Relevant bibliographies by topics / Duplex stainless steels (DSS)

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Duplex stainless steels (DSS)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Duplex stainless steels (DSS)"

1

Breda, M., S. A. Ontiveros Vidal, Jacopo Basoni, and Irene Calliari. "Phases Quantification in Duplex Stainless Steels Weldments." Applied Mechanics and Materials 698 (December 2014): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.698.209.

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Duplex Stainless Steels (DSS) are very attractive steels and their application is presently of increasing interest, especially as structural materials in aggressive environments. DSS are austeno-ferritic biphasic steels, having an austenite-to-ferrite phase ratio of about one, giving the best combination of mechanical and corrosion-resistance properties. However, these steels must be handled with extreme care, especially if thermal cycles are involved, owing to the formation of dangerous secondary compounds that highly worsen their excellent properties.The production of big pipes requires manufacturing welding operations on steel plates or sheets and the final products must satisfy specific requirements in terms of material properties. DSS approximately contain equal volume fraction of the phases that, in practice, cover a slightly wider range within 40/60 and 60/40. Therefore, since DSS properties depend on phase ratio, ferrite quantification on an industrial scale represents a topic of great interest, which must be as reliable as possible and, at the same time, quickly executable.The present paper gives a comparison of different methods currently employed for ferrite determination in DSS weldments, in order to understand the limits derived from the specific employed technique.
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Chattoraj, Indranil. "Stress Corrosion Cracking of Duplex Stainless Steels." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 552–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.552.

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The relative superiority of duplex stainless steels (DSS) over austenitic grades with regards to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is discussed. The benefits of N to SCC resistance of DSS are provided. The selective dissolution of phases and its impact on corrosion SCC is reviewed. The hydrogen embrittlement of DSS is reviewed with emphasis on the ferrite participation, the role of environments and fracture morphology. The evolution of secondary phases and precipitates and the resultant change in corrosion resistance and SCC in DSS is discussed.
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3

Krolczyk, Grzegorz M. "Surface Morphology of Duplex Stainless Steel (DSS) in Dry Turning Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 693 (December 2014): 436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.693.436.

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Sustainable manufacturing in most developed countries is one of principal goals in today manufacturing industry. The reduction in use of oil-based CLFs is most ecologically important task of machining processes. The paper presents the contribution in engineering of surfaces particularly in surface morphology of Stainless Steels. The objective of the investigation was to determine the surface texture of duplex stainless steel after turning with coated carbide tool point. The investigation included geometrical parameters of Surface Integrity for different cutting parameters in dry turning process of duplex stainless steel.
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Penha, R. N., L. B. Silva, C. S. P. Mendonça, T. C. Moreira, and M. L. N. M. Melo. "Effect of ageing time on microstructure and mechanical properties of SAF 2205 duplex stainless steel." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 1, no. 91 (May 1, 2018): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1382.

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Purpose: SAF 2205 duplex stainless steels (DSSs) are materials characterized by a favourable combination of the properties of ferritic and austenitic stainless steels. This type of stainless steel presents good weldability, corrosion resistance especially for stress corrosion cracking (SCC). However, this steel presents an unavoidable disadvantage that is its potential microstructural instability. Although duplex stainless steels design idea is to present two main types of microstructure, other phases and carbides or nitrides can precipitate. In the case of DSS SAF 2205, in addition to austenitic and ferritic microstructure, during heat treatment processing, welding or use may occur precipitation of undesirable intermetallic phases such as chi, Widmanstätten austenite, sigma besides carbides and nitrides. The precipitation of s-phase is associated with effects that cause both reduction of toughness and decreases the corrosion resistance on austenitic, ferritic and duplex stainless steels. Design/methodology/approach: This study evaluated the aging treatment effect on hardness, impact toughness and ferrite content of a SAF 2205 duplex stainless steel. Samples were solubilized at 1150°C, quenched in water and aged at 850°C during 1, 5, 10, 30, 60 or 180 minutes. After aging, cooling was to room temperature in air. Findings: Aging time promoted s-phase precipitation and hardness increase. Hardness and ferrite volume measurements, microscopy and the prediction of sigma phase bases the discussion. Impact toughness decreased with time aging and intermetallic phase precipitation. Research limitations/implications: As future work could be performed some corrosion test, vary the cooling rate after aging, and using other techniques to identify phases. Focus the research at lower aging times to try the describe Cr partitioning process to form sigma phase. Practical implications: High aging time should be avoided for SAF 2205 DSS. Originality/value: Usually sigma-phase precipitation on DDS is correlated to welding process. This paper correlates it to aging heat treatment.
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Liu, Jie, Guang Wei Fan, Pei De Han, Jian Sheng Liu, Ji Qiang Gao, and Jian Feng Yang. "Effect of Nitrogen Content on the Hot Ductility during Hot Deformation of Stainless Steels." Materials Science Forum 620-622 (April 2009): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.620-622.161.

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Effects of nitrogen content on hot ductility of duplex stainless steels have been investigated. With the increase of nitrogen content in the duplex stainless steels, mechanical strength increased, while hot ductility and elongation decreased. With the same strain rates and deformation degree, the high nitrogen content led to the high optimum hot ductility temperature for the high nitrogen DSS alloy. These results indicated the importance of control over the shape and volume fraction of phases in duplex stainless steels to achieve the optimum hot ductility.
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Kotecki, Demian J. "Some pitfalls in welding of duplex stainless steels." Soldagem & Inspeção 15, no. 4 (December 2010): 336–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-92242010000400011.

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Duplex stainless steels (DSS, including super duplex stainless steels {SDSS}) have proven to be very useful engineering materials, albeit with somewhat different welding requirements than those of the more familiar austenitic stainless steels. Despite a generally good track record in welding of duplex stainless steels, certain pitfalls have been encountered with enough frequency that they deserve review. Inappropriate base metal specification often leads to unsuitable heat affected zone (HAZ) properties. Autogenous fusion zones are also of concern. This issue centers around nitrogen limits. The most frequently encountered is applying the UNS S31803 composition for 2205 DSS, instead of the S32205 composition. Inappropriate welding heat input arises most frequently with SDSS. While 0.5 to 1.5 kJ/mm is a normal heat input recommendation for SDSS, either a root pass or many small beads towards the low end of this heat input range tends to result in precipitation and/or secondary austenite formation in weld metal subjected to repeated thermal cycles from multiple weld passes. Inappropriate PWHT occurs when the enhanced nickel filler metals (typically 9% Ni) are used. DSS are not normally given PWHT, but extensive forming of heads, for example, or repair welding of castings, may require a postweld anneal. Specifications such as ASTM A790 and A890 call for annealing at 1040ºC minimum, and the fabricator tends to use temperatures close to that minimum. However, the enhanced nickel filler metals require higher temperatures to dissolve sigma phase that forms during heating to the annealing temperature.
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Veljkovic, Milan, and Jonas Gozzi. "Use of Duplex Stainless Steel in Economic Design of a Pressure Vessel." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 129, no. 1 (May 10, 2006): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2389034.

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Pressure vessels have been used for a long time in various applications in oil, chemical, nuclear, and power industries. Although high-strength steels have been available in the last three decades, there are still some provisions in design codes that preclude a full exploitation of its properties. This was recognized by the European Equipment Industry and an initiative to improve economy and safe use of high-strength steels in the pressure vessel design was expressed in the evaluation report (Szusdziara, S., and McAllista, S., EPERC Report No. (97)005, Nov. 11, 1997). Duplex stainless steel (DSS) has a mixed structure which consists of ferrite and austenite stainless steels, with austenite between 40% and 60%. The current version of the European standard for unfired pressure vessels EN 13445:2002 contains an innovative design procedure based on Finite Element Analysis (FEA), called Design by Analysis-Direct Route (DBA-DR). According to EN 13445:2002 duplex stainless steels should be designed as a ferritic stainless steels. Such statement seems to penalize the DSS grades for the use in unfired pressure vessels (Bocquet, P., and Hukelmann, F., 2001, EPERC Bulletin, No. 5). The aim of this paper is to present an investigation performed by Luleå University of Technology within the ECOPRESS project (2000-2003) (http://www.ecopress.org), indicating possibilities towards economic design of pressure vessels made of the EN 1.4462, designation according to the European standard EN 10088-1 Stainless steels. The results show that FEA with von Mises yield criterion and isotropic hardening describe the material behaviour with a good agreement compared to tests and that 5% principal strain limit is too low and 12% is more appropriate.
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Calliari, Irene, Manuele Dabalà, Emilio Ramous, and Giovanni Straffelini. "New Lean Duplex Stainless Steels for Structural Applications." Materials Science Forum 604-605 (October 2008): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.604-605.419.

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The continuous improvement of the applications of duplex stainless steels (DSS) is justified mainly by their excellent corrosion resistance in very aggressive environments and by their mechanical strength, often twice than that of conventional austenitic grades. Therefore more extensive applications have been suggested, like constructions, structural components, automotive applications, etc. However for such not advanced but quantitatively important applications the base cost of the alloy is one of the more constraining features. A way to obtain leaner alloys is to reduce the Ni content and to compensate with manganese and nitrogen additions. In the present paper the structural and mechanical properties of two low Ni duplex grades are analyzed in order to investigate the structural stability of the austenite against its possible transformation to martensite and the secondary phase’s precipitation. The detailed characterization has been performed with SEM-EDS on as received and heat treated (600-850 °C) alloys. A limited precipitation of chromium carbides and nitrides at the grain boundaries has been detected in both grades. The martensite formation has been revealed only in the 2101 grade. With regard to the impact toughness the behaviour of 2101 grade is quite similar to that of the common DSS, while in the 2304 the drastic drop of toughness is avoided. The corrosion behaviour of both grades in aggressive chloride environments is quite similar to that of austenitic AISI 304 grade.
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Fourlaris, G., and T. Gladman. "TEM examination of the magnetic domain boundaries in a duplex austenitic- ferritic stainless steel." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 1048–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100151076.

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Duplex austenitic- ferritic stainless steels (DSS) offer significant advantages when compared to standard austenitic stainless steels, in several areas of industrial applications, due to their higher mechanical strength, superior resistance to corrosion and a lower price because of their lower nickel content. Despite the extensive research carried out so far in the area of DSS the characterisation of their magnetic properties, under stress or under a static field, has attracted significantly less attention. This is contrary to the fact that in certain naval constructions the suitability of a given type of steel is judged not only by its tensile, impact, and corrosion properties but also by its magnetic behaviour.A 2205 type austenitic- ferritic DSS has been cold rolled to different cold rolling reductions, with an aim of achieving a 0.2 % proof strength of at least 700 MPa with an elongation value of greater than 20%.
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Jiang, D., N. Birbilis, C. R. Hutchinson, and M. Brameld. "On the Microstructure and Electrochemical Properties of Additively Manufactured Duplex Stainless Steels Produced Using Laser-Powder Bed Fusion." Corrosion 76, no. 9 (June 27, 2020): 871–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3571.

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The microstructure and electrochemical properties of additively manufactured 22Cr duplex stainless steel (DSS) and 25Cr super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) produced by laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF) are reported herein. The as-built microstructure is fully ferritic, while a 50/50 ferrite-austenite phase ratio was achieved by post heat treatment. The electrochemical response of DSS and SDSS prepared by L-PBF was investigated using cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP) tests in 0.6 M NaCl solution and compared with the wrought counterparts. Both 22Cr DSS and 25Cr SDSS prepared by L-PBF showed comparable electrochemical response to their corresponding wrought alloys at room temperature. The findings herein demonstrate the feasibility of additive manufacturing as applied to DSS.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Duplex stainless steels (DSS)"

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Arikan, Mehmet Emin. "Determination Of Susceptibility To Intergranular Corrosion Of Uns 31803 Type Duplex Stainless Steel By Electrochemical Reactivation Technique." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609886/index.pdf.

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In the present work the effect of isothermal ageing treatment on the microstructure and on the localized corrosion resistance of a duplex stainless steel (DSS) was investigated. Specimens taken from a hot rolled cylindrical duplex stainless bar with 22% Cr grade were solution annealed at 1050°
C and then sensitization heat treatments were conducted at 650, 725 and 800°
C with duration ranging from 100 to 31622 min. The microstructural changes were examined by the light optical microscopy (LOM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD technique and EDS analysis were used for microstructural evolution. Double Loop Electrochemical Potentiodynamic Reactivation (DLEPR) and standard weight loss immersion acid tests were performed in order to determine the degree of sensitization (DOS) to intergranular corrosion. The surfaces remained after the DLEPR test and the weight loss immersion test were also examined to observe the attack locations and their relationship with the chromium depleted zones. The degree of sensitization is measured by determining the ratio of the maximum current generated by the reactivation (reverse) scan to that of the anodic (forward) scan, (Ir/Ia) x 100. Ir is very small (less than 10-5 A/cm2) for solution annealed samples at 1050°
C for 1 hr and those aged at 650°
C for 100 and 316 min after the solution heat treatment, with the Ir/Ia ratios of 0.027634%, 0.033428% and 0.058928% respectively. Hence these samples were considered as unsensitized and their microstructure was composed of primary ferrite and austenite. However, Ir increased to values as high as 10-2 A/cm2 and even approached Ia for all samples aged for other temperatures and times, associated with high Ir/Ia ratios. The increased degree of sensitization can be attributed to stronger effect of chromium and molybdenum depleted areas. The microstructure was composed of primary ferrite and austenite including also sigma phase and the secondary austenite that would be responsible for the localized chromium impoverishment. The time required for sensitization was shorter in samples aged at higher temperatures. Accordingly ageing times of 1000 min at 725°
C and of 316 min at 800°
C were sufficient, whereas times longer than 10000 min was needed to achieve a sensitized structure at 650°
C.
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Giard, Baptiste, and Sofia Karlsson. "Machine learning for the prediction of duplex stainless steel mechanical properties : Hardness evolution under low temperature aging." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298415.

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Duplex stainless steels, DSS are stainless steels that consist of the two phases austenite and ferrite.  The DSS have superb properties and are widely used in industries such as nuclear power and in pressure vessels, pipes and in pipelines.  The use of DSS are limited due to embrittlement which occurs at temperatures from 250 to 550 oC. This imposes a general limited service temperature of 250 oC. The mechanism mainly responsible for the embrittlement is a phase separation occurring in the ferrite phase. Furthermore, there is a direct link between the phase separation and the mechanical properties:  the ferrite hardness increases whereas the toughness decreases under low temperature aging.  In this thesis, the low-temperature embrittlement of duplex stainless  steels  was  studied  through  machine learning  modelling  and  experimental hardness-  and  microscopy measurements.   The  resulting  model  describes  the  data with an accuracy, R-squared = 0.94.  In combination with the experimental results, nickel  was identified  as  an  important  parameter  for  the  hardness  evolution.   This work aims to provide a fundamental study for understanding the importance of alloying elements on the phase separation in DSS, and provides a new methodology via a combination of machine learning and key experiments for the material design.
Duplexa rostfria stål är rostfria stål som består av de båda faserna ferrit och austenit. De har extraordinära egenskaper och används brett inom industrin, t ex. i kärnkraftverk och  i  tryckkärl  och  pipelines.  Användningen av  duplexa  rostfria stål  är  begränsad p.g.a.  försprödning som uppstår i legeringarna vid temperaturer mellan 250-550 oC, vilket  medför  att  den  tillåtna  temperaturen  vid  användning  begränsas  till  under 250 oC.  Den  främsta  orsaken  till  försprödningen  är  en  fasseparation  i  den  ferrita fasen under åldring vid låg temperatur.  Vidare leder fasseparationen till mekaniska förändringar i ferritfasen: hårdheten  ökar  medan  segheten  minskar.   I  den här  rapporten  undersöks försprödningen  av  duplexa  rostfria  stål  vid  åldring  med hjälp av datormodellering med maskininlärning samt av experimentella hårdhets- och mikroskopiska  mätningar.   Modellen  hade  en  noggrannhet  (determinationsko- efficienten,  R2)  på  0.94.   Resultatet  från  modellen  visade  tillsammans  med de  experimentella  resultaten  att  nickel  är  ett  legeringsämne  som  har  stor betydelse  för hårdhetsökningen.  Detta  arbete  syftar  till  att  utgöra  en grundläggande  studie  för att förstå påverkan från olika legeringsämnen på fasseparationer i DSS, och bidrar med en ny metodik för materialdesign som kombinerar maskininlärning och utvaldaexperiment.
EIT RawMaterial Project ENDUREIT
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Baumhauer, Christophe. "Influence du niobium sur la microstructure et les propriétés d'usage des aciers inoxydables austéno-ferritiques (duplex)." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENI087/document.

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Les aciers inoxydables sont employés dans des secteurs d’activitéspour lesquels les caractéristiques mécaniques et la résistance à lacorrosion sont primordiaux. Les nuances austéno-ferritiques sansmolybdène (lean-duplex), ont une résistance à la corrosion et despropriétés mécaniques supérieures aux aciers inoxydables austénitiques.Cependant, leur usinabilité est inférieure à celle de leur homologueausténitique. Pour améliorer cette propriété des éléments peuvent êtreajoutés dans les nuances, tel que le niobium. L’objectif de cette étude estd’améliorer l’usinabilité des lean-duplex sans dégrader les autrespropriétés. Différentes teneurs en niobium ont été ajoutées dans un1.4362 pour comprendre comment cet élément affecte la microstructure,la résilience, et la résistance à la corrosion par piqûres. Ces résultatsvont permettre de définir une teneur en niobium optimale. Pour finir, desessais d’usinabilité et de résilience ont été effectués sur des couléesindustrielles de 1.4362 avec et sans niobium après divers traitementsthermiques pour comprendre l’influence d’un ajout de niobium sur cesdeux propriétés
Stainless steels are used in some industries requiring mechanicalproperties and corrosion resistance. Lean duplex have higher corrosionresistance and mechanical properties than the austenitic stainless steels.However, their machinability is below that of the corresponding austeniticstainless steels. To improve it, some elements can be added in thegrade, like niobium. The aim of this study is to increase machinability oflean duplex grades without degrading their other properties. Differentcontents of niobium were tested in a 1.4362 to understand how thiselement affects the microstructure, the toughness and the pittingcorrosion resistance. With these results optimum niobium content isdefined. Turning and toughness experiments were done on industrial1.4362 grades with and without niobium and with different heatstreatments in order to understand how niobium can influence theseproperties
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Garfias-Mesias, Luis Francisco. "Pitting corrosion of duplex stainless steels." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318008.

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Martin, Guilhem. "Hot workability of duplex stainless steels." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00721764.

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Les aciers inoxydables austéno-ferritiques présentent une microstructure biphasée dans laquelle se mêlent austénite et ferrite. Leurs caractéristiques mécaniques élevées ainsi que leur bonne tenue en corrosion en font un candidat sérieux pour remplacer les aciers inoxydables austénitiques. Malheureusement, la faible forgeabilité de ces alliages rend la fabrication de tôles particulièrement critique. En effet, le phénomène de " crique de rive " est fréquemment rencontré au cours des étapes du laminage à chaud. Par conséquent, cela nécessite des opérations supplémentaires comme le découpage des rives, ce qui aboutit à une augmentation des coûts de production. Les différents facteurs influençant la ductilité à chaud de ces aciers sont passés en revue afin d'identifier quels sont les zones d'ombres. La synthèse bibliographique révèle deux zones d'ombres : d'une part, le manque d'un essai de ductilité à chaud permettant de discriminer différentes microstructures en terme de résistance à la propagation de fissure à haute température ; et d'autre part l'absence de données quantitative concernant la partition de la déformation entre la ferrite et l'austénite lors des étapes de mise en forme à chaud. Le concept de travail essentiel de rupture a été appliqué à hautes températures. Il a été démontré que cette méthode est fiable et discriminante pour quantifier la résistance à la propagation de fissure à haute température. Elle permet également de générer un paramètre physique pertinent pour optimiser les microstructures par rapport à un mode de mise en forme donné. La technique conventionnelle de micro-grilles a été adaptée de manière à cartographier à haute température les déformations à l'échelle de la microstructure. Cette technique fournit en plus des résultats qualitatifs concernant les mécanismes de déformations, des données quantitatives à propos de la partition de la déformation entre la ferrite et l'austénite. Ces données peuvent être utilisées afin de valider les modèles qui prédisent le comportement à chaud des aciers duplex pendant les premières étapes du laminage à chaud. Les deux outils developpés au cours de cette étude permettent de donner des solutions pour éviter le phénomène de " crique de rives ".
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Soylu, B. "Phase tranformations in duplex stainless steels." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235281.

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Sharafi, Shahriar. "Microstructure of super-duplex stainless steels." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/221879.

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Lechartier, Audrey. "Influence de la transformation martensitique induite par la déformation sur le comportement mécanique d’aciers inoxydables duplex." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI107/document.

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Les aciers inoxydables duplex présentent une combinaison intéressante entre des propriétés mécaniques élevées, une faible conductivité thermique et un coût relativement faible. Ils sont couramment employés dans le domaine du bâtiment comme rond à béton, application qui requière notamment une résistance élevée (Rm > 950 MPa) et une ductilité importante (A% > 15). Cette thèse a pour objectif d’améliorer le compromis résistance / allongement, en développant de nouvelles nuances duplex présentant une transformation martensitique induite par la plasticité (effet TRIP) aux caractéristiques contrôlées. L’optimisation de ce compromis a nécessité en particulier une compréhension détaillée des mécanismes de transformation et de déformation plastique associés à chaque phase : la ferrite (BCC), l’austénite (FCC) et la martensite (BCC).L’influence de la transformation martensitique sur le comportement mécanique est étudiée pour quatre alliages duplex de stabilité variable de la phase austénitique en fonction de leur composition chimique. L’influence d’une microstructure multiphasée sur la cinétique de transformation est déterminée grâce à l’élaboration de trois nuances modèles représentant respectivement une nuance duplex et es deux compositions représentatives de ses constituants austénite et ferrite. L’utilisation de plusieurs techniques de caractérisation à différentes échelles a permis de décrire à la fois les mécanismes de transformation de phase et leur cinétique en fonction de la déformation, donnant ainsi accès à leur influence sur le comportement mécanique. L’étude des champs cinématiques a mis en évidence l’impact de la phase martensitique sur la répartition des déformations dans la microstructure multi-phasée. Finalement l’utilisation d’un modèle mécanique prenant en compte explicitement la transformation martensitique a permis de reproduire le comportement mécanique d’un alliage duplex
Duplex stainless steels offer an attractive combination of high mechanical properties, low thermalconductivity and a relatively low cost. They are increasingly used as structural materials such as inthe construction sector as concrete reinforcement bars, where both high strength (Rm > 900 MPa)and high elongation to failure (A% > 15 %) are required. This thesis aims at improving the strength/ elongation compromise by developing new duplex stainless steel compositions experiencing a wellcontrolledmartensitic transformation induced by plasticity (TRIP effect). The optimisation of thiscompromise has required a good understanding of the transformation mechanisms and of plasticdeformation associated with each phase : ferrite (BCC), austenite (FCC) and martensite (BCC).The influence of martensitic transformation on mechanical behavior has been studied in four duplexgrades of variable austenite stability as a function of their chemical composition. The influence ofmultiphase microstructure on martensitic transformation kinetics has been determined by makingthree alloys respectively representative of a duplex grade and its two constituents (austenite andferrite). Using multiple characterization techniques at different scales has allowed determiningboth the transformation mechanisms and its kinetics as a function of strain, giving thus accessto the influence of transformation on the mechanical behavior. The study of kinematic fields hashighlighted the impact of the martensitic phase on the distribution of deformations. Finally, theuse of a mechanical model taking explicitly into account the phase transformation has allowed theduplication of the mechanical behavior of a duplex stainless steel
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Sieurin, Henrik. "Fracture toughness properties of duplex stainless steels." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3964.

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Mohammed, Farej Ahmed. "Stress corrosion cracking in duplex stainless steels." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488331.

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Books on the topic "Duplex stainless steels (DSS)"

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Alvarez-Armas, Iris, and Suzanne Degallaix-Moreuil, eds. Duplex Stainless Steels. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118557990.

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Lyle, Fred F. Stress-corrosion cracking susceptibility of weldments in duplex stainless steels. St. Louis, Missouri: Materials Technology Institute of the Chemical Process Industries, 1989.

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Duplex Stainless Steels (1991 Beaune, France). Duplex Stainless Steels '91: 28-30 octobre 1991 Beaune Bourgogne, France. Zone Industrielle de Courtaboeuf, France: Éditions de physique, 1991.

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International Conference, Duplex Stainless Steels (4th 1994 Glasgow, Scotland). Papers presented at the fourth International Conference, Duplex Stainless Steels: Glasgow, Scotland, 13-16 November, 1994. Cambridge, England: Abington Publishing, 1995.

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Iris, Alvarez-Armas, and Degallaix-Moreuil Suzanne, eds. Duplex stainless steels. London: ISTE, 2009.

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Alvarez-Armas, Iris, and Suzanne Degallaix-Moreuil. Duplex Stainless Steels. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2013.

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Iris, Alvarez-Armas, and Degallaix-Moreuil Suzanne, eds. Duplex stainless steels. London: ISTE, 2009.

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Gunn, R. Duplex Stainless Steels. William Andrew Publishing, 1997.

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Alvarez-Armas, Iris, Suzanne Degallaix-Moreuil, Iris Alvarez-Armas, and Suzanne Degallaix-Moreuil. Duplex Stainless Steels. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2013.

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Iris, Alvarez-Armas, and Degallaix-Moreuil Suzanne, eds. Duplex stainless steels. London: ISTE, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Duplex stainless steels (DSS)"

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Aubin, Véronique, and Pierre Evrard. "Macro- and Micromodeling of the Monotonic and Cyclic Mechanical Behavior of a Forged DSS." In Duplex Stainless Steels, 303–38. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118557990.ch9.

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Falkland, M. L., M. Glaes, and M. Liljas. "Duplex Stainless Steels." In Uhlig's Corrosion Handbook, 695–706. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470872864.ch52.

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Gutierrez, Isabel, and Amaia Iza-Mendia. "Process: Hot Workability." In Duplex Stainless Steels, 1–46. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118557990.ch1.

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Armas, Alberto F. "Low-Cycle Fatigue at Intermediate Temperatures." In Duplex Stainless Steels, 339–66. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118557990.ch10.

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Akdut, Nuri. "Industrial Processing and Fatigue Response of DSSs." In Duplex Stainless Steels, 367–402. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118557990.ch11.

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Liljas, Mats, and Fredrik Sjöholm. "Applications." In Duplex Stainless Steels, 403–23. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118557990.ch12.

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Charles, Jacques. "Corrosion Resistance Properties." In Duplex Stainless Steels, 47–114. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118557990.ch2.

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Padilha, Angelo Fernando, and Ronald Lesley Plaut. "Phase Transformation and Microstructure." In Duplex Stainless Steels, 115–39. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118557990.ch3.

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Bonollo, Franco, Alberto Tiziani, and Paolo Ferro. "Welding Processes, Microstructural Evolution and Final Properties of Duplex and Superduplex Stainless Steels." In Duplex Stainless Steels, 141–59. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118557990.ch4.

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Pineau, André, and Jacques Besson. "Thermal Embrittlement of Cast Duplex Stainless Steels: Observations and Modeling." In Duplex Stainless Steels, 161–208. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118557990.ch5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Duplex stainless steels (DSS)"

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Iwamoto, Hiroyuki, and Fumiyoshi Minami. "Japanese Welding Guideline for Duplex Stainless Steels." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93022.

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Abstract A Japanese welding guideline for duplex stainless steels (DSSs)1) has been developed in a Sub-Committee of Chemical Plant Welding Research Committee in the Japan Welding Engineering Society. The guideline recommends 13 key points as a basis to prevent the unforeseen corrosion of weldments, which are based on practical experience in Japanese Oil & Gas and Chemical industries and similar published guidelines. The principal concept is how to obtain an acceptable ratio of ferrite/austenite phase balance along with no detrimental intermetallic compounds in the weld metal and heat affected zone. For the weld metal, consumable selection, the shielding and purging gas composition and weld heat input control are most critical. For HAZ, the nitrogen content of the base metal is most critical. This guideline is developed for DSS welders and welding engineers so as to understand the difference of DSS from standard austenitic stainless steel. This guideline is composed of three parts, the first is 13 basic recommendations, the second is to explain some technical aspects for these 13 key points and the third contains comprehensive data relating DSS base metal and weld metal including some important key points for each step of fabrication to understand the welding characteristics of DSS clearly. This paper introduces the basic 13 recommendations for guidance purpose in addition to the mandatory requirements of the construction code in Japan.
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Mameng, Sukanya Hägg, Andrew Backhouse, Jonathan McCray, Graham Gedge, and Ronny Södergren. "Duplex Stainless Steels as a Structural Material for Long Life Bridge Construction." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0595.

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<p>Structural duplex stainless steel (DSS) is being increasingly used in non-aesthetic and even non- visible structural elements in bridges to reduce the cost of in-service maintenance compared to use of carbon steel. Until recently, use of stainless steel in the built environment has been driven by architects seeking to develop aesthetically satisfying structures. There is now an emerging trend towards utilising the high corrosion resistance of DSS to reduce total life cycle costs. To validate the assumption that structural DSS are a durable solution, an in-service inspection of DSS in selected European bridges has been undertaken. This assessment has concluded that recently introduced EN 1993-1-4 Annex A 2015 is an appropriate selection tool for structural applications, although in some cases it was found to be somewhat conservative. Having confirmed DSS as a durable material, a case study of the use of DSS in the Söderström bridges in Stockholm is presented. To reduce life cycle costs, this project makes extensive non-visible use of a new DSS grade, EN 1.4662.</p>
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El-Demellawy, Mona A. "Characterization of Duplex Stainless Steel Weldments." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93167.

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Duplex Stainless Steels (DSS) have found widespread use in a range of industries, because of their high strength with high resistance to stress corrosion cracking and resistance to sensitization-induced intergranular corrosion. The more high alloyed grades [super DSS] are resistant to oxygenated or chlorinated seawater. Consequently, due to the stable mechanical and corrosion properties after thermal aging for long term service at temperatures below 400°C, duplex stainless steel is used in pipes and components in the primary cooling systems in the PWRs (Pressurized Water Reactors). The investigated material was DSS of grade {UNS S31803 (ASTM A790, ASTM 2205)} in the form of pipe. Each weldment specimen was heat treated at one of the following temperatures: 475°C, 600°C, 700°C, 850°C, 1050°C and 1150°C for 1 hour. The ferrite content and hardness tests were performed along the weldment. The impact test was performed according to the ASTM E23 and the examination of intergranular corrosion susceptibility was performed (ASTM A262 - Practice B). The microstructure investigation was carried out by using the light optical microscopy for etched specimens. The SEM with EDAX was used to detect the microstructural changes due to the heat treatment and after corrosion as well as within the fracture surface of the impact specimens. Slight changes were observed at 475 and 600 °C/1 h conditions as compared to the as received condition, while a little loss in ferrite content was observed at 700°C aging condition. This may be the result of precipitation of different types of secondary phases such as χ-phase, ζ-phase, carbides and nitrides. At 850°C, the observed great loss in ferrite content may be attributed to precipitation of σ-phase with large volume fraction. The solution treatment at 1050 °C/1h condition improved the ferrite content values as a result of decomposition of σ-phase. But the ferrite % value does not return back to its original value at the as received condition. On the other hand, when the solution treatment was done at 1150 °C/1h condition, the ferrite content continued to increase to the as received condition as a result of recovery of δ-ferrite inside the structure.
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Zheng, Chengsi, Gang Wang, Xiang Wu, and Zhibin Ai. "Failure Analysis of Duplex Stainless Steel in an Atmospheric Tower." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84348.

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An atmospheric tower head, manufactured using a clad plate of carbon steel + 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS), was reported to show clear cracks in the DSS layer after serving for four years at an atmospheric distillation unit of a refinery. The cracks propagated in a dendritic manner within the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and the weld metal, accompanying locations with a higher hardness than that of locations without cracks. Some nondestructive methods were used to analyze the chemical composition, microstructure, hardness of the base metal, HAZ and weld metal. An analysis based on these results and the statistical data of an HCl-H2S-H2O corrosion environment was proposed to explain the formation of cracks from the viewpoint of physical metallurgy. The analysis showed that there were conditions favorable for the precipitation of the sigma (σ) phase in the DSS layer during the manufacturing process of the head, resulting in the occurrence of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in the DSS layer under the harsh HCl-H2S-H2O environment. Moreover, some solutions, i.e., the enhancement of anticorrosion measures, the optimized microstructure of the DSS, and modified welding parameters were recommended to avoid a similar failure.
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Shitamoto, Hidenori, Masayuki Sagara, Hisashi Amaya, Nobuyuki Hisamune, Daisuke Motoya, and Yuuki Watatani. "Effect of Reeling Simulation on the Mechanical Properties of New Duplex Stainless Steel for Line Pipe." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23694.

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Corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs) such as martensitic and duplex stainless steels (DSS) are used as a flow line material in corrosive wet gas environments (i.e., carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide environments). A new DSS which consists of 25mass%Cr - 5mass%Ni - 1mass%Mo - 2.5mass%Cu has been developed for line pipe usage in slightly sour environments. There are several methods currently being used to install offshore oil and gas pipelines. The reel-lay process is fast and one of the most effective offshore pipeline installation methods for seamless, ERW, and UOE line pipes with outside diameters of 18 inches or less. In the case of the reel-laying method, line pipes are subjected to plastic deformation multiplication during reel-laying. Thus, it is important to understand the change of the mechanical properties of line pipes before and after reel-laying. In this study, full-scale reeling (FSR) simulations and small-scale reeling (SSR) simulations were performed to investigate the effect of cyclic deformation on the mechanical properties of the new DSS for line pipe. Furthermore, investigation of the most susceptible temperature range to cracking and sulfide stress cracking (SSC) tests were performed in slightly sour conditions.
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Wang, Xiaoyan, Lei Zhang, Xianren Kuang, and Minxu Lu. "Microstructure and Galvanic Corrosion of Dissimilar Weldment Between Duplex Stainless Steel UNS 31803 and X80 Steel." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-80203.

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Kela-2 Gas Field is the main supply for the West-East Gas Pipeline which runs across China with length of 4000 kilometers. Natural gas from Kela-2 contains CO2/H2S sour components and 10% condensation water, which makes the medium present very strong corrosivity. In avoidance of corrosion failure, DSS UNS S31803 line pipes were introduced to transmit the gas from the Gas Field to gathering center and processing factory. And it is the first time DSS pipes which is totally about 13km were widely used in oil and gas pipeline around the world. As it is known, DSS UNS S31803 pipes and traditional linepipes X80 were welded together between the gathering lines and mainline. Duplex stainless steel (DSS) UNS S31803 and X80 were welded by metal inertia gas welding (MIG) with consumable ER2209, and the joints take on good mechanical properties. The type II boundary close to the fusion boundary at the carbon steel side was observed by SEM. Obvious concentration gradient of Ni and Cr was observed in the region between the two boundaries, where the hardness was much higher. The weld metal with columnar and some polygonal ferrites take on good passivation against test solution. The heat affected zone beside the X80 base material is mostly granular bainite, some polygonal ferrites and few MA, X80 base material present obvious rolling state, the microstructure of which is the same to X80 heat affected zone, but the level of crystal size reach to 11.6. The corrosion behavior of them dosen’t have any difference, but the corrosion potential of X80 HAZ is much higher than X80 BM, about 50 mv, the corrosion rate of X80 HAZ is also much higher than X80 base material. Potential curves of different weldment regions were also studied in 3.5% NaCl solution and 3.5% NaCl solution with saturated CO2. Galvanic corrosion behavior of weld metal and X80 steel was also tested and the conclusion is: The cathode reaction is controlled by oxygen diffusion, and when area ratio S (S = Ac / Aa, Ac is the area of DSS WM, Aa is the area of X80 BM) increases, corrosion current of X80 is enhanced rapidly, which is called “gathering principle”. When the weld metal and X80 coupled, cathode has much higher polarization potential and is protected completely.
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Johnsen, Roy, Ba˚rd Nyhus, and Stig Wa¨stberg. "Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking (HISC) of Stainless Steels Under Cathodic Protection in Seawater: Presentation of a New Test Method." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79325.

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There has been an increasing trend in the use of stainless steel alloys instead of carbon steel for subsea flowlines and production systems during the last 15 years in the oil industry. Even if this normally is a more robust solution compared to the use of carbon steel insofar as internal corrosion problems are concerned, the use of stainless steels has led to leakage, production shutdown and expensive repair work. The reported failures were associated with hydrogen entrapment resulting from welding and/or external cathodic protection (CP), combined with a certain stress/strain level. Atomic hydrogen entering the alloy can weaken the mechanical strength of the alloy, cause cracks and destroy the integrity of equipment or a system. Such failures attributed to hydrogen induced stress cracking (HISC) are clearly not acceptable from the perspective of safety, environmental hazard and cost. Leading oil and engineering companies and supplier industry have pointed out HISC as one of the major obstacles against safe operation of stainless steel subsea pipelines and production systems. It is important for the oil industry to have design guidelines and reliable test method(s) for qualification and safe utilization of subsea pipelines and components made from the actual stainless steels. This paper describes a test method that has been developed through a Joint Industry Project (JIP) executed by SINTEF and Det Norske Veritas (DNV) with support from leading oil companies and material suppliers. The method has been qualified for use on 13% Cr super martensitic (SMSS) and 22% Cr / 25% Cr duplex stainless steels (DSS/SDSS). The link to DNV-RP-F112 [1] will also be described.
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He, Mei, John Lippold, Boian Alexandrov, and Jorge Penso. "Evaluation of the Susceptibility of Duplex Stainless Steel 2205 to Hydrogen Assisted Cracking in REAC Systems." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63927.

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Duplex stainless steel (DSS) is one material choice to fabricate the reactor effluent air cooler (REAC) of hydrocracker units in order to improve the performance and service lifetime of these units. Unfortunately, several failures from around the world have been reported in REAC units constructed of DSS, some within five years of service. Based on failure analysis reports, the failures were generally associated with welded joints and were caused by crevice/pitting corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. Given the condition of hydrogen-rich environment, high-pressure process fluid, and service temperature, this type of cracking is most likely a form of hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC). It is highly influenced by phase balance (ferrite/austenite) after welding and welding procedures, with high levels of ferrite in the weld metal or HAZ increasing the susceptibility to HAC. In this study, different weld metal phase balances were prepared by autogenous gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). The delayed hydrogen cracking test (DHCT) was used to evaluate the effects of the weld phase balance on the susceptibility to HAC in DSS 2205 welds. Using this approach, weld metal ferrite levels on the order of 90 vol% ferrite led to very rapid failure, while reducing the ferrite level to approximately 60 vol% greatly increased resistance to HAC.
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Zheng, Chengsi, Qingnan Fei, Weihai Kong, and Zhibin Ai. "Effect of Pre-Strain and Aging Heat Treatment on the Corrosion Behavior for 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel in 6% FeCl3 Solution." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93244.

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Abstract A 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) was pre-stretched to 5% and subsequently aged at 850 °C for 0–120 minutes, to explore the effects of pre-strain and aging treatment on the corrosion behavior of the DSS in 6% FeCl3 solution at 50 °C for 72 hours. The microstructure, hardness and corrosion behavior of the pre-strained and aged DSS were investigated based on statistical data and physical metallurgy in comparison with the counterparts without pre-strain. The results showed that the sigma (σ) phase precipitated firstly in δ-ferrite grain boundaries and then in δ-ferrite/γ-austenite (δ/γ) phases boundaries by consuming the volume fraction of δ-ferrite. The volume fraction of σ phase in the DSS with and without pre-strain increased with increasing aging times following a classical Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) relationship, and the kinetics of the precipitation of σ phase was accelerated by pre-strain throughout the aging time of 60–120 min. The hardness of the non-pre-strained DSS (NP-DSS) was lower than that of pre-strained DSS (P-DSS) throughout 0–120 min at 850 °C. The hardness of NP-DSS increased continuously with increasing aging time, and the hardness of P-DSS decreased firstly and then increased continuously with increasing aging time. The aged NP-DSS displayed a gradually serious pitting with increasing aging time, and the corresponding corrosion behavior of the aged P-DSS exhibited pitting firstly and then mainly cracking, and the pitting occurred in the vicinity of δ/σ and γ/σ boundaries.
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Payares, Mari´a Carolina, and Minerva Dorta Almenara. "Mathematical Expression for the Prediction of Penetration in Butt Joints for Duplex Stainless Steel SAF-2205." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43600.

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In order to understand the mechanism of weld bead formation, a relationship between arc welding parameters and weld bead geometry must be established. This relationship is also necessary to forecast penetration variables allowing to optimize welding parameters for particular applications. Specifically in duplex stainles steel SAF-2205 welding, the influence of arc current, arc voltage and welding speed on the penetration have been empirically studied. In this research, using a multiple linear regression method, the statistical analyses produced twelve (12) potential function dependent of these welding parameters that determines the weld bead geometry in butt joints of DSS SAF 2205 using GAs Metal Arc Welding process. the mathematical model gave as a result, a very approximate contour of the weld bead geometry between the established ranges of welding parameters used. Also, the influence of these variables on the weld panetration is studied, providing with new evidence in stainless steel welding.
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Reports on the topic "Duplex stainless steels (DSS)"

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Kim, Yoon-Jun. Phase Transformations in Cast Duplex Stainless Steels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/837274.

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Wen, Songqing, Carl, W. Lundin, and Greg, W. Batten. Final Report, Volume 1, Metallurgical Evaluation of Cast Duplex Stainless Steels and their Weldments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/861365.

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Wen, Songqing, Carl, W. Lundin, and Greg, W. Batten. Final Report, Volume 1, Metallurgical Evaluation of Cast Duplex Stainless Steels and their Weldments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/861930.

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Aldykiewicz, A., and H. S. Isaacs. Characterization of the corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steels using local current density mapping techniques. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10132135.

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Moser, Robert, Preet Singh, Lawrence Kahn, Kimberly Kurtis, David González Niño, and Zackery McClelland. Crevice corrosion and environmentally assisted cracking of high-strength duplex stainless steels in simulated concrete pore solutions. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41620.

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This paper presents a study of crevice corrosion and environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) mechanisms in UNS S32205 and S32304 which were cold drawn to tensile strengths of approximately 1300 MPa. The study utilized a combination of electrochemical methods and slow strain rate testing to evaluate EAC susceptibility. UNS S32205 was not susceptible to crevice corrosion in stranded geometries at Cl⁻ concentrations up to 1.0 M in alkaline and carbonated simulated concrete pore solutions. UNS S32304 did exhibit a reduction in corrosion resistance when tested in a stranded geometry. UNS S32205 and S32304 were not susceptible to stress corrosion cracking at Cl⁻ concentrations up to 0.5 M in alkaline and carbonated solutions but were susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement with cathodic overprotection.
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Chopra, O. K. Long-term embrittlement of cast duplex stainless steels in LWR systems. Semiannual report, April--September 1992: Volume 7, No. 2. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10176200.

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Chopra, O. Long-term embrittlement of cast duplex stainless steels in LWR systems. Semiannual report, October 1991--March 1992: Volume 7, No.1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10162138.

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Ankem, Sreeramamurthy, Daniel E. Perea, R. Prakash Kolli, Sarah Mburu, and Samuel C. Schwarm. DE-NE0000724 - Research Performance Final Report - Investigation of Thermal Aging Effects on the Evolution of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cast Duplex Stainless Steels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1413256.

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