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Journal articles on the topic 'Duplex and super duplex stainless steel'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Hariharan, Ramakrishnan, Balasundaram Rathinam, Baskar Neelakandan, Radhakrishnan Beemaraj, and Chellamuthu Kannan. "Surface modification method of duplex type stainless steels by the pack boriding process." Chemical Industry 75, no. 3 (2021): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind210103019h.

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This work presents the investigation of a boriding process on two grades of stainless steel namely UNS32750 super duplex stainless steel and UNSS31803 duplex stainless steel in order to improve material properties and possibly to reduce catastrophic failure of industrial components. Usage of duplex stainless steels has become customary in the fields of oil and refinery, marine and pipeline applications due to increased corrosion resistance; however, these materials exhibit low wear characteristics. To overcome this problem, in this work the pack boriding process was employed. Evaluation of effects of the boriding process on the microstructure and mechanical properties was performed using scanning electron and optical microscopy, Vickers hardness tests and wear tests. It was shown that the 4 h process resulted in the greatest boriding layer thickness yielding the maximum surface hardness of 1407 HV in the super duplex stainless steel UNS32750 while this value was 1201 HV in the duplex stainless steel UNSS31803. Wear resistance of borided materials were up to 6-fold greater than those of non - treated materials. Also, the borided duplex materials were shown to be more suitable for industrial applications for valve and shaft components as compared to the boronized super duplex stainless steel.

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2

,, ,. "Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steel and Their Welding." Indian Welding Journal 37, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22486/iwj.v37i1.179065.

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3

Kuroda, Toshio, Kenji Ikeuchi, and Takeshi Terajima. "Micro Flash Welding of Super Duplex Stainless Steels." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 3979–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.3979.

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Super duplex stainless steels were welded using new flash butt welding technology of temperature controlling system. The super duplex stainless steel (329J4L) and conventional duplex stainless steel (329J3L) were used. The samples were mounted in the dies using a Gleeble thermal simulator and flash but welding was made. The specimens were heated up to 1373K for 10sec, 20sec and 30sec. Flash butt welding has consisting of a two stage processes of a flash action and a contact resistance. First stage was a flash welding process and second stage was a solid state bonding process. The cross sectional microstructure of the weld bond region showed two types of a deposited fine particles region and a solid state bonding region. The grain growth was hardly observed in the weld region and the heat-affected zone. For further increasing joining efficiency of solid state bonding at the second stage, the welding time at 1373K was increased from 5 sec to 180sec. The bonding area increased with increasing welding time at 1373K and successfully welded for conventional duplex stainless steel.

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4

Karlsson, Leif. "Welding duplex and super duplex stainless steels." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 42, no. 6 (June 1995): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb007380.

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5

Nilsson, J. O. "Super duplex stainless steels." Materials Science and Technology 8, no. 8 (August 1992): 685–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1992.8.8.685.

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6

Ryś, Janusz, and Wiktoria Ratuszek. "Rolling Texture Formation in Super-Duplex Stainless Steel." Solid State Phenomena 163 (June 2010): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.163.145.

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The present research is a part of project which concerns a deformation behavior of duplex type ferritic-austenitic stainless steels. This paper focuses on the examination of ferrite and austenite textures formed upon thermo-mechanical treatment and deformation textures developed during cold-rolling of super-duplex stainless steel sheet. The character and stability of the textures observed in both phases over a wide deformation range are the result of two-phase morphology formed upon hot- and subsequent cold-rolling. The specific band-like morphology of the ferrite-austenite structure creates different conditions for plastic deformation due to the interaction of both phases and considerably constrained lattice rotations. That is why the processes governing the texture formation in duplex steels are supposed to change in comparison to single phase steels affecting final rolling textures of ferrite and austenite.

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7

Saida, Kazuyoshi, and Tomo Ogura. "Hot Cracking Susceptibility in Duplex Stainless Steel Welds." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.679.

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The hot cracking (solidification cracking) susceptibility in the weld metals of duplex stainless steels were quantitatively evaluated by Transverse-Varestraint test with gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and laser beam welding (LBW). Three kinds of duplex stainless steels (lean, standard and super duplex stainless steels) were used for evaluation. The solidification brittle temperature ranges (BTR) of duplex stainless steels were 58K, 60K and 76K for standard, lean and super duplex stainless steels, respectively, and were comparable to those of austenitic stainless steels with FA solidification mode. The BTRs in LBW were 10-15K lower than those in GTAW for any steels. In order to clarify the governing factors of solidification cracking in duplex stainless steels, the solidification segregation behaviours of alloying and impurity elements were numerically analysed during GTAW and LBW. Although the harmful elements to solidification cracking such as P, S and C were segregated in the residual liquid phase in any joints, the solidification segregation of P, S and C in LBW was inhibited compared with GTAW due to the rapid cooling rate in LBW. It followed that the decreased solidification cracking susceptibility of duplex stainless steels in LBW would be mainly attributed to the suppression of solidification segregation of P, S and C.

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8

Nagy, András István, Enikő Réka Fábián, Richárd Horváth, and Pal Terek. "Difficulties in the Machining Super Duplex Stainless Steels." Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 11, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33894/mtk-2019.11.31.

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Abstract Super duplex stainless steels are used in increasingly more areas. The machinability of duplex stainless steels is generally poor. We performed dry turning tests on G X2CrNiMoCuN 26-6-3-3 casted superduplex steel, using two different PVD coated cutting inserts. One of them was coated with TiAlN and other with TiAlSiN. Strong burr and built-up edge formation were observed during our machining experiments; these damaged the edges of the tools. The shortened tests did not show significant difference betwen the effect of the coatings.

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9

Ryś, Janusz, and Małgorzata Witkowska. "Microstructure and Deformation Behavior of Cold-Rolled Super-Duplex Stainless Steel." Solid State Phenomena 163 (June 2010): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.163.151.

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The present examination is a part of project concerning a deformation behavior of duplex type ferritic-austenitic stainless steels. The investigations included the analysis of ferrite and austenite microstructures formed in cold-rolled sheet of super-duplex stainless steel, major deformation mechanisms operating in both constituent phases and changes in morphology of two-phase structure after the thermo-mechanical treatment and subsequent cold-rolling. Duplex type stainless steels develop the band-like ferrite-austenite morphology in the course of hot- and cold-rolling. This specific two-phase structure creates different conditions for plastic deformation in comparison to single phase steels. The interaction of both phases upon deformation exerts fairly significant influence on structure and texture formation in both constituent phases and in consequence affects the material properties and its behavior upon further processing.

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10

C. BENNETT, DAVID. "Duplex and ferritic stainless steel sheet linings versus weld overlay and other metallic corrosion-resistant barriers." July 2015 14, no. 7 (August 1, 2015): 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj14.7.491.

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Sheet linings made from stainless steel can protect carbon steel substrates at lower initial direct cost for installation and subsequent direct inspection than weld overlay and thermal sprayed coating. Closely matched thermal expansion coefficients of ferritic and duplex stainless steel grades with carbon steel allow large “tile pieces” in reliable, leak-proof linings compared to linings from austenitic grades, simplifying and speeding installation. Sheet linings with ferritic and duplex grades typically have lower unit costs than weld overlay and thermal sprayed coatings. Ferritic and lean duplex grades resist corrosion and stress corrosion cracking in most alkaline pulping and liquor recovery environments. Super-duplex grades can replace acid-resistant brick linings in D-stage bleaching equipment, including pre-retention tubes and towers. Carefully specified sheet linings of ferritic and duplex stainless steels, professionally installed in accordance with longstanding industry standards, are reliable and economical protective barriers, especially compared with weld overlay, in many applications in modern pulp

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11

Sun, Bo, Hu Li Niu, De Yu Tang, Zong Tao Fang, and Yan Hua Hu. "Welding Technology of SAF2507 for Offshore Platform." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 1532–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.1532.

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In recent years, super duplex stainless steel has been widely used in offshore platform for its excellent corrosion resistance. The key point of welding super duplex stainless steel is to ensure the phase ratio of welded joints. In this paper, the weldability, welding method, welding material, groove of SAF2507 were introduced. Then the test content of welding procedure qualification was described.

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12

WATANABE, Hirohisa. "Welding Consumables for Super Duplex Stainless Steel." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 80, no. 2 (2011): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/jjws.80.142.

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13

Francis, Roger, and Glenn Byrne. "Duplex Stainless Steels—Alloys for the 21st Century." Metals 11, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11050836.

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Duplex stainless steels were first manufactured early in the 20th century, but it was the introduction in the 1970s of the argon-oxygen decarburisation (AOD) steel making process and the addition of nitrogen to these steels, that made the alloys stronger, more weldable and more corrosion resistant. Today, duplex stainless steels can be categorised into four main groups, i.e., “lean”, “standard”, “super”, and “hyper” duplex types. These groups cover a range of compositions and properties, but they all have in common a microstructure consisting of roughly equal proportions of austenite and ferrite, high strength, good toughness and good corrosion resistance, especially to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) compared with similar austenitic stainless steels. Moreover, the development of a duplex stainless-steel microstructure requires lower levels of nickel in the composition than for a corresponding austenitic stainless steel with comparable pitting and crevice corrosion resistance, hence they cost less. This makes duplex stainless steels a very versatile and attractive group of alloys both commercially and technically. There are applications where duplex grades can be used as lower cost through-life options, in preference to coated carbon steels, a range of other stainless steels, and in some cases nickel alloys. This cost benefit is further emphasised if the design engineer can use the higher strength of duplex grades to construct vessels and pipework of lower wall thickness than would be the case if an austenitic grade or nickel alloy was being used. Hence, we find duplex stainless steels are widely used in many industries. In this paper their use in three industrial applications is reviewed, namely marine, heat exchangers, and the chemical and process industries. The corrosion resistance in the relevant fluids is discussed and some case histories highlight both successes and potential problems with duplex alloys in these industries. The paper shows how duplex stainless steels can provide cost-effective solutions in corrosive environments, and why they will be a standard corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) for many industries through the 21st century.

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14

Kwok, C. T., H. C. Man, and F. T. Cheng. "Cavitation erosion of duplex and super duplex stainless steels." Scripta Materialia 39, no. 9 (October 1998): 1229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(98)00308-x.

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15

Lin, Po-Chiang, Yu-Ting Tsai, Neng-Hao Gan, Jer-Ren Yang, Shing-Hoa Wang, Horng-Yi Chang, Tzy-Rong Lin, and Po-Kai Chiu. "Characteristics of Flakes Stacked Cr2N with Many Domains in Super Duplex Stainless Steel." Crystals 10, no. 11 (October 24, 2020): 965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10110965.

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This study mainly observed the Cr2N (chromium nitride) nucleation and growth in SAF 2507 duplex stainless steel. However, the investigation revealed that Cr2N has a complex substructure separated into many regions. In SAF 2507 duplex stainless steel, Cr2N nucleated at the dislocations and the precipitates were composed of many Cr2N flakes gathered together when aged at 600 °C.

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16

Kleber, Siegfried, and Martin Hafok. "Multiaxial Forging of Super Duplex Steel." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 2998–3003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.2998.

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The investigated super duplex steel belongs to the group of stainless steels which exhibits an austenitic-ferritic microstructure with a phase fraction of about 50% austenite and 50% ferrite. The alloy shows excellent general corrosion resistance as well as a good resistance against stress corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue and erosion corrosion. Due to these outstanding properties, the super duplex alloy is used in components for sea or waste water applications and in the offshore and chemical industry. In addition, the investigated super duplex steel exhibits a good weldability and a high strength in comparison to pure austenitic steel grades In order to optimize the production process and to provide a suitable microstructure to satisfy the customer’s requirements multiaxial forging test at various temperatures were performed in the Gleeble Maxstrain system. The force and the displacement after each anvil stroke were measured and used to distinguish the mechanical behaviour in the forging process at different thermal conditions. The recorded force and displacement is also compared with a multi step compression test to show the influence of change in the deformation direction. A certain number of samples were exposed an in-situ heat treatment after the deformation while other samples were immediately quenched after the forging to preserve the deformed microstructure, which was measured by optical microscopy and electron microscopy. Furthermore, electron back scatter diffractions scans were applied to characterize the degree of dynamic recrystallization during the forging process.

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17

Prabowo, Harris, Badrul Munir, Yudha Pratesa, and Johny W. Soedarsono. "Comparison of 2507 Duplex and 28 % Cr- Austenitic Stainless Steel Corrosion Behavior for High Pressure and High Temperature (HPHT) in Sour Service Condition with C-ring Experiment." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 65, no. 3 (July 5, 2021): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.17598.

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The scarcity of oil and gas resources made High Pressure and High Temperature (HPHT) reservoir attractive to be developed. The sour service environment gives an additional factor in material selection for HPHT reservoir. Austenitic 28 Cr and super duplex stainless steel 2507 (SS 2507) are proposed to be a potential materials candidate for such conditions. C-ring tests were performed to investigate their corrosion behavior, specifically sulfide stress cracking (SSC) and sulfide stress cracking susceptibility. The C-ring tests were done under 2.55 % H2S (31.48 psia) and 50 % CO2 (617.25 psia). The testing was done in static environment conditions. Regardless of good SSC resistance for both materials, different pitting resistance is seen in both materials. The pitting resistance did not follow the general Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN), since SS 2507 super duplex (PREN > 40) has more pitting density than 28 Cr austenitic stainless steel (PREN < 40). SS 2507 super duplex pit shape tends to be larger but shallower than 28 Cr austenitic stainless steel. 28 Cr austenitic stainless steel has a smaller pit density, yet deeper and isolated.

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18

Calliari, Irene, Marco Breda, Claudio Gennari, Luca Pezzato, Massimo Pellizzari, and Andrea Zambon. "Investigation on Solid-State Phase Transformations in a 2510 Duplex Stainless Steel Grade." Metals 10, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10070967.

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Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steels are very prone to secondary phases formation related to ferrite decomposition at high temperatures. In the present paper the results on secondary phase precipitation in a 2510 Duplex Stainless Steel, heat-treated in the temperature range 850–1050 °C for 3–30 min are presented. The precipitation starts at grain boundaries with a consistent ferrite transformation for very short times. The noses of the Time–Temperature–Precipitation (TTP) curves are at 1000 °C for σ-phase and at 900 °C for χ-phase, respectively. The precipitation sequence involves a partial transformation of χ into σ, as previously evidenced in 2205 and 2507 grades. Furthermore, the experimental data were compared to the results of Thermo-Calc calculations. Understanding and ability to predict phase stability in 2510 duplex stainless steel is a key factor to design optimal welding processes that avoid any secondary phase precipitation in the weld bead as well as in the heat-affected zone.

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19

Liu, Shuang, Chaohua Yue, Xi Chen, Qiuhua Zhu, and Yiyou Tu. "Pitting Corrosion Resistance on Annealing Treated Super Duplex Stainless Steel S32750." Crystals 10, no. 4 (April 11, 2020): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10040294.

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The pitting corrosion resistance of S32750 super duplex stainless steel, annealing treated at temperatures of 950–1200 °C for 20–60 min, was investigated using potentiodynamic polarization tests. The results show that the volume fractions of ferrite in the S32750 duplex stainless steel increased from 48.9% to 68.4% as annealing temperatures increased from 950 to 1200 °C. The pitting potential of the sample increased first and then decreased from an annealing temperature of 950 to 1050 °C, and the highest pitting potential was observed after annealing at 1050 °C for 35 min. The pitting corrosion resistance of S32750 stainless steel is due to the combination of pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN) value, phase fraction and grain boundary area fraction, and the imbalance of corrosion potential.

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20

Vargas, V. H., A. Albiter, M. A. Domínguez-Aguilar, G. Altamirano, and C. Maldonado. "Corrosion Resistance of Dissimilar GTA Welds of Pipeline Steel and Super Duplex Stainless Steels in Synthetic Brine." Corrosion 77, no. 6 (March 23, 2021): 668–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3746.

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The effect of weld passes and single V grove designs on the corrosion resistance of dissimilar welds of a low alloy steel and a super duplex stainless steel was studied in synthetic brine. Welds were manufactured in argon by the gas tungsten arc technique and joined by a high nickel wire of super duplex stainless steel. Samples of weld regions were characterized by composition scans, electrochemical measurements, microhardness, and scanning electron microscopy. In X52/ER2594, a transition region of grain boundaries type II and a band of martensite were formed. The base metal of X52 underwent the highest corrosion rate and localized corrosion occurred in the heat affected zone. Interface ER2594/25Cr7Ni and 25Cr7Ni showed the presence of pitting near intermetallics.

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21

Silva Leite, Carla Gabriela, Eli Jorge da Cruz Junior, Mattia Lago, Andrea Zambon, Irene Calliari, and Vicente Afonso Ventrella. "Nd: YAG Pulsed Laser Dissimilar Welding of UNS S32750 Duplex with 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel." Materials 12, no. 18 (September 9, 2019): 2906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12182906.

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Duplex stainless steels (DSSs), a particular category of stainless steels, are employed in all kinds of industrial applications where excellent corrosion resistance and high strength are necessary. These good properties are provided by their biphasic microstructure, consisting of ferrite and austenite in almost equal volume fractions of phases. In the present work, Nd: YAG pulsed laser dissimilar welding of UNS S32750 super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) with 316L austenitic stainless steel (ASS), with different heat inputs, was investigated. The results showed that the fusion zone microstructure observed consisted of a ferrite matrix with grain boundary austenite (GBA), Widmanstätten austenite (WA) and intragranular austenite (IA), with the same proportion of ferrite and austenite phases. Changes in the heat input (between 45, 90 and 120 J/mm) did not significantly affect the ferrite/austenite phase balance and the microhardness in the fusion zone.

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22

KURODA, Toshio, and Kenji IKEUCHI. "Micro Flash Resistance Welding of Super Duplex Stainless Steel." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 55, no. 9 (2006): 855–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.55.855.

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23

Keichel, J., Günter Gottstein, and Jacques Foct. "Recrystallisation in High Nitrogen Alloyed Super Duplex Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 318-320 (October 1999): 785–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.318-320.785.

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24

Linton, V. M., N. J. Laycock, S. J. Thomsen, and A. Klumpers. "Failure of a super duplex stainless steel reaction vessel." Engineering Failure Analysis 11, no. 2 (April 2004): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2003.05.011.

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25

Kang, Jong hun, Su jin Heo, Jaeuk Yoo, and Yong chul Kwon. "Hot working characteristics of S32760 super duplex stainless steel." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 33, no. 6 (June 2019): 2633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-019-0511-y.

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26

Pilhagen, Johan, Henrik Sieurin, and Rolf Sandström. "Fracture toughness of a welded super duplex stainless steel." Materials Science and Engineering: A 606 (June 2014): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.03.049.

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27

Doggett, Robert D. "Welding of FERRALIUM alloy SD40 super duplex stainless steel." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 43, no. 4 (April 1996): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb007394.

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28

Camerini, C., R. Sacramento, M. C. Areiza, A. Rocha, R. Santos, J. M. Rebello, and G. Pereira. "Eddy current techniques for super duplex stainless steel characterization." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 388 (August 2015): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.04.034.

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29

A Hosseini, Vahid, Kjell Hurtig, Daniel Eyzop, Agneta Östberg, Paul Janiak, and Leif Karlsson. "Ferrite content measurement in super duplex stainless steel welds." Welding in the World 63, no. 2 (December 5, 2018): 551–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-018-00681-1.

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30

Paulraj, Prabhu, and Rajnish Garg. "EFFECT OF INTERMETALLIC PHASES ON CORROSION BEHAVIOR AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL AND SUPER-DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL." Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal 9 (2015): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.12913/22998624/59090.

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31

Liang, X. Z., G. H. Zhao, M. F. Dodge, T. L. Lee, H. B. Dong, and P. E. J. Rivera-Díaz-del-Castillo. "Hydrogen embrittlement in super duplex stainless steels." Materialia 9 (March 2020): 100524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2019.100524.

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32

Garin, J. L., and R. L. Mannheim. "Rietveld quantitative analysis of cast super duplex steel." Powder Diffraction 27, no. 2 (June 2012): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715612000383.

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To interpret highly superimposed diffraction patterns, the Rietveld method together with conventional X-ray powder diffraction techniques were carried out on a series of heat-treated weldments of cast super duplex stainless steel. High temperature processing of this type of alloys causes embrittlement and loss of corrosion resistance owing to precipitation of intermediate phases, principally sigma-phase. The annealing processing of the samples proceeded at temperatures in the range of 800–950 °C for periods of time from 1 to 96 h. This procedure permitted an accurate quantification of the microstructural components such as austenite, ferrite and sigma-phase in all studied samples. The contents of sigma-phase in the heat-affected zones of all weldments reached asymptotical values of 30–38 wt% after 96 h of heat treatment.

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33

Zhang, Wei, De Ning Zou, Guang Wei Fan, and Jiao Li. "Influence of Aging Time on Sigma Phase Precipitation in SAF2507 Super-Duplex Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 620-622 (April 2009): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.620-622.355.

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Specimens of SAF2507 super-duplex stainless steel were heated at 920°C with different aging time. The phase transformation and development of microstructure in the materials were investigated by color optical microscopy, scan electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The hardness was tested by HB-3000B hardness tester. The facts that sigma phase precipitated right after 2 min. At 920°C, the grain boundaries to be the preferential precipitation sites and the sites changed from ferritic-austenitic phase interface into the inside of ferritic phase was found. Increase in aging time is proportional to the increase in sigma phase precipitation mass was most frequently observed in specimens. For phase precipitation, the values of hardness of the super-duplex stainless steel was enhanced evidently.

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34

Han, Gaofeng, Pengfei Jiang, Jianzhang Wang, and Fengyuan Yan. "Effects of NaCl concentration on wear–corrosion behavior of SAF 2507 super duplex stainless steel." RSC Advances 6, no. 112 (2016): 111261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra23030j.

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35

Xiang, Hong Liang, Dong Liu, and Fu Shan He. "Effects of Solution Temperature on Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Casting Duplex Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (October 2010): 818–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.818.

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In this paper, effects of solid solution treatment temperature on microstructure and tensile properties of casting SAF 2507 super duplex stainless steel were researched by means of optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and tensile test. The results indicate that the amount of γ phase increases according to a linear relationship f(g ) = -0.134T +159.94 during the temperatures from 1100°C to 1250°C. Tensile properties of casting SAF 2507 super duplex stainless steel fluctuate with solution temperature change. Austenitic grain size and morphology are the most important factors on tensile property. The tensile strength is the highest owing to the finest austenitic grain at the solution temperature of 1150°C. The elongation is related to the fracture mode. At 1100 , elongation ration is highest because of the ductile fracture.

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36

Elhoud, A. M., N. C. Renton, and W. F. Deans. "Hydrogen embrittlement of super duplex stainless steel in acid solution." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 35, no. 12 (June 2010): 6455–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.03.056.

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37

Liu, Tie, Richard Wu Zhiyong, Daqin Xu, and Aye Aye Aung. "Metallurgical Analysis on a Cracked Super Duplex Stainless Steel Flange." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 14, no. 4 (May 17, 2014): 470–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11668-014-9832-4.

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38

Morelo, Fernando, Marina Izabelle Grabarski, Paulo André de Camargo Beltrão, and Giuseppe Pintaude. "Surface integrity of bored super duplex stainless steel SAF 2507." Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 39, no. 7 (October 4, 2016): 2649–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40430-016-0642-3.

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Fourlaris, G., T. Gladman, and M. Maylin. "Microscopical Examination of a Super Austenitic Stainless Steel." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 687–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600010321.

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Stainless steels have significant applications due to their good corrosion resistance. However, for applications in a marine environment, i.e. for certain types of large naval structures, in addition to the good corrosion resistance, other requirements are imposed on the candidate material such as high strength and toughness coupled with suitable magnetic characteristics.It has been demonstrated in earlier publications that significant improvements in the coercivity, maximum induction and remanence values can be achieved, by using a 2205 type Duplex austenitic -ferritic stainless steel (DSS) instead of the low alloy medium carbon steels currently being used. These improvements are achieved in the as received 2205 material, and after small amounts of cold rolling have been applied, to increase the strength. However, the 2205 type DSS exhibits “ marginal” corrosion protection in a marine environment as well as exhibiting some measurable ferromagnetic response. Therefore, a study has been undertaken to examine the mechanical properties and microstructures obtained in a super austenitic stainless steel of the 254 SMO type.

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Kuroda, Toshio, Kenji Ikeuchi, Masahiro Shimada, Akihisa Inoue, and Hisamichi Kimura. "Micro Flash Welding of Super Duplex Stainless Steel with Zr Metallic Glass Insert." Materials Science Forum 580-582 (June 2008): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.580-582.53.

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Micro flash butt welding of super duplex stainless steel with Zr-based metallic glass insert was carried out using the temperature controlling system. Zr55Cu30Ni5Al10 of Zr-based metallic glass with thickness of 0.05mm and Zr metal with thickness of 0.1mm and 0.5 mm were used as the insert materials, in order to improve weldability. The specimens were mounted on the dies using a Gleeble thermal simulator, and then, flash butt welding was made. After welding, Zrbased metallic glass insert became much thinner than Zr metal insert. The super-cooled liquid in the interface protruded outside due to the superplastic deformation. The formation of the protrusion discharged the oxide films on the butting surfaces and contact surface; resulting in metallurgical bonding through the fresh surfaces. The Fe-Zr metallic compound for Zr-based metallic glass insert was hardly observed. The micro flash butt welding with metallic glass insert was successfully accomplished for super duplex stainless steel.

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Barbosa, Celso Antonio, and Alexandre Sokolowski. "Development of UNS S 32760 super-duplex stainless steel produced in large diameter rolled bars." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 66, no. 2 (June 2013): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0370-44672013000200010.

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Nowadays super-duplex stainless is an important material for the Oil and Gas industries, especially for off-shore production. In deep water exploitation the reliability of production system is very important. Corrosion resistance for pitting of the high alloyed duplex stainless steels with high Mo and N content has to be achieved even in large diameters bars. Therefore, the present work deals with an improved super-duplex stainless steel for the production of large diameter rolled 6bars up to 152.40 mm (6 inches). Among the main improvements, the corrosion resistance evaluated both by the chemical method according to the ASTM G-48 method, as well as electrochemical methods, was achieved. During the production of such large dimensions, the precipitation of inter-metallics and nitrides after cooling from high temperatures was studied by changing the chemical composition using Thermo-Calc and evaluating the new proposed chemical compositions. Several alloy compositions were laboratory scale cast, and the austenite/ferrite balance as well as PREN pitting resistance equivalent number content was correlated to the microstructure and the corrosion properties obtained. It was thus possible to determine the ideal chemical composition and define the new processing parameters to produce the UNS S32760 grade (4501) according to the Norsok standard. The new material properties produced in a production full scale heat are also presented.

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Fourlaris, G., T. Gladman, M. Maylin, R. Lane, and G. D. Papadimitriou. "TEM microscopical examination of the magnetic domain boundaries in a super Duplex austenitic-ferritic stainless steel." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 1016–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100167548.

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It is well known that, due to the good corrosion resistance certain grades of stainless steels have significant applications in marine environments. For the development of certain large naval structures, in addition to the good corrosion resistance, other requirements are imposed such as high strength and toughness coupled with suitable magnetic characteristics.It has been demonstrated in an earlier publication that significant improvements in the coercivity, maximum induction and remanence values can be achieved, by using a 2205 type Duplex austenitic -ferritic stainless steel (DSS) instead of the low alloy medium carbon steels currently being used. These improvements are achieved in the as received 2205 material, and after small amounts of cold rolling have been applied, to increase the strength. In addition, the modification of the duplex austenitic-ferritic microstructure, via a heat treatment route, results in a finer austenite ‘island’ dispersion in a ferritic matrix and provides an attractive option for further modification of the magnetic characteristics of the material.

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Jiang, D., N. Birbilis, C. R. Hutchinson, and M. Brameld. "On the Microstructure and Electrochemical Properties of Additively Manufactured Duplex Stainless Steels Produced Using Laser-Powder Bed Fusion." Corrosion 76, no. 9 (June 27, 2020): 871–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3571.

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The microstructure and electrochemical properties of additively manufactured 22Cr duplex stainless steel (DSS) and 25Cr super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) produced by laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF) are reported herein. The as-built microstructure is fully ferritic, while a 50/50 ferrite-austenite phase ratio was achieved by post heat treatment. The electrochemical response of DSS and SDSS prepared by L-PBF was investigated using cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP) tests in 0.6 M NaCl solution and compared with the wrought counterparts. Both 22Cr DSS and 25Cr SDSS prepared by L-PBF showed comparable electrochemical response to their corresponding wrought alloys at room temperature. The findings herein demonstrate the feasibility of additive manufacturing as applied to DSS.

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Zhou, Zhiliang, and Johan Löthman. "Dissimilar welding of super-duplex and super-austenitic stainless steels." Welding in the World 61, no. 1 (December 12, 2016): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-016-0408-7.

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Eghlimi, Abbas, Morteza Shamanian, Masoomeh Eskandarian, Azam Zabolian, and Jerzy A. Szpunar. "Characterization of microstructure and texture across dissimilar super duplex/austenitic stainless steel weldment joint by super duplex filler metal." Materials Characterization 106 (August 2015): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2015.05.017.

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Jia, L., X. Ren, and K. Zhang. "Study on the evaluation method for superplasticity of duplex stainless steel." Materiali in tehnologije 54, no. 1 (February 14, 2020): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17222/mit.2019.055.

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EL-Yazgi, A. A., and D. Hardie. "Stress corrosion cracking of duplex and super duplex stainless steels in sour environments." Corrosion Science 40, no. 6 (June 1998): 909–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-938x(98)00022-5.

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Björk, Timo, Heli Mettänen, Antti Ahola, Mari Lindgren, and Juuso Terva. "Fatigue strength assessment of duplex and super-duplex stainless steels by 4R method." Welding in the World 62, no. 6 (October 4, 2018): 1285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-018-0657-8.

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Shamanian, Morteza, Abbas Eghlimi, Masoomeh Eskandarian, and Jerzy A. Szpunar. "Interface microstructure across cladding of super duplex stainless steel with austenitic stainless steel buffer layer." Surface and Coatings Technology 259 (November 2014): 532–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.10.034.

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50

Szabracki, Pawel, and Tomasz Lipiński. "Effect of Aging on the Microstructure and the Intergranular Corrosion Resistance of X2CrNiMoN25-7-4 Duplex Stainless Steel." Solid State Phenomena 203-204 (June 2013): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.203-204.59.

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Stainless steels are used widely in many industries. A duplex microstructure offers a combination of advantages, including resistance to crevice and stress corrosion, reduced susceptibility to hot cracking in comparison with fully austenitic structures and excellent tensile strength. The paper discusses the effect of aging on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of X2CrNiMoN25-7-4 super duplex stainless steel. Low and predictable corrosion rate is an important parameter for steels operating in aggressive environments. Resistance to intergranular corrosion expressed by corrosion rate (mm/year) was determined in accordance with standard PN-EN ISO 3651-1. Metallographic studies were carried out to evaluate surface degradation and intergranular corrosion. The results support an evaluation of the impact that phase fraction changes caused by aging have on resistance to intergranular corrosion. The results of the corrosion analysis were used to develop mathematical models describing changes in corrosion rate over time for different phase fractions.

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