Afro-Caribbean women. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2001. x + 214 pp.-Efraín Barradas, John Dimitri Perivolaris, Puerto Rican cultural identity and the work of Luis Rafael Sánchez. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000. 203 pp.-Peter Redfield, Daniel Miller ,The internet: An ethnographic approach. Oxford: Berg Publishers, 2000. ix + 217 pp., Don Slater (eds)-Deborah S. Rubin, Carla Freeman, High tech and high heels in the global economy: Women, work, and pink-collar identities in the Caribbean. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 2000. xiii + 334 pp.-John D. Galuska, Norman C. Stolzoff, Wake the town and tell the people: Dancehall culture in Jamaica. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 2000. xxviii + 298 pp.-Lise Waxer, Helen Myers, Music of Hindu Trinidad: Songs from the Indian Diaspora. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. xxxii + 510 pp.-Lise Waxer, Peter Manuel, East Indian music in the West Indies: Tan-singing, chutney, and the making of Indo-Caribbean culture. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000. xxv + 252 pp.-Reinaldo L. Román, María Teresa Vélez, Drumming for the Gods: The life and times of Felipe García Villamil, Santero, Palero, and Abakuá. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000. xx + 210 pp.-James Houk, Kenneth Anthony Lum, Praising his name in the dance: Spirit possession in the spiritual Baptist faith and Orisha work in Trinidad, West Indies. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers. xvi + 317 pp.-Raquel Romberg, Jean Muteba Rahier, Representations of Blackness and the performance of identities. Westport CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1999. xxvi + 264 pp.-Allison Blakely, Lulu Helder ,Sinterklaasje, kom maar binnen zonder knecht. Berchem, Belgium: EPO, 1998. 215 pp., Scotty Gravenberch (eds)-Karla Slocum, Nicholas Mirzoeff, Diaspora and visual culture: Representing Africans and Jews. London: Routledge, 2000. xiii + 263 pp.-Corey D.B. Walker, Paget Henry, Caliban's reason: Introducing Afro-Caribbean philosophy. New York: Routledge, 2000. xiii + 304 pp.-Corey D.B. Walker, Lewis R. Gordon, Existentia Africana: Understanding Africana existential thought. New York; Routledge, 2000. xiii +228 pp.-Alex Dupuy, Bob Shacochis, The immaculate invasion. New York: Viking, 1999. xix + 408 pp.-Alex Dupuy, John R. Ballard, Upholding democracy: The United States military campaign in Haiti, 1994-1997. Westport CT: Praeger, 1998. xviii + 263 pp.-Anthony Payne, Jerry Haar ,Canadian-Caribbean relations in transition: Trade, sustainable development and security. London: Macmillan, 1999. xxii + 255 pp., Anthony T. Bryan (eds)-Bonham C. Richardson, Sergio Díaz-Briquets ,Conquering nature: The environmental legacy of socialism in Cuba. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000. xiii + 328 pp., Jorge Pérez-López (eds)-Neil L. Whitehead, Gérard Collomb ,Na'na Kali'na: Une histoire des Kali'na en Guyane. Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe: Ibis Rouge Editions, 2000. 145 pp., Félix Tiouka (eds)-Neil L. Whitehead, Upper Mazaruni Amerinidan District Council, Amerinidan Peoples Association of Guyana, Forest Peoples Programme, Indigenous peoples, land rights and mining in the Upper Mazaruni. Nijmegan, Netherlands: Global Law Association, 2000. 132 pp.-Salikoko S. Mufwene, Ronald F. Kephart, 'Broken English': The Creole language of Carriacou. New York: Peter Lang, 2000. xvi + 203 pp.-Salikoko S. Mufwene, Velma Pollard, Dread talk: The language of Rastafari. Kingston: Canoe Press: Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. Revised edition, 2000. xv + 117 pp.
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Voskoboinikov, Yakov. "George Gershwin’s jazz transcriptions in piano performance of academic tradition." Aspects of Historical Musicology 19, no. 19 (February 7, 2020): 429–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-19.25.
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Background. Today, jazz transcriptions of works by George Gershwin can be heard around the world. Works such as “The Man I Love”, “I Got Rhythm”, “Summertime”, “Liza”, “Fascinating Rhythm”, “Somebody Loves Me”, “Swanee”, included in the collection “Gershwin songs”, and also “Seven virtuoso etudes on the themes of G. Gershwin” by E. Wilde are performed by modern academic musicians. Thus, widely known performance versions of piano transcriptions “Gershwin songs” by M.-A. Hamelin, the song “The Man I Love” performed by A. Tharaud, P. Barton, and others famous performers. The evidence of growing interest of classical performers in the music of the American composer is the successful holding of the IV G. Gershvin International Music Competition in New York (on November 7–10, 2019). Director and main organizer of the competition, Michael Bulychev-Okser, is the American pianist, the main winner of many international competitions in the United States, Italy, Andorra, Spain and Mexico. How does a musician of academic direction, whose inner professional intentions and way of thinking are brought up on the classical repertoire, perceive Gershwin’s jazz compositions? What is the specificity of modern reading of his music? In which cultural traditions should we look for the key to understanding Gershwin’s musical language, its rhythmic and intonational specifics? Finally, can a jazz pianist consider himself completely free from the culture of the academic tradition by playing Gershwin? The search for answers to all these questions has identified the problematic perspective of this article. The purpose of the article is to reveal the characteristic features of the performance of G. Gershwin’s transcriptions by modern academic pianists using specific examples and to determine the interpretational tasks of the performer. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive genre andstyle approach to the study of musical material, and also includes a comparative method used for concidering different performance versions of the same work. The main results of the study. Jazz and the culture of academic music work closely together in the style of G. Gershwin. Indicative in this sense was the idea of a concert eloquently called “Reunion of Classics and Jazz” (1924), for which the “Rhapsody in Blue” was created and where it was first performed by the author with the orchestra of Paul Whiteman. G. Gershwin, more than any other composer of his time, communicated with African-American musicians: he knew Will Voderi, Lucky Roberts, Duke Ellington; heard New York pianists play downtown and often visited the “Cotton Club” and other places in Harlem to hear the bands of Duke Ellington, Cab Calloway and other jazz musicians. But not only jazz was the area of interest and creative acquaintances of Gershwin. Along with jazz culture, there were many other musical styles. In the works of G. Gershwin, Ch. Ives, A. Copland in the early 1920s – mid 1940s there is an original combination of deep folk intonation with the composer’s technique of the XX century, up to the use of dodecaphonic-serial technique (Copland). The fusion of jazz and academic branches in Gershwin’s music, above all, takes place at the level of form. “I took the blues and put it in a larger and more serious form”, said the composer (as quoted by Schneider, 1999: 67). As a pianist, Gershwin did not receive a systematic professional education as a child, although he later had enough teachers. But that didn’t stop him from becoming a real pianist-virtuoso and a brilliant improviser. One should listen to archival recordings of Gershwin’s performance to get an idea of his performance style. Samples of his piano performances have been partially preserved: some acoustic and electric recordings, radio recordings, two sound films and a large number of piano videos (Gibbons, 2002). The studio recording of “Rhapsody in Blue” demonstrates Gershwin’s completely “academic” pianism – with clear, well-founded articulation, bright sonic fullness, thoughtful agogics of expressive declamation, which is only emphasized by the well-organized metric pulsation and dynamics by active rhythmic movement – and his true virtuoso skill. Should a modern pianist, performing Gershwin’s works, follow the example of a balanced and rather “academic” performance, as in his studio recording “Rhapsody in Blue”, or follow Gershvin’s interpretation, which can be observed in the transcription “I Got Rhythm”, where he clearly prefers the jazz element? It makes sense to compare different examples of Gershwin’s popular piano transcription of “The Man I Love”. The performance version of the English pianist Paul Barton is an attempt to imitate the specifics of the freedom of sound of instrumental jazz styles, however, as one can hear, the musical intonation is not always convincing, the breath is a bit torn, the agogics of chord melodic constructions performance the agogics of chord melodic constructions (upper layers of texture) is greatly exaggerated and the performing is practically “released” from calculation and feeling of time. As an undoubted plus of this version it is necessary to note huge attention to harmony as such, to vertical and balance within a chord – Barton’s harmony “breathes” and moves. This approach can be justified, because the harmony of Gershwin’s songs is always diverse, bright and inventive. The record of Gershwin’s 1959 “Songbook” by Ella Fitzgerald is available today. The composition “The Man I Love” in her performance can be one of the possible orienting points in the intonation of the main melodic voice, the calculation of its unfolding in time, the display of interval “tensions” and melodic intentions in Gershwin’s music. E. Fitzgerald’s vocal-jazz style presupposes a different temporal organization of the melody, different from the one suggested by P. Barton – the movement of its vocal recitation-intonation and improvisational vocals is accelerated, then somewhat slowed down, thus creating “compensated time” of a musical work, and it is with soft, relaxed, naturally light breathing. The modern media space presents the album of French pianist Alexandre Tharaud “Swing in Paris”, which includes two compositions by Gershwin: “The Man I Love” and “Do it Again!”. Three different interpretations of “The Man I Love” are popular on the You Tube website, where each video is original in its own way. These performings are variants, but the concept of details – melodic constructions, organization of rhythmic accents, as well as a sense of Gershwin’s style, is preserved. The sophistication of the Parisian salon is what distinguishes the game of Tharaud. The musician has a sense of proportion and uses the full range of expressive means of academic pianism. At the same time, the development of the melodic line takes place organically and effortlessly, alluding to vocal genre examples, to free breathing and “blues” articulation of jazz vocalists; rhythmic accentuation is unobtrusive but clearly felt. Summing up, we note that the “Tharaud approach” is certainly the closest to the reference. Conclusions. Proceeding from the synthetic nature of G. Gershwin’s music, comprehension of its stylistic and cultural origins, analysis of listened musical samples, let us single out the interpretation constants that must be taken into account by the performer of his compositions. Among them – the inheritance of agogics, articulation, “light” breathing, inherent in the vocal jazz manner, in the intonation of the melody; “Breathing” harmony with a colorful timbre filling of chords and subvoices united into a movable vertical-horizontal complex; understanding of rhythm as an independent expressive sphere that has ethnic roots in the music of the African American tradition.
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White, Luise. "Sex, Soap, and Colonial Studies - Ethnic Pride and Racial Prejudice in Victorian Cape Town: Group Identity and Social Practice, 1875–1902. By Vivian Bickford-Smith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Pp. xxiii + 281. $64.00. - Lifebuoy Men, Lux Women: Commodification, Consumption, and Cleanliness in Modern Zimbabwe. By Timothy Burke. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1996. Pp. ix + 298. $45.00 (cloth); $17.95 (paper). - Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Imperial Contest. By Anne McClintock. London and New York: Routledge, 1995. Pp. xi + 449. $80.00 (cloth); $18.95 (paper). - Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things. By Ann Laura Stoler. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1995. Pp. xiv + 237. $45.00 (cloth); $16.95 (paper). - Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture, and Race. By Robert J. C. Young. London and New York: Routledge, 1995. Pp. xiv + 237. $75.00 (cloth); $16.95 (paper)." Journal of British Studies 38, no. 4 (October 1999): 478–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386205.
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Kebede, Tolossa, Kifle Woldemichael, Habtemu Jarso, and Bayu Begashaw Bekele. "Exclusive breastfeeding cessation and associated factors among employed mothers in Dukem town, Central Ethiopia." International Breastfeeding Journal 15, no. 1 (February 4, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13006-019-0250-9.
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