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Bernardo, Pedro Henrique. "Revisão taxonômica e sistemática de Oxyrhopus clathratus Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854 (Serpentes, Dispsadidade; Pseudoboini) /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99530.
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Orientador: Hussam el Dine ZaherBanca: Denis Otavio Vieira de Andrade
Banca: Giovanna Gondim Montingelli
Resumo: Oxyrhopus clathratus é uma serpente com distribuição restrita à Mata Atlântica que apresenta grande variação de coloração, de forma do hemipênis e folidose. Estas variações foram por muito tempo mal compreendidas, causando problemas na identificação, reconhecimento e sinonímia de diferentes espécies. Este estudo analisou material de toda a distribuição geográfica da espécie e a série tipo, buscando avaliar pela primeira vez como estas e outras variações intraespecíficas ocorrem em O. clathratus analisando separadamente cada variável em relação à geografia e à altitude, explicando como estas diferenças se comportam dentro da espécie e se justificam a separação em mais de uma espécie. O resultado destas análises revelou que O. clathratus é uma única espécie com diversas variações intraespecíficas como a presença de três distintos padrões de coloração (Melânico, Melânico com bandas e Bandado) que se sobrepõe geograficamente, com indivíduos melânicos e com menos bandas tendendo a se concentrar ao sul do transecto; o hemipênis com ornamentação padrão, porém com freqüente variação entre as formas "T" e "Y", que ocorrem sem estruturação geográfica ou altitudinal; escama loreal geralmente ausente sendo esta uma característica única de O. clathratus em relação às demais espécies do gênero. A comparação destas variações com a série tipo da espécie, e a comparação entre os dois sintipos, levou à determinação do lectótipo e paralectótipo da espécie
Abstract: Oxyrhopus clathratus is a snake which presents restrict distribution on the South America Atlantic Forest and presents a great variable pattern of body color, shape of the hemipenis and pholidosis. These variations have long been misunderstood, causing problems in identification, recognition and synonymy of different species. This study examined material from all the geographical distribution of the species and the type series, seeking for the first time how these and other intraspecific variation occurs in O. clathratus analyzing each variable separately in relation to geography and altitude, explaining how these differences behave within the species and if they justify the separation in more than one species. The result of the analysis showed that O. clathratus is a single species with several intraspecific variations shuch as the presence of three distinct body color patterns (body melanic, body melanic with bands and body with bands) that overlap themselves geographically, with melanic individuals and individuals with less number of bands tending to concentrate on the south of the transect; the hemipenis presents a general patter of ornamentation, but with frequent variation between the "T-shape" and "Y-shape" forms, which occur without geographical or altitudinal structuring; loreal scales usually absent being this an O. clathratus's unique feature in relation to all other species of the genus. The comparison of these variations with the type series of species, and a comparison between the two syntypes, led to the determination of the lectotype and paralectotype of the species
Mestre
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Bernardo, Pedro Henrique [UNESP]. "Revisão taxonômica e sistemática de Oxyrhopus clathratus Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854 (Serpentes, Dispsadidade; Pseudoboini)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99530.
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Oxyrhopus clathratus é uma serpente com distribuição restrita à Mata Atlântica que apresenta grande variação de coloração, de forma do hemipênis e folidose. Estas variações foram por muito tempo mal compreendidas, causando problemas na identificação, reconhecimento e sinonímia de diferentes espécies. Este estudo analisou material de toda a distribuição geográfica da espécie e a série tipo, buscando avaliar pela primeira vez como estas e outras variações intraespecíficas ocorrem em O. clathratus analisando separadamente cada variável em relação à geografia e à altitude, explicando como estas diferenças se comportam dentro da espécie e se justificam a separação em mais de uma espécie. O resultado destas análises revelou que O. clathratus é uma única espécie com diversas variações intraespecíficas como a presença de três distintos padrões de coloração (Melânico, Melânico com bandas e Bandado) que se sobrepõe geograficamente, com indivíduos melânicos e com menos bandas tendendo a se concentrar ao sul do transecto; o hemipênis com ornamentação padrão, porém com freqüente variação entre as formas “T” e “Y”, que ocorrem sem estruturação geográfica ou altitudinal; escama loreal geralmente ausente sendo esta uma característica única de O. clathratus em relação às demais espécies do gênero. A comparação destas variações com a série tipo da espécie, e a comparação entre os dois sintipos, levou à determinação do lectótipo e paralectótipo da espécie
Oxyrhopus clathratus is a snake which presents restrict distribution on the South America Atlantic Forest and presents a great variable pattern of body color, shape of the hemipenis and pholidosis. These variations have long been misunderstood, causing problems in identification, recognition and synonymy of different species. This study examined material from all the geographical distribution of the species and the type series, seeking for the first time how these and other intraspecific variation occurs in O. clathratus analyzing each variable separately in relation to geography and altitude, explaining how these differences behave within the species and if they justify the separation in more than one species. The result of the analysis showed that O. clathratus is a single species with several intraspecific variations shuch as the presence of three distinct body color patterns (body melanic, body melanic with bands and body with bands) that overlap themselves geographically, with melanic individuals and individuals with less number of bands tending to concentrate on the south of the transect; the hemipenis presents a general patter of ornamentation, but with frequent variation between the T-shape” and Y-shape forms, which occur without geographical or altitudinal structuring; loreal scales usually absent being this an O. clathratus’s unique feature in relation to all other species of the genus. The comparison of these variations with the type series of species, and a comparison between the two syntypes, led to the determination of the lectotype and paralectotype of the species
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Kaelani, Yusuf. "Fixed dummy block analysis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0007/MQ35507.pdf.
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Fabri, Danielle Angelini. "Molecular phylogenetics of Crossodactylus Duméril & Bibron, 1841: (Anura: Hylodidae)." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/5587.
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Previous issue date: 2013Hylodidae is an anuran family composed of genera Crossodactylus, Hylodes, and Megaelosia, commonly known as “torrent frogs”, and known to range from northeastern Brazil through southern Paraguay and northern Argentina. Crossodactylus, previously referred to as the most taxonomic problematic of the three, is comprised of 11 small-sized (but for C. grandis) species, currently divided among three species groups: the C. gaudichaudii, C. trachystomus, and C. schmidti groups, the first of which contains the majority of recognized species. The relationship between Hylodidae and other anuran families has been extensively discussed, and hypotheses have been varied. Nonetheless, the monophyly of the group seems well corroborated, and has been recovered in several independent phylogenetic studies. However, despite recurrent mentions to the problematic systematics of Crossodactylus, its phylogenetic relationships remain untested. Furthermore, the only proposed synapomorphy for the group is the absence of the quadratojugal bone, a hypothesis which has already been refuted in literature. In view of the problems still revolving around Crossodactylus, this study aimed to test the monophyly of the genus and its species groups, while clarifying relationships among its species, and among itself and the remainder of hylodid genera. For that, a phylogenetic analysis of 3 mitochondrial and 5 nuclear genes of different degrees of variability was performed on software POY 4. 1. 2. 1 under dynamic homology, employing the maximum parsimony optimality criterion. 72 outgroup taxa, and of 88 ingroup terminals were included. Of the outgroup, 21 taxa—comprised of 61 terminals—were sequenced by this study. All ingroup sequences were generated in this study, except for those of C. schmidti, for which sequences were already available on GenBank.A total of 14 equally most parsimonious trees of 25,508 steps were found, the conflicts of which were restricted to relationships between terminals of the ingroup. The monophyly of Hylodidae was corroborated once more. Megaelosia was found to be paraphyletic with respect to Hylodes, which is monophyletic. Crossodactylus was recovered as a monophyletic group, sister to the clade comprising the other two hylodid genera. The species groups as currently defined were found not to reflect the actual relationships among species, with the C. gaudichaudii group being paraphyletic with respect to C. schmidti, and likely to C. trachystomus. Also, several species complexes were found within Crossodactylus, and species believed to be widespread were found to be actually several narrowly distributed species. 14 putative species were discovered in addition to the six recognized species sampled. The placement of the five recognized species not sampled by this study remains unknown and, as most of these were last collected in the 1970–1980s, future studies will require morphological evidence in order to address this question.
Hylodidae é uma família de anuros composta dos gêneros Crossodactylus, Hylodes e Megaelosia, conhecidos popularmente como “rãzinhas-do-riacho”, e cuja área de distribuição conhecida vai do nordeste do Brasil até o norte da Argentina, através do sul do Paraguai. Crossodactylus, conhecido como o gênero de taxonomia mais problemática dos três, é composto de 11 espécies de pequeno tamanho (exceto por C. grandis), atualmente divididas entre três grupos de espécies: os grupos C. gaudichaudii, C. trachystomus e C. schmidti, o primeiro dos quais contém a maioria das espécies reconhecidas. O relacionamento entre Hylodidae e outras famílias de anuros tem sido extensamente discutido, com hipóteses variadas. Ainda assim, a monofilia do grupo parece bem corroborada e tem sido recuperada em diversos estudos filogenéticos independentes. Contudo, apesar das recorrentes menções à sistemática problemática de Crossodactylus, suas relações filogenéticas permanecem não testadas. Além disso, a única sinapomorfia proposta para o grupo é a ausência do osso quadradojugal, hipótese já refutada na literatura. Tendo em vista os problemas ainda presentes em torno de Crossodactylus, o presente estudo objetivou testar a monofilia do gênero e seus grupos de espécies, ao mesmo tempo buscando esclarecer os relacionamentos entre espécies do gênero e entre esse e os demais gêneros de Hylodidae. Para tanto, uma análise filogenética de três genes mitocondriais e cinco genes nucleares de diferentes graus de variabilidade foi realizada através do software POY 4. 1. 2. 1, sob a implementação de homologia dinâmica, empregando o critério de otimalidade de máxima parcimônia. 72 táxons do grupo externo e 88 terminais do grupo interno foram incluídos. Do grupo externo, 21 táxons — compostos de 61 terminais — foram sequenciados nesse estudo. Todas as sequências do grupo interno foram geradas nesse estudo, exceto por aquelas de C. schmidti, para o qual sequências já estavam disponíveis no GenBank. Um total de 14 árvores igualmente maximamente parcimoniosas de 25. 508 passos foi encontrado, os conflitos das quais se restringiam a relações entre terminais do grupo interno. A monofilia de Hylodidae mais uma vez foi corroborada. O gênero Megaelosia foi encontrado como parafilético em relação a Hylodes, o qual é monofilético. Crossodactylus foi recuperado como um grupo monofilético, irmão do clado composto pelos dois outros gêneros. Descobriu-se que os grupos de espécies como definidos atualmente não refletem os relacionamentos entre espécies, com o grupo C. gaudichaudii sendo parafilético com respeito ao grupo C. schmidti — e, provavelmente, ao grupo C. trachystomus. Além disso, diversos complexos de espécies foram encontrados em Crossodactylus e descobriu-se que espécies cuja distribuição acreditava-se ser extensa são na verdade compostas de várias espécies de distribuição restrita. 14 espécies putativas foram descobertas em adição às seis espécies reconhecidas amostradas. O posicionamento das cinco espécies reconhecidas não amostradas nesse estudo permanece desconhecido e, como a maioria destas não é coletada desde os anos 1970– 1980, estudos futuros necessitarão de evidência morfológica de modo a endereçar essa questão.
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OLIVEIRA, Luciana dos Santos Dias de. "Considerações filogenéticas e taxonômicas na tribo Hureae Dumort. (Euphorbioideae- Euphorbiaceae)." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2010. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/4873.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Euphorbiaceae s.s., with five subfamilies and about 6.300 tropical and subtropical species, is one of the most complex and diversified angiosperm lines. Under a phylogenetic perspective, the approaches concerning the family are scarce and restricted to the highest levels. Among the Euphorbiaceae subfamilies, Euphorbioideae is prominent since it aggregates the most variate and derivate groups. In this subfamily, the Hureae tribe is interest in some aspects: because it is paraphyletic; because it is close to Hippomaneae, an also unknown tribe; because of the difficult delimitation between the species; and because of the lack of knowledge about the evolution relations among the taxa, what highlights the need for phylogenetic studies. Composed of three American genera and about 20 species, Hureae is prominent because of the simplicity and homogeneity of its morphological-floral characters and its imprecise specific composition. Therefore, this study aimed to perform a morphological cladistic analysis of the Hureae tribe, seeking to investigate the validity of the morphological characters used in the genus definitions, besides a synoptic treatment to the tribe. Seventeen species were recognized and distributed among the genus Algernonia Baill. (11 species), Hura L. (1 spp.) e Ophthalmoblapton Allemão (4 spp.). Tetraplandra was treated as a subgenus of Algernonia. Most species are distributed in the Atlantic Forest domain, mainly dispersed in the southeastern region and associated to Ombrophilous Forests and resting forests. For the cladistic analysis, by consulting 500 voucher speciemens (including internal and out group) and the literature, 106 morphological characters were surveyed for 16 species of Hureae (internal group), eight species of the Hippomaneae tribe and the monotypical Pachystromatearesulted in 36 trees similarly parcimonious with a consistence index (CI) = 0,470 and a retention index (RI) = 0,625. Hureae was shown as monophyletic and it had Pachystromateae as the closest sister group. Algernonia and Ophthalmoblapton appeared as monophyletic taxa with 70% e 60% bootstrap, respectivly. Hura was pointed as a basal group, while Algernonia surged as a more derivate one. The clade for the Algernonia genus consisted of the subgenus Algernonia and Tetraplandra. In addition, it is proposed here a new classification for Ophthalmoblapton.e (both external groups). The maximal parcimony analysis.
Euphorbiaceae s.s., com cinco subfamílias e cerca de 6.300 espécies tropicais e subtropicais,é uma das mais complexas e diversificadas linhagens de angiospermas. Numa perspectiva filogenética, abordagens sobre a família são escassas e restritas aos grandes níveis. Entre as subfamílias de Euphorbiaceae, destaca-se Euphorbioideae por agregar os grupos mais variáveis e derivados. Nesta subfamília, a tribo Hureae mostra-se interessante em alguns aspectos: por se apresentar parafilética; pela proximidade com Hippomaneae, tribo também pouco conhecida; pela difícil delimitação de suas espécies; e pelo desconhecimento das relações evolutivas entre seus táxons, o que evidencia a necessidade de estudos filogenéticos. Composta por três gêneros americanos e cerca de 20 espécies, Hureae destaca-se pela simplicidade e homogeneidade de seus caracteres morfológico-florais e imprecisa composição específica. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho objetivou a realização de uma análise cladística morfológica da tribo Hureae, visando investigar a validade dos caracteres morfológicos utilizados na definição dos gêneros, além de um tratamento sinóptico para a tribo. Dezessete espécies foram reconhecidas e distribuídas entre os gêneros Algernonia Baill. (11 espécies), Hura L. (1 sp.) e Ophthalmoblapton Allemão (4 spp.). Tetraplandra foi tratada como subgênero de Algernonia. A maioria das espécies tem distribuição no domínio da Mata Atlântica, dispersas principalmente na região sudeste e associadas às Florestas Ombrófilas e floresta de restinga. Para análise cladística foram levantados, através de consulta de aproximadamente 500 exsicatas (incluindo grupo externo e interno) e da literatura, 106 caracteres morfológicos de 16 espécies de Hureae (grupointerno), oito espécies da tribo Hippomaneae e da monotípica Pachystromateae (ambas grupo externo). A análise de máxima parcimônia resultou em 36 árvores igualmente parcimoniosas com índice de consistência (IC) = 0,470 e índice de retenção (IR) = 0,625. Hureae surgiu como monofilética e teve Pachystromateae como grupo irmão mais próximo. Algernonia e Ophthalmoblapton apontaram como táxons monofiléticos com 70% e 60 % de bootstrap, respectivamente. Hura foi apontado como gênero basal, enquanto que Algernonia surgiu como mais derivado. O clado do gênero Algernonia foi constituído pelos subgêneros Algernonia e Tetraplandra. Além disso, também é aqui proposta uma nova classificação para Ophthalmoblapton.
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Granzow, John, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Ventriloquial dummy tones : embodied cognition of pitch direction." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Psychology, c2010, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/2558.
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Tone pairs constructed with the frequencies of the overtones moving in opposition to the
missing fundamental frequencies they imply, produce expertise differences in the tracking
of pitch direction. One interpretation of this result is that it arises as a function of rudimentary
differences in the perceptual systems of musicians and non-musicians. Several
experiments suggest instead a more embodied source of expertise to be found in vocal mediation
such that the effect of musical experience in these tasks is the result of the most
salient action of musicians: making sound.x, 87 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm
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Elmasoudi, Solayman. "Finite element modelling of a pedestrian impact dummy." Thesis, KTH, Neuronik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-183557.
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Johannsen, Heiko. "The assessment of abdominal injury risks by dummy tests /." Düsseldorf : VDI-Verl, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015457903&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Dresse, Alain M. G. "Polynomial Poisson structures and dummy variables in computer algebra." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212775.
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Gocmen, Ulas. "Experimental Whiplash Analysis With Hybrid Iii 50 Percentile Test Dummy." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12610973/index.pdf.
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Whiplash injuries as a result of rear impact are among the most common injuries in
traffic accidents. This is why whiplash injuries have reached a high priority in the
research area. In this study, the effects of head restraint position and impact pulse to
the whiplash injury have been analyzed by performing whiplash tests using the sled
test facility of METU-BILTIR Center Vehicle Safety Unit. Although there are many
whiplash test protocols, the test sample has been prepared according to the most
recent one, Euro NCAP Whiplash Test Protocol. Three different head restraint
positions and three different impact pulses with different severities, totally nine tests
have been performed. The tests are performed with a three point generic seat belt and
an instrumented Hybrid III 50th percentile male adult crash test dummy is used as
the occupant in driver seat of a light commercial vehicle. High speed cameras,
sensors on the crash test dummy and a data acquisition system are used to take the
test data. This test data has been analyzed and presented according to the defined
whiplash assessment criteria and the performance scores of the particular seat for
each test have been determined using the whiplash assessment criteria values
according to the Euro NCAP Test Protocols.
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Zavhorodnja, Tetjana K. "Antolohija pedahohično·i dumky Schidno·i Halyčyny ta ukra·ins·koho zarubižžja XX stolittja /." Ivano-Frankivs·k : "Plaj", 2008. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=017552993&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Mo, Lai-Sheung Melissa. "Computer simulation of a motorcycle and dummy rider in impact." Thesis, Brunel University, 1996. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7126.
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This thesis is concerned with the simulation model of an OPAT dummy rider on a Norton motorcycle in different configured impacts with a rigid barrier. The mathematical equations used in describing the mass-spring-damper-based impacts have been given. The software used in designing the mathematical model have also been outlined. The simulation model was then calibrated against full scale crash tests by means of film analysis and the processed digitised measurements. This led to the investigations into numerical processing of differentiation and integration. A parametric study was also conducted to examine injury to the dummy rider based on some varying parameters. The simulation model was further verified by different configurations and also an introduction of an airbag. Finally, the model was extended to a HYBRID3 dummy rider on the same motorcycle in different configured impacts with a motor car. It is hoped that after the validations and verifications have been performed to examine the robustness of the simulation model, it can assist in the analyses of motorcycle impacts with the less frequent need of conducting a full scale crash test, so that safety design of a motorcycle can be established.
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Wendler, Mary Stela Freitas. "Dummy subject na aquisição da língua estrangeira por nativos brasileiros." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/4131.
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Previous issue date: 2007The aim of this study was to analyze the use of the Dummy Subject in the sentence constructions of Portuguese native speakers learning English as second language. In order to achieve this objective, linguistic aspects were studied under the Generative Theory proposed by Noam Chomsky (1981). These aspects served as subsidies to analyze the data given by the high school 7th and 8th grade students of a private school in Porto Alegre. The absence of the dummy subject was discussed as well as the confirmation of the hypotheses for this problem through the result of this study. The statistical analysis of the data allowed us to conclude that the dummy subject absence is due to the transfer of the native language in second language learning process and also to the lack of contact with the English language outside school as well.
Esse estudo teve por objetivo analisar a utilização do Dummy Subject (sujeito nulo) nas construções de falantes nativos do Português aprendendo Inglês como língua estrangeira. Para isso, foram estudados aspectos lingüísticos à luz da Teoria Gerativista de Noam Chomsky (1981). Esses aspectos serviram de subsídios para a análise de dados fornecidos por alunos das 7ª e 8ª séries do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola da rede particular de Porto Alegre. Discutiu-se a ausência do Dummy Subject, bem como a confirmação das hipóteses levantadas para esse problema através do resultado dessa pesquisa. Conclui-se, portanto, que a ausência do Dummy Subject na função de sujeito se dá devido à transferência da língua materna no processo de aprendizagem da segunda língua, bem como à falta de contato extracurricular com a língua Inglesa.
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Pourbakhsh, Seyed Alireza. "Dummy TSV-Based Timing Optimization for 3D On-Chip Memory." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29093.
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Design and fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) ICs is one the newest and hottest trends in semiconductor manufacturing industry. In 3D ICs, multiple 2D silicon dies are stacked vertically, and through silicon vias (TSVs) are used to transfer power and signals between different dies. The electrical characteristic of TSVs can be modeled with equivalent circuits consisted of passive elements. In this thesis, we use “dummy” TSVs as electrical delay units in 3D SRAMs. Our results prove that dummy TSVs based delay units are as effective as conventional delay cells in performance, increase the operational frequency of SRAM up to 110%, reduce the usage of silicon area up to 88%, induce negligible power overhead, and improve robustness against voltage supply variation and fluctuation.
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D’ANGIOLELLA, Annelise Batista. "Filogenia molecular e taxonomia do grupo Anolis chrysolepis Duméril & Bibron, 1837 (Squamata, Polychrotidae)." Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010. http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/handle/2011/4442.
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A Amazônia é considerada a maior floresta tropical contínua do mundo e diversos mecanismos têm sido propostos para tentar explicar a sua alta diversidade biológica. Um dos mecanismos mais discutidos desde sua proposição é a hipótese dos Refúgios, que se baseia na retração da floresta em períodos mais secos, isolando a fauna de florestas em refúgios imersos em uma matriz de vegetação aberta. Essas retrações e subseqüentes expansões em períodos mais mésicos provocariam a interrupção do fluxo gênico entre as populações isoladas e poderiam gerar especiação. Contudo, estudos moleculares recentes indicam que a diversificação de espécies de vertebrados de florestas tropicais provavelmente precede o período pleistocênico, originalmente indicado na hipótese dos Refúgios como o período em que esses eventos teriam ocorrido. A espécie politípica Anolis chrysolepis, juntamente com Anolis bombiceps, foi previamente estudada como um típico exemplo de diversificação gerada pelas flutuações climáticas do Pleistoceno, embora estudos posteriores tenham domonstrado a presença de grande divergência molecular entre parte das subespécies, indicando uma separação mais antiga desses táxons e levantando o questionamento sobre seu status taxonômico. Utilizamos o gene mitocondrial ND2 para investigar as relações filogenéticas entre as subespécies de Anolis chrysolepis e os táxons determinados em estudos anteriores como mais próximos a elas. Além disso, a sua morfologia e o seu status taxonômico foram revisados, a fim de verificar a congruência entre os dados morfológicos e moleculares, determinando se os táxons previamente reconhecidos morfologicamente são espécies válidas. Com base nos dois conjuntos de dados, nós elevamos as cinco subespécies do grupo Anolis chrysolepis ao status de espécies, diagnosticamos cada uma delas com comentários sobre as principais diferenças morfológicas entre as espécies irmãs e fornecemos novos dados de distribuição.
The Amazon forest is the largest continumm tropical forest around the world and several mecanisms have been proposed to explain its high biological diversity. The Refuge Hypothesis is one of the most debated explanations used and is based on the contraction of forested areas during dry periods, restricting populations to forest refugia. Forests expand during wet periods and these climatic and vegetational oscillations during the Pleistocene would be responsible for speciation and distribution patterns seen in Amazonian species. However, recent molecular phylogenetic studies confront this notion by indicating that most divergences among tropical forest vertebrate species predate the Pleistocene period. The Anolis chrysolepis clade, along with Anolis bombiceps, was previously studied and cited as a classic example of Pleistocene speciation, but recent studies showed substantial molecular divergence in the complex indicating that further studies about the subspecies relationships will demonstrate they are distinct species. We used the mithocondrial gene (ND2) to estimate phylogenetic relationships among the Anolis chrysolepis subspecies and the taxa previously hypothetized as related to them. In addition, their morphology and taxonomy status were revisited in order to confirm the congruence among the molecular and morphological datasets, determining if morphologically defined taxa are valid species. Based on both datasets, we elevate the five subspecies of Anolis chrysolepis to species status, diagnosticating each one of them with comments about the main morphological differences between the sister taxon and providing new distribution data.
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Gehre, Christian. "Development of a model of the new born child dummy Q0 /." Düsseldorf : VDI-Verl, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016244739&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Chen, Shr-Hung. "An intelligent environment for the occupant simulation and deformable dummy design." Ohio : Ohio University, 2003. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1178132411.
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Washahi, Aisha Ahmed Yousuf Al. "Novel monomers, dummy templates and binding probes for molecularly imprinted polymers." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.590503.
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Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic receptors containing binding sites selective for a particular analyte molecule. They have been investigated for applications in many of the same analytical techniques where biological antibodies are currently used, such as in binding assays and sensors. MIPs are made using a template which interacts with a functional monomer: after polymerisation the template is extracted to leave the vacant binding sites. In this project, two new amine functional monomers for molecular imprinting were synthesised;4-vinylbenzylarnine (4-VBA) and diethylvinylbenzyl amine (DEVBA). A thorough study of the molecular imprinting of bisphenol A (BPA) template using DEVBA as a monomer has been described. This MIP showed selective binding towards BPA in the presence of structural analogues. These results were in agreement with the NMR titrations data which suggest a hydrogen bond formation between the BPA and DEVBA during imprinting. The new monomers were also used to prepare MIPs for enantioseparation of ibuprofen (IBP). NMR titrations revealed that DEVBA formed strong complexes with the template (S-IBP). However, enantioseparation of IBP was not achieved on either MIP. In chapter 3, MIPs were prepared for the sulphonamide antibiotic sulfamethazine (SMZ). These polymers were successfully used as stationary phases in HPLC for the separation of SMZ and related structures, both in organic and aqueous mobile phases. Two novel derivatives of SMZ were synthesised in chapter 4. Dansylmethazine (DMZ) was designed as a fluorescent analogue of 5MZ and anthraquinonesulfamethazine (AqSMZ) as a dummy template or electroactive analogue. The optical properties of these novel compounds were investigated. A set of AqSMZ-MIPs were prepared and investigated as HPLC stationary phases, in comparison with the MIPs prepared using SMZ as a template. Unlike SMZMIPs, the AqSMZ-MIPs showed very poor recognition of SMZ and its derivatives. This could be due to limited accessibility to the imprinted sites under the investigated conditions due to polymer swelling. The SMZ-MIPs and AqSMZ-MIPs were investigated for use in a competitive binding assay for SMZ using DMZ as a fluorescent probe. Using a MIP based on AqSMZ and glycerol dimethacrylate (GDMA) as cross-linker, some limited evidence for selective binding of the fluorescent probe was obtained. The poor performance of II - the MIP in a competitive assay, however, suggested the need for more optimisation in order to develop a useful sulphonamides assay.
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Fraxe, Neto Habib Jorge. "Demografia de Acanthochelys spixii (Duméril e Bibron, 1835) (Testudines, Chelidae) no cerrado do Distrito Federal." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2009. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/4804.
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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, 2009.Submitted by Allan Wanick Motta (allan_wanick@hotmail.com) on 2010-05-21T18:05:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_HabibJorgeFraxeNeto.pdf: 206744 bytes, checksum: 43f492859387d7814bd4f48fd9b47f3e (MD5)
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Quelônios de água doce atualmente estão sujeitos a uma crise global de sobrevivência e, ainda que seja fundamental desenvolver estudos que subsidiem estratégias de manejo e conservação, as espécies que habitam o Cerrado não têm sido objeto de investigações sobre demografia. O presente estudo estima parâmetros demográficos para Acanthochelys spixii, em uma área de Cerrado do Distrito Federal, com base em modelos de captura e recaptura ao longo de quatro anos, avaliando-se os efeitos de sexo, variação temporal e fatores climáticos sobre a dinâmica populacional. A razão sexual não diferiu significativamente de 1:1. Com base no Critério de Informação de Akaike (AIC), a seleção de modelos candidatos com restrição a partir de variáveis climáticas evidenciou que a interação entre precipitação total e temperatura média do ar no mês anterior, assim como a associação da probabilidade de recaptura (p) a uma base mensal, explicam a quase totalidade da variação nas estimativas, obtendo-se para sobrevivência anual aparente (Φ) um valor constante de 0,814. Taxas de recaptura variaram ao longo do tempo entre 0,01 a 0,19 e, na estação seca, entre 0,01 a 0,04. A média mensal do tamanho populacional foi de 28 indivíduos, com valores entre 9 e 31 cágados adultos. Taxas anuais de crescimento populacional resultaram em 0,907 para 2006-2007 e 0,653 para 2007-2008. Considerando os parâmetros estimados e a pressão antrópica exercida sobre essa unidade de conservação, avalia-se a importância do Parque Nacional de Brasília para a conservação da herpetofauna na savana brasileira. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Freshwater turtles are under a global survival crisis and, although the development of studies to support conservation strategies is crucial, the species that inhabit the Cerrado biome have not been object of demography investigations. The present study estimates demographic parameters for Acanthochelys spixii, in the Cerrado of Distrito Federal,– using capture-recapture models along 4 years of data collection, and by analyzing the effects of sex, temporal variation and climatic factors on population dynamics. Sex ratio did not vary significantly from 1:1. Under Akaike´s Information Criteria (AIC), selection of candidate models constrained for climatic variables indicated that the interaction between total rainfall and average air temperature from the previous month, as well as the association of recapture probability (p) in a monthly basis, explain the estimates variation, with a constant annual apparent survival (Φ) value of 0.814. Recapture rates along the study period varied from 0.01 to 0.19 and, during the dry season, from 0.01 to 0.04. Monthly average population size was 28 adult turtles, with values between 9 and 31 adults along the 4 years. Annual population growth rates were 0.907 for the 2006-2007 time interval and 0.653 for 2007-2008. Considering the estimated parameters and the anthropic pressure on this protected area, the study evaluates the importance of Parque Nacional de Brasília for herpetofauna´s biodiversity conservation in the Brazilian savanna.
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Mollo, Neto Antonio. "Variação geográfica de Itapotihyla langsdorffii (DUMÉRIL & BIBRON, 1841) (ANURA: HYLIDAE) : abordagens morfológica e molecular." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2015.
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Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Vanessa Kruth VerdadeDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Evolução e Diversidade, 2015.
Neste trabalho estudamos a variação geográfica de Itapotihyla langsdorffii a partir de duas abordagens: morfológica e molecular. Foram estudados na abordagem morfológica 246 exemplares provenientes de 59 localidades e 76 amostras de tecido pertences a indivíduos de 25 localidades foram utilizadas para estudos filogenéticos com três marcadores moleculares, dois nucleares, recombination activation gene 1 (Rag-1), o gene que codifica a Rodopsina (Rod) e o Citocromo b mitocondrial (Cyt b). Em ambos os casos, as localidades estão distribuídas de maneira a representar a possível diversidade intraespecífica ao longo da área de ocorrência da espécie. Do ponto de vista morfológico, os resultados indicam a existência de variação entre os indivíduos das populações distribuídas no eixo Norte/Sul, somente relacionadas ao comprimento rostro-cloacal, em que aparentemente os indivíduos residentes em áreas mais úmidas apresentam maior comprimento rostro-cloacal. Essa variação parece mais evidente entre os machos, que entre as fêmeas, mas ainda assim é gradual e não justifica a separação das populações de Itapotihyla langsdorffii em mais de uma espécie. De modo similar, nas análises de filogenia molecular por Inferência Bayesiana e Máxima Parcimônia com marcadores de genes nucleares não encontramos qualquer indício de separação entre as populações. A mesma análise filogenética realizada com o marcador mitocondrial demonstrou que apesar de existirem indícios de separação entre os indivíduos do Norte e do Sul da Mata Atlântica, não houve significância estatística para separação dos indivíduos em populações diferentes. Os resultados das duas abordagens são congruentes e indicativos de que Itapotihyla langsdorffii é uma única espécie de ampla distribuição na Mata Atlântica e não um complexo de espécies crípticas, como poderia se supor.
We have studied the geographical variation of Itapotihyla langsdorffii based on morphological and molecular approaches. A total of 246 individuals from 59 localities were studied for morphology, and 76 tissue samples from 25 localities were used for phylogenetic analysis with three molecular markers, the recombination activation gene 1 (Rag-1) and Rhodopsin (Rod) encoding nuclear genes, and the mitochondrial Cytochrome b (Cyt b) encoding gene. Our results are indicative of a conservative morphology throughout the distributional range with a cline variation in snout-vent length more prominent in males than in females, with larger specimens apparently living in more humid areas (Northern Atlantic forest or Southern coastal Atlantic forest versus Continental Southern Atlantic Forest). The results obtained with phylogenetic analysis by Bayesian inference or Parsimony were congruent to those of morphology, with no population structure found among nuclear markers and a very weak supported structure within the mitochondrial marker. So far, it seems that Itapotihyla langsdorffii operates as a large metapopulation representing a single widely distributed species, and not a complex of cryptic species as commonly expected for Neotropical widely distributed frogs.
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Wendler, Mary Stela Freitas. "Dummy subject na aquisi??o da l?ngua estrangeira por nativos brasileiros." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2008. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/1856.
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Previous issue date: 2008-01-18Esse estudo teve por objetivo analisar a utiliza??o do Dummy Subject (sujeito nulo) nas constru??es de falantes nativos do Portugu?s aprendendo Ingl?s como l?ngua estrangeira. Para isso, foram estudados aspectos ling??sticos ? luz da Teoria Gerativista de Noam Chomsky (1981). Esses aspectos serviram de subs?dios para a an?lise de dados fornecidos por alunos das 7? e 8? s?ries do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola da rede particular de Porto Alegre. Discutiu-se a aus?ncia do Dummy Subject, bem como a confirma??o das hip?teses levantadas para esse problema atrav?s do resultado dessa pesquisa. Conclui-se, portanto, que a aus?ncia do Dummy Subject na fun??o de sujeito se d? devido ? transfer?ncia da l?ngua materna no processo de aprendizagem da segunda l?ngua, bem como ? falta de contato extracurricular com a l?ngua Inglesa.
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Lindberg, Anders Sven Axel. "Airborne noise characterisation of a complex machine using a dummy source approach." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0082/document.
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La caractérisation des sources sonores dues aux vibrations est un défi dans le domaine du bruit et des vibrations. Dans cette thèse, une approche expérimentale pour caractériser la propagation du son d’une machine complexe a été étudiée. Pour caractériser de manière appropriée la source sonore placée dans un environnement quelconque, il a été indispensable de prendre en compte les phénomènes de rayonnement et de diffraction. Cela permet de prédire une pression acoustique. Une technique particulière, appelée source mannequin, a été développée pour répondre à cette problématique. Le mannequin est une enceinte fermée de taille similaire mais qui a une forme simplifiée par rapport à la machine complexe, et sert de modèle de diffraction sonore. Le mannequin est équipé d’une série de haut-parleurs alignés dans le prolongement de la surface de l’enceinte. La superposition du champ acoustique créé par chaque haut-parleur modélise le rayonnement acoustique de la machine complexe. Cette thèse introduit donc le concept de source mannequin et traite de trois problèmes émanant de la mise en pratique de celui-ci : (1) l’estimation du transfert d’impédance dans l’espace (fonction de Green), (2) les spécifications de l’enceinte et de la série de haut-parleurs, et (3) l’estimation des sources équivalentes en termes de débit volumique. L’approche est étudiée au travers de cas d’études expérimentaux et numériquesThe characterisation of vibrating sound sources is a challenge in noise and vibration engineering. In this thesis, an experimental approach to the characterisation of air-borne sound from a complex machine is investigated. A proper characterisation has to account for both radiation and diffraction phenomena in order to describe the sound source when inserted into an arbitrary space which enables prediction of sound pressure. A particular technique — a dummy source — has been conceived to deal with this problem. The dummy is a closed cabinet of similar size but much simpler shape than the complex machine, and it serves as a model of sound diffraction. The dummy is equipped with a flush-mounted array of loudspeaker drivers. The superposition of sound fields created by the individual drivers models sound radiation of the complex machine. This thesis introduces the concept of a dummy source and discusses three problems that need to be addressed for its practical application: (1) estimation of the transfer impedance of the space (the Green’s function), (2) the specification of the cabinet and the driver array, and (3) the estimation of the equivalent source strengths in terms of volume velocity. The approach is investigated via experimental and numerical case studies
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Chadwick, Sue. "The meaning and interpretation of sustainable development in the planning framework : Humpty Dumpty has his say." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2017. http://arro.anglia.ac.uk/701714/.
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The National Planning Policy Framework was adopted in March 2012, promoting sustainable development as a 'golden thread' running through the whole document. Since then, the concept of sustainable development has been a key or sole consideration in the determination of applications for planning permission. This research is a detailed consideration of that concept within and without the Framework. The research begins by identifying the traditional understandings of the term from its use in international and national policy documents since 1972. It continues with an examination of sustainable development in the Framework to see if a meaning can be derived from analysing its language or from a detailed review of decisions taken where it is applied as a criterion. The research includes a comparative analysis of relevant planning appeal decisions and court judgments in the twenty months from formal adoption of the Framework. Neither the appeal decisions nor the court rulings enable any reliable conclusions to be drawn on what sustainable development means within the Framework. They do show that the Secretary of State has an almost unfettered discretion to decide the meaning of sustainable development on a case by case basis without regard to its interpretation and definitions outside the Framework. Sustainable development has no formally agreed or legally enforceable definition. Unless and until such a definition is secured, the Secretary of State and the courts will assign mutating meanings to the term on a case by case basis.
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Eid, Josef, and Sebastian Svensson. "Woodstar Extreme : Racerbil för rörelsehindrade." Thesis, Karlstad University, Division for Engineering Sciences, Physics and Mathematics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-118.
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Denna rapport är utförd av studenterna Josef Eid och Sebastian Svensson och gäller examensarbetet på 15 poäng som ägde rum vårterminen 2005. Examensarbetet var den slutgiltiga kursen på utbildningen Innovations- och designingenjörsprogrammet (120 poäng) på Karlstads Universitet. Arbetets uppdragsgivare var företaget Woodstar AB. Kontaktperson på företaget var Tommy Andersson och handledare i kursen var Lennart Wihk på universitetet.
Företaget Woodstar tillverkar fordon anpassade för rörelsehindrade personer. Företaget låg i slutskedet med utvecklandet av det nya fordonet Woodstar Extreme, som är en banracer. Woodstar Extreme har syftet att fylla ett behov samt att förverkliga en dröm om att gemensamt och integrerat kunna idka motorsport på lika villkor, oavsett rörelsehinder.
Huvuduppgiften var att ta fram en design till banracerns karosseri. Studenterna tog fram ett koncept som innebar en heltäckande kaross med en separat kåpa. Hela karosseriet lyfts bort som en enda enhet vid behov, till exempel då en rörelsehindrad ska stiga på. Kåpan kan tas av separat eller följa med hela karossen. Karossen kommer att ha ganska låg vikt eftersom den görs i lätt glasfiber. Designen upplevs svara mot de semantiska kraven på en klassisk sportvagn med ett unikt utseende. Den är även aerodynamiskt godkänd med luftintag fram och på sidan, samt luftuttag baktill. Detta visualiserades med en animering, en digital modell och en plastmodell.
Josef och Sebastian tillverkade även själva pluggen till karossen vilken Woodstar skulle göra glasfiberkaross av. Studenterna kommer att fungera som handledare och assistera företaget fram tills karossen blir slutförd.
Redovisningen av projektet gick bra men utställning var något medioker. Pluggen tog längre tid än planerat, främst på grund av onödig tid på finslipning av pluggen. Studenterna tog på sig för mycket arbete (hade räckt med konceptframtagning), men de har med sitt engagemang för projektet skapat sina förutsättningar själva. De har lärt sig en hel del och haft riktigt kul. Parterna har haft ett bra samarbete i detta digra men vällyckade projekt.
This report was written in the spring 2005 at Karlstad University by Josef Eid and Sebastian Svensson. The report contains their examination work (15 points) which was the final course in their education, Bachelor of Science in Innovation and Design Engineering. The assigner for this project was the company Woodstar AB. Tommy Andersson was their contact at Woodstar and Lennart Wihk was their examiner at the university.
Woodstar manufactures vehicles adjustable for disabled persons. The Company was in the final stages in developing their Woodstar Extreme, which is a new racing car for tracks. Woodstar Extreme has the purpose to fulfil a need and to carry out the dream that people can practise motor sport on the same conditions, irrespective of disabilities.
The main task for this project was to design a body for the Woodstar Extreme. The students designed a concept which implied a single body covering the racer with a separate cover in the back. The body can be lifted off in one part when needed, for example when a disabled person gets in or out of the car. The cover in the back can be lifted off separate or together whit the whole body. The body will be light due to the glass fibre construction that will be used. The semantic demands of a classic sport car with a unique look were accomplished. The design’s aerodynamic features, with air inlet in the front and on the sides and air outlet in the back, have been approved. The racing car was presented with a digital model and animation and a plastic model.
Josef and Sebastian also manufactured the dummy for the body, which Woodstar will use to make the glass fibre bodies of. Until the body is concluded the students will act as advisors and assistants for Woodstar.
The presentation of the project went well but the exhibition was a bit mediocre. The manufacturing of the dummy took longer time then planed, due to the unnecessary polishing of dummy. The students took to much work on them selves (have been enough with a conceptual design of product), but due to their engagement they created their own conditions. During this project they had a lot of fun and learned many grateful things. Both students and the company had a great cooperation in this genuine and well made project.
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Ren, Guowu. "Modelling of pack structure and impairment mechanisms due to sand invasion in gravelpacks." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/558.
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Andrade, Mariana Batista. "Uso de Lidocaína e Bupivacaína na anestesia espinhal em Trachemys dorbignyi (Duméril & Bibron, 1835) (Testudines-Emydidae)." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2010. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/13004.
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We aimed to investigate the efficacy of lidocaine and bupivacaine via spinal injection in promoting sensory and motor block in the regions of the tail/cloaca and pelvic members of Trachemys dorbignyi. Ten females with average weight of 1.375 kilograms (kg) were submitted to two anesthetic protocols, with an interval of 10 days: 4.6 milligrams (mg)/kg of lidocaine 2% and 1.15 mg/kg of bupivacaine 0, 5%, deposited via spinal in the coccyx region. The animals were evaluated for latent period, reasonable period and recovery period of anesthesia. For the period of latency of the tail (Lca), we obtained an average of 28.80 ± 2.29 seconds (sec) and 56.80 ± 4.78 sec for lidocaine and bupivacaine. Since the average latency of pelvic limb was 448.00 ± 48.51 sec and 487.70 ± 30.25 sec for both anesthetics. The reasonable period of anesthesia was 79.29 ± 33.11 minutes (min) for lidocaine and 116.55 ± 41.03 min in the tail/cloaca for bupivacaine. Averages corresponding to 112.03 ± 45.12 min and 150.87 ± 53.36 min were obtained in the pelvic members through use of anesthetics in the same sequence. Finally, the recovery period was 76.30 ± 32.18 min and 68.00 ± 43.35 min for lidocaine and bupivacaine, respectively. The heart rate remained within the range considered normal for reptiles. It was concluded that the use of lidocaine 2% and 0.5% bupivacaine via spinal injection is safe and effective in promoting anesthesia in the tail/cloaca and pelvic members in Trachemys dorbignyi. The duration of anesthetic effect in the tail/cloaca was significantly higher by using bupivacaine 0.5%. The times of reasonable periods of anesthesia achieved with the use of both anesthetic protocols are sufficient to perform simple and routine surgical procedures, such as amputation of the penis and suturing of skin lacerations.Objetivou-se avaliar a eficácia da utilização de lidocaína e bupivacaína por via espinhal em cágados da espécie Trachemys dorbignyi para a promoção de bloqueios motor e sensitivo nas regiões da cauda/cloaca e membros pelvinos. Dez fêmeas, com peso médio de 1,375 quilogramas (Kg), foram submetidas a dois protocolos anestésicos, com intervalo de 10 dias: 4,6 miligramas (mg)/Kg de lidocaína 2% e 1,15 mg/Kg de bupivacaína 0,5%, depositadas na região espinhal do espaço intercoccígeo proximal. Os animais foram avaliados quanto a período de latência, período hábil de anestesia e período de recuperação. Em relação ao período de latência da cauda (Lca), obteve-se 28,80±2,29 segundos (seg) e 56,80±4,78 seg como valores médios respectivos para lidocaína e bupivacaína. Já o período médio de latência do membro pelvino foi 448,00±48,51 e 487,70±30,25 seg para ambos os anestésicos. O período hábil de anestesia foi de 79,29±33,11 minutos (min) para lidocaína e 116,55±41,03 min na cauda/cloaca para bupivacaína. Médias correspondentes a 112,03±45,12 min e 150,87±53,36 min foram obtidas nos membros pelvinos mediante utilização dos anestésicos, na mesma sequencia. Por fim, o período de recuperação foi de 76,30±32,18 min para lidocaína e 68,00±43,35 min para a bupivacaína. A freqüência cardíaca se manteve dentro do intervalo considerado normal para os répteis. Concluiu-se que utilização de lidocaína 2% e bupivacaína 0,5% por via espinhal mostra-se uma técnica segura e eficaz na promoção de anestesia na região da cauda/cloaca e nos membros pelvinos, em Trachemys dorbignyi. O tempo de efeito anestésico na região da cauda/cloaca foi significativamente maior mediante utilização da bupivacaína 0,5%. Os tempos hábeis de anestesia, conseguidos com a utilização de ambos os protocolos anestésicos, são suficientes para execução de procedimentos cirúrgicos mais simples e rotineiros, como amputação de pênis e sutura de lacerações de pele.
Mestre em Ciências Veterinárias
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Koteeswaran, Prabhavathi. "Fast dynamic force computation for electrostatic and electromagnetic conductors." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1443.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis presents an improved method for dynamic force computation applicable
to both electrostatic and electromagnetic conductors with complex 3D geometries.
During the transient simulation of electrostatic actuated MEMS, the positions of the
conductors as well as the potential applied to the conductors may change, necessitating
recalculation of electrostatic forces at each time step of computation. Similarly,
during the simulation of electromagnetic actuated MEMS, the current re-distribution
in the conductors requires recalculation of electromagnetic forces at each time step.
In this thesis, a simple method based on the principles of fast multipole algorithm
is explored to effectively recalculate the potential coefficients to compute the surface
charges and thereby forces during transient simulation of electrostatic conductors.
The proposed method improves the speed of electrostatic force computation by 15
- 60% at each time step, depending on the displacement, with an error less than
3%. Electromagnetic forces are also computed by the same method. In addition,
an efficient method is also presented for electrostatic analysis of dummy metal filled
interconnects.
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Devecchi, Marcelo Fernando. "As tribos Crotalarieae (Benth.) Hutch. e Genisteae (Bronn) Dumort. (Leguminosae - Papilionoideae) na Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41132/tde-08032013-163454/.
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O principal objetivo deste trabalho é o levantamento e estudo taxonômico das espécies das tribos Crotalarieae (Benth.) Hutch. e Genisteae (Bronn) Dumort. de Leguminosae-Papilionoideae, que ocorrem na Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais. A Serra do Cipó está localizada na porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, um conjunto de elevações que se estende por cerca de 1000 km na direção Norte-Sul, entre os estados de Minas Gerais e Bahia. Inserida no Domínio do Cerrado, a Serra do Cipó apresenta os campos rupestres como o principal tipo vegetacional, associados aos afloramentos rochosos e solos litólicos encontrados nas áreas mais altas das serras. Os campos rupestres mineiros estão frequentemente entremeados por fitofisionomias de cerrado, matas ciliares, capões de mata e brejos estacionais ou perenes. Expedições a campo e levantamento dos principais herbários que abrigam coleções da região, levaram ao reconhecimento de 18 espécies, pertencentes a 2 gêneros dos grupos estudados: 16 espécies de Crotalaria L. (Crotalarieae), e de 2 espécies de Lupinus L. (Genisteae). O capitulo 1 da dissertação compreende o levantamento das espécies e o seu estudo taxonômico segundo o modelo da Série Flora da Serra do Cipó, contendo chaves de identificação, descrições morfológicas e ilustrações dos gêneros e espécies, além de comentários sobre sua distribuição geográfica, fenologia e variabilidade, editados no formato da publicação. O capitulo 2 trata de um estudo de anatomia foliar realizado com as 16 espécies de Crotalaria que ocorrem na área estudada, com o objetivo de levantar caracteres que possam auxiliar na circunscrição das espécies. Esse estudo utilizou amostras de folhas obtidas de material herborizado e técnicas usuais em anatomia vegetal, incluindo análises em microscopia de luz e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Muitos dos caracteres analisados mostraram-se relativamente uniformes, no entanto alguns deles revelaram-se úteis no diagnóstico de espécies. Destacam-se dentre estes alguns caracteres relacionados à textura, a aspectos de venação, tais como a formação de aréolas e modo de inserção das nervuras secundárias à nervura mediana, e principalmente à epidermeThe main goal of this study is to provide a taxonomic survey of the tribes Crotalarieae (Benth.) Hutch. and Genisteae (Bronn) Dumort. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) in the Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais. The Serra do Cipó is located in the southern portion of the Espinhaço range of mountains, which extends for about 1000 km in north-south direction, from the state of Minas Gerais to the state of Bahia. The Serra do Cipó belongs to the Cerrado Domain, and its main vegetation type is the Campo Rupestre, a mostly herbaceous formation with scattered shrubs and treelets on litholic or sandy soils around rocky outcrops,found in higher areas of the mountains. On lower elevations other phytophysiognomies are found, mostly patches of savannahs formations (cerrados and cerradões), gallery forests, montane forests and swamps. Field expeditions and the examination of herbarium collections led to the recognition of 16 species of Crotalaria L. (Crotalarieae), and 2 species of Lupinus L. (Genisteae) in the area. The first chapter of the dissertation comprises a taxonomic survey of the species of these two genera occurring in the Serra do Cipó. It contains keys for identification, morphological descriptions and illustrations of the species, and comments on their geographical distribution, phenology and morphological variation. The second chapter presents an anatomical study of leaves of 16 species of Crotalaria occurring in the Serra do Cipó, aiming to provide additional characters for the circumscription of the species. Leaf samples were obtained from herbarium specimens and standard techniques in plant anatomy were used, including light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Many of the characters analyzed were non-informative, but the following ones were useful to recognize several species: characters related to lamina texture, to the epidermis, and to the venation pattern, specially the formation of areoles and mode of insertion of the secondary veins to midvein
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Stany, Linda, and Anna Söderberg. "Millenniebubblan : Vilka faktorer hade betydelse för dess utveckling." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5912.
Full textAbstract:
Every tenth year a financial crisis tend to interfere with an economy. Price bubbles with an accompanying market plunge are therefore not a new phenomenon. Such market disruptions have been causing problems for centuries, as history has a tendency to repeat itself. The intention with this study is to learn more about the bubble phenomenon and increase the knowledge in this area in order to, if possible, prevent such a thing from happening again. The purpose of the essay is to identify factors that significantly affected the development of the so called IT-bubble in Sweden and Finland during the years of 1995-2000. The previous purpose can be divided into two sub-purposes, namely; to point out which financial theory/theories that succeeds the best to explain the development of the IT-bubble, and additionally; to detect factors that can help us foreseeing similar scenarios in the future.
The study concentrates on Sweden and Finland. Furthermore, only stock market bubbles are studied. As a consequence, other types of financial crises, for example bank crises, are excluded from this study. The method used to answer the first sub-purpose is an analysis of financial theories which enables us to find factors that according to theory could have caused the rise of the price bubble. In order to answer the second sub-purpose we take use of a statistical method. We have designed a statistical model based on the results of previous mentioned analysis. In this model we try the relevance of the detected factors from the theoretical analysis in order to investigate if theory manages to explain the birth of a stock market bubble.
The result of our study has generated four different factors; macro economic; institutional; psychological and asymmetric information. These four categories showed importance for the development of the IT-bubble in Sweden and Finland. Out of the four factors, the psychological factor is said to be the most important, but in the mean time the hardest one to predict. The statistical model indicates that the number of bankruptcies, the total amount of household’s borrowing and results from attitude surveys in the case of Sweden, and the number of bankruptcies, new registrations of cars and finally consumers attitude towards making a big purchase at present, in the case of Finland are variables to be aware of when looking out for a stock market bubble. The statistical model, as pointed out in the study, is not perfect. Additional studies are necessary to confirm the results presented in this report.
Finansiella kriser tenderar att drabba ekonomin med ungefär tio års intervaller. Prisbubblor med tillhörande djupdykning på marknaden är således inget nytt fenomen. Denna störning i marknadsharmonin har funnits under flertalet sekler och historien har en benägenhet att upprepa sig. Bakgrunden till studien är således att öka förståelsen för bubbelfenomenet och att, om det är möjligt, förhindra att det händer igen. Syftet med studien är att påvisa faktorer som har haft signifikant betydelse för den så kallade IT-bubblans utveckling i Sverige och Finland under åren 1995-2000. Det övergripande syftet kan vidare indelas i två delsyften, vars mål dels är att påvisa vilken eller vilka finansiella teorier som bäst förklarar IT-bubblans utveckling, dels hitta faktorer som kan hjälpa oss att förutse likartade scenarier i framtiden.
Studien fokuserar på länderna Sverige och Finland, och avgränsar sig därmed från övriga länder. Vidare studeras enbart börsbubblor och fall, varför övriga typer av finansiella kriser, så som exempelvis bankkriser utesluts. Metoden för att besvara det första delsyftet är att göra en analys av finansiella teorier för att lyfta fram faktorer som enligt dem kan ha haft avgörande betydelse för bubblans uppbyggnad. Metoden för det andra delsyftet är att bygga en statistisk modell med hjälp av de faktorer som resulterat av ovan nämnda analys, för att pröva deras relevans.
Resultatet av vår studie har genererat en grupp bestående av fyra olika faktorer; makroekonomiska, institutionella, psykologiska faktorer och asymmetrisk information som bäst förklarar IT-bubblans uppkomst. Av dessa är den psykologiska faktorn den viktigaste, och samtidigt också den svåraste att förutsäga. Det är framförallt teorierna inom ”behavioural finance” som fokuserar på psykologiska effekter, varför de bäst förklarar händelseförloppet under IT-bubblan. Den statistiska modellen indikerar att antalet konkurser, hushållens totala utlåning och resultatet av samhällsekonomiska attitydundersökningar i fallet Sverige, samt antalet konkurser, nyregistrering av bilar, och slutligen konsumenternas attityd till stora köp och till att ta lån för tillfället, i fallet Finland, är variabler som vi kan vara uppmärksamma på för att försöka förutse börsbubblor. Den statistiska modellen är, som poängteras i arbetet, inte fulländad utan ytterligare studier fordras för att belägga detta ytterligare.
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Jantoš, Milan. "Modelovanie a predpovedanie sezónnych časových radov." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264619.
Full textAbstract:
In this Master Thesis there are summarized basic methods for modelling time series, such as linear regression with seasonal dummy variables, exponential smoothing and SARIMA processes. The thesis is aimed on modelling and forecasting seasonal time series using these methods. Goals of the Thesis are to introduce and compare these methods using a set of 2184 seasonal time series followed by evaluation their prediction abilities. The main benefit of this Master Thesis is understanding of different aspects of forecasting time series and empirical verification of advantages and disadvantages these methods in field of creating predictions.
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Hahn, Anelise Torres. "Análise da dieta de Trachemys dorbigni (duméril & Bibron, 1835) no sul do Rio Grande do Sul (Testudines : Emydidae)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/5980.
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Vieira, Renata Cardoso. "História natural, ecologia populacional e genética de Salvator merianae (DUMÉRIL & BIBRON, 1839) (SQUAMATA, TEIIDAE) no sul do Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/158514.
Full textAbstract:
Salvator merianae possui a maior distribuição geográfica do gênero, ocorrendo desde a Argentina até o Brasil, incluindo Uruguai e Paraguai, além das regiões sul, sudeste, centro-oeste, e nordeste do Brasil. Embora seja considerada uma espécie comum e abundante em algumas localidades, o conhecimento a respeito de sua ecologia ainda é restrito a poucos estudos, e as descobertas que surgem sobre a biologia da espécie revelam que ainda existem muitos parâmetros para serem caracterizados. A radiotelemetria permite a obtenção, processamento e transmissão de informação à distância. Este método vem se tornando cada vez mais utilizado em monitoramentos ecológicos, apesar de ainda ser pouco utilizado em estudos com lagartos na América do Sul. Adicionalmente, a utilização de armadilhas é extremamente importante em vários tipos de estudos ecológicos e pode auxiliar na captura de indivíduos em áreas de difícil acesso. Neste estudo, a telemetria possibilitou a realização de inferências ecológicas para Salvator merianae com dados de áreas de vida, atividade, aspectos populacionais e reprodutivos. Foi realizada a comparação da eficácia de dois tipos de armadilha, a armadilha de madeira (“Schramm”) e a armadilha “Tomahawk”, na captura de S. merianae. Foi descrito o evento de predação de um mamífero de médio porte, Conepatus chinga, por S. merianae. Por fim, foi construída uma biblioteca de dez novos loci de microssatélites que poderão ser utilizados para futuros estudos genéticos e ecológicos para a espécie. O estudo foi conduzido em Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, e também utilizou tecidos de músculo provenientes de outras populações (BR-101 – RS; Minaçu – GO). Os dados de campo foram coletados de agosto de 2013 a março de 2015, durante o período de reprodução da espécie. Os resultados mostraram que a taxa de captura com as armadilhas de madeira Schramm, desenvolvidas nesse estudo, foi de 1,63 indivíduos/dia, enquanto a taxa de captura da armadilha “Tomahawk”, feita de aço galvanizado, foi de 0,36 indivíduos/dia. A área de vida média da população de Eldorado do Sul foi de 1,01 ± 2,22 ha (ArcGis) e 1,61 ± 4,10 ha (R), com machos apresentando áreas de vida maiores do que fêmeas. A área de vida de um macho pode incluir uma a seis fêmeas. Os tamanhos populacionais que registramos para a espécie podem ser considerados baixos e sem variação entre as estações amostradas, sugerindo que a população aparenta estar estabilizada. As taxas de atividade na primavera e no verão não apresentaram diferenças significativas, com padrão unimodal, o que pode estar relacionado com a intensidade das temperaturas ambientais. Foram monitorados dois ninhos em condições naturais e registrado o cuidado parental por parte dessas fêmeas durante a fase de nidificação. Dez pares de primers para a amplificação de marcadores do tipo microssatélite (simple sequence repeat - SSR) foram caracterizados em 56 indivíduos pertencentes a três localidades distintas: Eldorado do Sul – RS, BR-101 na Planície Costeira do RS e do município de Minaçu, Goiás. Apesar de S. merianae possuir grandes áreas de vida, foi possível detectar elevadas taxas de endocruzamento dentro de cada população. Apesar da espécie ser considerada comum, o estudo de parâmetros ecológicos de uma das maiores espécies de lagarto da América do Sul pode esclarecer características adaptativas de lagartos de grande porte aos ambientes naturais. Esses resultados são importantes para os pesquisadores que trabalham com grandes lagartos e podem ajudar a aumentar a eficiência da amostragem para estes organismos.Salvator merianae has the largest geographical distribution of the genus, occurring from Argentina, to North Brazil, including Uruguay and Paraguay, besides South, Southeast, Midwest, and Northeast Brazil. Even though S. merianae is considered a common and abundant species in some loclities, knowledge of its adaptive characters to natural open environments is still restricted to few studies, and the new findings about the biology of the species show that there are still many parameters to be characterized. Radiotelemetry allows collecting, processing, and transmitting information at distance. This method is becoming increasingly used in ecological monitorements, even though it is seldom used in studies with lizards in South America. Furthermore, the use of traps is extremely important in a variety of ecological studies, and can assist in the capture of individuals in areas of difficult access. In this study telemetry allowed ecological infereces for Salvator merianae, including data on life areas, activity, population and reproductive aspects. A comparison of the effectiveness of a wooden trap (Schramm) versus "Tomahawk" traps to capture S. merianae was also performed; and we recorded a predation event of a medium sized mammal, Conepatus chinga, by S. merianae. Finally, we developed a library of ten new microsatellite loci that may be used in future genetic and ecological studies for the species. The study was conducted in Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and also used tissue samples from other populations (Rota do Sol – RS; Minaçu – GO). Field data were collected from August 2013 to March 2015, during the breeding season of the species. Our results show that the capture rate of Schramm wooden traps, developed by our group, was 1.63 individuals/day, while the capture rate of "Tomahawk" traps, built from galvanized steel, was 0.36 individuals/day. The average home range for the Eldorado do Sul population was 1.01 ± 2.22 ha (ArcGis) and 1.61 ± 4.10 ha (R), with males having home range larger than females. The living area of a male may include one to six females. Population sizes recorded for the species can be considered low, with no variation between sampling seasons, suggesting that the population appears to be stable. Activity rates during spring and summer showed no significant differences, showing a unimodal pattern, which may be related to the intensity of ambient temperatures. We monitored two nests in natural conditions and registered parental care of females in the nest. Ten primer pairs for the amplification of microsatellite (simple sequence repeat – SSR) markers were genotyped in 56 individuals belonging to three distinct locations: Eldorado do Sul – in RS state, BR-101, in the Coastal Plain of the RS state, and Minacu, in Goiás state. Even though S. merianae have wide home ranges, it is possible to detect high levels of inbreeding within each population. Although it is considered as a common species, the study of ecological parameters of one of the largest lizards of South America can clarify adaptive features of such lizards to natural environments. These results are important for researchers working with large lizards and can help increase the efficiency of sampling for these organisms.
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Baker, Wade Andrew. "Development and Validation of a Finite Element Dummy Lower Limb Model for Under-body blast Applications." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/86657.
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An under-body blast (UBB) refers to the use of a roadside explosive device to target a vehicle and its occupants. During Operation Iraqi Freedom, improvised explosive devices (IEDs) accounted for an estimated 63% of US fatalities. Furthermore, advancements in protective equipment, combat triage, and treatment have caused an increase in IED casualties surviving with debilitating injuries. Military vehicles have been common targets of IED attacks because of the potential to inflict multiple casualties.
Anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) are mechanical human surrogates designed to transfer loads and display kinematics similar to a human subject. ATDs have been used successfully by the automotive industry for decades to quantify human injury during an impact and assess safety measures. Currently the Hybrid III ATD is used in live-fire military vehicle assessments. However, the Hybrid III was designed for frontal impacts and demonstrated poor biofidelity in vertical loading experiments.
To assess military vehicle safety and make informed improvements to vehicle design, a novel Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD) was developed and optimized for vertical loading. ATDs, commonly referred to as crash dummies, are designed to estimate the risk of injuries to a human during an impact. The main objective of this study was to develop and validate a Finite Element (FE) model of the ATD lower limb.Master of Science
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Schönebeck, Kai. "Ein Inertialmesssystem zur Bewegungserfassung von Dummypuppen in Kfz-Crashtests." Aachen Shaker, 2009. http://d-nb.info/994908539/04.
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Gutiérrez, de la Cruz Gerardo Luis. "Situación taxonómica de Dicrodon guttulatum Duméril & Bibron, 1839 y Dicrodon holmbergi Schmidt, 1957 (Sauria: Teiidae): estudio morfológico, morfométrico y hemipeniano." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/10023.
Full textAbstract:
Las lagartijas Dicrodon guttulatum Duméril y Bibron, 1839 y Dicrodon holmbergi Schmidt 1957, conocidas como "cañanes", revisten importancia histórica y económica dado que son tradicionalmente consumidas por los pobladores de la costa norte del Perú desde tiempos precolombinos. Algunos investigadores han cuestionado el estado específico de Dicrodon holmbergi, una especie endémica en situación vulnerable, dado que han encontrado que ninguno de los caracteres diagnósticos que supuestamente la distinguen de D. guttulatum es lo suficientemente ubicuo, y han optado por considerar a D. holmbergi como una subespecie de D. guttulatum. Esta hipótesis taxonómica se sostiene en las marcadas variaciones geográficas a lo largo de la distribución de Dicrodon guttulatum, así como por las grandes similitudes morfológicas y ecológicas entre estos dos taxones; sin embargo, aún no hay un consenso claro sobre la situación taxonómica de D. holmbergi. Con el fin de esclarecer este problema taxonómico, registré 11 caracteres morfométricos, 10 merísticos y 6 categóricos en 227 especímenes de Dicrodon guttulatum y D. holmbergi. Los análisis univariados y multivariados que evalúan diferencias en tendencia central indicaron diferencias significativas en los caracteres morfométricos y merísticos, mientras que los análisis de componentes principales de datos morfométricos, análisis de correspondencia de datos merísticos, y la estimación de intervalos de tolerancia normal de ambos conjuntos de datos mostraron un extenso solapamiento. La morfología hemipeniana tampoco distinguió claramente estos dos taxones. Dado que ninguno de los caracteres diagnósticos usados en la descripción de Dicrodon holmbergi permite reconocerlo inequívocamente de D. guttulatum, propongo que Dicrodon holmbergi sea considerada como una subespecie o variación geográfica de D. guttulatum, hasta que nuevos estudios evalúen esta hipótesis taxonómica.Tesis
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Wagner, Regina [Verfasser]. "Biomechanische Untersuchung zur Beschleunigungsverletzung der Halswirbelsäule bei der Seitenkollision - im Vergleich: Humanpräparat, Dummy und Rechenmodell / Regina Wagner." Ulm : Universität Ulm. Medizinische Fakultät, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1036215075/34.
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Leung, Ka-Ho Derek. "Shock Tube Design and the Kinematics of the Hybrid III Dummy Head under Shock Waves of Blast." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26832.
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common injuries to soldiers in warfare today. A TBI occurs when the human brain is damaged by a sudden force coming from the environment. In the combat field of combat, high pressure blasts generated by improvised explosive devices (IEDs) are a constant threat and because of the sudden force of the blast wave are a major cause of the TBIs. Blasts created by IEDs can also cause damage to other human body parts including lungs, bowels, and any other air-containing organs. In this study, a blast shock tube was constructed for use with a Hybrid III dummy head model along with pressure sensors and accelerometers to obtain mechanical behavior data from when the generated compressed air is released from the driver section of the blast shock tube. As linear acceleration is one of the major factors in TBIs occurring, the main objective of this study was to determine the linear acceleration of the Hybrid III dummy head when hit by the pressure pulse generated by the blast shock tube. To generate the pressure pulse for mimicking the blasting scenario, a blast shock tube was constructed, with which the linear acceleration of the Hybrid III head could be found. The relationships between the pressure pulse. The acceleration and the standoff distance could then be determined. The velocity of the dummy head was identified using a high-speed camera and a simple model was established for finite element (FE) analysis. The computational results showed that the closer the dummy head was to the shock tube opening, and the higher the pressure pulse being used, the higher the maximum velocity and acceleration of the dummy head and the higher pressure experienced on the dummy head.United States Army
NDSU Mechanical Engineering Department
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Kamalakkannan, Sarath Babu. "Madymo modeling of the IHRA pedestrian head-form impactor." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1093887296.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio State University, 2004.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 89 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Dennis A. Guenther, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-87).
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Sandor, Daniel S. "Cultivar, Mowing Height, and Herbicide Effects on Bermudagrass, Cynodon Dactylon [L.] Pers., Suppression in Tall Fescue, Schedonorus Arundinaceus [Schreb.] Dumort., Nom. Cons." TopSCHOLAR®, 2013. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1270.
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In the fall of 2011, a study was initiated at the Western Kentucky University Farm in Bowling Green, Kentucky on a Crider silt loam (Typic Paleudalf). The objective of this study was to determine cultivar, mowing height, and herbicide effects on bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers., suppression in tall fescue, Schedonorus arundinaceus [Schreb.] Dumort., nom. cons. The experimental design was a split plot design with whole plots consisting of varying mowing heights and split plots consisting of different herbicide treatments with three replications. Two separate experiments were conducted. The tall fescue variety ‘KY 31’ was utilized for one study and the turf type cultivar ‘Bullseye’ was utilized in the other. In the fall of 2011, glyphosate (Roundup Pro) was applied to selected plots at the rate of 0.36 kg ae/ha. ‘KY 31’ and ‘Bullseye’ tall fescues were sown into an existing mixed stand of common and hybrid bermudagrass at 342 kg pls/ha. Mowing heights were maintained at 7.62 cm, 10.16 cm, and 12.70 cm. In the spring of 2012, treatments containing fenoxaprop (Acclaim Extra), mesotrione (Tenacity), and fluazifop (Fusilade II) were applied to selected plots at the rates of 0.07 kg ai/ha, 0.48 kg ai/ha, and 0.24 kg ai/ha respectively. A non-ionic surfactant at 0.25% (v/v) was utilized in treatments containing mesotrione and fluazifop. Three weeks later these treatments were applied a second time. Data were collected visually on turf quality, tall fescue cover, broadleaf weed cover, and bermudagrass cover. The study was repeated in 2012 – 2013. Fluazifop and glyphosate + fluazifop resulted in significantly lower turf quality than all other treatments up until ten weeks after initial treatment. Treatments containing fluazifop significantly reduced tall fescue cover but also significantly suppressed bermudagrass cover the greatest. However, these treatments also resulted in the greatest amount of broadleaf weed cover. High mowing heights may play a role in achieving high turf quality ratings and better broadleaf weed and bermudagrass suppression in forage type tall fescue than in turf type tall fescue.
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Putnam, Jacob Breece. "Development, Calibration, and Validation of a Finite Element Model of the THOR Crash Test Dummy for Aerospace and Spaceflight Crash Safety Analysis." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50522.
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Anthropometric test devices (ATDs), commonly referred to as crash test dummies, are tools used to conduct aerospace and spaceflight safety evaluations. Finite element (FE) analysis provides an effective complement to these evaluations. In this work a FE model of the Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint (THOR) dummy was developed, calibrated, and validated for use in aerospace and spaceflight impact analysis.
A previously developed THOR FE model was first evaluated under spinal loading. The FE model was then updated to reflect recent updates made to the THOR dummy. A novel calibration methodology was developed to improve both kinematic and kinetic responses of the updated model in various THOR dummy certification tests. The updated THOR FE model was then calibrated and validated under spaceflight loading conditions and used to asses THOR dummy biofidelity.
Results demonstrate that the FE model performs well under spinal loading and predicts injury criteria values close to those recorded in testing. Material parameter optimization of the updated model was shown to greatly improve its response. The validated THOR-FE model indicated good dummy biofidelity relative to human volunteer data under spinal loading, but limited biofidelity under frontal loading.
The calibration methodology developed in this work is proven as an effective tool for improving dummy model response. Results shown by the dummy model developed in this study recommends its use in future aerospace and spaceflight impact simulations. In addition the biofidelity analysis suggests future improvements to the THOR dummy for spaceflight and aerospace analysis.Master of Science
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Sales, Camila Pessoa de. "Implementação de planejamento tridimensional em braquiterapia de alta taxa de dose para tratamentos ginecológicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-13042015-091322/.
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Este trabalho visa implementar o planejamento tridimensional (3D) para tratamentos de braquiterapia ginecológica. Para isto, foram realizados testes de aceite e comissionamento do equipamento de braquiterapia para verificação de suas funções e para estabelecer um programa de garantia da qualidade periódico, assegurando assim a segurança dos pacientes e dos colaboradores. Uma etapa importante de ser realizada foi procurar um material que pudesse ser utilizado como dummy, já que os aplicadores utilizados não possuem dummy específica. Entretanto, somente com o emprego de uma biblioteca de aplicadores foi possível a reconstrução em imagens de ressonância magnética (RM) com a mesma acurácia da obtida em imagens de tomografia computadorizada (TC). Tal ferramenta torna-se assim imprescindível para a utilização clinica da braquiterapia 3D baseada em imagens de RM. Para validar o planejamento 3D realizou-se comparação das doses recebidas em pontos de avaliação de dose (ICRUBexiga, ICRUReto, Ponto Sig) utilizados em planejamento bidimensional (2D) com doses volumétricas (D0,1cc e D2cc) recebidas por órgãos adjacentes ao tumor. A relação média entre D2cc e dose em ICRUBexiga foi 1,74, que é 22% maior que a relação encontrada na literatura. Esta diferença pode ser explicada devido à diferença de volume inserido na bexiga para o planejamento, 50 cc neste estudo contra 200 cc no estudo realizado na literatura. A relação média entre a D2cc e a dose no ponto de reto, 0,85, está de acordo com o valor encontrado na literatura. A dose D2cc foi 69% maior que a dose do ponto de sigmoide utilizado, porém, não foi possível confrontar este valor, pois o ponto de sigmoide utilizado nos procedimentos com planejamento 2D no serviço não é utilizado em outros serviços. O percentual de dose em 2 cc do sigmóide encontrado foi de 57% da dose de prescrição, mesmo valor encontrado na literatura. Este trabalho possibilitou a implementação de um protocolo de braquiterapia de planejamento 3D viável, utilizando-se imagens de RM para primeira fração e imagens de TC para as frações subsequentes.This work aims to implement the Tridimensional (3D) planning for gynecological brachytherapy treatments. For this purpose, tests of acceptance and commissioning of brachytherapy equipment were performed to establish a quality and periodic assurance program. For this purpose, an important step was searching for a material to be used as a dummy source, since the applicators dont have any specific dummy. In addition, the validation of the use of applicators library was made for reconstruction in computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In order to validate 3D planning, comparison of doses in dose assessment points used in bidimensional (2D) plans have been performed with volumetric doses to adjacent organs to the tumor. Finally, a protocol was established for 3D brachytherapy planning alternately using magnetic resonance image (MRI) and CT images, making evaluation of the dose in the tumor through the recording of MR and CT images. It was not possible to find a suitable material that could be used as dummy in MRI. However, the acquisition of the licenses library for the applicators made possible the 3D planning based on MRI. No correlation was found between volumetric and specific doses analyzed, showing the importance of the implementation of 3D planning. The average ratio between D2cc and ICRUBladder dose was 1,74, 22% higher than the ratio found by others authors. For the rectum, D2cc was less than dose point for 60% of fractions; the average difference was 12,5%. The average ratio between D2cc and point dose rectum, 0,85, is equivalent to the value showed by Kim et al, 0,91. The D2cc for sigmoid was 69% higher than point dose used, unless it was not possible compare this value, since the sigmoid point used in the 2D procedures is not used in others institutes. Relative dose in 2 cc of sigmoid was 57% of the prescription dose, the same value was found by in literature. This work enabled the implementation of a viable brachytherapy 3D protocol planning, using MRI for the first fraction of the treatment and CT images for the subsequent fractions.
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Brunel, Jean-Frédéric. "Sur le genre Phyllanthus L. et quelques genres voisins de la tribu des Phyllantheae Dumort (Euphorbiaceae, Phyllantheae) en Afrique intertropicale et à Madagascar." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37603495q.
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Chen, Hsi-Chuan, and 陳錫川. "Control and Dummy Wafers Management." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50042510675039915406.
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博士國立交通大學
工業工程與管理系
91
A variety of control or dummy wafers (C/D wafers) are utilized in wafer fabrication to enhance product quality and process stability. Any shortages of C/D wafers will stop the machine operations and affect the product wafer production. Since a large amount of C/D-wafer work-in-process (WIP) costs a fortune, wafer fabs downgrade and recycle worn C/D wafers into other functional areas for cost-down considerations. To reduce machine delay ratio, to increase recycled usages of C/D wafers, and to attain lower C/D-wafer WIP levels without lowering the throughput rate of product wafers are challenging and conflicting goals in fab management. This study presents two C/D-wafer management systems, the push and the pull systems, and discusses them according to four aspects, viz., dispatching rule, inventory control, release rule, and downgrading rule. The push system employs an evaluating index to determine the release and downgrading targets individually. The pull system solves the release and downgrading problem simultaneously using a transportation model. A simulation model of a pseudo wafer fab is constructed to analyze the performance of the two proposed systems. Simulation results demonstrate that the pull system is preferred if the machine delay ratio is of primary concern, whereas the push system leads to better utilization of C/D wafers.
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Chen, Tzu-Yang, and 陳子揚. "Acceleration Analysis of Dummy Skull Modeling." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9hv28v.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
醫學工程學研究所
107
There are three systems responsible for the balance of a human body: proprioception, vision, and the vestibular system. If the vestibular system is abnormal, it is not possible for anyone to keep well balanced. A diagnostic tool which is named ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP) examination was developed to evaluate the function of the vestibular system at the end of the 20th century. The process of examination is to artificially generate vibration waves on the head, so that the otolithic organs in the vestibule receive linear acceleration changes, and then by vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), the extraocular muscles are subjected to changes in myogenic potential, and the vestibular system function is evaluated by analyzing the surface myogenic potential response. However, many issues of oVEMP remain to be clarified. For example, the position of the head vibration is not suitable for all subjects, and the changes in the induced myogenic potential are not universal. The above problems may involve differences in head structure, resulting in the differences of acceleration changes received by the vestibule. To clarify the above problems, there are two main purposes in this study, firstly to design a system that can generate vibration and measure acceleration, and secondly to explore the geometric factors affecting acceleration in a simplified head dummy model. When the factor is changed quantitatively, the corresponding change of acceleration is measured. In this study a complete platform that is composed of a commercial vibrator and a data acquisition system has been implemented. Also a head dummy model that the structure of frontal sinus in it can be changed has been designed. By analyzing the experimental results, this study proposes a possible hypothesis that the vibration position is the main factor that can influence acceleration changes, and the change of the frontal sinus is a minor factor. This result can provide reference for future research in related fields.
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Yen, Ling-Fan, and 葉凌帆. "Dummy-Beta-Latency-Free Turbo Decoder Design." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/w7zuys.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
電腦與通訊研究所
94
Turbo code is a forward error correct code which has good error correction capability and near Shannon limiting performance. Traditional turbo decoder needs large memory size and has long decoding latency for implementation. This paper presents a dummy-beta-latency-free algorithm which can reduce the decoding latency of sliding window from 4L to 1L. In hardware implementation, we can use a dummy-beta memory unit to replace one backward calculation unit and two SISO sub-memories. Experimental results show that our architecture can save 27%~45% memory bit and 65%~68% memory area. Then, we have verified this algorithm using Xilinx FPGA (HW-V4-ML402-USA) system. Finally, a dummy-beta-latency-free turbo decoder is designed using TSMC 0.18μm 1P6M CMOS technology. The chip occupies 1.9mm 1.9mm and has a clock frequency of 104.1Mbps.
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Chang, Jui Lin, and 張瑞麟. "Dummy Fill Insertion Considering Density Uniformity Constraint." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50283128130795917427.
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碩士國立清華大學
資訊工程學系
103
As the shrinking of device geometries scale, there is an inevitable need for better planarization of the multilevel interconnect structures. To meet today's advanced lithography methods, we need a planar surface. Or may leads to bad lithography results. CHEMICAL MECHANICAL POLISHING(CMP) is the planarizing technique of options to generate a good planarity result. But there is one problem for CMP to work perfectly, it can not have large stretches of metal or non-metal regions. Dummy fill has been demonstrated to be an effective technique to fix the planarity issue and to improve the manufacturability for advanced integrated circuit (IC) designs. We propose an liner programming (LP) formulation with some new considerations involved to determine the density of each region and an efficient fill insertion flow. Comparing with the experimental achievement for ICCAD 2014 contest benchmarks, we have a comparable result.
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Lin, Sheng-Che, and 林聖哲. "IC layout optimization by dummy filling methods." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/56396830647725368241.
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楊懿淑. "Managing control and dummy wafers under demand uncertainty." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/66067207960699739753.
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博士國立交通大學
工業工程與管理系所
97
The first subject of this dissertation is to study a realistic planning environment in wafer fabrication for the control and dummy wafers problem (C/DWP) with uncertain demand. A two-stage stochastic programming model is developed based on scenarios and solved by a deterministic equivalent large linear programming model. The model explicitly considers the objective to minimize the total cost of C/D wafers. A real-world example is given to illustrate the practicality of a stochastic approach. The results are better in comparison with deterministic linear programming by using expectation instead of stochastic demands. The model improved the performance of C/D wafers management and the flexibility of determining the downgrading policy. For the inventory management with service level, a chanced-constrained model is developed to minimize the total cost and to keep satisfaction of customer with pre-specified probability level. Based on rolling horizon method, this model is transformed into a dynamically equivalent linear problem. A numerical example problem is illustrated to provide information for setting customer satisfaction levels and unfolding effective inventory management options.
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Chou, Jyh-Jeng, and 周志政. "Quantification of Impact by Nanometer Dummy Metal Fills." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11757012024756661569.
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碩士國立清華大學
資訊工程學系
95
In modern CMOS processes, eight or more interconnect layers are commonplace so that techniques to planarize the surface have become mandatory. Chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) step is a technique to achieve planarization and dummy metal fills have been widely applied by foundries to VLSI physical layouts for better CMP uniformity and higher manufacturability. As the size getting smaller and smaller, dummy metal fills remain importantly because of dishing and erosion that are caused by CMP. But at the same time, dummy metal fills also cause extra parasitic effects which force the capacitance between interconnects becomes larger. Thus, the impact by dummy metal fills in circuit needs to be modeled accurately and be taken into account in the design flow. It is important to quantify these problems caused by dummy fills and need more researches for better understanding them. In this paper, we will first overview the domain knowledge about dummy metal. Then we will review the related researches in this domain. After that, we’ll present a new and different method (structure) to quantify the impact by dummy metal fills in capacitance, on performance and crosstalk noise. We also analyze the experiment data from our method and make some conclusions. This can help designers to estimate the dummy impact accurately in advance. At last, we also design a software to run the flow automatically. With the software, users can generate the test structures according to their requests (for example: structure length, structure width, structure space and VLSI manufacturing processes) and quantify the parasitic impacts by dummy metal fills in a short time.
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Chen, Horn-chyi, and 陳弘奇. "Dummy Feature Insertion for Chemical-Mechanical Polishing Planarizarion." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90313580141221958128.
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碩士逢甲大學
資訊工程所
94
In deep submicron, with increasing of the routing layer, the degree of planarizarion can obviously make some effect of the yield rate. It also make Chemical Mechanical Polishing(CMP) more and more important. Layout Pattern Density causes the variation of the Interlayer dielectric thickness, so that make more difficult on CMP processes. This is one of a very important topic of Design for Manufacturing. To achieve the purpose of planarizarion, we use dummy feature insertion method to change layout pattern density. We first apply a CMP model that can calculate precisely each effective pattern density in dissection region. By using low-pass filter this model takes the real case while polishing as consideration. When we get the information about the pattern density, we can come out how much dummy features should allocate in a place by use max flow algorithm, or we can do it with linear programming. At last, we decide where to place dummy feature in a dissection region with a simple placer. Experiment shows that it can improve layout density in single layer with a reasonable time.