Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Duncker'

Prävalenz und geographische Verteilung des Duncker´schen Muskelegels (Alaria-alata-Mesozerkarie) in Wildschweinen (Sus scrofa) im Freistaat Sachsen Institut für Lebensmittelhygiene der Veterinärmedizinischen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig Eingereicht im Juni 2016 (97 Seiten, 30 Abbildungen, 24 Tabellen, 276 Literaturangaben, 12 Anhänge) Einleitung: Entgegen früherer Lehrmeinungen, dass der Duncker´sche Muskelegel (DME) ein seltener, harmloser und vernachlässigbarer Nebenbefund der Trichinellen-Untersuchung sei, ist heute belegt, dass dieses mesozerkariale Stadium der zoonotische Trematode Alaria alata ein potentielles Gesundheitsrisiko darstellt. Die Symptome der humanen larvalen Alariose reichen von leichten kutanen Krankheitszeichen bis hin zu einem letalen anaphylaktischen Schock, wobei vor allem die okuläre Infestation häufig beschrieben wurde. Berichte von Erkrankungen innerhalb Deutschlands fehlen bislang, gleichwohl muss aufgrund der geringen Bekanntheit der Zoonose mit einer Dunkelziffer gerechnet werden. Das Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung empfiehlt daher, DME-positive Wildschweine als untauglich für den menschlichen Verzehr zu beurteilen; allerdings kam es bisher zu keiner allgemeingeltenden Durchsetzung dieser Empfehlung. Seit 2002 kam es vermehrt zu Zufallsfunden des DME während der gesetzlich vorgeschriebenen Untersuchung von Wildschweinfleisch auf Trichinellen. Die künstliche Verdauung mittels Magnetrührverfahren ist jedoch aufgrund der erheblichen biologischen Unterschiede zwischen Trichinella spp. und A. alata für den Nachweis des DME ungeeignet. Die Alaria spp. mesocercariae migration technique (AMT) stellt eine wesentlich geeignetere und validierte Methode zum Nachweis dieses Parasiten dar. Aufgrund der humanpathogenen Bedeutung sind allein zufällige Nachweise der Mesozerkarie aus Sicht des Verbraucherschutzes nicht hinzunehmen, dennoch ist die AMT bislang kein vorgeschriebenes Verfahren zur Untersuchung von Wildschweinen. Zielstellung: Bislang wurden Prävalenzen des Parasiten beim Schwarzwild größtenteils mit dem Magnetrührverfahren im Rahmen der amtlichen Trichinellen-Untersuchung erhoben, wobei aufgrund der dafür ungeeigneten Methodik von einer erheblichen Untererfassung ausgegangen werden muss. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte erstmals ein umfassendes, flächendeckendes Monitoring realisiert und durch den Einsatz der AMT verlässliche Daten zur Prävalenz und Befallsintensität des DME beim Wildschwein erhoben werden. Außerdem sollten potentielle Risikofaktoren wie Lebensraum, Alter, Geschlecht und Gewicht der Wildschweine sowie saisonale Einflüsse und Verbreitungsschwerpunkte ermittelt und beurteilt werden. Um all diese Faktoren berücksichtigen zu können, sollte ein hoher Anteil der gesamten sächsischen Jagdstrecke untersucht werden. Material und Methoden: Im Untersuchungszeitraum Juli 2014 bis August 2015 wurden insgesamt 7.303 Gewebeproben (Zwerchfell, Zunge, Zwischenrippenmuskulatur) von Wildschweinen mithilfe der AMT untersucht. Die aus dem gesamten Bundesland Sachsen stammenden Proben wurden anhand der Erlegungsorte der Tiere den 13 sächsischen Landkreisen/kreisfreien Städten zugeteilt. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt wurde ca. 26 % der sächsischen Schwarzwildstrecke untersucht. Davon waren 243 (3,3 %) Wildschweine DME-positiv, welche in 10 (76,9 %) der 13 Gebiete erlegt wurden. Die Prävalenzen in den einzelnen Gebieten lagen zwischen 0,2 % und 27,7 %. Bei der statistischen Auswertung ergab sich ein starker Zusammenhang zwischen der Wasserfläche und der Prävalenz der untersuchten Gebiete (rs = 0,8880). Im Jahresverlauf wurde deutlich, dass der absolut höchste Anteil DME-positiver Tiere an untersuchten Tieren im April (10,2 %) bzw. Mai (10,9 %) und der absolut niedrigste Anteil im November (0,5 %) zu verzeichnen war. In den positiven Proben (30 g) wurden im Durchschnitt 5,6 (Median 2) DME nachgewiesen. Die Befallsintensität variierte dabei von 1 bis 268 DME pro Probe. Schlussfolgerungen: Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erhobenen exakten Informationen zur Prävalenz von DME beim Wildschwein sollen als Basis für den Schutz sowohl von Verbrauchern als auch der Jägerschaft dienen. Daraus können rechtliche Grundlagen einer angemessenen fleischhygienerechtlichen Beurteilung DME-positiver Wildschweine erarbeitet werden, um Unsicherheiten im vorbeugenden Verbraucherschutz sowie wirtschaftliche Verluste zu vermeiden. Es wurde deutlich, dass das Vorkommen von DME je nach Jagdgebiet sehr stark variiert und mit der Wasserfläche des Gebietes zusammenhängt. Darüber hinaus scheint auch die Jahreszeit, in der das Wildschwein erlegt wurde, eine bedeutende Rolle zu spielen. Diese kritischen Punkte müssen in der Kontrolle der Humanexposition mit dem DME durch Wildschweinfleisch größere Beachtung finden. Die Untersuchung von Wildschweinfleisch auf den DME sollte mit der geeigneten und amtlich anerkannten AMT, insbesondere in Gebieten mit Wasserflächen, zukünftig routinemäßig durchgeführt werden<br>Prevalence and geographical distribution of the Duncker’s musklefluke (Alaria alata mesocercariae) in wild boars (Sus scrofa) in the Free State of Saxony Institute of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig Submitted in June 2016 (97 pages, 30 figures, 24 tables, 276 references, 12 appendices) Introduction: Contrary to former expert opinion considering the Alaria alata mesocercariae as a rare, harmless and negligible subsidiary finding during the trichinella examination there is clear evidence today that the mesocercarial stage of the zoonotic trematode Alaria alata represents a potential health risk. The clinical signs of human larval alariosis range from mild cutaneous symptoms up to a letal anaphylactical shock, the occular infestation being the most frequently described. Although there have no such cases been reported in Germany so far an estimated number of unknown cases must be assumed due to the low level of awareness of this zoonosis. Thus, the Federal Institute of Risk Assessment recommends that Alaria alata mesocercariae positive wild boar meat should not be released for human consumption; a general enforcement of this recommendation, however, has not been implemented so far. Increased incidental findings of mesocercariae have been reported during the official examination for trichinella in wild boar meat since 2002. But the artificial digestion by magnetic stirrer method is not suitable for the detection of the parasite because of the significant biological diversity of Trichinella spp. and Alaria alata. The Alaria spp. mesocercariae migration technique (AMT) offers a far more applicable and validated method to detect this parasite. Purely incidental findings of the mesocercariae are not acceptable from the consumer protection`s perspective because of their significance in human pathogenicity, but so far the AMT has not been established as a stipulated method for the examination of wild boar meat. Objective: Prevalences of the parasite in wild boar have mainly been assertained by the magnetic stirrer method during the official trichinella inspection so far where a substantial failure frequency as a result of the inadequate method has to be assumed. The present study was aimed to realize a comprehensive, wide-spread monitoring for the first time and to acquire reliable data about prevalence and infestation density of the A. alata mesocercariae in wild boars by applying the AMT. In addition potential risk factors like habitat, age, gender and weight of the examined animals as well as seasonal influences and distribution centers had to be inspected and evaluated. To take all these factors into consideration a large number of wild boar of the whole Saxon hunting bag had to be examined. Material and methods: In the course of the examination period from July 2014 to August 2015 a total of 7.303 tissue samples (diaphragm, tongue, intercostal muscles) taken from wild boars were examined by using the AMT. The samples, originating from different areas all over the Federal State of Saxony, were assigned to the 13 administrative districts/cities based on the place of their hunting. Results: Approximately 26% oft he wild boars hunting bag of Saxony was examined. 243 (3.3 % ) of the wild boars hunted in 10 (76.9 %) of the 13 districts were A. alata mesocercariae positive.The prevalences in the different districts ranged from 0.2 % to 27.7 %. The statistical evaluation revealed a strong correlation between the share of water areas and the parasite prevalence in the examined district (rs = 0.8880). During the course of the year it became obvious that the absolutely highest percentage of positive animals from all examined wild boars was recorded in April (10.2 %) and May (10.9 %), the absolutely lowest percentage in November (0.5 %). Inside the positive samples (30 g) an average of 5,6 (median 2) mesocercariae could be detected, where the infestation density varied between 1 and 268 mesocercariae per sample. Conclusions: The exact data about the prevalence of A. alata mesocercariae in wild boar meat compiled and evaluated in this study should serve as a foundation for the protection of consumers as well as of hunters. Based on this information legal bases for an adequate meat hygiene assessment of A. alata mesocercariae positive wild boars could be drafted to avoid uncertainty in preventive consumers protection as well as economic losses. The study showed that the occurence of the parasite varied to a large extent according to the hunting area and in dependence on the size of water area. Furthermore the season in which the animals were hunted seems to play an important part. These critical points must be the focus of greater attention in the future supervision of human exposure to A. alata mesocercariae by consuming wild boar meat. The inspection for Alaria alata mesocercariae of this meat should become a standard procedure with the applicable and officially approved AMT, especially in districts with large water areas

The purpose of the study was to investigate, through an experiment, if positive mood promotes creativity and flexible thinking. Participants were a total of 93 college students. The main hypothesis was that subjects induced with positive mood would perform better than subjects induced with negative mood, at a test reflecting creativity. To further explore the implications of priming (subliminal manipulated moods), a neutral control group was included. The cognitive test used in the study was Duncker´s The Candle Problem, a test which aims to get the subjects to apply flexible and creative thinking. The priming methods applied in the study was music and video clips. To measure the participant’s subjective mood a self-report scale, Mood Adjective Check List (MACL), was included as a successful manipulation control. The result showed a clear relationship between positive and negative priming, implying that subjects induced with positive mood performed significantly better than subjects induced with negative mood. There was no significant relationship between the groups induced with neutral and negative mood.<br>Syftet med studien var att genom ett experiment utforska om positiv sinnesstämning främjar kreativitet och flexibelt tänkande. Deltagarna i experimentet var totalt 93 studenter. Den huvudsakliga hypotesen var att deltagare inducerade till positivt känslotillstånd skulle prestera bättre än deltagare inducerade till negativt känslotillstånd, på ett kreativitetsreflekterande test. För att närmare undersöka påverkan av priming (subliminalt manipulerade känslotillstånd) inkluderades även en neutral kontrollgrupp. Testet som användes var Dunckers The Candle Problem. Syftet med testet var att få deltagarna att tillämpa flexibelt och kreativt tänkande. Priming-metoden som användes i experimentet bestod av musik och filmklipp. För att mäta deltagarnas subjektiva känslotillstånd tillämpades formuläret Mood Adjective Check List (MACL) som en framgångsrik manipulationskontroll. Ur resultatet utlästes en tydlig relation mellan positiv och negativ priming, att deltagare som fått positiv priming klarade testet signifikant bättre än deltagare med negativ priming. Mellan grupperna som inducerats med neutral och negativ sinnesstämning upptäcktes dock ingen signifikant relation.

<p>Walker Percy writes, in the foreword of "A confederacy of dunces", “I hesitate to use the word comedy - though comedy it is - because that implies simply a funny book, and this novel is a great deal more than that …It is also sad. One never quite knows where the sadness comes from.” In this essay I have analyzed where the sadness comes from, through the psychoanalytic theories of Jaqcues Lacan, John Bowlby, Melanie Klein and Erich Fromm, mainly. My standpoint is that no text or utterance is ever completed, and therefore it is not absolute. The text itself is the strongest manifestation of power in the novel. When scrutinizing the text itself, I have treated it as one of the analysands, trying to reveal the suppressed information underneath the surface of the implied story.</p>

Este trabalho tem por objetivo traduzir os diálogos do personagem Burma Jones, do romance A Confederacy of Dunces, de autoria do norte-americano John Kennedy Toole (1937-1969). A caracterização da fala do personagem remete-se ao inglês não-padrão Black English Vernacular (BEV), fato que levanta questões acerca dos dialetos literários e da problemática de sua tradução. A obra de Toole é praticamente desconhecida dos brasileiros, senão por uma tradução restrita aos leitores do Círculo do Livro, feita por Cristina Boselli, na qual a fala de Jones não apresenta nenhum marcador dialetal, apenas registra um nível coloquial. Na introdução do trabalho, no Capítulo I, demonstro a relevância de se manter na tradução uma diferenciação entre os níveis de fala de cada personagem, em especial do negro Jones, ao examinar como o autor empregou a heterogeneidade lingüística a favor da caracterização dos personagens e da posição social que cada um ocupa na sociedade ficcional do livro. Estabelecida essa relação, considero, no Capítulo II, os dialetos literários em sua construção formal e nas implicações representativa, ideológica e humorística que resultam da presença desse recurso na obra literária. Nessa análise, destaco momentos de nossa literatura em que personagens negros receberam tratamento diferenciado nos diálogos, a fim de verificar como tem sido a representação ficcional da fala dos negros na literatura brasileira. No Capítulo III, no que concerne à teoria da tradução, aproveito a questão da tradução dialetal para enfatizar a intervenção \"violenta\" do tradutor na produção de sentido estético, ideológico e político, processo que se repete também na tradução em geral e sustenta-se nas teorias contemporâneas da tradução, em que os conceitos de \"original\" e \"fidelidade\" são questionados. Como conclusão, apresento a tradução comentada dos diálogos mais relevantes de Burma Jones<br>This paper aims to translate the dialogues of Burma Jones, a character from John Kennedy Toole\'s book A Confederacy of Dunces. This character\'s speech is a representation of the Black English Vernacular (BEV) style, which raises questions about the literary dialects and the problems involved in their translation. Toole\'s work is almost unknown to Brazilian readers, except for a translation by Cristina Boselli, distributed only to members of Círculo do Livro and therefore available to a limited readership. In that translation, Jone\'s speech is not presented with any trace of dialectal variation, being only marked as belonging to a colloquial register. Chapter I advocates for the relevance of preserving the translation of the different literary dialects, especially Burma Jones\'. This is done through examining how the author employed the linguistic heterogeneity to stress the characters\' peculiarities and the social position they occupy in the fictional society of the book. This relation being established, Chapter II considers the literary dialects in their formal construction and the representative, ideological and humorous effects they create in a fictional work. This analysis highlights works from Brazilian literature in which black character\'s speeches have received a different treatment, in order to verify how the authors have portrayed them. Chapter III addresses translation theory and emphasizes the translator\'s violent intervention, as s/he creates aesthetic, ideological and political meaning in any act of translation, and specially when translating literary dialects. This concept is supported by to some authors on contemporary translation theory, who challenge the concepts of \"fidelity\" and \"original work\". In conclusion, I present a dialectical translation of the most relevant dialogues of Burma Jones, followed by comments on my decisions

In this project, I examine the impact of early literary criticism, early literary history, and the history of knowledge on the perception of the laureateship as it was formulated at specific moments in the eighteenth century. Instead of accepting the assessments of Pope and Johnson, I reconstruct the contemporary impact of laureate writings and the writing that fashioned the view of the laureates we have inherited. I use an array of primary documents (from letters and journal entries to poems and non-fiction prose) to analyze the way the laureateship as a literary identity was constructed in several key moments: the debate over hack literature in the pamphlet wars surrounding Elkanah Settle’s The Empress of Morocco (1673), the defense of Colley Cibber and his subsequent attempt to use his expertise of theater in An Apology for the Life of Colley Cibber (1740), the consolidation of hack literature and state-sponsored poetry with the crowning of Colley Cibber as the King of the Dunces in Pope’s The Dunciad in Four Books (1742), the fashioning of Thomas Gray and William Mason as laureate rejecters in Mason’s Memoirs of the Life and Writings of William Whitehead (1788), Southey’s progressive work to abolish laureate task writing in his laureate odes 1813-1821, and, finally, in Wordsworth’s refusal to produce any laureate task writing during his tenure, 1843-1850. In each case, I explain how the construction of this office was central to the consolidation of literary history and to forging authorial identity in the same period. This differs from the conventional treatment of the laureates because I expose the history of the versions of literary history that have to date structured how scholars understand the laureate, and by doing so, reveal how the laureateship was used to create, legitimate and disseminate the model of literary history we still use today.

Etude de l'inhibition conditionnee de la reponse tarsale (extension du proboscis, induite par stimulation sucree des chemorecepteurs tarsaux) chez la drosophile. Conditions optimales pour l'acquisition et l'extinction de ce comportement (importance de certains indices visuels). Existence d'un apprentissage associatif revele par l'acquisition d'une discrimination visuelle successive, avec renforcement regulier de l'un des indices visuels ou en apprentissage "probabiliste". La mutation dunce **(2), qui deteriore l'acquisition d'une discrimination olfactive n'affecte pas la maitrise d'une discrimination visuelle

Alexander Pope’s 1743 Dunciad in Four Books and its preceding iterations were a reaction to rapidly shifting eighteenth-century culture. With the rise of Grub Street hack writers and undeserving Poet Laureates like Lewis Theobald and Colley Cibber, Pope saw the fall of British civilization. The mock-epic Dunciad portrays this degradation with the progress of the goddess Dulness through London and her eventual and inevitable return of Britain to darkness and chaos. Many of Pope’s contemporaries are depicted as acolytes of Dulness, with a complex footnote system explicating their inclusion on the basis of their works, political alignments, education, patronage, or even disagreements with Pope. These representations of eighteenth-century print culture are not only comedic on an individual level; rather, they participate in and reinforce Pope’s overarching satire. Within this context, the following study closely examines Pope’s satirical construction of the “dunce-head” with a particular focus on the physical aspects of the skulls of the dunces. The facial features of the dunces, whether dull, twisting, or asinine, are the most obvious visual indicators of Dulness. However, the satire is extended by Pope’s conception of the skull as a physical container, in which the brain fluids of the dunces are no better than lead or brass. The mud, owls, poets’ bays, and other materials perched on the dunces’ crowns also contribute to the parody. Finally, Pope’s establishment of the dunce-head as a passive object, with the few notable exceptions such as its propensity for noise-making, concludes the study. These crucial visual signifiers and their combination with Pope’s complex abstract conception of Dulness shifts the dunce-head from mere caricature and mocked object to a satirical symbol. The Dunciad, a brilliant lampoon of eighteenth century print culture, has an archetypal skull at the center of its satire: the dull, braying, filth-covered dunce-head.