Journal articles: 'Durational'

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GUYER, JANE I. "Durational ethics." HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 4, no. 1 (June 2014): 397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.14318/hau4.1.022.

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Bao, Weihong, Natalia Brizuela, Allan deSouza, Suzanne Guerlac, SanSan Kwan, Anneka Lenssen, Angela Marino, Jeffrey Skoller, and Winnie Wong. "Reflections on Durational Art." Representations 136, no. 1 (2016): 132–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rep.2016.136.1.132.

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These short reflections, from UC Berkeley faculty in a variety of disciplines, respond to the following question: “What does the phrase ‘time-based art’ mean to you? What are the central stakes, conventions, challenges, and opportunities of durational art in the contexts in which you work?” Collectively, they probe a wide range of practices and contexts, including, for example, Mexican festivals and midwestern American carnivals, Syrian documentary films and the “image-event,” bystander recordings of US police and state harassment of black men, and the photographic interventions of the Colombian artist Oscar Muñoz. The respondents are Weihong Bao, Natalia Brizuela, Allan deSouza, Suzanne Guerlac, SanSan Kwan, Anneka Lenssen, Angela Marino, Jeffrey Skoller, and Winnie Wong.

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Bae, Youkyung, David P. Kuehn, and Seunghee Ha. "Validity of the Nasometer Measuring the Temporal Characteristics of Nasalization." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 44, no. 5 (September 2007): 506–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/06-128.1.

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Objective: To examine the validity of the Nasometer (KayPENTAX, Lincoln Park, NJ) in measuring the temporal characteristics of nasalization by comparing the Nasometer measures to the measures from an external criterion procedure. Design: Speech samples consisted of three rate-controlled nonsense syllables, which varied in their vowel compositions: /izinizi/, /azanaza/, and /uzunuzu/. Acoustic data were recorded simultaneously through the Nasometer and an external criterion procedure (a specialized microphone set that collected acoustic signals separately for the nasal and oral channels). Speech segment durations measured from the two instrumental conditions were compared on the Nasometer display and the Computerized Speech Lab (KayPENTAX, Lincoln Park, NJ) display. Five durational variables were measured: total utterance duration, nasal onset interval, nasal consonant duration, nasal offset interval, and total nasalization duration. Participants: Fourteen normal adults who speak American English as their first language participated in the study. Results: No significant differences were found between the measures from the Nasometer and those from an external criterion procedure in all the durational variables pertinent to nasalization. Different vowels, however, yielded significantly different patterns in these durational variables, in which the low vowel /a/ context revealed significantly longer total nasalization duration than did the high vowel /i/ and /u/ contexts. Conclusions: The results suggest that the Nasometer can be used as a valid tool to measure the temporal characteristics underlying nasalization and confirm significant vowel effects on the temporal patterns of nasalization.

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Köhnlein, Björn. "The complex durational relationship of contour tones and level tones." Diachronica 32, no. 2 (October 15, 2015): 231–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.32.2.03koh.

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The production of a contour tone requires a longer duration than the production of a level tone. This paper demonstrates that this durational relationship becomes considerably more complex when tones are realized on bimoraic sonorant units that can support both level tones and contour tones. Evidence comes from diachronic processes in which pitch and duration interact. In languages where (intrinsic) durational differences between two groups of bimoraic units lead to tonal contrasts, the longer units commonly receive a contour tone, and the shorter ones a level tone; yet over time, the units with the fully developed contour tone tend to shorten, and those with the level tone tend to lengthen. Ultimately, this can even lead to durational reversals between the units in question. The discussion focuses primarily on Franconian tone accent dialects but also incorporates data from Estonian, Hup, Las Norias Piman and North Low Saxon.

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Ermus, Liis. "Estonian geminate plosives: some durational characteristics." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 10, no. 1 (December 17, 2019): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2019.10.1.02.

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Consonants in Estonian occur in three quantity degrees: short, long, and overlong. Plosives have also been described as lenis and fortis. Long and fortis correspond to geminate. As single plosives have been described acoustically several times, only overall durations of geminates have been reported. The present study examines durational patterns of geminate plosives in Estonian and their relations to the same patterns in single plosives. Influences of articulation place, quantity, syllable structure, and speech style on overall duration, burst duration, and voiced transition were sought. The biggest differences in duration occurred due to quantity degree. Some influence of syllable structure occurred, similar to previous findings. Patterns were mostly similar to those in singleton plosives, although there were some differences in voicing. Almost no difference compared to singletons with respect to burst phase duration was found. Kokkuvõte. Liis Ermus: Eesti keele geminaatklusiilid: kestust puudutavaid tunnuseid. Eesti keele konsonandid esinevad kolmes vältes: lühike, pikk ja ülipikk. Sulghäälikuid on kirjeldatud ka leenise ja fortisena. Pikk ja ülipikk välde ning fortis vastavad geminaadile. Lühikeste sulghäälikute akustikat eesti keeles on korduvalt uuritud, kuid geminaatide kohta on esitatud vaid mõningast kestusinfot. Käesolev uurimus keskendus eesti keele geminaatsulghäälikute kestuses esinevatele korrapäradele ja nende võrdlusele lühikeste sulghäälikute kestusmustritega. Vaadeldi häälduskoha, välte, silbistruktuuri ja kõnestiili mõju häälikute üldkestusele, samuti vallandumisfaasi ja helilise algussiirde kestusele. Suurimad kestuserinevused olid tingitud välteerinevustest. Ilmnes mõningane silbistruktuuri mõju, mis oli kooskõlas eelnevate uurimustega. Kestusmustrid olid üldjoontes sarnased lühikeste sulghäälikute kestusmustritega, põhilised erinevused esinesid helilisuses. Vallandumisfaasi kestuses seevastu polnud võrreldes lühikeste häälikutega peaaegu mingeid erinevusi. Märksõnad: eesti keel, geminaadid, sulghäälikud, kestus, seotud kõne, akustiline foneetika

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Skenes, Linda Lilley. "Durational changes of apraxic speakers." Journal of Communication Disorders 20, no. 1 (February 1987): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9924(87)90044-x.

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Ciszewski, Tomasz. "Stressed Vowel Duration and Phonemic Length Contrast." Research in Language 10, no. 2 (June 30, 2012): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10015-011-0049-2.

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It has been generally accepted that greater vowel/syllable duration is a reliable correlate of stress and that absolute durational differences between vowels underlie phonemic length contrasts. In this paper we shall demonstrate that duration is not an independent stress correlate, but rather it is derivative of another stress correlate, namely pitch. Phonemic contrast, on the other hand, is qualitative rather than quantitative. These findings are based on the results of an experiment in which four speakers of SBrE read 162 mono-, di- and trisyllabic target items (made of CV sequences) both in isolation and in carrier phrases. In the stressed syllables all Southern British English vowels and diphthongs were represented and each vowel was placed in 3 consonantal contexts: (a) followed by a voiced obstruent, (b) voiceless obstruent and (c) a sonorant. Then, all vowels (both stressed and unstressed) were extracted from target items and measured with PRAAT. The results indicate that stressed vowels may be longer than unstressed ones. Their durational superiority, however, is not stress-related, but follows mainly from vowelintrinsic durational characteristics and, to some extent, from the prosodic context (i.e. the number of following unstressed vowels) in which it is placed. In CV1CV2 disyllables, when V1 is phonemically short, the following word-final unstressed vowel is almost always longer. It is only when V1 is a phonemically long vowel that V2 may be shorter. As far as diphthongal V1 is concerned, the durational V1~V2 relation is variable. Interestingly, the V1~V3 relation in trisyllables follows the same durational pattern. In both types of items the rare cases when a phonemically short V1 is indeed longer than the word-final vowel involve a stressed vowel which is open, e.g. [æ,o], and whose minimal execution time is longer due to a more extensive jaw movement. These observations imply that both in acoustic and perceptual terms the realisation of word stress is not based on the durational superiority of stressed vowels over unstressed ones. When it is, it is only an epiphenomenon of intrinsic duration of the stressed vowel and extra shortness of nonfinal unstressed vowel. As far as phonemic length contrast is concerned, we observe a high degree of durational overlap between phonemically long and short vowels in monosyllabic CVC words (which is enforced by a greater pitch excursion), whereas in polysyllables the differences seem to be perceptually non-salient (>40 ms, cf. Lehiste 1970). This suggests that the differences in vowel duration are not significant enough to underlie phonological length contrasts.

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Karlin, Robin, and Benjamin Parrell. "Speakers monitor auditory feedback for temporal alignment and linguistically relevant duration." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 6 (December 2022): 3142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015247.

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Recent altered auditory feedback studies suggest that speakers adapt to external perturbations to the duration of syllable nuclei and codas, but there is mixed evidence for adaptation of onsets. This study investigates this asymmetry, testing three hypotheses: (1) onsets adapt only if the perturbation produces a categorical error; (2) previously observed increases in vowel duration stem from feedback delays, rather than adaptation to durational perturbations; (3) gestural coordination between onsets and nuclei prevents independent adaptation of each segment. Word-initial consonant targets received shortening perturbations to approximate a different phoneme (cross-category; VOT of /t/ > /d/; duration of /s/ > /z/) or lengthening perturbations to generate a long version of the same phoneme (within-category; /k/ > [khh]; /ʃ/ > [ʃː]). Speakers adapted the duration of both consonants in the cross-category condition; in the within-category condition, only /k/ showed adaptive shortening. Speakers also lengthened all delayed segments while perturbation was active, even when segment duration was not perturbed. Finally, durational changes in syllable onsets and nuclei were not correlated, indicating that speakers can adjust each segment independently. The data suggest that speakers mainly attend to deviations from the predicted timing of motor states but do adjust for durational errors when linguistically relevant.

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GARCÍA, PAULA B., and KAREN FROUD. "Perception of American English vowels by sequential Spanish–English bilinguals." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21, no. 1 (September 13, 2016): 80–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728916000808.

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Research on American-English (AE) vowel perception by Spanish–English bilinguals has focused on the vowels /i/-/ɪ/ (e.g., in sheep/ship). Other AE vowel contrasts may present perceptual challenges for this population, especially those requiring both spectral and durational discrimination. We used Event-Related Potentials (ERPs), MMN (Mismatch Negativity) and P300, to index discrimination of AE vowels /ɑ/-/ʌ/ by sequential adult Spanish–English bilingual listeners compared to AE monolinguals. Listening tasks were non-attended and attended, and vowels were presented with natural and neutralized durations. Regardless of vowel duration, bilingual listeners showed no MMN to unattended sounds, and P300 responses were elicited to /ɑ/ but not /ʌ/ in the attended condition. Monolingual listeners showed pre-attentive discrimination (MMN) for /ɑ/ only; while both vowels elicited P300 responses when attended. Findings suggest that Spanish–English bilinguals recruit attentional and cognitive resources enabling native-like use of both spectral and durational cues to discriminate between AE vowels /ɑ/ and /ʌ/.

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Toda, Takako. "Interlanguage phonology." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 17, no. 2 (January 1, 1994): 51–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.17.2.03tod.

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Abstract This paper presents the results of a study pertaining to the acquisition of timing control by Australian subjects who are enrolled in first-year Japanese at tertiary level. Instrumental techniques are used to observe segment duration and pitch patterns in the speech production of learners and native speakers of Japanese. The observations concern vowels and obstruents based on minimal pairs with durational contrasts, and the results are discussed within the framework of interlanguage phonology. The results obtained from this study demonstrate problems of beginning-level learners, including the underdifferentiation of durational contrasts (Han 1992). From the viewpoint of interlanguage phonology, however, the results seem to indicate that the learners have the ability to control timing and that they try to achieve durational distinctions in their speech production, but that their phonetic realisation is different from that of native speakers.

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Belala, N., D. E. Saїdouni, R. Boukharrou, A. C. Chaouche, A. Seraoui, and A. Chachoua. "Time Petri Nets with Action Duration." International Journal of Embedded and Real-Time Communication Systems 4, no. 2 (April 2013): 62–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jertcs.2013040104.

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The design of real-time systems needs a high-level specification model supporting at the same time timing constraints and actions duration. The authors introduce in this paper an extension of Petri Nets called Time Petri Nets with Action Duration (DTPN) where time is associated with transitions. In DTPN, the firing of transitions is bound to a time interval and transitions represent actions which have explicit durations. The authors give an operational semantics for DTPN in terms of Durational Action Timed Automata (DATA). DTPN considers both timing constraints and durations under a true-concurrency semantics with an aim of better expressing concurrent and parallel behaviours of real-time systems.

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Nance, Claire, and Jane Stuart-Smith. "Pre-aspiration and post-aspiration in Scottish Gaelic stop consonants." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43, no. 2 (July 5, 2013): 129–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100313000042.

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This paper aims to describe pre-aspirated and post-aspirated stops in an endangered language, Scottish Gaelic. Our small-scale study investigates several acoustic parameters of Scottish Gaelic stop consonants designed to measure the duration and noisiness of aspiration of the stop in its immediate phonetic context. Our study expands on previous phonetic descriptions of phonemic (pre-)aspiration in three ways: firstly, we provide a more complete durational description of Scottish Gaelic than previous work in the literature; secondly, we apply a new measure, band-pass filtered zero crossing rate (Gordeeva & Scobbie 2010), in order to examine the noisiness of aspiration in addition to durational characteristics. The results from this measure are presented in tandem with durational results in order to assess its usefulness for future research. Thirdly, we consider the possibility of change in the Scottish Gaelic stop system by examining data from older and younger speakers. Results suggest that band-pass filtered zero crossing rate is a useful tool and should be considered in future research on aspiration. Also, durational and zero crossing results indicate that younger speakers have shorter and less noisy pre-aspiration than older speakers. We discuss these results as a possible sound change in progress.

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Hoffman, Paul R., Raymond G. Daniloff, and Barry E. Guitar. "Stutterers' durational control of syllabic stress." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 77, S1 (April 1985): S55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2022401.

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Engstrand, Olle. "Durational Patterns of Lule Sami Phonology." Phonetica 44, no. 2 (1987): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000261785.

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Little, Eileen. "The singular photograph in durational time." Philosophy of Photography 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/pop.6.1-2.81_1.

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Little, Eileen. "The singular photograph in durational time." Philosophy of Photography 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/pop.6.1-2.83_1.

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Crow, Liz. "‘Figures (2015) – mass sculptural durational performance’." Public 27, no. 53 (June 1, 2016): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/public.27.53.176_7.

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Rojczyk, Arkadiusz, and Andrzej Porzuczek. "Durational properties of Polish geminate consonants." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 146, no. 6 (December 2019): 4171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5134782.

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O’Shaughnessy, Douglas. "Global durational patterns in spontaneous speech." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 97, no. 5 (May 1995): 3383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.412580.

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Corradini, Flavio, GianLuigi Ferrari, and Marco Pistore. "On the semantics of durational actions." Theoretical Computer Science 269, no. 1-2 (October 2001): 47–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3975(00)00375-3.

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Queué, Hugo. "Durational cues for word segmentation Dutch." Journal of Phonetics 20, no. 3 (July 1992): 331–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4470(19)30638-2.

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Whitehead, Robert L., and Brenda H. Whitehead. "Vowel durational characteristics daring simultaneous communication." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 84, S1 (November 1988): S96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2026580.

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Monaghan, Padraic, Laurence White, and Marjolein M. Merkx. "Disambiguating durational cues for speech segmentation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 134, no. 1 (July 2013): EL45—EL51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4809775.

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Laden, Bernice. "Melodic Anchoring and Tone Duration." Music Perception 12, no. 2 (1994): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285651.

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Bharucha (1984) defined a cognitive principle, melodic anchoring, that outlines the conditions under which tones are perceived as stable points in a melody. He found that temporal order can determine which of two tones is perceived as being more stable. The experiment described in this article extends Bharucha's work by examining melodic anchoring when melody tones are of unequal duration. Listeners (novices and musicians) heard short, tonally ambiguous melodies that were followed by a musical chord. The listener's task was to rate how well the chord seems to fit the melody. A chord by durational pattern interaction was found. The results indicate that although temporal order is a primary factor in melodic anchoring, duration can facilitate or weaken its effect, depending on how the durational pattern aligns with the pitch sequence of the melody.

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Smith, Bruce L., James Hillenbrand, and Dennis Ingrisano. "A Comparison of Temporal Measures of Speech Using Spectrograms and Digital Oscillograms." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 29, no. 2 (June 1986): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.2902.270.

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To determine whether any systematic differences occur as a result of using spectrograms versus digital oscillograms to make durational measurements, a number of temporal features (e.g., voice onset time, vowel duration, and consonant closure duration) for 3 speakers were independently measured by 2 different investigators. Both experimenters measured the same intervals with conventional spectrograms and with digital oscillograms, separated by at least a 2-week interval. Oscillograms tended to reveal slightly longer vowel durations and more voicing during consonant closure, while spectrograms evidenced slightly longer consonant closure durations. In general, variations between the two types of instrumentation were no more than 8 to 10 ms and are, therefore, of primary consequence only for studies in which quite small temporal differences are critical.

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Stern, Nathaniel Ziv, and Jonathan North Washington. "A phonetic study of length and duration in Kyrgyz vowels." Proceedings of the Workshop on Turkic and Languages in Contact with Turkic 4, no. 1 (October 7, 2019): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/ptu.v4i1.4577.

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This paper examines the phonetic correlates of the (phonological) vowel length contrast in Kyrgyz to address a range of questions about the nature of this contrast, and also explores factors that affect (phonetic) duration in short vowels. Measurement and analysis of the vowels confirms that there is indeed a significant duration distinction between the Kyrgyz vowel categories referred to as short and long vowels. Preliminary midpoint formant measurements show that there may be some accompanying spectral component to the length contrast for certain vowels, but findings are not conclusive. A comparison of F0 dynamics and spectral dynamics through long and short vowels does not yield evidence that some long vowels may in fact be two heterosyllabic short vowels. Analysis shows that duration is associated with a vowel’s presence in word-edge syllables in Kyrgyz, as anticipated based on descriptions of word-final stress and initial prominence. However, high vowels and non-high vowels are found to consistently exhibit opposite durational effects. Specifically, high vowels in word-edge syllables are longer than high vowels in medial syllables, while non-high vowels in word-edge syllables are shorter than non-high vowels in medial syllables. This suggests either a phenomenon of durational neutralisation at word edges or the exaggeration of durational differences word-medially, and is not taken as a case of word-edge strengthening. Proposals for how to select from between these hypotheses in future work are discussed.

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Marquardt, Thomas P., Georgia Duffy, and Michael P. Cannito. "Acoustic Analysis of Accurate Word Stress Patterning in Patients With Apraxia of Speech and Broca's Aphasia." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 4, no. 4 (November 1995): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360.0404.180.

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Stress-marking strategies employed by subjects with apraxia of speech were compared to those of matched normal controls, for real disyllabic words produced in isolation and in sentences, across acoustic variables of fundamental frequency, syllable duration, and vocal intensity. Heterogeneity of stress marking in terms of acoustic trading relationships was observed in both the apraxic and normal subjects. Strategies varied depending on whether words were produced in isolation or in sentences, and whether the first or second syllable was stressed. Allowing for marked durational increases in apraxia, there were negligible differences in stress marking between groups. However, some idiosyncratic strategies and a tendency toward reduced durational contrast between stressed and unstressed syllables were observed.

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Fu, Na, Pradeep Varakantham, and Hoong Chuin Lau. "Robust Partial Order Schedules for RCPSP/max with Durational Uncertainty." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 26 (March 30, 2016): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v26i1.13769.

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In this work, we consider RCPSP/max with durational uncertainty. We focus on computing robust Partial Order Schedules (or, in short POS) which can be executed with risk controlled feasibility and optimality, i.e., there is stochastic posteriori quality guarantee that the derived POS can be executed with all constraints honored and completion before robust makespan. To address this problem, we propose BACCHUS: a solution method on Benders Accelerated Cut Creation for Handling Uncertainty in Scheduling. In our proposed approach, we first give an MILP formulation for the deterministic RCPSP/max and partition the model into POS generation process and start time schedule determination. Then we develop Benders algorithm and propose cut generation scheme designed for effective convergence to optimality for RCPSP/max. To account for durational uncertainty, we extend the deterministic model by additional consideration of duration scenarios. In the extended MILP, the risks of constraint violation and failure to meet robust makespan are counted during POS exploration. We then approximate the uncertainty problem with computing a risk value related percentile of activity durations from the uncertainty distributions. Finally, we apply Pareto cut generation scheme and propose heuristics for infeasibility cuts to accelerate the algorithm process. Experimental results demonstrate that BACCHUS efficiently and effectively generates robust solutions for scheduling under uncertainty.

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Zirnask, Tatiana. "Rõhk ja kestus mokša keele Kesk-Vadi murdes." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2010): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2010.1.1.06.

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In Moksha, methods of experimental phonetics have not been systematically used to study prosody. Fragmentary data available on stress, which were based on durational measurements in Mid-Vad, show that duration might be an important stress correlate. This article treats the relationship between stress and duration in Mid-Vad by using sets of measurement data. It focuses on vowel durations measured in mono-, di-, and trisyllabic words of different structure, which were read in a frame sentence by two speakers. Vowel durations were found to depend on stress – vowels in stressed syllables were longer than in unstressed syllables. Variation was related to word structure – e.g. high vowels (having lower intrinsic duration than low and mid vowels) under stress were as long as unstressed low and mid vowels. The results are useful for the development of prosody research in Moksha

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Kitouni, Ilham, Hiba Hachichi, Kenza Bouarroudj, and Djamel-Eddine Saidouni. "Durational Actions Timed Automata: Determinization and Expressiveness." International Journal of Applied Information Systems 4, no. 2 (September 12, 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijais12-450609.

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Idemaru, Kaori, and Susan G. Guion. "Nondurational cues for durational contrast in Japanese." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 120, no. 5 (November 2006): 3293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4777860.

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Dei-ham, Roger J., John Crowhurst, and Caroline Crowther. "The Second Stage of Labour: Durational Dilemmas." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 31, no. 1 (February 1991): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-828x.1991.tb02760.x.

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Sugahara, Mariko, and Alice Turk. "Durational correlates of English sublexical constituent structure." Phonology 26, no. 3 (November 19, 2009): 477–524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675709990248.

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This study investigates whether differences (a) in word-internal morphological structure and (b) in lexical stress patterns are reflected in prosodic constituent structure, by examining duration measurements in Scottish English. In Experiments 1 and 2, at a slow speech rate, stem-final rhymes followed by Level II suffixes were on average 4–6% longer than corresponding strings in monomorphemic words, and 7–8% longer than stem-final rhymes followed by Level I suffixes. These results are consistent with the view that stems preceding Level II suffixes are mapped onto prosodic words in the prosodic representation. Experiment 3 obtained no reliable durational differences, even at a slow speech rate, between the initial syllable rhymes of SS words and SW words, which does not provide evidence for the hypothesis that these different stress patterns are represented as differences in foot structure.

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Payne, Elinor M. "Non-durational indices in Italian geminate consonants." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36, no. 1 (May 18, 2006): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100306002398.

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This paper presents the results of an electropalatographic investigation into non-durational properties of Italian consonant gemination. The evidence suggests a more palatalised tongue configuration during the production of geminate coronal sonorants and stops than in their non-geminate counterparts. Evidence is also found of differences in the active articulator, with a laminal articulation more characteristic of geminates, and an apical articulation of non-geminates. It is proposed that Italian gemination be thought of more broadly as fortition, and the implications of this are discussed.

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Quené, Hugo, and L. E. van Delft. "Non-native durational patterns decrease speech intelligibility." Speech Communication 52, no. 11-12 (November 2010): 911–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2010.03.005.

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Carlson, Roll, and Björn Granström. "Durational rules from a speech data base." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 84, S1 (November 1988): S97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2026585.

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Whalen, D. H., and Heidi E. Wenk. "Durational characteristics of proper names common words." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 95, no. 5 (May 1994): 2924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.409211.

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Gorrieri, Roberto, Marco Roccetti, and Enrico Stancampiano. "A theory of processes with durational actions." Theoretical Computer Science 140, no. 1 (March 1995): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(94)00205-w.

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Lee, Christopher S., Lucinda Brown, and Daniel Müllensiefen. "The Musical Impact of Multicultural London English (MLE) Speech Rhythm." Music Perception 34, no. 4 (April 1, 2017): 452–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2017.34.4.452.

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There is evidence that an emerging variety of English spoken by young Londoners—Multicultural London English (MLE)—has a more even syllable rhythm than Southern British English (SBE). Given findings that native language rhythm influences the production of musical rhythms and text setting, we investigated possible musical consequences of this development. We hypothesized that the lower vocalic durational variability in MLE and (putatively) less salient stress distinctions would go along with a preference by MLE speakers for lower melodic durational variability and a higher tolerance for stress mismatches (the non-coincidence of stress/beat strong-weak patterns) compared to SBE speakers. An analysis of two popchart song corpora by MLE and SBE artists confirmed that durational variability was lower in the MLE songs, and that there were more stress mismatches. In a follow-up experiment, MLE and SBE participants read four short English sentences and then rated text settings in pairs of specially constructed song fragments with and without stress mismatches. MLE participants’ speech showed the expected lower variability in vocalic duration and syllabic prominence compared to SBE participants’ speech, while their text setting ratings showed a greater tolerance of stress mismatches.

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Drummond, Sakina, Kathy Krueger, Jess Dancer, and Gretchen Spring. "Perceptual and Acoustical Analysis of Alaryngeal Speech: Determinants of Intelligibility." Perceptual and Motor Skills 83, no. 3 (December 1996): 801–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.83.3.801.

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The speech productions of 8 male alaryngeal speakers were used to identify four perceptual measures and five durational measures which were significant for identifying intelligibility of alaryngeal speech. The acoustic variable of duration was a key factor in relating perceptual and acoustic measures.

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Picheny, M. A., N. I. Durlach, and L. D. Braida. "Speaking Clearly for the Hard of Hearing III." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 32, no. 3 (September 1989): 600–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3203.600.

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Previous studies (Picheny, Durlach, & Braida, 1985, 1986) have demonstrated that substantial intelligibility differences exist for hearing-impaired listeners for speech spoken clearly compared to speech spoken conversationally. This paper presents the results of a probe experiment intended to determine the contribution of speaking rate to the intelligibility differences. Clear sentences were processed to have the durational properties of conversational speech, and conversational sentences were processed to have the durational properties of clear speech. Intelligibility testing with hearing-impaired listeners revealed both sets of materials to be degraded after processing. However, the degradation could not be attributable to processing artifacts because reprocessing the materials to restore their original durations produced intelligibility scores close to those observed for the unprocessed materials. We conclude that the simple processing to alter the relative durations of the speech materials was not adequate to assess the contribution of speaking rate to the intelligibility differences; further studies are proposed to address this question.

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Idemaru, Kaori, and Susan G. Guion. "Acoustic covariants of length contrast in Japanese stops." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38, no. 2 (July 22, 2008): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100308003459.

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This study explores acoustic correlates to the singleton vs. geminate stop length contrast in Japanese. The proposal examined is that multiple acoustic features covary with the stop length distinction and that these features are available in the signal as potential secondary cues. The results support the proposal, revealing the presence of several acoustic features covarying with the singleton vs. geminate contrast in both durational and non-durational domains. Specifically, the preceding vowel is longer, the following vowel is shorter, there are greater fundamental frequency and intensity changes from the preceding to the following vowel, and there is evidence of more creakiness in voice quality for geminate than singleton consonants. It is also demonstrated that the vowel durations, as well as fundamental frequency and intensity changes have fairly strong categorization power.

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Fu, Na, Pradeep Varakantham, and Hoong Chuin Lau. "Towards Finding Robust Execution Strategies for RCPSP/max with Durational Uncertainty." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 20 (May 25, 2021): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v20i1.13404.

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Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Problems with minimum and maximum time lags (RCPSP/max) have been studied extensively in the literature. However, the more realistic RCPSP/max problems — ones where durations of activities are not known with certainty – have received scant interest and hence are the main focus of the paper. Towards addressing the significant computational complexity involved in tackling RCPSP/max with durational uncertainty, we employ a local search mechanism to generate robust schedules. In this regard, we make two key contributions: (a) Introducing and studying the key properties of a new decision rule to specify start times of activities with respect to dynamic realizations of the duration uncertainty; and (b) Deriving the fitness function that is used to guide the local search towards robust schedules. Experimental results show that the performance of local search is improved with the new fitness evaluation over the best known existing approach.

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Choi, John D. "An acoustic study of Kabardian vowels." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21, no. 1 (June 1991): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100300005958.

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The results of a spectrographic study of the Kabardian vowel system confirm reports in the literature that phonetic vowel quality in Kabardian is determined by the preceding consonant. The data further show that there are three distinct phonetic categories along the F1 axis in the vowel space, and that the contextually determined variation in vowel coloring generally respects this division. Durationally, a correspondence was found between vowel height and duration. While the durational differences were found to be comparable to those reported in languages with contrastive vowel length, the differences were interpreted as a phonetic strategy to enhance the perceptual salience of the vertical vowel system.

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Brady, Susan L., Michele Wesling, and Joseph Donzelli. "Pilot Date on Swallow Function in Nondysphagic Patients Requiring a Tracheotomy Tube." International Journal of Otolaryngology 2009 (2009): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/610849.

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Objective. To evaluate the effects of occlusion status (i.e., open, finger, capped) of the tracheotomy tube and removal of the tracheotomy tube that may have upon bolus flow and durational measurements in nondysphagic persons requiring a tracheotomy tube.Study Design. Prospective, single subject, repeated measure design.Methods. Participants had their swallow evaluated with 5 mL pureed boluses using nasal endoscopy with the tracheotomy tube in place, removed, and under the following occlusion conditions: open, finger, and capped. The order of occlusion condition was randomized.Results. Aspiration was never observed but laryngeal penetration was a common finding. Durational measurements for swallow initiation and duration of white out were not significantly different by occlusion status or after removal of the tracheotomy tube.Conclusion. This study provides corroborating evidence demonstrating the lack of a relationship between a tracheotomy tube and swallowing dysfunction.

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Kawahara, Shigeto, and Aaron Braver. "Durational properties of emphatically lengthened consonants in Japanese." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 44, no. 3 (November 25, 2014): 237–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100314000085.

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Languages can make use of phonetic duration to signal two kinds of meanings. The first is a lexical, phonological contrast. For example, in Japanese [kata] with a short [t] means ‘frame’ and [katta] with a long [tt] means ‘bought’. This sort of contrast is usually limited to a binary distinction, and its phonetic properties have been well studied for many diverse languages. The other use of phonetic duration is to express pragmatic emphasis. Speakers of some languages can use lengthening to express emphasis, as in the English exampleThank you sooooooo much. This lengthening can employ multiple degrees of duration, beyond the more standard binary contrast. This second use of duration has been understudied, and this paper attempts to fill that gap. To that end, this paper reports the first experimental documentation of the consonant lengthening pattern in Japanese, which expresses pragmatic emphasis. The results show that at least some speakers show six levels of durational distinctions, while other speakers show less clear-cut distinctions among different levels of emphatically lengthened consonants. Nevertheless, all but one speaker showed a linear correlation between duration and level of emphasis.

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Nakajima, Heizo. "Transportability, scope ambiguity of adverbials and the Generalized Binding theory." Journal of Linguistics 27, no. 2 (September 1991): 337–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700012718.

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There has been much discussion, mainly by Montague grammarians, of the fact that ‘transportation’ of adverbials affects use or semantic interpretation of perfect sentences. Consider, for example, the following perfect sentences: (1) with a durational PP in sentence-final position; (2) with a durational PP in sentence-initial position; and (3) with a durational wh-phrase in sentence-initial position:(1) John has been in Tucson for two years.(2) For two years, John has been in Tucson.(3) How long has John been in Tucson?(4) (a) John has been in Tucson for two years up to now.(b) John was in Tucson for two years in the past.

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SHOEMAKER, ELLENOR. "Durational cues to word recognition in spoken French." Applied Psycholinguistics 35, no. 2 (November 22, 2012): 243–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716412000380.

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ABSTRACTIn spoken French, the phonological processes of liaison and resyllabification can render word and syllable boundaries ambiguous (e.g.,un air“an air”/un nerf“a nerve,” both [.nɛʁ]). Production data have demonstrated that speakers of French vary the duration of consonants that surface in liaison environments relative to consonants produced word initially. Further research has suggested that listeners exploit these durational differences in the processing of running speech, although no study to date has directly tested this hypothesis. The current study examines the exploitation of duration in word recognition processes by manipulating this single acoustic factor while holding all other factors in the signal constant. The pivotal consonants in potentially ambiguous French sequences (e.g., /n/ inun nerf) were instrumentally shortened and lengthened and presented to listeners in two behavioral tasks. The results suggest that listeners are sensitive to segmental duration and use this information to modulate the lexical interpretation of spoken French.

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Kajouj, Fatima, and René Kager. "Effects of bilingualism on cue weighting: How do bilingual children perceive the Dutch [ɑ]-[a:] contrast?" International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 2 (December 28, 2017): 509–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006917745696.

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The effects of bilingualism on vowel perception and cue weighting behaviour have not been established definitively. What influence does heritage bilingualism have on cue weighting of spectral and durational cues? What role does the duration cue play in cue weighting behaviour of heritage bilinguals: is it universally accessible or related to the first language? Purpose: This study examines the perception and cue weighting of child heritage bilinguals to assess whether exposure to multiple acoustic systems has an effect on cue weighting. Design: Bilinguals with a language containing a durational vowel contrast (Moroccan-Arabic) or a non-durational contrast (Turkish) were tested in order to explore cue preference and cue weighting behaviour for the multiple cued Dutch [ɑ]-[a:] contrast: their alternate first language. Data and analysis: An identification task was performed for the Dutch [ɑ] and [a:]. The F1 and F2 were logarithmically manipulated, in equal steps for the spectral and durational cue, creating a seven-step continuum. The analysis revealed cue preference by examining cue usage and relative cue weight. Conclusions: Dutch monolinguals use both cues but assign more weight to the spectral cue. Moroccan-Arabic/Dutch heritage speaker (HS) bilinguals use both cues, but weigh the spectral cue more heavily. Turkish/Dutch HS bilinguals rely almost exclusively on the spectral cue. This suggests a transfer from the alternate first language onto the perception of Dutch, regardless of language dominance. Originality: Not much research on the cue weighting behaviour of school-aged heritage bilinguals has been conducted, as this age group is yet to develop their perceptual behaviour completely. The results of this case study show an influence on perceptual behaviour as a result of bilingualism. Significance: This study provides insight into the cue weighting behaviour and cue preference of school-aged heritage bilinguals.

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Davidson, Lisa, and Kevin Roon. "Durational correlates for differentiating consonant sequences in Russian." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38, no. 2 (July 22, 2008): 137–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100308003447.

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In Russian, the same consonant sequences are permitted in various phonotactic environments. The presence of a word boundary or reduced vowel can be phonologically contrastive, and both learners and experienced listeners may rely on fine acoustic cues to discriminate between phonotactic possibilities. In this study, durational characteristics of consonant sequences are examined to establish whether speakers use duration to distinguish (a) word-initial clusters (#C1C2), (b) consonant–schwa–consonant sequences (#C1əC2), and (c) sequences divided by a word boundary (C1#C2). Both monolingual native Russian speakers and bilingual Russian–English speakers produced several types of target sequences: stop+consonant, fricative+consonant, and nasal+consonant. Results show that C2 is significantly longer in C1#C2 than in other sequences. For #C1C2, when C1 is a stop, there is no significant difference in duration when compared with other sequence types, though C1s of other manners are significantly shorter. Differences in C1 burst duration for stops are consonant-specific, but a longer interconsonantal duration is a reliable cue to schwa presence in #C1əC2. These results are discussed with respect to their implications for gestural coordination, segmentation, and language learning.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Durational'

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