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1
Guldan, Mary Duke. A woodcarver's workbook: Carving animals with Mary Duke Guldan. 2nd ed. Fox Chapel, 1992.
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2
Downing, Laura J., and Al Mtenje. Tonal Phonology: Lexical Tone Patterns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724742.003.0006.
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Like the vast majority of Bantu languages, Chichewa is a tone language. The chapter begins with a brief introduction to the Chichewa tone system. The lexical tone patterns for noun and verb stems are taken up next. Lexical tones do not always surface on their input sponsor syllable due to the application of tone processes such as tone doubling, tone plateauing, and final retraction. These processes, all conditioned by phrase penult lengthening, are defined and illustrated in detail in this chapter, along with the OCP-motivated process, Meeussen’s Rule. The tonal properties of clitics and clitic-like nominal modifiers are shown to motivate the process of tone shift. The phonetics of tone and the accentual properties of the Chichewa tone system are discussed in the concluding sections.
3
Rankin, Watson S. James Buchanan Duke: A Great Pattern Of Hard Work, Wisdom And Benevolence. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2006.
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4
Glanville, Peter John. Reflexive marking. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792734.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 examines the semantics of Arabic reflexive verbs formed in pattern VII, which produces anticausative verbs, and pattern VIII, associated with the middle voice. It argues that these patterns result from the conversion of full reflexive pronouns into reflexive affixes, and considers the difference between them in the framework of an agency continuum. It then offers an analysis of reflexive verbs that do not participate in a verb alternation. The chapter argues that once a reflexive verb pattern comes about due to affixation, it becomes a morpheme paired with a reflexive semantic structure, and is then no longer restricted to producing verbs that alternate with an unmarked base verb. The chapter shows that verbs marked with this morpheme may be derived from a variety of base nouns and adjectives, or may not be derived at all, but simply marked because they construe a reflexive action.
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Lippiatt, G. E. M. Duke of Narbonne and Count of Toulouse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805137.003.0007.
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Simon’s dynamism failed just as his crusade reached its zenith in the acquisition of the county of Toulouse. Though Simon’s introduction of French feudal patterns and antiheretical policies stood in stark contrast to the government of his Raymondine predecessors, their dynastic eminence offered more incentive to maintain iconographic continuity and cultivate ties with traditionally favoured abbeys. As in the viscounties, cultivation of local nobles, appointment of French followers to key posts, preservation of urban liberties, and patronage of Cistercians and bishops all undergirded Simon’s regime. But even with this broad base of support, Simon was finally undone by the southern resurgence that focused on the fatal exception to his characteristic urban lenience: Toulouse. His inability to accommodate the independence of his ostensible capital allowed it to serve as a rallying point for the disaffected aristocracy of the region, and it was before its walls that Simon met his bloody end.
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Badenhorst, Shaw. The zooarchaeology of Iron Age farmers from southern Africa. Edited by Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers, and Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.29.
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The Iron Age of southern Africa covers the spread and occupation of Bantu-speaking farmers during the last 1,500 years. Archaeological research of these farmers was heavily influenced by the Central Cattle Pattern, a settlement model which, as one of its main concepts, argued that cattle were the most important domestic animal since the first farmers settled in southern Africa during the first millennium ad. Various arguments have been presented to support this view, including the presence of cattle dung, cattle herd sizes, informants and ethnography, and weights of livestock, as well as ageing and skeletal part data. These arguments have been challenged recently, and new interpretations offered. New interpretations unrestricted by the Central Cattle Pattern have focused on descent patterns of farmers. Changes in identification methodology and measures of changes of livestock over time have played a major role in these new interpretations.
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Zsiga, Elizabeth C., and One Tlale Boyer. Sebirwa in Contact with Setswana. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256340.003.0015.
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Setswana, spoken by about 4.5 million people throughout Botswana, is well-known in the literature for “post-nasal devoicing,” in which /b/ and /l/ become [p] and [t] after nasals, contra the expected, phonetically-grounded pattern of post-nasal voicing. Sebirwa, in contrast, has at most 15,000 speakers concentrated in the far eastern corner of the country. Sebirwa is being overwhelmed by Setswana, and in a process of “massive Tswananization,” has borrowed some aspects of post-nasal devoicing. Our analysis, based on fieldwork in the village of Molalatau, shows that the Sebirwa pattern is doubly unexpected: only /b/ devoices, not /d/ and /g/. We attribute the asymmetry to frequency effects from Setswana, where, due to a skewed voicing inventory, the majority of lexical items that exhibit the alternation have underlying /b/. We discuss the implications of this type of borrowing, both for the typology of alternations, and for patterns of language loss.
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Kasprzak, Jaroslaw D., Anita Sadeghpour, and Ruxandra Jurcut. Doppler echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0003.
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Doppler examination is an integral part of the echocardiogram. Current systems are equipped with spectral Doppler in continuous wave mode (offering measurements of high velocities with limited spatial specificity due to integration of signal along the scan line), pulsed wave mode (high spatial specificity with maximal recordable velocity reduced by the Nyquist limit), and colour Doppler flow mapping (allowing rapid identification of flow pattern within a cross-sectional B-mode sector). Tissue Doppler echocardiography emerged as a basic tool for sampling regional myocardial velocities, in pulsed wave or colour velocity mapping mode. Finally, three-dimensional systems improve spatial presentation of flow phenomena by integrating Doppler-derived flow patterns in three-dimensional datasets.
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Klemenhagen, Kristen C., Franklin R. Schneier, Abby J. Fyer, H. Blair Simpson, and René Hen. Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis, Pattern Separation, and Generalization. Edited by Israel Liberzon and Kerry J. Ressler. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190215422.003.0006.
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Almost one-third of adult Americans will have an anxiety disorder in their lifetime, with enormous personal, societal, and financial costs. Among the most disabling of these disorders are post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and panic disorder. Although there are evidence-based treatments for these disorders, as many as 50% of patients do not respond, and there is a considerable need for new therapies. This chapter proposes that the excessive generalization seen in patients with pathological anxiety is due to impaired hippocampal functioning, specifically a deficit in the neural process of pattern separation, which relies upon the dentate gyrus and is sensitive to neurogenesis. Preclinical findings indicate that stimulating DG neurogenesis improves pattern separation and reduces anxiety behaviors in mice. As a result the authors hypothesize that pharmacological or environmental manipulations aimed at stimulating neurogenesis will be beneficial for the treatment of anxiety disorders.
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Litell, John M., and Nathan I. Shapiro. Pathophysiology of septic shock. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0297.
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The pathophysiology of sepsis is the result of a dysregulated host response to infection. Interactions between conserved pathogenic signals and host recognition systems initiate a systemic reaction to local infection. Pro- and anti-inflammatory intermediates and associated coagulatory abnormalities lead to altered macrovascular, microvascular, and mitochondrial function. Uncorrected, these processes yield similar patterns of failure in multiple organ systems. Mortality increases with successive organ failures. Although commonly thought to be a manifestation of impaired renal circulation, septic acute kidney injury may be due primarily to non-haemodynamic factors. Pulmonary parenchymal dysfunction in sepsis also contributes to failures in other organ systems. Sepsis involves complex alterations in myocardial function, vascular tone, and capillary integrity, which are mediated by elevated concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species, among others. Gut hypomotility and translocation of enteric flora likely contribute to a persistent inflammatory response. This perpetuates the pathophysiological pattern of sepsis, and can lead to the delayed onset of these features in patients with other types of critical illness. The neurological manifestations of sepsis include acquired delirium, which is also probably due to circulatory and inflammatory abnormalities, as well as alterations in cerebral amino acid metabolism. Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency and derangements in glucose metabolism are among the endocrine abnormalities commonly seen in septic patients. Restoration of homeostasis requires early haemodynamic resuscitation and aggressive infectious source control.
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Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. Polysynthetic Structures of Lowland Amazonia. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.18.
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Lowland Amazonia is the locus of substantial linguistic diversity in terms of genetic affiliation, language structure, and numbers of languages. This chapter will focus on the distribution of types of polysynthetic patterns within Lowland Amazonia, with special attention to the spread, and the types, of noun incorporation. The highest concentration of polysynthetic languages in Amazonia is the region south of the Amazon River, spanning adjacent regions of Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia. Polysynthetic patterns can be reconstructed for the protolanguages of some families, such as Panoan, Harakmbet, and possibly Arawá. Polysynthetic patterns in Arawak family (by far the largest in terms of its geographical spread) are often due to areal diffusion. We will focus on a number of mechanisms for the development of polysynthesis in established linguistic areas, for example the Vaupés River Basin linguistic area, and on a number of established instances of intensive language contact.
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Bertola, Giuseppe, and Paolo Sestito. Human Capital. Edited by Gianni Toniolo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199936694.013.0009.
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The chapter reviews the evolution of educational institutions and outcomes over the 150 years since Italy's unification and discusses their interaction with national and regional growth patterns. Initial educational conditions across regions contributed to differentiate the early industrial take off in the late nineteenth century. Conversely, formal education does not appear to have played a major role in the post-war economic boom. The slowdown of Italy's economy since the 1990s may in part reflect interactions between the country's traditionally low human capital intensity and its new comparative advantage patterns. It may also be due in part to the deterioration of Italy's educational system's organization since the 1970s.
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Fieder, Martin, and Susanne Huber. Evolution and Human Reproduction. Edited by Rosemary L. Hopcroft. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190299323.013.29.
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This chapter discusses, from an evolutionary standpoint, crucial factors influencing human reproduction. It emphasizes the importance of social status and homogamy on the level of the individual and raises the question how genetics and also epigenetics may contribute to explain human mate choice and fertility patterns. The chapter discusses the differential association of status with fertility for men and women, evolutionary reasons for the prevalence of homogamy along cultural traits and considers, on the level of genetics, the interplay of inbreeding and outbreeding. The role of mutations due to paternal age for human mate choice is debated. Finally, the chapter discusses the effects of early life conditions on later reproduction and also the role of epigenetics as a potential underlying mechanism. It is concluded that an evolutionary perspective helps explain reproductive patterns in modern humans and may thus make a valuable contribution in the assessment of urgent contemporary problems.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Muscle Atrophy and Hypertrophy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199898152.003.0017.
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Muscle atrophy is usually caused by interruption of axonal flow (axonal neuropathies, motor neuron diseases, etc.). If weakness is out of proportion to atrophy, conduction block due to demyelinating neuropathy should be suspected. Chronic myopathies and immobility may also cause atrophy, but no EMG evidence of denervation or myopathy is respectively found. The pattern of atrophy is often helpful to localize the lesion. Atrophy of the interossi and preservation of the bulk of the thenar muscles suggest ulnar neuropathy, but atrophy of both would suggest a C8 or plexus pathology. Muscle enlargement may be due to tissue replacement (fatt, amyloid), which can be confirmed by EMG and MRI, or may be due to real muscle hypertrophy from excessive discharges (neuromyotonia).
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Jacobsen, Dean, and Olivier Dangles. Ecology of High Altitude Waters. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736868.001.0001.
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This book brings together current knowledge on patterns and processes in the ecology of streams, lakes, and wetlands situated at more than 3000 m above sea level. The alpine headwaters of the large Asian rivers and Lake Titicaca are both well-known and iconic examples. High altitude waters include more than these systems—they are both numerous and cover many habitat types, organisms, and specializations. The book provides an overview of the variety of aquatic ecosystems and habitats, their environmental features, prominent species, and their functional adaptations to the harsh aquatic environmental conditions through to global diversity patterns along altitudinal gradients, community dynamics, species interactions and dispersal, trophic relations, and energy flows. High altitude waters are ideal systems to address a broad range of topical themes in ecology because patterns and processes are both diverse and singular. The book highlights how key concepts in ecology (e.g. the stress gradient hypothesis, the biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationship) could find relevant study models in high altitude waters. The usual perception of pristine mountain waters is far from true, particularly in the case of high altitude waters at low latitudes where human population density is often high, and local communities live in intimate contact with, utilize, influence, and exploit these aquatic systems. Climate change effects, extinction risks of mountain populations due to vanishing glaciers, multiple human impacts, management, and conservation are also treated thoroughly. The book is richly illustrated with diagrams and numerous pictures of these poorly known systems and species.
16
Morris, Rhiain. Psychological management of coronary heart disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0123.
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Both anxiety and depression have been found to increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD) and lead to exacerbation of cardiac symptoms, with the latter subsequently impacting recovery/rehabilitation (e.g. leading to an increased number of readmissions to hospital, and an increased mortality risk following myocardial infarction (MI)). This may be due to pathophysiologic effects, such as vascular inflammation and autonomic dysfunction, and poor lifestyle/behavioural patterns, including non-attendance at cardiac rehabilitation classes; and/or poor treatment adherence. Psychosocial factors such as stress, hostility, social isolation, socio-economic status, and psychological defensiveness can also affect the course of cardiac illness.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Muscle Atrophy and Hypertrophy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0017.
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Muscle atrophy is usually caused by interruption of axonal flow [axonal neuropathies, motor neuron diseases (MNDs), etc.]. If weakness is out of proportion to atrophy, demyelinating neuropathy should be suspected. Chronic myopathies and immobility also may cause atrophy, but no electromyography (EMG) evidence of denervation or myopathy is found. The pattern of atrophy is often helpful to localize the lesions. Atrophy of the interossi and preservation of the bulk of the thenar muscles suggest ulnar neuropathy, but atrophy of both would suggest a C8 or plexus pathology. Muscle enlargement may be due to fatty replacement, which can be confirmed by EMG and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or due to real muscle hypertrophy from excessive discharges (neuromyotonia).
18
Stoneley, Sarah, and Simon Rinald. Sensory loss. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0047.
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Sensory disturbance can either be a complete loss (anaesthesia) or a reduction (hypoaesthesia) in the ability to perceive the sensory input. Dysaesthesia is an abnormal increase in the perception of normal sensory stimuli. Hyperalgesia is an increased sensitivity to normally painful stimuli, and allodynia is the perception of usually innocuous stimuli as painful. A complete loss of sensation is likely to be due to a central nervous system problem, while a tingling/paraesthesia (large fibre) or burning/temperature (small fibre) sensation is likely due to an acquired peripheral nervous system problem. Shooting, electric-shock-like pains suggest radicular pathology, a tight-band spinal cord dysfunction. Positive sensory symptoms are usually absent in inherited neuropathies, even in the context of significant deficits on examination. This chapter describes the clinical approach to patients with sensory symptoms. Common patterns of sensory loss and their causes are described.
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Amin, Sandeep. Cervical Facet Dysfunction. Edited by Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0005.
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Cervical facet dysfunction poses a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma in patients with axial neck pain due to either degenerative changes or whiplash injuries as it presents with a paucity of diagnostic radiologic or examination findings. The specific orientation of the cervical facet joints renders them particularly vulnerable to whiplash injury. This chapter examines the clinically relevant anatomy with nuances unique to the cervical spine, etiology of the structural changes, diagnostic tools, and treatment of cervical facet dysfunction. Understanding the relevant anatomy and referral patterns of cervical facet joints allows for more targeted diagnosis and treatment. There are strong evidence-based options in the treatment of cervical facet joint dysfunction.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Pseudoneurologic Syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199898152.003.0022.
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The word “functional” has rightly replaced the word “psychogenic” in the medical literature to describe disorders for which no organic etiology is found. Pseudoseizures, tremors, weakness and numbnessare the most common functional neurological disorders. It takes experience and knowledge of the patterns of presentation of neuromuscular disorders and some understanding of the common functional disorders in order to diagnose the latter correctly and early enough to avoid unnecessary investigations. Some genuine neuromuscular disorders such as myasthenia gravis, small fiber neuropathy, and chronic inflammatory sensory polyradiculopathy may be diagnosed as functional due to the lack of objective clinical and lab abnormalities. One has to differentiate functional disorders (hysterical conversion, somatization) from malingering, hypochondriasis, and factitious disorders. Some organic disorders are modified by “sickness behavior” leading to diagnostic confusion such as a hand numbness due to carpal tunnel syndrome may lead to functional numbness of the that entire side to mimic an imagined stroke.
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Castellani, Claudia, and Marianne Wootton. Crustacea: Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199233267.003.0021.
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This chapter provides an introduction to the Crustacea, one of the most abundant and diverse components of the plankton. Within a single net-haul, the vast diversity within this group, coupled with the large number of species and the morphological similarity both between species and between developmental stages, can often pose a significant identification challenge even to experienced taxonomists. Although all Crustacea originally share a common body plan, their morphology can differ quite markedly due to different degrees of expression of body segmentation patterns and as a result of the loss or morphological modifications of paired appendages. There is also considerable variation between groups in the structure and function of the appendages on different body regions.
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Watkins, James. Developmental biodynamics. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0003.
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From a dynamical systems perspective, coordination of human movement emerges from the intrinsic self-organizing properties of the dynamical system consisting of the individual, the task, and the environment. The movement pattern that emerges depends upon the state of the system components which impose constraints on the types of movement that may emerge. These constraints arise from the anthropometry and functional ability of the individual (individual constraints), the requirements of the task (task constraints), and the prevailing environmental conditions (environmental constraints). Abnormal movement due to cerebral palsy, disease, or injury is likely to be due to abnormal individual constraints in the form of abnormal energy resources. Therapy directed at normalizing the abnormal energy resources is likely to be more effective than therapy directed at normalizing the abnormal kinematics.
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Valiyev, Anar. Baku. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190673604.003.0011.
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Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Baku has undergone a tremendous transformation. In this context, demographic trends for the last decade have been quite favourable toward the development of Baku, with a constant increase in population due to the high net-in migration from the rural areas of Azerbaijan. Consequently, it is not surprising that Baku exerts a disproportionately significant influence on the national economy. The city continues to be the leading recipient of investment, most of which is funneled into the construction industry. The post-Soviet transition toward a market economy has enabled Baku to make tremendous progress in urban development and to become one of the fastest growing cities in the region. This chapter looks at the development pattern of Baku, and its attempts to emulate Gulf cities. It will try to answer the question of whether Baku will be able to copy the pattern of the “Pearl of UAE” successfully, or if it will fail because of indigenous and exogenous factors.
24
Succi, Sauro. Lattice Boltzmann for reactive flows. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0026.
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The dynamics of reactive flows lies at the heart of several important applications, such as combustion, heterogeneous catalysis, pollutant conversion, pattern formation in biology and many others. In general, LB is well suited to describe reaction-diffusion applications with flowing species. This chapter provides the basic guidelines to include reactive phenomena within the LBE formalism. Reactive flows obey the usual fluid equations, augmented with a reactive source term, accounting for species transformations due to chemical reactions. Such term comes typically in the form of a polynomial product of the mass densities of the reacting species.
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Harbison, Joe. Sleep in older people. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689644.003.0011.
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Key points• Sleep structure and pattern change with age, sleep typically becoming lighter and more fragmented.• While sleep disorders may not be independently associated with age, they occur more commonly in older people due to co-morbidity.• Common ‘minor’ medical conditions may seriously impair sleep quality.• Neurological conditions such as stroke, Parkinson’s, and dementia are often associated with sleep disorders which can be difficult to treat.• Circadian rhythm disorders are common in older people; primary insomnia is rare.• Respiratory sleep disorders are also common but their significance in many people is uncertain.• Effective treatments are available for restless legs syndrome and related disorders.
26
Warnock, David W. Introduction to medical mycology. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0001.
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The pattern of fungal diseases has changed with the emergence of new pathogens and the resurgence of old ones. Many factors have contributed to this, including medical progress, environmental changes, and the development of drug resistance. The impact of these diseases on human health is not widely recognized, largely because of the many gaps in epidemiological surveillance data. Access to affordable diagnostics and antifungal drugs are critical issues in the developing world. New approaches to prevention and control will be needed if we are to reduce the substantial global burden of ill health and death due to fungal diseases.
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Borsboom, Denny. Mental disorders, network models, and dynamical systems. Edited by Kenneth S. Kendler and Josef Parnas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796022.003.0011.
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Network approaches have been proposed as an alternative way of thinking about relations between symptoms of mental disorders. Unlike traditional psychometric approaches, network models view these associations as the result of direct interactions between symptoms. Disorders are defined as alternative stable states of a network due to increased connectivity between symptoms. This increased connectivity creates a pattern of reinforcement, so the system can get stuck in a state of prolonged activation. Mental health is defined as the stable state of a weakly connected network. Although symptomatology may be temporarily increased in a healthy network (e.g., due to adverse life events), as the influence of a shock wanes the network will spontaneously return to its healthy state. Strongly connected networks, however, may transition into disordered states upon similar external shocks, and may not naturally recover. Thus, the proposed definitions yield plausible conceptualizations of resilience and vulnerability.
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Farb, Benson, and Dan Margalit. Generating the Mapping Class Group. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691147949.003.0005.
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This chapter considers the Dehn–Lickorish theorem, which states that when g is greater than or equal to 0, the mapping class group Mod(Sɡ) is generated by finitely many Dehn twists about nonseparating simple closed curves. The theorem is proved by induction on genus, and the Birman exact sequence is introduced as the key step for the induction. The key to the inductive step is to prove that the complex of curves C(Sɡ) is connected when g is greater than or equal to 2. The simplicial complex C(Sɡ) is a useful combinatorial object that encodes intersection patterns of simple closed curves in Sɡ. More detailed structure of C(Sɡ) is then used to find various explicit generating sets for Mod(Sɡ), including those due to Lickorish and to Humphries.
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Bouassida, Ines, and Abdel-Rahmen El Lahga. Public–Private Wage Disparities, Employment, and Labor Market Segmentation in Tunisia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799863.003.0004.
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The dysfunction of the Tunisian labor market is exacerbated particularly by the segmentation between public and private sector employment. These different segments differ in terms of returns to human capital, social protection and mobility, affecting career development and the wage structure in the economy. In this chapter, we present the patterns of wage distribution in Tunisia across important socioeconomic groups and a detailed analysis of the wage gap between public and private sectors. Our results show particularly that while in the bottom sector of the wage distribution the positive wage gap between public and private sectors is mainly attributable to the composition or characteristics of workers, the wage gap in the upper sector of the distribution is due to returns to characteristics effect. The public-sector wage premium explains the strong preference in public positions.
30
Shaibani, Aziz. Numbness. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199898152.003.0023.
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Sensory symptoms are the most common symptoms in neuromuscular clinics, yet it is difficult to capture them in videos unless they have a very specific pattern and/or they are associated with objective loss of sensation. Distal sensory loss is a common neuropathic finding. Sensory neuropathies may also present with ataxia or severe pain. Multifocal sensory loss is usually vascular (vasculitis, diabetic amyotrophy). Intercostal pain and numbness are due to radiculopathy (diabetic, zoster, or compressive radiculopathy). Thoracic and abdominal radiculopathies are often misdiagnoses as acute coronary or abdominal emergencies respectively. The distribution of pain and the associated tingling and skin sensitivity to touch are important clues to their neuropathic nature.
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Cruces, Guillermo, Gary S. Fields, David Jaume, and Mariana Viollaz. Uruguay. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801085.003.0021.
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The Uruguayan story was one of declines in the early years of the 2000s in most indicators, followed by improvements in all of them. Economic growth was negative in the early years due to a severe economic crisis, and positive and rapid thereafter except during the international crisis of 2008. The chapter shows that most labour indicators followed the same U-shaped pattern and were in 2012 at a better level than at the beginning of the decade, with the exceptions of labour earnings and some poverty indicators. The international crisis of 2008 slowed or temporarily stopped the improvements in some labour market indicators.
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Yukich, Grace. Religion, Race, and Immigration in Contemporary America. Edited by Paul Harvey and Kathryn Gin Lum. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190221171.013.3.
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Due in part to immigration, religion in contemporary America is more religiously and racially diverse than ever before. Much of this diversity remains hidden, since many American congregations remain racially and ethnically segregated. Multiracial congregations are becoming more common, but they often adopt the beliefs and practices of majority-white religious traditions and embrace narratives of color-blindness while leaving structural racism unchallenged. Transnational religious connections forged through immigration have the potential to shift America’s historical religio-racial patterns. Ongoing encounters with religio-racial “others” from abroad can transform individual and collective religious identities, beliefs, and practices in profound ways. As immigration to the United States continues in the coming years, scholars should pay attention to how religion, race, and immigration intersect, including how color-blind theologies may block the potential of immigration to dismantle entrenched racial and ethnic divides in American religion.
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Gradassi, Alessandro, and Federica Provini. Sleep-related movement disorders. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0023.
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Sleep-related movement disorders are conditions characterized by simple and usually stereotyped movements that disturb sleep. They comprise periodic limb movement disorder, nocturnal leg cramps, sleep-related bruxism, sleep-related rhythmic movement disorder, and movement disorders due to drugs or medical conditions. Some of these movements, such as bruxism, might occur during both wakefulness and sleep, but a clear worsening of the symptoms during sleep is necessary in order to include the condition among sleep-related movement disorders. Sleep-related movement disorders may occasionally be present in healthy individuals, but the manifestations must disturb sleep with daytime consequences in order to be classified within this group of disorders. Finally, sleep-related movement disorders must be distinguished from parasomnias, such as sleepwalking or rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), which normally show more complex muscular patterns and behaviors.
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Di Salvo, Giovanni, Werner Budts, and Owen I. Miller. Adult congenital heart disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0061.
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Echocardiography has a well-established role in the assessment of adults with congenital heart disease. It provides accurate anatomical and functional information and is a bedside, low-cost, and easily repeatable technique. Although some lesions may be diagnosed for the first time in adulthood or may not need a surgical repair, in most cases the typical scenario is to evaluate an adult patient with a known congenital heart disease who has already undergone one (or more) previous surgical or catheter interventions, often during childhood. This chapter provides the basic anatomical concepts for the most frequent diseases, together with a brief presentation of the most used surgical techniques and the haemodynamic patterns seen after these corrections. However, the chapter is only an overview due to the variety of congenital heart disease and the complexity of its imaging.
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Fermüller, Cornelia. Motion Illusions in Man and Machine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0006.
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At the level of mathematical abstraction, computing image motion amounts to an estimation problem and can be analyzed using the tools of statistics and signal processing. As shown in this chapter, intrinsic limitations to the estimation processes make it impossible to derive veridical estimates for all images. Image motion is estimated erroneously, and as a result higher level processes compute erroneous three-dimensional motion and moving scenes. Specifically, two limitations are discussed: (a) due to noise in image data, there is statistical bias that affects anisotropic patterns and (2) the filters computing changes in time are asymmetric (causal), using data only from the past but not the future, and misestimate on locally asymmetric intensity signals of certain spatial frequencies. Since these limitations are not an artifact of the hardware but are inherent to the computations, they will affect any system and thus create illusions in man and machine.
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Taber-Thomas, Bradley, and Koraly Pérez-Edgar. Emerging Adulthood Brain Development. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.15.
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Emerging adulthood (EA) is marked by a prolonged developmental transition to adulthood, dynamic personal and environmental circumstances, and unique patterns of vulnerability to psychological dysfunction. Neurodevelopment in childhood and adolescence has been studied extensively, but EA has not yet received its due attention from developmental cognitive neuroscience. The existing evidence shows that neurodevelopment continues throughout EA in support of emerging adult roles. The data suggest a frontolimbic fine-tuning model of brain development in EA that holds that adult functions are promoted through the strengthening of prefrontal regulation of limbic function and a newly emerging balance between prefrontal subregions involved in modulating approach and avoidance. Considering the overlap between these neurodevelopmental processes and the peak incidence of numerous psychological disorders in EA, it seems that individual differences in the dynamics of emerging adulthood neurodevelopment may not only underlie differences in functioning, but also risk for psychological disorder.
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Amara, Mahfoud. Sport Labour Migrant Communities from the Maghreb in the GCC. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190608873.003.0010.
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Qatar and the UAE in particular are emerging as a new destination for sport labor migration, including from the Maghreb and the Maghrebi community in Europe, which is the focus of this chapter. Specifically, the study examines the patterns and motives of sport labor migration in three sectors: professional football, elite sport development, and sport TV broadcasting. Migration flows in sport can be understood as a legacy of colonial history, or a dependency of former colonies upon former colonizers in social, cultural, economic, and sport domains. Sport migration is also a product of globalization characterized by increased interconnectedness between territories due to advancements in the means of transportation and communication. While it is becoming more difficult to migrate to Europe and North America, sport migrants from the Maghreb, like other Arab communities, are attracted to the GCC because it offers both material facilities and the familiarity of Arab and Islamic cultures.
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Zeitlin, Vladimir. Instabilities in Cylindrical Geometry: Vortices and Laboratory Flows. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804338.003.0011.
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Vortex solutions in cyclo-geostrophic equilibrium are described and their geostrophic and ageostrophic barotropic and baroclinic instabilities are studied along the lines of Chapter 10. Special attention is paid to centrifugal instability which, as the inertial instability of jets, is due to modes trapped in the anticyclonic shear in the vortex, and has asymmetric counterparts. Saturation of this instability is shown to exhibit some specific patterns. Instabilities of intense hurricane-like vortices are analysed and shown to be sensitive to fine details of the vortex profile. Nonlinear saturation of such instabilities exhibits typical secondary meso-vortex structures, and leads to intensification of the vortex. Special attention is paid to instabilities in laboratory flows in rotating cylindrical channels. Classification of these instabilities is given, and their nature, in terms of resonances between different wave modes, is established. Rigid-lid and free-surface configuration with topography are considered and compared with experiments.
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Haq, Khadija, ed. Personal Reflections on the World of the 1990s. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474684.003.0015.
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In this chapter Haq at the start of the decade of the eighties, sets out to predict the world economic order for the next decade of the nineties. Haq was convinced that in the decade of the 1990s the world will experience structural changes. This will be due to a major shift in the balance of power in favour of the Third World—demographically, socially and politically. Some of his specific predictions include: a historical adjustment in the patterns of economic growth in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries to much lower levels, growing pressure for fundamental reforms in the international monetary system, and formal entrance of socialist bloc into the global economic and monetary system. It would be an interesting exercise for the reader to compare Haq’s predictions for the nineties to the actual world economic order that emerged in the decade.
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Gallagher, Shaun, Ben Morgan, and Naomi Rokotnitz. Relational Authenticity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190460723.003.0008.
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In Chapter 8, the authors explore the notion of relational authenticity, arguing that to understand existential authenticity we must not return to the individuality celebrated by classical existentialism nor look for a reductionist explanation in terms of neuronal patterns or mental representations that would simply opt for a more severe methodological individualism and a conception of authenticity confined to proper brain processes. Rather, they propose, we should look for a fuller picture of authenticity in what they call the “4Es”—the embodied, embedded, enactive, and extended conception of mind. They argue that one requires the 4Es to maintain the 4Ms—mind, meaning, morals, and modality—in the face of reductionistic tendencies in neurophilosophy. The 4E approach, they contend, gives due consideration to the importance of the brain, taken as part of the brain-body-environment system, incorporating neuroscience and integrating phenomenological-existentialist conceptions that emphasize embodiment and the social environment.
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Toro-Morn, Maura, Anna Romina Guevarra, and Nilda Flores-González. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037573.003.0001.
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This book explores the labor experiences of immigrant women, primarily Asians and Latinas, engaged in low-wage work in the era of neoliberal globalization. It assesses the impact of neoliberal globalization on the economic, political, and social lives of immigrant women both at home and abroad, as well as the strategies used by these women to deal with labor disruptions—interruptions in immigrant women's labor patterns due to the social and political processes resulting from neoliberal globalization. Labor disruptions encompass both “for-pay” labor and gendered labor within the family and occur in ethnic enclaves and within the informal economy. The book seeks to elucidate how Asian and Latina immigrant women, with the assistance of community-based organizations, organize and mobilize against disruptions caused by neoliberal globalization and the neoliberal state. This introduction reflects on the challenges facing future scholars of labor and migration processes.
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Lin, Jaime. Talentos e Aptidões: Um olhar sobre o Autismo. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-554-5.
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Autism is a medical term that encompasses a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired reciprocal socialization and communication, often accompanied by restricted or repetitive patterns of behavior and interests. Due to the enlargement in the clinical diagnostic boundaries and the increased awareness of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the world has seen a dramatic increase in its prevalence during the last two decades. ASD is currently considered one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders worldwide. Frequently reported in terms of comorbidities, disabilities, burden and economic costs, the talents, gifts and abilities of people within the autistic spectrum only reaches the media when it amazes the audience. In this review, we want show that the high clinical heterogeneity found in autism can also be applied to the gifts and abilities, and that it must be nurtured with appropriate developmental, educational environment and above all, support and hope.
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Anstis, Stuart. Color and Luminance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0038.
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Color and luminance interact in many ways in the human visual system. For instance, the colors in an afterimage, which are due to adaptation of retinal cones, are especially vivid when test contours, presented after the adapting image, coincide with the blurred edges of the afterimage. A single colored adapting pattern can give rise to two differently colored afterimages, according to the position of black lines in the test field. This shows that colors seen by the low-acuity chromatic pathways will diffuse outward along, but not across, luminance contours. This is also true for real colors. Finally, flicker-augmented contrast shows that the visual system, when given a choice, will select the most salient color/luminance borders in a stimulus.
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Bickel, Warren, E. Terry Mueller, James MacKillop, and Richard Yi. Behavioral-Economic and Neuroeconomic Perspectives on Addiction. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381678.013.015.
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Behavioral economics construes addiction as a pattern of pathological decisions favoring consumption of drugs versus healthy reinforcers. This chapter introduces basic behavioral-economic concepts and reviews results from operant laboratory studies, purchase task studies, and clinical studies that validate the concepts’ utility in addiction research. Research and theory about the economic significance of the delay to receipt of a chosen commodity (delay discounting) is reviewed. Additionally, research bearing on the validity of the competing neurobehavioral decision systems hypothesis, a neuroeconomic theory, is considered by drawing on a diversity of data including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fRMI) and genetic studies. This new theory proposes that addiction is due to hyperactive impulsive and hypoactive executive systems in the brain. Future directions for research and treatment are reviewed.
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Boffetta, Paolo, Dana Hashim, and Pagona Lagiou. Measures and Estimates of Cancer Burden. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0002.
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This chapter addresses the various methods for measuring cancer burden and the complexities resulting from practical applications of these measurements. It also provides an overview of global cancer patterns and trends. Epidemiological observations indicate that cancer development and progression is due to an interaction of environmental exposures with genetic factors. This underscores the importance of using complementary epidemiological measurements to obtain a cohesive and comprehensive panorama of cancer burden. Manifold measurements that capture the number of deaths, incidence/mortality rates, and time trends with respect to variations between countries, regions, and risk factors must be considered. Efforts to quantify the impact of cancer are limited primarily by the fact that only a small proportion of the global population is covered by cancer registries. Collectively, neoplasms are the second largest cause of death worldwide and deaths from site-specific cancers ascended the causes of death list in both low- and high-income countries.
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Obinger, Herbert, Klaus Petersen, Carina Schmitt, and Peter Starke. War and Welfare States Before and After 1945. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779599.003.0015.
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The conclusion reports major findings and discusses possible cross-country patterns. It shows that war’s impact on welfare state development can be differentiated into several distinct conclusions, each highlighting specific effects or causal mechanisms. Next, the case study evidence of the long-term effects of war is confirmed with quantitative data. For a sample of eighteen countries (thirteen of which are presented in this volume) war is shown to contribute to a better understanding of several of the phenomena lying at the heart of comparative welfare state research (i.e. social expenditure, benefit generosity, the public–private mix in provision, and the timing of legislation). The impact on outcomes such as income inequality is briefly discussed, along with the impact of the Cold War on welfare state development. Due to changes in warfare and the size of the existing welfare state, the effect of war on welfare state-building has all but disappeared today.
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Johnson-Weiner, Karen. Who Are the Amish? Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501707605.003.0001.
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This chapter discusses how the Amish have been a part of the New York scene for nearly two hundred years. The first Amish settlers to the Empire State came from the French province of Lorraine. In several ways, these first settlers set the pattern for Amish settlement in New York. First, they were fleeing troubles in their homeland—due to Napoleon's military exploits, the pacifist French Amish had lost their military exemption. Moreover, like many who have come since, the French Amish came to New York to obtain cheap, available land. Finally, in making New York State their home, these Amish settlers and their descendants demonstrated how a group's response to particular events, social developments, personalities, and faith uniquely shapes its practices and its interaction with the surrounding society.
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Bělohlávek, Radim, Joseph W. Dauben, and George J. Klir. Applications of Fuzzy Logic. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190200015.003.0006.
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The high visibility of fuzzy logic and mathematics based on fuzzy logic is primarily due to their highly successful applications in many areas of human affairs. The aim of this chapter is to characterize the evolution and current status of these applications. Covered are applications in the various areas of engineering, natural, social and earth sciences, psychology, medicine, management and business, decision making, pattern recognition, image analysis, risk analysis, music, among others. In each of these areas, the significance of using fuzzy logic and the associated mathematics is critically assessed. It is argued that in some application areas, such as psychology or quantum mechanics, a cooperation between researchers in fuzzy logic and those in the application domain, leading possibly to new types of nonstandard fuzzy sets, is essential for further progress.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Numbness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0023.
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Sensory symptoms are the most common symptoms in neuromuscular clinics, yet it is hard to capture them via video unless they have a very specific pattern and they are associated with objective loss of sensation. Distal sensory loss is a common neuropathic finding. It follows gloves and stocks distribution. Sensory neuropathies may present with ataxia which results in falls, or severe pain. Neuropathic pain with normal ankle reflexes and sural responses suggest small fiber neuropathy. Multifocal sensory loss is usually vascular. It can also be infectious (leprosy). Migratory neuritis is a poorly understood condition. Intercostal pain and numbness is usually due to radiculopathy (diabetic, zoster, or compressive radiculopathy). Foots ulcers and unfelt mosquito bites are markers for sensory loss. Loss of corneal sensation may led to keratitis and blindness.
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Truckenbrodt, Hubert. Focus, Intonation, and Tonal Height. Edited by Caroline Féry and Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.44.
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This article explores the effects of F-marking (focus) on intonation and on tonal height in intonation, with particular emphasis on German and Mandarin Chinese. It begins with a discussion of the role of stress in the sentence melody and how focus leads to changes in the stress pattern that affect the sentence melody. It then considers the effects of focus on tonal height and suggests that they are really effects of stress on tonal height, triggered because focus attracts stress; focus leads to destressing in non-focused parts of the sentence. It also presents the results of Féry and Kügler (2008) regarding the effects of focus on tonal height in German, showing that there is a further tonal height effect of focus that relates to stress, namely the cancellation of height-subordination due to stresses on earlier elements (‘upstep’).