Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Durabilité naturelle'
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Faraji, Farshid. "Etude de la durabilité d'un composite multicouche en mélange de placages de durabilités variables." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001664.
Full textFaraji, Farshid. "Etude de la durabilité d'un composite multicouche en mélange de placages de durabilité variable." Paris, ENGREF, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENGR0004.
Full textNowadays, under growing environmental pressure, it is necessary to find alternatives to reduce the environmental impact of chemically treated wood and wood-based panels. In respect to this necessity we have evaluated the natural durability of mixed plywood composed of naturally durable plies (cypress, cedar and chestnut heartwood) and non-durables plies (poplar, beech, cypress and cedar sapwood) against wood destroying fungi (Coriolus versicolor and Coniophora puteana) and termites (Reticulitermes santonensis). The thickness of plies (1. 3 and 2. 6 mm), the percentage of durable plies and non durable plies (40% and 60%), the number of plies (5 and 9) and finally the modality of integration of durable plies to non durable plies (11 different symmetrical combinations) in each mixed panel were studied as variable factors. Ultrasonic (non destructive) and indentation (semi destructive) methods were assessed to evaluate the presence and the extend of decay in pure and mixed plywood both as rapid methods in comparison with the biological assessment based on mass loss (according to the ENV12038). Shear test was also performed before and after exposition to fungi as a reference mechanical property of plywood in order to evaluate the relationship between the mass loss and the level of shear strength decrease after fungal degradation. The results obtained have shown that mixing durable plies with non durable plies improves the natural durability of plywood against fungi. Nevertheless, the shear test after fungal degradation revealed that the decrease of shear strength in mixed plywoods is closer to the decrease observed for the non durable pure plywoods than for the pure durable plywoods. These results signify that there is a localised attack in the non durable plies of the mixed plywoods. The localised mass loss of non durable plies of mixed plywoods is better correlated to the decrease of shear strength than the classical mass loss (total) of the plywoods. The plywoods the most resistant against fungi were found amongst the different mixed plywoods made of cypress sapwood and heartwood, and some models were found resistant to termite attack as well. The resistant panels to both fungi and termites had durable plies in exterior faces. The presence of intact thick sapwood plies in mixed cypress plywoods shows a protective effect (against termite attack) from the durable plies. The indentation test (the measurement of energy before and after degradation) in comparison with the ultrasonic test (the measurement of velocity before and after degradation) showed the better correlation to the mass loss. In addition the indentation test can also be used to determine the gradient of mass loss and the threshold of rupture when decay takes place in the non durable plies situated under the durable exterior plies
Medzegue, Marcel Joachim. "Etude comparative des bois d'Okoumé (Aucoumea Klaineana P. ) issus des plantations et de la forêt naturelle : anatomie, durabilité naturelle." Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13393.
Full textNiamké, Florence Bobolé. "Recherche des déterminants biochimiques de la durabilité naturelle du bois de teck (Tectona grandis)." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20046.
Full textTeak (Tectona grandis) wood natural durability is a property which can vary with genotype and environmental factors. The implication of quinonic extractives in the property of natural durability is controversial. Using a quantitative approach including biological and technological conducted on air-dried wood samples, this thesis aimed to search chemical attributes of natural durability. We first demonstrated that osidic forms stored in the sapwood were transformed into quinone derivative. We have characterized two compounds the forsythoside B, a trisaccharide of cafeic acid in the sapwood and in the heartwood, the 4',5'-dihydroxy(epi)isocatalponol that were identified for the first time in teakwood. The latter compound exhibited strong fungicidal activity against Trametes versicolor indicating that its direct implication in decay resistance of teak wood. We have shown that compounds from naphthoquinones metabolism were involved in decay resistance of teak wood against Trametes versicolor and Poria placenta. The mechanisms of sugars transformation may indicate the natural durability level of sustainable species. There these new data will contribute to improve the wood quality that ensures the perennity of trees
Flora, Claudiane. "Origine et prédiction de la variabilité de la durabilité naturelle chez Dicorynia guianensis Amsh." Thesis, Guyane, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018YANE0001/document.
Full textAngélique (Dicorynia guianensis Amsh.) is a tree species in French Guiana that is heavily exploited for its wood, but it is known to have variable natural durability, which can be of severe consequences for the user. In this thesis we wanted to understand the origin of the natural durability of Angelique heartwood in order to understand its variability, to beter predict it. This multidisciplinary work combines wood sciences, natural products chemistry and microbiology. First, we implemented a sampling strategy based on the architectural profile of tree individuals to understand the variability of natural durabilityn which was confirmed by biological assays. We then assessed the influence of potential natural durability factors that we measured in the wood samples. As such, the role of metabolies was investigated using targeted and untargeted metabolomics, coupled with a dereplication strategy. Lignin and infradensity have also been tested as factors of durability for Angelique heartwood. Finally, factors that are related to tree ontogeny have been taken into account and the results highlight the importance of the stage development and the environment of tree individuals. Lastly, we have proposez esasy, fast and reliable spectroscopie tools (medium and near infrared) to predict the nartural durability. These results are encouraging and suggest their potential use by the timber industry to predict durability of Angélique heartwood
Souza, Rodrigues Alice Maria de. "Analyse et valorisation bioinspirée des métabolites secondaires à l'origine de la durabilité naturelle des bois exploités de Guyane française." Antilles-Guyane, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AGUY0348.
Full textCommercial forest in French Guiana focuces on few local species known for their high natural durability, therefore endangering exploited populations renewal. Natural durability is the intrinsic wood resistance to biodegradation ; it is linked, among others, to the presence of extractible compounds that are not linked to the lihnocelluloses matrix. In this context nineteen species capable of producing a biodegradation resistant wood have been extracted and the fungicite and termicide eight extracts have been evaluated. These preliminary results motivated the choice of eight extracts obtained from eight different species. The capability of these extracts for protecting non-durable woods was evaluated for woods exposed to risk factors (fungi and termites). Extracts from Bagassa guianensis, Tabebuia serratifolia, Qualea rosea and Sextonia rubra were the most efficient against fungal degradation, and the last cited was also active against termites. Fractionation of S. Rubra wood extract allowed us to identify two active compounds, rubrenolide and rubrynolide, each being responsible for the antifungal and the termicide antivity of the extract, respectively. In the same way, it was possible to identify sativane, maackiain, medicarpin, biochanin A, bolusantin IV, dihydroformononetin and liquiritigenin from Andira surinamensis wood ethyl acetate extract. The first five compounds presented promising antifungal activities, especially against yeasts Candida albicans, C. Glabrata and C. Parapsilisis
Bopenga, Christ Stone Arnaud Bopenga. "Valorisations potentielles des substances extractibles et étude de la composition chimique en relation avec la durabilité naturelle du noisetier du Gabon, Coula edulis Baill." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0075.
Full textThe general objective of this study was to enhance the quality of C. edulis wood while being on the lookout for new biocidal compounds that can be used in fields such as the food industry, cosmetics, wood preservation, etc… Several experiments have been carried out for this. The results of the study on the intra-tree variability of the chemical composition showed that only the extractive content varies considerably radially and axially, on the other hand that of the chemical composition remained relatively constant, with a slight decrease upwards. No significant difference in chemical composition was observed between the different logs. The results on the characterization and the various analyzes of extractives have shown that the extractives content varies with the part of the wood species studied, the solvent and the extraction method used. The extractives content in the bark are higher than in the heartwood and sapwood. Fatty acids such as hexadecanoic acid and trans-9-Octadecenoic acid and terpene compounds such as stigmasterol and β-Sitosterol have been identified as the majority of less polar extracts. Sugars and especially phenolic compounds such as gallic acid and ellagic acid have been identified as the majority of polar extracts. C.edulis wood has shown very good resistance to fungi and termites. The low-polar bark extract and all polar extracts have shown interesting and more important antifungal activities on brown rot fungi than on white rot fungi. The best anti-termite activities have been obtained with extracts from the bark of C. edulis. The best antioxidant activities were recorded with the polar extracts of the bark but especially with that of the heartwood of C. edulis which approximate the values of the antioxidant activities of catechin and BHT, used as positive controls in this study
Ella, Nkogo Ley-Fleury. "Caractérisation des extractibles des bois de Petersianthus macrocarpus et Letestua durissima : une approche multicritère pour comprendre leur durabilité naturelle et explorer de nouvelles opportunités de valorisation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LORR0087.
Full textThis study focused on two main axes : the characterization and study of the properties of extractable substances from two secondary species of the Gabonese forest with a view to possible valorization, Letestua durissima and Petersianthus macrocarpus, as well as the analysis of the factors influencing the natural durability of wood. The research began with successive extractions by maceration and Soxhlet (using cyclohexane, dichloromethane, acetone, toluene/ethanol mixture and water) of the bark, sapwood and heartwood. The results revealed high concentrations of extractables, particularly in the barks of both species, with phytochemical analysis highlighting the presence of various chemical families such as phenolic compounds, fatty acids, terpenes and terpenoids. Infrared analyzes confirmed the presence of these compounds. Additionally, the use of GC-MS and LC-MS allowed us to identify compounds such as catechin, gallocatechin, gallic acid, vanillin, etc. promising against brown and white rot fungi, as well as antibacterial activity, particularly against Escherichia coli, with Letestua durissima extracts particularly standing out. The extracts also showed anti-termite properties. Finally, a broader study concerning the study of different factors influencing the natural durability of wood highlighted a strong correlation between parameters such as density, humidity rate, wettability, extract rate and sugar/lignin ratio and sustainability
Mbakidi-Ngouaby, Henri. "Métabolites de Pseudotsuga menziesii : approche métabolomique et rôle dans la résistance." Thesis, Limoges, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0056/document.
Full textFor the identification and access to secondary metabolites of Douglas-fir, the optimization of the extraction conditions was carried out in different solvents. The identification of compounds by LC-MS / MS was favored. LC-ESI-MS / MS analysis of thewood extracts from the three zones was carried out to identify the different groups of metabolites present in each zone. About fifty metabolites have been identified. The most representative groups of metabolites are polyphenols and terpenes, which are said to have antioxidant, antifungal properties that are at origin of the natural durability of wood. In a second step, the relative quantification of metabolites of interest was carried out using wood samples taken during the 4 seasons of the year. The results showed that duramen was the richest metabolite area in any season. However, the amount of each metabolite varies differently depending on the season. For a majority of quantified compounds, spring and summer are the seasons in which wood accumulates a large amount of metabolites. These results confirm that the duramen is the area richest in protective metabolites. This information can be useful for selecting the most resistant lines and improving the natural durability of wood
Amusant, Nadine. "Durabilité naturelle et couleur des bois de Guyane : mesure, variabilité, déterminisme chimique : applications à Dicorynia guianensis (Angélique), Sextonia rubra (Grignon), Eperua falcata (Wapa) et Eperua grandiflora (Wapa courbaril)." Paris, ENGREF, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENGRA001.
Full textThere is a great variability of durability of tropical species against decay, which should be controlled to increase utilisations, especially in Guyana. This thesis deals with two topics : what are the structures of intraspecific variability (inter and intra-tree) of resistance to basidiomycetes fungus on some durable and very variable species? What is the role of the various extractives on natural durability thought the example of close species (Eperua falcata and Eperua grandiflora), that have not the same durability (respectively very durable, durable and variable). The wood resistance to fungi decay was studied from different kinds of tests. In the stem, the natural durability is little influenced by height, but decreases from the outermost heartwood to the innermost heartwood. There is a significant but not very narrow correlation between colour of wood and natural durability. Durability of Angelique is related to the "a*" parameter (axis red-green of system CIELAB). In the same way for Wapa courbaril, trees with highest values of "a*" are more resistant. Lastly, by using chemical analysis and in-vivo bioassays, we found that only diterpenoïc compounds from Wapa presented an antifongic activity. While the polyphenolic compounds for the same species play an important role in the mecanism of natural durability for both species. Theses analysis are helpful to explain the structures of variability of durability and colour observed in Eperua grandiflora
Zombré, Wendlamita. "Durabilité des matériaux composites dans un environnement Génie Civil : expérimentation multi-échelle et analyse statistique." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1106/document.
Full textOur thesis is part of this MICRO project "Innovative Composite Materials for the Repair of Structures: Reliability approach of the dimensioning for their requalification and the prediction of their durability". Final objective of the thesis is to understand the problem of sustainability through a multi-scale phenomenological experimental approach and to propose probabilistic life-time models. So, we defined the methodology of our study, as well as the methods, materials and analysis techniques. The study material is a non-equilibrium (70% / 30%) unbalanced bidirectional carbon / epoxy that is crosslinked at room temperature and made by hand layup process. Six hygrothermal aging obtained by crossing between temperatures (20°C, 40°C and 60°C) and humidities (50%, 75% and immersion) at various times were carried out during the study. After identifying the various indicators, we carried out physicochemical analyzes (absorption-desorption, DSC, TMA, Infrared, DMA and Tomography) as well as a follow-up of the mechanical characteristics (tensile, interlaminar shear, pull-out and double shear). These indicators were analyzed statistically to more rigorously validate the trends that were observed. The monitoring of mechanical performance indicators by accelerated aging was carried out and then compared to 1 year of natural aging. The antagonism of the various mechanisms of damage has been demonstrated in the case of simple traction and interlaminar shear. It appears that plasticization is the mechanism that most affects the performance of carbon / epoxy composites. For high temperatures, it appears that post-cure by densifying the network has improved interfacial cohesion, which has inhibited the impact of thermal degradation on mechanical performance. Comparing with natural aging, it was noted that aging in an aqueous condition was more generally degrading and aqueous conditions accelerated well the degradation in a natural environment. In particular, the trends observed do not follow evolutions that permit to write simplified prediction models. The quality of the composite / concrete adhesion was evaluated by pull-out tests. The strong disparities between the results make the analysis delicate. But it has been shown that the post-cure seems to improve the cohesion whereas the plasticization is very harmful for the stability of the bonded joints accelerating excessively the degradation in comparison to the natural aging. This instability has also been proven by the double shear tests where the delamination was observed from the first maturities of aging. The anchor length is reduced and a time-sensitive model has been proposed for the selected aging condition (60°C-immersion). On the other hand, this plasticization softens the failure due to the increased deformability of the joint. In this environmental condition, the monitoring of the elastic limit stress seems to be a relevant indicator for the monitoring of the durability because it simulates the natural aging with reasonable differences. The last part of our work consisted in the proposal of a statistical treatment of the data in order to validate firstly the trends observed experimentally, to bring more information and to discuss on the choice of the models of prediction. Although, physical model is very appreciated by the community, it is not systematically applicable. Indeed, it assumes degenerative performance, which in practice is not the case. A physical approach has been proposed on the refined database in order to respect the writing conditions of the model (degenerative trends). The model chosen to predict the ultimate tensile strength is conservative but applicable for reliability studies. Bayesian enrichment can be used to demonstrate the advantage it can confer in reliability studies
Se, Golpayegani Motamedi Aida. "Caractérisation du bois de Mûrier blanc (Morus alba L.) en référence à son utilisation dans les luths Iraniens." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20157.
Full textThis work aims at studying the several divers properties (Physico-mechanical, biological and chemical) of white Mulberry (Morus alba L.), as the leading material used in fabrication of Iranian lutes. The vibrational characteristic of this species is measured in relation with secondary metabolites (extractives) as well as three artisanal hygro-thermal treatments adapted to laboratory scale.White Mulberry wood is characterized with a moderate specific modulus, less than expected damping and a low anisotropy between three directions. It is specified that this species cannot be described with the same standards as other woods used in European classical instruments. Using independent and successive extractions reveal that two types of extraneous compounds govern the damping in this wood, some raising it, when the rest have a decreasing effect. These compounds are not all extractable by the same solvents.Long time immersion in water at ambient temperature hardly changes mechanical properties of the species, however, it can leave wood with irreversible defects. Hot water treatment at 70°C results for damping and moduli to be increased and decreased respectively. These changes are time related. Several mild desorption and adsorption cycles, seem to reduce damping without greatly endangering the moduli. White Mulberry wood is found to be very durable towards fungi, even in extreme conditions. Water leaching seems to be affectless on this species resistance towards basidiomycetes. This wood is rated moderately durable towards termites and becomes sensible after water leaching. Extractives seem to play important role in this wood natural resistance, as they are found to have toxic effect on termites. Resorcinol, a phenol, is the leading compound in the extractives of white Mulberry. Fatty acids, sterols, higher hydrocarbons, and aromatic compounds are also found as the constituents of secondary metabolites. Resorcinol is documented to cause irritations close to what is normally experienced by the fabricants working with white Mulberry for a long time
Edjossan-Sossou, Abla Mimi. "Méthodologie d’aide à la décision pour une gestion durable des risques d’origine naturelle en contexte incertain." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0291/document.
Full textNatural hazard risk management is a major strategic challenge for territorial authorities because of the potential adverse effects on their development that arise from the occurrence of such a kind of risks. With a view to sustainably managing these risks, the development of multicriteria decision-support methods and tools to evaluate the sustainability of risk management strategies is an interesting and topical research subject. The main underlying challenges of sustainability assessment are to define a theoretical framework that will enable assessing the sustainability, and to take into account inherent uncertainties that could derive from various sources (input data, methodological choices, dynamics of the context, etc.), and that could potentially influence the relevance of assessment results. Hence, there is a need to develop a methodology for handling uncertainties in the decision-making process in order to provide decision-makers with the most relevant results. The present research introduces an overall decision-support methodology for assessing the sustainability of risk management strategies that relies on the concept of sustainable development and includes a set of criteria and indicators for reporting on the technical, economic, societal, environmental as well as institutional outcomes of the strategies. Data uncertainties are quantified using probabilistic (Monte Carlo simulations) or possibilistic (possibility theory) approach, and are propagated along the evaluation process through interval arithmetic operations. Beyond that, a computational tool was designed to simulate, in a deterministic or uncertain way, various types of flood damages at a municipality scale. These contributions were applied to a case study regarding flood risk management in Dieulouard, which consists of comparing three management strategies (respecting constructive constraints for new buildings in hazard prone areas fixed by the flood risks prevention plan, constructing a dyke as a collective defence infrastructure, implementing individual protective measures for all buildings in hazard prone areas). This application demonstrates the practicality of the methodology, and highlights prospects for future works
Chlela, Robert. "Durabilité d'un système composite biosourcé (matrice époxy-fibres de lin) pour applications de renforcement structural : approches expérimentale et fiabiliste." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2076.
Full textIn France, the built heritage of civil engineering and building structures is vast and ageing. Recent reports prepared by experts highlight this alarming situation and point out the need to significantly increase the resources allocated to the rehabilitation of this heritage. In this context, structural reinforcement by externally bonded composites has become an attractive solution for the rehabilitation of structures and the extension of their lifespan. This thesis, funded by the French Research Agency (ANR), aims to develop a new composite reinforcement system with a reduced environmental footprint, on one hand, and to build an original reliability approach to estimate the lifetime of reinforcement systems and their failure probability at any time, on the other hand. In this manuscript, the main phases of development of the bio-based system are first recalled. In particular, it is recalled that the formulation of the bio-sourced epoxy matrix was based upon the specifications and characteristics of the Foreva® TFC matrix, and the criteria that guided the choice of the unidirectional flax fibre reinforcement fabric are also presented. The second part of the manuscript presents all the experimental results obtained within the framework of the durability study on the bio-based strengthening system. This test campaign relies on a Design of Experiment optimized by Hoke’s matrix. Laminated composite plates and concrete slabs reinforced with these composites were subjected to accelerated ageing under hygrothermal conditions, and to natural ageing on an outdoor exposure site in Lyon as well, for a total duration of 24 months. In a first step, the results of various physico-chemical characterizations that were periodically conducted on the bio-based composites, highlighted the relative contributions of mechanisms involved in microstructural evolutions and degradation phenomena of both the polymer matrix and fiber/matrix interfaces. In a second step, the changes in the main performance indicators related to the composite and the concrete-composite interface subjected to the various ageing environments, are presented and interpreted in the light of the previous physico-chemical characterizations. In a third step, a comparison is made between the bio-based composite system and a traditional carbon fibre strengthening system. The last part of the manuscript is devoted to the implementation of the reliability approach, relying on the experimental database previously collected for the bio-based system. A statistical analysis by the ANOVA method is first carried out on all experimental data. Two degradation models were then developed to describe the evolutions of performance indicators over time for any hygrothermal ageing condition: an analytical model with explicit terms related to quadratic effects and coupling between temperature and relative humidity, and a physical model based on Eyring's law.In a next step, these models were used to estimate the lifetime of the bio-based strengthening system under accelerated ageing conditions. End-of-life criteria were first defined based on specifications proposed by different design guidelines, in particular by ACI and AFGC reports.In order to evaluate the lifetime under actual service conditions, a specific procedure was then proposed to apply the analytical model in the case of natural ageing. Finally, a probabilization of the analytical model is carried out in order to determine the probability of failure of the bio-based strengthening system at any time during its lifetime
Rabii, Hajer. "Étude du vieillissement de composites renforcés par des fibres naturelles : application bâtiment." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1147/document.
Full textThe use of bio-based composites in outdoor applications for civil engineering raises the issue of their sustainability in service. This is mainly due to the highly hydrophilic character of natural fibers. Indeed, the behavior of these composites in a wet environment or under thermal and biological constraints is not well known. The main objective of this study is to get a better understanding of the reversibility of bio-based composites properties. Therefore, wetting/ drying cycles were performed on polyethylene/short flax fibre composites under hydro and hygrothermal ageing at 30 and 80°C. The influence of the fiber content and the interface quality on the mechanical properties was monitored. Moreover, a 6 months study of a microbial growth impact on these composites was carried out. A characterization of the non-aged materials was conducted first. Then, the kinetic parameters such as the water diffusion coefficient and the weight changes due to ageing were determined. Two competing mechanisms seem to affect the diffusion coefficient. The mechanical characterization of these composites during aging has enabled the identification of the aging mechanisms. Changes in the mechanical modulus at 30°C were mostly reversible after a drying cycle and were associated with a plasticizing effect of the water molecules on the cellulose microfibrils. The property losses increase and become irreversible at 80°C, which indicates a higher degradation of the composites. Finally, the biological degradation of these materials has been studied. It was verified that selective consumption of flax fiber components by microorganisms occurs, and that their growth is favored by the fiber content in the composite
Ollivier, Timothée. "Capital naturel, développement et durabilité à Madagascar et au Mozambique." Phd thesis, Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00489553.
Full textOllivier, Timothée. "Capital naturel, developpement et durabilité à Madagascar et au Mozambique." Paris 9, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00489553.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to explore the role of natural capital in development strategies of African countries. In Part 1, we summarize what we know about the links between natural capital and development. Part 2 is devoted to natural capital as a whole, nationwide. The objective is to propose a framework for sustainability analysis. Through two case studies (Madagascar and Mozambique), we conclude on the need to measure the evolution of different stocks of capital from a country. We propose different extensions to this approach, the treatment of intangible capital in particular. In Part 3 we focus on the soil resource, at a finer scale. First, we propose different theoretical tracks for the economic analysis of soils. We enter into the complex functioning of this particular ecosystem. Then, we analyze the social profitability of an example of this capital investment in soil: agroecology in Lake Alaotra (Madagascar). We conclude with a perspective of the use of this work in the decision process
Gagnon, Pierre-Luc, and Pierre-Luc Gagnon. "La transition institutionnelle vers la durabilité dans la gestion étatique des ressources naturelles au Canada : le cas du Québec." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23667.
Full textLa croissance économique s’est appuyée, depuis l’ère industrielle, sur un fort apport en ressources naturelles. Si la plupart des pays industrialisés opèrent désormais dans une économie davantage axée sur la technologie et les services, il n’en demeure pas moins que le milieu naturel demeure soumis à un ensemble de pressions provenant du commerce des ressources naturelles, de la pollution, de la croissance de la population humaine, de la désintégration des grands écosystèmes ainsi que de la précarisation de la biodiversité. La montée en puissance de groupes environnementaux et le soutien public que ceux-ci ont su mobiliser pour la protection de l’environnement ont favorisé la mise à l’agenda politique d’une gestion étatique de l’environnement axée sur la durabilité. La présente thèse s’intéresse à l’intégration de critères de durabilité dans la gestion étatique des ressources naturelles. À cet égard, la thèse adopte un cadre analytique fondé sur deux axes. Les changements institutionnels s’appuyant sur les règles formelles forment le premier axe. Le deuxième axe s’articule autour de la gestion même des ressources naturelles, c’est-à-dire des modes de gestion traditionnelle, scientifique, adaptative et écosystémique. Après avoir situé la gestion étatique des ressources naturelles dans le cadre fédéral canadien, la thèse effectue une analyse de l’intégration des critères de gestion écosystémique aux règles formelles encadrant la gestion des ressources naturelles aux paliers fédéral et québécois. La thèse conclut en spécifiant que les processus de développement durable institutionnalisés aux deux paliers de gouvernement n’ont pas mené à l’adoption d’un cadre cohérent de gestion écosystémique des ressources naturelles. De plus, un ensemble de manquements aux deux paliers de gouvernement en ce qui concerne la gestion écosystémique des ressources naturelles ont été observés, plus spécifiquement en ce qui concerne le suivi et le contrôle des ressources.
Since the beginning of the industrial age, plentiful natural resources have been the driving force behind economic growth. Although the economies of most industrialized nations are now based more on technology and services, the natural environment is still subjected to pressure from a variety of sources: natural resource trade, pollution, human population growth, the disintegration of large ecosystems, and diminished biodiversity. The rise in power of environmental groups and their success in generating public support for environmental protection have put sustainability-based state management of the environment on the political agenda. This thesis explores the integration of sustainability criteria in state management of natural resources. It studies this issue using a two-axis analytical framework. The first one centers on institutional change through formal rules and the second on the actual management of natural resources (traditional, scientific, adaptive or ecosystemic management). After situating state management of natural resources within the Canadian federal framework, the thesis analyzes the integration of ecosystemic management criteria in the formal rules governing natural resource management at the federal and Quebec levels. The thesis concludes by explaining that the sustainable development processes institutionalized at both levels of government have not led to the adoption of a coherent framework for the ecosystemic management of natural resources. A number of deficiencies in the ecosystemic management of natural resources were observed at both levels of government, particularly with regard to resource monitoring and control.
Since the beginning of the industrial age, plentiful natural resources have been the driving force behind economic growth. Although the economies of most industrialized nations are now based more on technology and services, the natural environment is still subjected to pressure from a variety of sources: natural resource trade, pollution, human population growth, the disintegration of large ecosystems, and diminished biodiversity. The rise in power of environmental groups and their success in generating public support for environmental protection have put sustainability-based state management of the environment on the political agenda. This thesis explores the integration of sustainability criteria in state management of natural resources. It studies this issue using a two-axis analytical framework. The first one centers on institutional change through formal rules and the second on the actual management of natural resources (traditional, scientific, adaptive or ecosystemic management). After situating state management of natural resources within the Canadian federal framework, the thesis analyzes the integration of ecosystemic management criteria in the formal rules governing natural resource management at the federal and Quebec levels. The thesis concludes by explaining that the sustainable development processes institutionalized at both levels of government have not led to the adoption of a coherent framework for the ecosystemic management of natural resources. A number of deficiencies in the ecosystemic management of natural resources were observed at both levels of government, particularly with regard to resource monitoring and control.
Ahajji, Abdelaziz. "Durabilité de l'aspect naturel et conféré du bois : Amélioration par des traitements chimique et thermique." Nancy 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN10066.
Full textThe improvement of the durability of the surface aspect of a wood covered with a clearcoating is a veritable economic issue as far as outdoors use of timber is concerned. The variability of the photochemical behaviour of the various wood objects is assigned to the nature and the content of the extracts. First, we analyzed the natural color of a broad range of wood species of varied origins and its durability during a photochemical ageing. Correlations between the variations of the chromatic coordinates and the origin, the content and the antioxidant properties of the extracts were investigated. Second, we have attempted to improve the stability of a conferred wood color by environmentaly friendly treatments: impregnation by durable wood extracts and heat treatment. EPR was used to follow the kinetics of the radical species formations involved in the wood photodegradation. The last part was devoted to the study of the stabilization of the wood aspect by chemical modification of the phenolic chromophores of the wood components
Torres, Alvarez Maria de. "Humains, bovins et prairies naturelles : une histoire commune de réciprocité et d'échange marchand." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MON30006/document.
Full textThe PhD project will contribute to the understanding of livestock transformations in Uruguay from the anthropological and the micro-ecosystem analysis of human-animal relationships and different types of knowledge associated with development models proposed by public policies. Different types of farming in Uruguay currently coexist and are characterized by specific rules of relationships with animals and the ecosystem based on differentiated knowledge registers. The research hypothesis argues that the intensification process tends to substitute practices and reciprocal relationships through mercantile exchange relationships that increase the vulnerability of the farming system as socio-ecosystems, based on criteria remote technology from the practical experience and local knowledge. The project proposes an ethnography of human-animal-ecosystem relationships and their transformation in the north part of Uruguay and two institutions from the executive that direct public livestock policy
Gagnon, Pierre-Luc. "LA TRANSITION INSTITUTIONNELLE VERS LA DURABILITÉ DANS LA GESTION ÉTATIQUE DES RESSOURCES NATURELLES AU CANADA : LE CAS DU QUÉBEC." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28997/28997.pdf.
Full textSince the beginning of the industrial age, plentiful natural resources have been the driving force behind economic growth. Although the economies of most industrialized nations are now based more on technology and services, the natural environment is still subjected to pressure from a variety of sources: natural resource trade, pollution, human population growth, the disintegration of large ecosystems, and diminished biodiversity. The rise in power of environmental groups and their success in generating public support for environmental protection have put sustainability-based state management of the environment on the political agenda. This thesis explores the integration of sustainability criteria in state management of natural resources. It studies this issue using a two-axis analytical framework. The first one centers on institutional change through formal rules and the second on the actual management of natural resources (traditional, scientific, adaptive or ecosystemic management). After situating state management of natural resources within the Canadian federal framework, the thesis analyzes the integration of ecosystemic management criteria in the formal rules governing natural resource management at the federal and Quebec levels. The thesis concludes by explaining that the sustainable development processes institutionalized at both levels of government have not led to the adoption of a coherent framework for the ecosystemic management of natural resources. A number of deficiencies in the ecosystemic management of natural resources were observed at both levels of government, particularly with regard to resource monitoring and control.
Campana, Charlotte. "Durabilité de composites à fibres naturelles : effet du vieillissement couplé sur les performances mécaniques et la réaction au feu." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS008/document.
Full textPolymeric materials, especially composites are used for long term applications. When used, those materials can be subjected, for example, to thermic, mechanical or hydric stresses but can also age. Indeed, with time, there will be an evolution of their structure leading, in most cases, to an alteration of their properties via several mechanisms. This is all the more true for their mechanical and fire performances. If many studies analyze the influence of ageing on the mechanical properties of a composite, few highlight a partial or total drop of fire performances of a fire-retarded composite. Moreover, the substitution of glass fibers by natural fibers is a trend in constant evolution but those natural fibers can be easily degraded during a hygrothermal or hydrothermal ageing. Similarly, flame retardant containing phosphorous are more and more studied while being sensitive to those types of ageing.This thesis reports the evolution of a thermoset composite (epoxy matrix) reinforced with natural fibers (UD flax fibers) and containing a phosphorous flame retardant through various ageing scenarios and the impact of ageing on their mechanical properties and their fire performances. In order to understand the influence of the various ageing parameters, hygrothermal and hydrothermal ageings were carried out on flame-retarded composites with two different phosphorous flame retardants. This allowed us to connect the alteration of properties and the amount of water absorbed during ageing. Finally, since sometimes the studied composites must maintain their mechanical properties even exposed to a fire, this thesis also reports the impact of a short exposition to a heat flux similar to small fire on the various studied composites that have been previously subjected to a hydrothermal ageing
Rabieb, Prangtip. "Les droits et libertés face à la durabilité des ressources naturelles épuisables : recherche comparative des droits thaïlandais et français." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D027/document.
Full textThis thesis highlights the significant role of the fundamental rights in the efficiency of the law that governs the preservation of natural resources. It will be organised around two axes: the first part will discuss the rivalry between rights and liberties and the objective of maintaining the durability of natural resources. The second part explores the guarantee of rights in determining an effective power sharing mechanism over these resources. The first part places an emphasis on the foundations of human rights, the primacy of the human person, also on the limiting function of the action of the sovereign power. In Thai law, the requirement of compliance with property law, freedom of enterprise and the right to subsistence form a significant obstacle in the regulation of this field. This comparative analysis unfolds instruments in French law that limit more powerfully the exercise of these rights and could inspire new developments in Thai law. The second part of this thesis argues that the guarantee of environmental rights marks the dawn of a partial transfer of power on natural resources from a State to its citizens, and makes citizens protectors of nature alongside the State. Apart from participatory rights and their accessories, the Thai constitution also guarantees to its citizens and local communities a right to conserve and exploit natural resources. This right renders citizens as the representatives of the environment. Its second component, the right to exploitation, inspires the principle of the equitable sharing of the nation's natural resources, put forward in the final chapter
Rabieb, Prangtip. "Les droits et libertés face à la durabilité des ressources naturelles épuisables : recherche comparative des droits thaïlandais et français." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D027.
Full textThis thesis highlights the significant role of the fundamental rights in the efficiency of the law that governs the preservation of natural resources. It will be organised around two axes: the first part will discuss the rivalry between rights and liberties and the objective of maintaining the durability of natural resources. The second part explores the guarantee of rights in determining an effective power sharing mechanism over these resources. The first part places an emphasis on the foundations of human rights, the primacy of the human person, also on the limiting function of the action of the sovereign power. In Thai law, the requirement of compliance with property law, freedom of enterprise and the right to subsistence form a significant obstacle in the regulation of this field. This comparative analysis unfolds instruments in French law that limit more powerfully the exercise of these rights and could inspire new developments in Thai law. The second part of this thesis argues that the guarantee of environmental rights marks the dawn of a partial transfer of power on natural resources from a State to its citizens, and makes citizens protectors of nature alongside the State. Apart from participatory rights and their accessories, the Thai constitution also guarantees to its citizens and local communities a right to conserve and exploit natural resources. This right renders citizens as the representatives of the environment. Its second component, the right to exploitation, inspires the principle of the equitable sharing of the nation's natural resources, put forward in the final chapter
Se, Golpayegani Aida. "Caractérisation du bois de Mûrier blanc (Morus alba L.) en référence à son utilisation dans les luths Iraniens." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00804975.
Full textBen, Chikha Zied. "Les parcs nationaux de la Tunisie méridionale : caractéristiques et gestion pour une durabilité de ces territoires." Le Mans, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LEMA3001.
Full textEight national parks, sixteen natural reserves (today they are twenty), four reserves of biosphere represent the faunistic and floristic richness of Tunisia. In the years 1990 and more precisely 1993, the Department of the Environment and town and country planning were created. So all the national parks were created in the years 1990. Therefore, Tunisia committed itself in a political volunteer in order to preserving the ecosystems and the species (animal and vegetable), to reconstitute a wildlife by the reintroduction of the species autochtones having disappeared and to contribute to a sustainable development. Several actors were implied in the management of these protected areas especially the State which represents the main actor beside the World Bank which financial assets the project of the Management of the Surfaces Protées (GAP project), with that is added several actors. The role of O. N. G. S remains limited. A good performance was noticed especially in the national park of Bou Hedma where the steppe with Acacia raddiana tortellis was overcast the zone well the weather that it exceeded not the 10. 000 ha before the creation of park. The reintroduction of the disappeared species succeeded and the coupling was made in a normal way successful too. For contributing to a sustainable development it would have been necessary to balance between the three pillars economic, socialo and environmental. But actually it is not the case because it with dimensions social remained marginalized and the population was isolated of all the projects of management as of these protées surfaces. The environmental side was respected strictly in reintroducing the various species the development of the space of the acacia. Park against the economic pillar, Tunisia tried to develop the ecotouristic activity but this sector remains until today fragile and of proximity. Therefore, the economic stage remains to be developed. What raises the question about the future of sustainable development in Tunisia?
Miller, Novadene. "Développement durable et gestion de l'eau dans la région des cockpits (Jamaïque) : efficience du discours, perception et usages, quelle durabilité ?" Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0377.
Full textThis dissertation examines the extent to which the local residents’ perspectives and practices linked to the use of natural resources, such as water, are sustainable. This includes an examination of the role of environmental and non-environmental drivers on water quality within the context of the livelihood systems in the Cockpit Country, Jamaica. The Cockpit Country region is defined by a rounded topography and karst geography, which plays a critical role in the hydrological system. Case study areas consisted of two principal categories: areas with water access points and areas without access points, as water use sources. The research uses an explanatory approach to establish causal linkages between local perspectives and usage of natural resources. New questions include a focus on water usage practices, water security, water access and sustainability within the socio geographic context of livelihood systems
Marchand, Baptiste. "Performance et durabilité de traitements de puits de stockage de gaz à base de coulis de géopolymères." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ECLI0021.
Full textThe use of geopolymer cements is investigated as grouts in the industrial context of sand production from natural gas storage wells. The aim is to reinforce the sandstone storage pocket, without impairing its gas transport ability. Sand production is currently hindered by chemical methods only efficient over a limited timeframe and in the absence of underground water seepage or brine.A compacted sand medium has been developed, which is analogous to in situ sandstones. A reference geopolymer cement has been adapted from a stoichiometry of (1 Al2O3, 3.6 SiO2, 1 Na2O, 11 H2O), made with sodium silicate alkali-activated metakaolin. The grout has been diluted to reach a viscosity on the order of that of water. The metakaolin powder granulometry has been refined by wet grinding, in order to guarantee adequate injectability of the geopolymer solid-liquid suspension.At a centimeter scale, the impact of geopolymer grouts has been quantified on both its consolidation ability and its gas permeability, using a fluidization experiment. The water resistance of geopolymer grouts has been proven at this scale.At a multi-centimeter scale, the adequacy of our geopolymer grouts is quantified using an experimental set-up developed from the typical triaxial failure test in soil mechanics. It follows a gas permeability test of compacted sand, before and after consolidation by the geopolymer grout. Our results have proven conclusive. In particular, the impact of geopolymer grouts is smaller than 10% on gas permeability, as required by the industrial specifications. Consolidation by geopolymer grouts is also significantly better than an existing chemical grout solution (based on Polyacrylamide)
Khelifa, Mohammed Rissel. "Formulation et caractérisation d'éco-bétons renforcés aux fibres d'alfa pour des bâtiments verts et durables." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CERG0953/document.
Full textConcrete is the most used building material in the world. In order to reinforce struture concretes, different kinds of fibres are added among which metallic and synthetic (e.g. polypropylene) fibres.In our study, we have replaced polypropylene fibres by natural vegetal fibres of alfa, a grass commonly found aroud the Mediterranean.We have prepared 3 kinds of concrete : alfa-reinforced concrete (with various amounts of alfa fibres), polypropylene-reinforced concrete and ordinary concrete used as references.Characterization showed that the best amounts of alfa fibres are 1 and 1.5 %, that gave a mechanical behaviour close to that of ordinary and polypropylene-concrete.Durability tests (sulfatic attack and high temperature) showed that the concrete reinforced with 1% of alfa fibres gives the closest results compared to ordinary concrete. Concrete with 1% of alfa fibres is hence the best concrete.Environmental analyses showed that alfa fibres generate far less impacts than polypropylene fibres as regards fossil fuel depletion, climate change (linked with emissions of greenhouse gases among which CO2), atmospheric emission of particles, marine ecotoxicity and photochemical oxydation
Moreau, Claire Barbin Vincent Billiotte Joël André Roger. "Vieillissement naturel en milieu urbain de pierres calcaires hydrofugées : évaluation de la durabilité des traitements et de leur impact sur le nettoyage." Reims : S.C.D. de l'Université, 2008. http://scdurca.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000985.pdf.
Full textZahri, Sofia. "Analyse quantitative et qualitative des substances chimiques responsables des durabilités naturelle et conférée des bois de chêne européen (Quercus robur et Quercus petraea) et de pin maritime (Pinus pinaster) par la spectroscopie dans le proche infrarouge." Pau, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PAUU3024.
Full textNear infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), in conjunction with multivariate analysis, could be a suitable technique to assess chemical substances responsible of natural and conferred wood durability. For natural durability, European oak extractives were studied by using NIRS. First, near infrared (NIR) spectra were collected from both axial and radial planes of solid oak samples. Then, these planes were cut and ground in order to take NIR spectra from oak sawdust, before and after phenol extraction. Concerning the study of artificial durability, wood strips were selected from heartwood and sapwood of Maritime pine and prepared for impregnation by two groups of active components and at three concentrations. The first group concerns industrial wood preservatives which contain boric acid, copper, cypermethrin, IPBC, permethrin, propiconazol, and tebuconazol. The second one includes pure solutions prepared with boric acid, cypermethrin, IPBC, permethrin, propiconazol, and tebuconazol. Calibrations were developed by using Partial Least Squares (PLS) technique. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to separate between treated and untreated Maritime pine wood and also between the different preservation products. NIR information was enhanced by using the pre data processing procedures: first and second derivatives (1st D, 2nd D), Multiplicative Scatter Correction (MSC), Standard Normal Variate (SNV) and also their combinations: 1st D. MSC, 1st D. SNV, 2nd D. MSC and 2nd D. SNV. PLS models displayed excellent correlations between calculated and predicted values by NIRS, accompanied by high correlation coefficient (r²) and weak calibration and prediction error (SEC, SEP). This study illustrates that the NIRS technique when it is used in conjunction with multivariate analysis could give reliable, quick and non-destructive assessment of European oak extractives content and the retention Maritime pine preservation products. Our findings show also the potential of NIRS technique to distinguish, on one hand between treated and untreated Maritime pine wood and on the other hand between different industrial preservation products
Benitez, Capistros Francisco Javier. "Social and ecological systems dynamics of the Galapagos islands: Participatory methodological approaches to support sustainability, conservation science and management." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/244362/3/TDM.pdf.
Full textSustainability and biodiversity conservation aim at the protection and maintenance of natural ecosystems. Although both are inherently related concepts, practical differences in their conceptualization and implementation carry the risk of discrepancies between conservation and sustainability objectives. This is related to the multi-dimensional understanding of the sustainability concept and the bio-centric approaches to conservation that have tended to disconnect human systems instead of considering these as an integral part of natural systems. Overcoming these challenges requires the understanding of the linkages between the social and ecological systems. However, these linkages are complex and interact at different interconnected levels from social to ecological and government processes which are at the same time interacting at several scales, ranging from local to global. Understanding these linkages requires the exchange and generation of cohesive and actionable knowledge that is relevant across scientific disciplines, as well as for society, so that practical solutions contribute to the transition towards sustainability and biodiversity conservation. Consequently, inter and transdisciplinary approaches are required to yield and aggregate knowledge, in particular to bridge the gap between the often-disconnected insights generated by natural and social sciences.I therefore consider it adequate to have a transdisciplinary approach to study biodiversity conservation and the sustainability of social ecological systems. This thesis builds on three empirical case studies to study conservation and sustainability challenges on the Galapagos Islands. In doing so, I used three different participatory methodologies (Delphi-Q-PRA) that either synthesised and/or generated knowledge from a wide variety of Galapagos societal actors. Thus, in Chapter 3, we first characterised the general dynamic inter-linkages and causal relationships of the Galapagos social-ecological system that generates environmental impacts and the responses in the form of policy and management actions that are required to mitigate these impacts.In Chapter 4 we subsequently focused on exploring conservation discourses to explain a range of conservation issues by identifying conflicts, values, and relations of power and how these discourses are related to different conservation governance approaches and conflicts with other species. In Chapter 5, we characterise a practical and emergent conservation conflict between giant tortoises (Chelonoidis spp.) and farmers in the rural area of Santa Cruz Island. In this chapter we assess the relationship of several social and ecological inter-linked variables and how these can be used to improve conservation and sustainability strategies.In the general discussion in Chapter 6, I provide an analysis of the different insights of this work by explaining the usefulness of transdisciplinary and participatory processes to co-create knowledge, to delineate the specific system problems and to further find novel solutions to aid policy and decision makers in the transitions towards sustainability and biodiversity conservation. Furthermore, I include a thorough analysis and cross-comparison of the results between the used methodologies, and how transfer of knowledge was achieved through transdisciplinarity and participation. Lastly, I provide an analysis of the insights of this work and how they can be used in other contexts and to operationalize other international conservation and sustainability policy frameworks. In Chapter 7, I provide a series of conclusions that refer to: i) the relevance of consensus building to integrate knowledge in complex conservation settings and where conflicts of evidence are common, ii) the importance of discourse analysis to understand the past and current human-nature relationships to address future conservation and sustainability challenges. Similarly, the relevance of discourse analysis in social-ecological systems to capture and expose different relations of power so that specific conservation and sustainability rules are perceived as fair and legitimate by all the actors that are involved in process. iii) The significant use of a transdisciplinary and participatory approach to involve varied stakeholders in conservation issues, to integrate knowledge and to increase interpersonal and inter-institutional trust between stakeholders where conservation conflicts occur. New scientific approaches that combine local knowledge, science and policies to produce adequate, persisting and sustainable results are urgent to achieve an adequate transition to sustainability and biodiversity conservation as part thereof. This work is a contribution to bridge the gap between different natural and social sciences, methods, science and policies, and scientists and society in general.
Doctorat en Sciences
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Gravelle, Alexandre. "Optimisation de l'efficacité et de la durabilité des traitements de puits à base de polymères et de microgels dans un contexte de réduction des venues de sable." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL063N.
Full textGas production from underground geological reservoirs in aquifers is sometimes associated with the erosion of solid particles from the rock matrix. These solids venues generated by the gas flow can cause damages to the equipment on site leading the operator to limit or stop the production of wells. The injection of hydro-soluble polymers (linear polyacrylamide or microgels) is one of the promising techniques employed today to reduce and, in some cases, stop the production of solids as demonstrated by the results of tests conducted in France on reservoirs of Storengy - GDF Suez.An experimental study was conducted to better understand the mechanisms underlying the performance of polymer treatments and to increase their efficiency. Two main aspects have been experimentally evidenced: sand grains consolidation and polymer coating of the pore surface. Tests were carried out to accurately assess the impact of the adsorption of polymer on the mobilization of particles (called fines) and a comprehensive study was conducted showing the properties of treatments to (re)consolidate the rock matrix. In the first case, the polymer acts as a physicochemical barrier preventing the detachment of fines that can form the inter-granular cement and the effectiveness of treatments is based on the proportion of pores surface covered by the polymer. In the second case, the polymer takes the place of cleaved cement; the effectiveness and durability of treatments thus depend on mechanical properties of the inter-granular solids bounds formed after drying of capillary bridges
Huge, Jean. "Are we doing the right things the right way? discourse and practice of sustainability in North and South." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209697.
Full textThe thesis builds on three case studies, undertaken in different –institutional, geographical, thematic and research- contexts. The three cases (situated respectively in the realm of sub-national policies; development co-operation and energy policy) allow for different approaches to sustainability assessment to be applied and analyzed. The relative novelty of sustainability assessment created room for experimental participatory approaches and provided opportunities for policy-relevant learning. Understanding how sustainability assessment contributes to a shared interpretation of sustainability, to an enhanced structuring of information and to influencing policy decisions is key to develop and apply the approach in the future. Research findings indicate that: sustainability assessment should act as a forum giving sense to the interpretational challenge of sustainability, within the boundaries set by essential sustainability principles. Participatory approaches are key in performing sustainability assessment, for both intrinsic and pragmatic reasons. Stakeholder knowledge should be combined with scientific information in real-life ‘science for sustainability’ experiments. There is no blueprint approach for developing and applying sustainability assessment. The discursive-institutional interplay determines how sustainability assessment is conceptualized and applied. Windows of opportunity for introducing and applying sustainability assessment may arise unexpectedly due to discursive and institutional convergences facilitated by the interpretational width of the sustainability concept, and these should be taken up. Sustainability assessment should be designed as a de-polarizing process, bringing the co-production of knowledge and decisions into practice.
The capacity of sustainable development to grasp the complexity of current societal challenges by providing a decision-guiding framework can be operationalized by sustainability assessment, which entails an increased awareness of the overlap between different areas of public policy. If sustainability assessment is to actually support decision-makers, scientifically and participatory designed beacons are needed. This is a challenge where scientists act as analysts and facilitators to help translate the intrinsically dynamic meaning of sustainability into actions. This thesis wishes to contribute to this endeavour.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Garineaud, Clément. "Récolter la mer : des savoirs et des pratiques des collecteurs d'algues à la gestion durable des ressources côtières dans le Finistère (Bretagne)." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MNHN0004/document.
Full textAfter several cycles over the course of past centuries, seaweed harvesting in Finistere is once again experiencing a revival and emerging as a promising sector. Beyond socio-economic transformations, it is also faced with current issues of biodiversity conservation and the sharing of maritime space. How can human activity and preservation of the environment be reconciled? The mobilized ethnoecological approach looks at resource management by local communities through their engagement - practices, traditional ecological knowledge, and representations. The aim of this thesis is thus twofold: understanding the dynamics of seaweed harvesters' engagement, and understanding how they mobilize and cope with current issues. Through ethnographic survey and ethnoecological methods, the scientific, social, and administrative frameworks were investigated diachronically to understand the context and the issue. The identity of the collectors were studied through both 'administrative statuses' as well as five profiles that emerged from the data. This diversity in forms of engagement is reflected in the sensory perceptions mobilized during harvesting, in the vernacular classifications of seaweed, and in how space is apprehended. The analysis of these three dimensions reveals a rich body of 'intimate', 'embodied', and 'situated' knowledge that is inextricable from practices relating to seaweed, aquatic environments, and ecosystem dynamics. Finally, various elements across knowledge and representations shed light on conflicts and illustrate the influence of science and industry on collectors. The climate event that took place during the winter of 2013–2014, for example, left an impact on seaweed resources and forced collectors to adapt. It revealed the interplay between actors of the various sectors and the composite (or even hybrid) nature of their engagement, a first step towards co-management
Van, Rompaey Gilles. "Etude de la réactivité des ciments riches en laitier, à basse température et à temps court, sans ajout chloruré." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210780.
Full textPar ailleurs, au cours de ces dernières années, certaines considérations telles que le réchauffement climatique et le développement durable ont mis à mal les industries qui émettent des gaz à effets de serre et qui sont grosses consommatrices d’énergie.
Or, la production de ciment Portland n’est pas uniquement consommatrice de calcaires, d’argiles, de marnes et de combustibles fossiles, elle produit et libère ces gaz à effets de serre tels que le dioxyde de carbone (CO2) et l’hémioxyde nitreux (N2O). Le dioxyde de soufre (SO2), l’acide chlorhydrique (HCl) ainsi que d’autres oxydes d’azote (NOx) sont également émis lors du processus de fabrication du clinker. Le secteur des matériaux de construction contribue de façon importante aux émissions de CO2, le principal responsable du réchauffement climatique.
La problématique majeure de l’industrie cimentière provient d’un simple processus chimique de transformation :la décarbonatation du calcaire ou de la craie, débutant vers 550°C, qui forme de la chaux (CaO) et qui libère du dioxyde de carbone selon la réaction suivante :
CaCO3 =\
Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation géologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Kestemont, Bruno. "Les indicateurs de développement durable: fondements et applications." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210086.
Full textLa comparaison des courants de la soutenabilité faible et de la soutenabilité forte nous sert de fil conducteur pour évaluer la part normative et la part objective du choix des paramètres et de leur méthode d'agrégation. L'agrégation arithmétique implique des hypothèses de substituabilité entre les facteurs, ce qui relève de la soutenabilité faible. La pondération, toujours normative, peut être explicite ou se traduire par le choix d'une unité ou dimension unique. Nous redéfinissons la soutenabilité faible comme étant la réduction de la complexité à une dimension unique. Il y a dès lors autant d'indicateurs de soutenabilité faible que de choix possibles de cette dimension unique. En particulier, l'empreinte écologique par habitant relève d'une forme "écologique" de soutenabilité faible. Le prix de marché est l'unité fondamentale de mesure de sa forme "économique". Nous montrons que les acteurs ne savent pas bien identifier leur intérêt et qu'ils ne sont pas parfaitement égoïstes, ce qui introduit un biais non systématique remarquable dans toute mesure en unité monétaire. La soutenabilité forte se caractérise par la multiplicité de dimensions ou "capitaux critiques" dont le dépassement d'un seul suffit à déterminer la non soutenabilité. Les différentes formes de soutenabilités faibles peuvent représenter des capitaux critiques parmi d'autres.
Nous présentons une typologie des acteurs et du partage des responsabilités, également susceptible d'introduire des grandes divergences dans les résultats publiés. Quelques études de cas illustrent ces différents éléments dans des contextes contrastés. L'empreinte écologique de consommation se limite en particulier à une responsabilisation du seul consommateur, alors que les comptes nationaux permettent d'envisager la coresponsabilité de l'ensemble des acteurs. L'indicateur de "dématérialisation de l'économie" appliqué à un village indien montre la pertinence de mesurer l'utilisation absolue de matière sans pondération monétaire. Il est par ailleurs possible de minimiser le coût de dépollution sans toucher à la limite absolue d'émissions globales de centrales thermiques. Les deux dimensions, coûts sociaux et bénéfices environnementaux, peuvent donc être traitées séparément.
En conclusion, il est possible d'identifier, dans chaque calcul d'indicateur de développement durable, une composante relativement objective de soutenabilité "forte" et une composante "faible", négociable, de partage des droits et responsabilités.
/ We study how different world views may influence how to develop sustainable development indicators. The comparison of weak sustainability and strong sustainability serves as a guide to estimate the share of objective versus normative choice of parameters and their method of aggregation. We then present a typology of actors and shared responsibilities, which may also introduce large discrepancies in the results published. Some case studies illustrate these different elements in contrasting contexts. It appears that it is possible to identify in each calculation of sustainable development indicator, a relatively objective component of sustainability and a negotiable component of shared rights and responsibilities.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Khila, Zouhour. "Analyse de cycle de vie émergétique de système de valorisation de biomasse." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0306/document.
Full textActually biomass-based energy supply is a promising route for renewable energy system and sustainable development strategy. Methane rich gas from biomass can be obtained from gasification (Synthetic Natural Gas, SNG). SNG is very suitable, as it could be an important energy carrier. It could replace natural gas for electricity generation and heating systems and use the existing gas infrastructure. The main objective of this work is to investigate the syngas methanation, and to compare the environmental performance and sustainability for different SNG production systems. The French system (valorization of forest residue) and the Tunisian system (valorization of date palm waste) are analyzed and compared by using the Emergetic Life Cycle Assessment method. The inventory data are obtained mainly through process simulation by Aspen PlusTM software. The results show that increasing the steam ratio in syngas can avoid the carbon deposit during methanation process. The cold gas efficiency of the SNG process is 52%.The environmental analysis results show that high greenhouse gas savings can be obtained for each system. The transformity of the French SNG is lower than the one of the Tunisian SNG. On the other hand, the Tunisian system has the highest percentage of renewability and index of sustainability. The environmental performance and the sustainability of the two systems can be made even more attractive by installing the SNG production units near forests or oasis. Overall, the SNG is expected to contribute favorably to the future renewable energy system
Khila, Zouhour. "Analyse de cycle de vie émergétique de système de valorisation de biomasse." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0306.
Full textActually biomass-based energy supply is a promising route for renewable energy system and sustainable development strategy. Methane rich gas from biomass can be obtained from gasification (Synthetic Natural Gas, SNG). SNG is very suitable, as it could be an important energy carrier. It could replace natural gas for electricity generation and heating systems and use the existing gas infrastructure. The main objective of this work is to investigate the syngas methanation, and to compare the environmental performance and sustainability for different SNG production systems. The French system (valorization of forest residue) and the Tunisian system (valorization of date palm waste) are analyzed and compared by using the Emergetic Life Cycle Assessment method. The inventory data are obtained mainly through process simulation by Aspen PlusTM software. The results show that increasing the steam ratio in syngas can avoid the carbon deposit during methanation process. The cold gas efficiency of the SNG process is 52%.The environmental analysis results show that high greenhouse gas savings can be obtained for each system. The transformity of the French SNG is lower than the one of the Tunisian SNG. On the other hand, the Tunisian system has the highest percentage of renewability and index of sustainability. The environmental performance and the sustainability of the two systems can be made even more attractive by installing the SNG production units near forests or oasis. Overall, the SNG is expected to contribute favorably to the future renewable energy system
Charbonneau, Marion. "Gestion des ressources et peuplement des espaces pastoraux au défi de la modernité : le cas des pasteurs de la puna péruvienne." Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00457546.
Full textPradi, Bonilha Camila. "Rebuilding less vulnerable communities : the case of Holy Cross." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3912.
Full textResiliency is the capacity to adjust to threats and mitigate or avoid harm; it can be found in hazard-resistant buildings or adaptive social systems (Pelling, 2003). Hence, it can also be understood as the ability to rebuild a neighbourhood with stronger and more viable components. Almost four years after Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans is seen as an open laboratory in which the level of resiliency of its communities can be examined. The rebuilding status of its neighbourhoods widely differs from one to another. The historic district of Holy Cross is one of the oldest neighbourhoods in the city; this vulnerable community is known for its cultural heritage, apparent not only in its unique architecture but also its social relations. This research investigates the current process of rebuilding a more sustainable and resilient Holy Cross by assessing the efficiency of stakeholders involved in the reconstruction of affordable opportunities that work to encourage former residents to return. It also demonstrates the current efforts to build new sustainable projects while keeping the patrimonial style of the neighbourhood.