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Journal articles on the topic "Dutch American farmers"
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TERRY, JENNIFER. "“Breathing the Air of a World So New”: Rewriting the Landscape of America in Toni Morrison's A Mercy." Journal of American Studies 48, no. 1 (2013): 127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875813000686.
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This article explores Toni Morrison's preoccupation with, and reimagining of, the landscape of the so-called New World. Drawing on scholarship that has investigated dominant discourses about freedom, bounty, and possibility located within the Americas, it identifies various counternarratives in Morrison's fiction, tracing these through the earlier Song of Solomon (1977), Tar Baby (1981), and Beloved (1987), but primarily arguing for their centrality to A Mercy (2008). The mapping of seventeenth-century North America in the author's ninth novel both exposes colonial relations to place and probes African American experiences of the natural world. In particular, A Mercy is found to recalibrate definitions of “wilderness” with a sharpened sensitivity to the position of women and the racially othered within them. The dynamic between the perspectives towards the environment of Anglo-Dutch farmer and trader Jacob Vaark and Native American orphan and servant Lina, is examined, as well as the slave girl Florens's formative encounters in American space. Bringing together diverse narrative views, A Mercy is shown to trouble hegemonic settler and masculinist notions of the New World and, especially through Florens's voicing, shape an alternative engagement with landscape. The article goes some way towards meeting recent calls for attention to the intersections between postcolonial approaches and ecocriticism.
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Ochoa-Martínez, D. L., J. Alfonsina-Hernández, J. Sánchez-Escudero, D. Rodríguez-Martínez, and J. Vera-Graziano. "First Report of Lettuce big-vein associated virus (Varicosavirus) Infecting Lettuce in Mexico." Plant Disease 98, no. 4 (2014): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-13-0761-pdn.
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Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is a common consumed vegetable and a major source of income and nutrition for small farmers in Mexico. This crop is infected with at least nine viruses: Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus (MiLBVV), Lettuce big-vein associated virus (LBVaV), both transmitted by the soil-borne fungus Olpidium brassicae; Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV), Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV), Lettuce mottle virus (LMoV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Bidens mosaic virus (BiMV), and Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) (1). From March to May 2012, a disease on lettuce was observed in the south region of Mexico City displaying mild to severe mosaic, leaf deformation, reduced growth, slight thickening of the main vein, and plant death. At the beginning of the epidemic there were just a few plants with visible symptoms and 7 days later the entire crop was affected, causing a loss of 93% of the plants. It was estimated by counting the number of severely affected or dead plants in three plots. No thrips, aphids, or whiteflies were observed in the crop during this time. Twenty plants with similar symptoms were collected and tested by RT-PCR using the primers LBVaVF 5′-AACACTATGGGCATCCACAT-3′ and LBVaVR 5′-GCATGTCAGCAATCAGAGGA-3′ specific for the coat protein gene of LBVaV, amplifying a 322-bp fragment. Primers CP829F 5′-CCWACTTCATCAGTTGAGCGCTG-3′ and CP1418R 5′-TATCAGCTCCCTACACTATCCTCGC-3′ were used to detect MiLBVV (2). No amplification was obtained for MiLBVaV in any plants tested. PCR products of approximately 300 bp were obtained from four out of 20 symptomatic lettuce samples tested for LBVaV, but not from healthy plant and water controls. These results suggest the presence of another virus in symptomatic lettuce plants. Amplicons were gel-purified and sequenced using LBVaVF and LBVaVR primers. A consensus sequence was generated using the Bioedit v. 5 program. Both sequences of these Mexican lettuce isolates were 100% identical (Accession Nos. KC776266.1 and KC776267.1) and had identities between 94 and 99% to all sequences of LBVaV available in GenBank. Additionally, when alignments were made using ClustalW, these sequences showed identities of 99.7% to Almeria-Spanish isolate (Accession No. AY581686.1); 99.4% to Granada-Spanish isolate (AY581689.1); 99.1% to Dutch isolate (JN710441.1), Iranian isolate (JN400921.1), Australian isolate (GU220725.1), Brazilian isolate (DQ530354.1), England isolate (AY581690.1), and American isolate (AY496053.1); 96.2% to Australian isolate (GU220722.1); 96.3% to Japanese isolate (AB190527.1); and 92.8% to Murcia-Spanish isolate (AY581691.1). Twenty lettuce plants were mechanically inoculated with leaf tissue taken from the four plants collected in the field and tested positive for LBVaV by RT-PCR; 12 days after inoculation, mosaic symptoms were observed in all inoculated plants and six of them were analyzed individually by RT-PCR obtaining a fragment of the expected size. To our knowledge, this is the first report of LBVaV infecting lettuce in Mexico. Further surveys and monitoring of LBVaV incidence and distribution in the region, vector competence of olpidium species, and impact on the crop quality are in progress. References: (1) P. M. Agenor et al. Plant Viruses 2:35, 2008. (2) R. J. Hayes et al. Plant Dis. 90:233, 2006.
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Fatmawati, Nurlaila, and Aulia Rahmawati. "Marketing Channel and Marketing Margin of Coconut Palm Sugar Srikandi in the Srikandi Women’s Cooperative Purworejo, Central Java." SEAS (Sustainable Environment Agricultural Science) 5, no. 2 (2021): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/seas.5.2.4028.163-172.
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Coconut palm sugar Srikandi is different from other sugar. Coconut palm sugar Srikandi is derived from the raw material of nira obtained from coconut trees that grow on organic certification land. This organic certificate was issued by the Dutch Control Union, namely the EU Organic Farming certificate and USDA Organic certificate from America. In addition, there was already a halal label from LPPOM Central Java Province and PIRT Purworejo Regency Health Office. Coconut palm sugar Srikandi could reach the market in accordance with organic certificates that were Europe, America, Australia and Sri Lanka. This study aims to identify the marketing channels, marketing margins, farmer's share and the analysis of profit-to-cost ratios. The type of research used by the survey method. The research location was chosen by probability sampling method, that was in Loano District and Kaligesing District, Purworejo Regency as an object and coconut palm sugar tapper who is a member of Srikandi Women's Cooperative as the subject. The most efficient marketing channel research resulted with a marketing margin value of Rp. 15.000 / kg, farmer's share value of 53.13% and the value of profit and cost ratio of 9.78 are found on the channel III.
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KOOIJ, BEN. "Maïscultuur in Nederland." Tijdschrift voor Historische Geografie 5, no. 1 (2020): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/thg2020.1.003.kooi.
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Maize cultivation in the Netherlands Columbus introduced maize in Spain at the end of the 15th century. At the end of 16th century, maize reached the Netherlands. However, the Dutch climate was not favorable enough to have the crop matured. Therefore, for a long time maize cultivation remained limited for study and observation. The Netherlands has not built up an old maize culture. On the other hand, Spanish and Portuguese farmers already cultivated plenty of maize in 1520. For the purpose of intensive livestock farming, the Netherlands started importing maize from America around 1850. After World War I, trade started again, but also research into the breeding of maize in order to make the Netherlands less dependent on foreign countries. After The Second World War, some farmers began to grow small-scale maize. However, it took until around 1975 before cultivation takes place on a large scale and a practical way of storage at farms has been developed. At present, maize cultivation is the largest crop in the Netherlands with over 216,000 hectares. This has led to a sharp change in the image of the historic arable landscape in 50 years.
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Ferriol, María, Belén Picó, and Fernando Nuez. "Morphological and Molecular Diversity of a Collection of Cucurbita maxima Landraces." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 129, no. 1 (2004): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.129.1.0060.
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Cucurbita maxima Duch. is one of the most morphologically variable cultivated species. The Center for Conservation and Breeding of the Agricultural Diversity (COMAV) holds a diverse germplasm collection of the Cucurbita genus, with more than 300 landraces of this species. Morphological and molecular characterization are needed to facilitate farmer and breeder use of this collection. With this aim, the morphological variation of a collection of 120 C. maxima accessions was evaluated. The majority of these accessions originated from Spain, which has acted as a bridge since the 16th century for spreading squash morphotypes between the Americas and Europe. South American landraces (the center of origin of this species) were also included. Eight morphological types were established based on this characterization and previous intraspecific classifications. A subset of these accessions, selected from these classification and passport data, was employed for molecular characterization. Two marker types were used; sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP), which preferentially amplifies open reading frames (ORF), and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). In the main, SRAP marker analysis grouped accessions in accordance to their type of use (agronomic traits) and AFLP marker analysis grouped accessions as to their geographical origin. AFLP marker analysis detected a greater genetic variability among American than among Spanish accessions. This is likely due to a genetic bottleneck that may have occurred during the introduction of squash into Europe. The disparity of the results obtained with the two markers may be related to the different genome coverage which is characteristic of each particular marker type and/or to its efficiency in sampling variation in a population.
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Ferriol, María, Belén Picó, and Fernando Nuez. "Morphological and Molecular Diversity of a Collection of Cucurbita maxima Landraces." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 129, no. 1 (2004): 60–69. https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs.129.1.60.
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Cucurbita maxima Duch. is one of the most morphologically variable cultivated species. The Center for Conservation and Breeding of the Agricultural Diversity (COMAV) holds a diverse germplasm collection of the Cucurbita genus, with more than 300 landraces of this species. Morphological and molecular characterization are needed to facilitate farmer and breeder use of this collection. With this aim, the morphological variation of a collection of 120 C. maxima accessions was evaluated. The majority of these accessions originated from Spain, which has acted as a bridge since the 16th century for spreading squash morphotypes between the Americas and Europe. South American landraces (the center of origin of this species) were also included. Eight morphological types were established based on this characterization and previous intraspecific classifications. A subset of these accessions, selected from these classification and passport data, was employed for molecular characterization. Two marker types were used; sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP), which preferentially amplifies open reading frames (ORF), and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). In the main, SRAP marker analysis grouped accessions in accordance to their type of use (agronomic traits) and AFLP marker analysis grouped accessions as to their geographical origin. AFLP marker analysis detected a greater genetic variability among American than among Spanish accessions. This is likely due to a genetic bottleneck that may have occurred during the introduction of squash into Europe. The disparity of the results obtained with the two markers may be related to the different genome coverage which is characteristic of each particular marker type and/or to its efficiency in sampling variation in a population.
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ISKANDAR, JOHAN, BUDIAWATI S. ISKANDAR, AZRIL AZRIL, and RUHYAT PARTASASMITA. "The practice of farming, processing and trading of tobacco by Sukasari people of Sumedang District, West Java, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 18, no. 4 (2017): 1517–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180429.
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Iskandar J, Iskandar BS, Azril, Partasasmita R. 2017. The practice of farming, processing and trading of tobacco by Sukasari people of Sumedang District, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18: 1517-1527. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L) is an original crop of Cuba, Latin America, discovered by Christoper Columbus in 1492 and introduced to Europe. Moreover, it was distributed to Asia countries, including Indonesia. Local people of Sukasari village, Sukasari sub-district, Sumedang district, West Java, has cultivated tobacco for a long time, since the Dutch colonial, based on local ecological knowledge transmitted by inter-generations. As a result, local people of Sukasari village have rich knowledge on the tobacco. Nowadays, however, since the agricultural lands as well as tobacco farmers have decreased, the local ecological knowledge of the Sukasari people have eroded. This paper elucidates the local ecological knowledge of Sukasari people, Sumedang District of West Java on landraces, cultivation, process, and local trading of tobacco. The method used in this study was qualitative with descriptive analysis applying the ethnoecological approach. The result of the study showed that the Sukasari people have predominantly cultivated four landraces of the tobacco. The cultivation of tobacco include the selecting of seeds, nursery, preparing land, planting, caring, harvesting and processing of tobacco products, requiring diligent efforts and high skill. Today, the cultivation of tobacco has many constrains, such as climate anomalies, decrease of agricultural lands, and the lack of finance; consequently, the tobacco farmers have less enthusiasm to cultivate the tobacco. As a result of decreaase of tobacco cultivation, the local ecological knowledge of the Sukasari people has eroded and may extinct in the near future.
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Edmonds, Francis William. "Taking the Census by Francis William Edmonds, 1854." Public Voices 12, no. 2 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/pv.79.
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The United States Census of 1850 was the first such survey in this country to require that heads of households provide information on their dependents. The process of interrogation caused a good deal of confusion and inspired numerous jokes. Francis William Edmonds's amusing portrayal features a father making a painstaking effort (counting on his fingers) to give the whitebearded census taker his family statistics, while his giggling children hide from sight. A reviewer who saw the picture at the national Academy of Design exhibition in 1854 described the main character as a "farmer, rough and awkward, reckoning in brown study the number of the boys and girls, evidently more at home in the use of the ox-gad, which lies on the floor, than in figuring." The small portrait print of George Washington just above the father's head evokes not only the genesis of the country's democratic political system but also the by then legendary admonition never to tell a lie. With its carefully delineated interior based on prototypes from Dutch genre scenes, the composition reveals Edmonds at his finest, taking a common moment from the daily life of middle-class Americans and turning it into a moralizing and socially critical tableau.Information taken from http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/2006.457 on May 25, 2012
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 70, no. 3-4 (1996): 309–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002626.
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-Bridget Brereton, Emilia Viotti Da Costa, Crowns of glory, tears of blood: The Demerara slave rebellion of 1823. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. xix + 378 pp.-Grant D. Jones, Assad Shoman, 13 Chapters of a history of Belize. Belize city: Angelus, 1994. xviii + 344 pp.-Donald Wood, K.O. Laurence, Tobago in wartime 1793-1815. Kingston: The Press, University of the West Indies, 1995. viii + 280 pp.-Trevor Burnard, Howard A. Fergus, Montserrat: History of a Caribbean colony. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1994. x + 294 pp.-John L. Offner, Joseph Smith, The Spanish-American War: Conflict in the Caribbean and the Pacific, 1895-1902. London: Longman, 1994. ix + 262 pp.-Louis Allaire, John M. Weeks ,Ancient Caribbean. New York: Garland, 1994. lxxi + 325 pp., Peter J. Ferbel (eds)-Aaron Segal, Hilbourne A. Watson, The Caribbean in the global political economy. Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994. ix + 261 pp.-Aaron Segal, Anthony P. Maingot, The United States and the Caribbean. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1994. xi + 260 pp.-Bill Maurer, Helen I. Safa, The myth of the male breadwinner: Women and industrialization in the Caribbean. Boulder CO: Westview, 1995. xvi + 208 pp.-Peter Meel, Edward M. Dew, The trouble in Suriname, 1975-1993. Westport CT: Praeger, 1994. xv + 243 pp.-Henry Wells, Jorge Heine, The last Cacique: Leadership and politics in a Puerto Rican city. Pittsburgh PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993. ix + 310 pp.-Susan Eckstein, Jorge F. Pérez-López, Cuba at a crossroads: Politics and economics after the fourth party congress. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1994. xviii + 282 pp.-David A.B. Murray, Marvin Leiner, Sexual politics in Cuba: Machismo, homosexuality, and AIDS. Boulder CO: Westview, 1994. xv + 184 pp.-Kevin A. Yelvington, Selwyn Ryan ,Sharks and sardines: Blacks in business in Trinidad and Tobago. St. Augustine, Trinidad: Institute of social and economic studies, University of the West Indies, 1992. xiv + 217 pp., Lou Anne Barclay (eds)-Catherine Levesque, Allison Blakely, Blacks in the Dutch world: The evolution of racial imagery in a modern society. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993. xix + 327 pp.-Dennis J. Gayle, Frank Fonda Taylor, 'To hell with paradise': A history of the Jamaican tourist industry. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993. ix + 239 pp.-John P. Homiak, Frank Jan van Dijk, Jahmaica: Rastafari and Jamaican society, 1930-1990. Utrecht: ISOR, 1993. 483 pp.-Peter Mason, Arthur MacGregor, Sir Hans Sloane: Collector, scientist, antiquary, founding Father of the British Museum. London: British Museum Press, 1994.-Philip Morgan, James Walvin, The life and times of Henry Clarke of Jamaica, 1828-1907. London: Frank Cass, 1994. xvi + 155 pp.-Werner Zips, E. Kofi Agorsah, Maroon heritage: Archaeological, ethnographic and historical perspectives. Kingston: Canoe Press, 1994. xx + 210 pp.-Michael Hoenisch, Werner Zips, Schwarze Rebellen: Afrikanisch-karibischer Freiheitskampf in Jamaica. Vienna Promedia, 1993. 301 pp.-Elizabeth McAlister, Paul Farmer, The uses of Haiti. Monroe ME: Common Courage Press, 1994. 432 pp.-Robert Lawless, James Ridgeway, The Haiti files: Decoding the crisis. Washington DC: Essential Books, 1994. 243 pp.-Bernadette Cailler, Michael Dash, Edouard Glissant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. xii + 202 pp.-Peter Hulme, Veronica Marie Gregg, Jean Rhys's historical imagination: Reading and writing the Creole. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. xi + 228 pp.-Silvia Kouwenberg, Francis Byrne ,Focus and grammatical relations in Creole languages. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1993. xvi + 329 pp., Donald Winford (eds)-John H. McWhorter, Ingo Plag, Sentential complementation in Sranan: On the formation of an English-based Creole language. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 1993. ix + 174 pp.-Percy C. Hintzen, Madan M. Gopal, Politics, race, and youth in Guyana. San Francisco: Mellen Research University Press, 1992. xvi + 289 pp.-W.C.J. Koot, Hans van Hulst ,Pan i rèspèt: Criminaliteit van geïmmigreerde Curacaose jongeren. Utrecht: OKU. 1994. 226 pp., Jeanette Bos (eds)-Han Jordaan, Cornelis Ch. Goslinga, Een zweem van weemoed: Verhalen uit de Antilliaanse slaventijd. Curacao: Caribbean Publishing, 1993. 175 pp.-Han Jordaan, Ingvar Kristensen, Plantage Savonet: Verleden en toekomst. Curacao: STINAPA, 1993, 73 pp.-Gerrit Noort, Hesdie Stuart Zamuel, Johannes King: Profeet en apostel in het Surinaamse bosland. Zoetermeer: Boekencentrum, 1994. vi + 241 pp.
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Ajimohun, F. F., U. D. Doma, Y. P. Mancha, et al. "GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF WEANER RABBITS FED GRADED LEVELS OF MILLET OFFAL DIETS AS REPLACEMENT FOR WHEAT OFFAL." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, September 10, 2024, 1077–81. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.vi.6691.
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The aim of this study was to determine the growth performance of weaner rabbits fed graded levels of millet offal diets with groundnut haulms as replacement for wheat offal. A total of 60 weaner rabbits aged 5- 6 comprising New Zealand white, Californian white, Dutch Belted, American checkered, Chinchilla and English Spotted of both sexes were purchased from reputable rabbit farmers in Vom Jos South where used in 8 weeks feeding trial. In this experiment, five iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated to meet 16% crude protein nutritional requirements of the weaner rabbits and similar levels of crude fibre by replacing wheat offal with graded levels of millet offal respectively in which groundnut haulms constituted 20% of each diet. The diets were designated 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Diet 1 contained wheat offal which served as the control (0%) while treatments (2-5) contained millet offal at graded levels of 25, 50, 75, and 100%, respectively. Data on daily Feed intake was determined, weight gains, Feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. Mortality records were kept when they occurred throughout the experimental period. There were no significant differences in all parameters measured. Conclusion, the inclusion of millet offal was best at 75 -100% with improved the growth performance of rabbits without any deleterious effect.
Books on the topic "Dutch American farmers"
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Beltman, Brian W. Dutch farmer in the Missouri Valley: The life and letters of Ulbe Eringa, 1866-1950. University of Illinois Press, 1996.
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Cohen, David S. The Dutch-American Farm (The American Social Experience). New York University Press, 1993.
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Kagan, Richard L. People and places in the Americas. Edited by Nicholas Canny and Philip Morgan. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199210879.013.0020.
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Writing in the wake of King George's War, Edmund Burke, together with his cousin, offered the first comparative analysis of European settlement patterns in the New World in his Account of the European Settlement of America (1757). Although Burke never crossed the Atlantic, he was still able to provide insights into the ‘comparatively weak’ state of Spanish settlement in New Mexico, the lack of ‘towns and villages’ in New France, and the defects in James Oglethorpe's plan in Georgia to create a colony based on small, independent farms. This article examines patterns of European settlement in selected portions of the Americas (South, Central, and North America). It also considers the primacy of towns in Spanish America, settlement in Luso-America, the settlement patterns that developed in France's New World colonies, merchants and traders in Dutch America, and the ‘planting’ of British North America.
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Lukezic, Craig, and John P. McCarthy, eds. The Archaeology of New Netherland. University Press of Florida, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066882.001.0001.
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The Archaeology of New Netherland illuminates the influence of the Dutch empire in North America, assembling evidence from seventeenth-century settlements located in present-day New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Archaeological data from this important early colony has often been overlooked because it lies underneath major urban and industrial regions, and this collection makes a wealth of information widely available for the first time. Contributors to this volume begin by discussing the global context of Dutch colonization and reviewing typical Dutch material culture of the time as seen in ceramics from Amsterdam households. Next, they focus on communities and activities at colonial sites such as forts, trading stations, drinking houses, and farms. The essays examine the agency and impact of Indigenous people and enslaved Africans, particularly women, in the society of New Netherland, and they trace interactions between Dutch settlers and Europeans from other colonies including New Sweden. The volume also features landmark studies of cooking pots, marbles, tobacco pipes, and other artifacts. The research in this volume offers an invitation to investigate New Netherland with the same sustained rigor that archaeologists and historians have shown for English colonialism. The many topics outlined here will serve as starting points for further work on early Dutch expansion in America.
Book chapters on the topic "Dutch American farmers"
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"Adriaen Van der Donck: Description of the New-Netherlands." In Schlager Anthology of Early America. Schlager Group Inc., 2022. https://doi.org/10.3735/9781935306672.book-part-010.
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Adriaen Van der Donck was perhaps the most universally respected Dutch colonist in New-Netherlands, what is today the lower half of the state of New York. Van der Donck was a lawyer for the Rensselaer family, who dominated the upper Hudson River; he was a liaison with the Mohawk and Mahican Indians, who traded with the Dutch; and he was a successful farmer who married an English colonist. In 1649 he returned to the United Provinces— the Netherlands—to discuss colonial matters with the royal government of Prince William of Orange. These included the Dutch West Indies Company, which managed the colony, and its governor Peter Stuyvesant’s mismanagement of it. While he was in Holland, he wrote a book advertising the wealth of the Dutch colony in North America to encourage more settlers to make the voyage across the Atlantic. His Description of the New-Netherlands, published in 1655, was full of insightful information about the northeastern part of North America at the time.
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Reynolds, David S. "Life." In Walt Whitman. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195170092.003.0001.
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Abstract Walt Whitman Was Born on May 31, 1819 IN THE LONG ISLAND village of West Hills, some fifty miles east of Manhattan. He was descended from two branches of early American settlers, English on his father’s side and Dutch on his mother’s. His paternal ancestors included Zechariah Whitman, who came to America from England in the 1660s and settled in Connectioncut. Zechariah’s son Joseph moved across the sound to an area near Huntington, Long Island, where he became a farmer and local official. He gained large land holdings that came to be known as Joseph Whitman’s Great Hollow. His descendants acquired even more land and established a five-hundred-acre farm that became the Whitman family homestead. In the late eighteenth century his property was overseen by Nehemiah Whitman and his colorful wife Phoebe (better known as Sarah), who spit tobacco juice and swore liberally as she barked commands at the slaves who worked the land.
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Pipes, Marie-Lorraine. "A Synthesis of Dutch Faunal Remains Recovered from Seventeenth-Century Sites in the Albany Region." In The Archaeology of New Netherland. University Press of Florida, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066882.003.0007.
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Archaeological excavations at Fort Orange, Beverwyck, and outlying farms have yielded faunal deposits from a variety of contexts: residential, business, military, and agricultural. The assemblages examined revealed that colonists consumed not only meats from domesticated livestock but also a great variety of wildlife species, such as wild turkey and deer. Venison deer remained an important meat throughout the seventeenth century, and that it was probably an important trade commodity, as it was hunted and bought from Natives. These data form the basis for investigating subsistence and trade practices, as well as social interactions between the Dutch and Native Americans.
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Blumin, Stuart M., and Glenn C. Altschuler. "Brooklyn Village." In The Rise and Fall of Protestant Brooklyn. Cornell University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501765513.003.0002.
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This chapter traces the history of Brooklyn, which enjoyed the advantage of location over the other five European settlements on the western end of Long Island. It mentions the European expansion into former Lenape land that was considered slow, even with the significant assistance of African slaves in the clearing and cultivation of new farms. The substantial involvement in the slave trade of Manhattan-based merchants in both the Dutch and English eras made New York and its hinterland a major center of African habitation in the northern American colonies. The chapter talks about Joshua Sands and Hezekiah Beers Pierrepont, who had important effects on Brooklyn's future. Their stories gain a glimpse of the city and suburb that flourished during the coming years and the close connection between the individual entrepreneurship and the communal religiosity of Brooklyn's Yankee leaders.
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Berger, Iris. "New Frontiers." In South Africa in World History. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195157543.003.0003.
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Abstract In 1808, Louis, a Cape Town slave who worked as a tailor and was married to a free woman, led a remarkable rebellion against slavery. Following plans hatched with two Irish sailors for the Dutch East India Company, who assured him that there were no slaves in Great Britain or America, Louis traveled into the countryside with his two supporters. They deserted him on the morning the uprising began. But Louis, posing in the uniform of a Spanish sea captain with a smart blue jacket and ostrich feather hat, began marching from farm to farm informing slaves that the governor had ordered their freedom. Christians, he announced, should be bound and brought to Cape Town; they would be shipped overseas and their land distributed to the enslaved. By the end of the day, well over three hundred people had joined the marchers, who moved quickly, but relatively peacefully, gathering arms and ammunition, horses, and wagons; on a few farms they smashed furniture and windows. Most notable in the testimony of those captured that evening was the explanation of their motivation. The Secretary of the Court of Justice reported that all those taken into custody “without exception, declared that they had not the least reasons for complaints against their masters, but on the contrary they had been well treated.” Rather they were expressing a profound desire for freedom. Nearly three decades were to pass before these dreams were realized.
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De Blij, Harm. "Geography of Jeopardy." In The Power of Place. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195367706.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
Everyone lives with risk, every day. In the United States, more than 100,000 persons die from accidents every year, nearly half of them on the country’s roads. Worldwide, an average of more than 5000 coal miners perish underground annually, a toll often forgotten by those who oppose nuclear power generation on grounds of safety. From insect bites to poisoned foods and from smoking to travel, risk is unavoidable. Certain risks can be mitigated through behavior (not smoking, wearing seatbelts), but others are routinely accepted as inescapable. A half century ago, long before hijackings and airport security programs, the number of airline travelers continued to increase robustly even as airplanes crashed with considerable frequency. Today, few drivers or passengers are deterred by the carnage on the world’s roads, aware of it though they may be. Risk is part of life. Risk, however, also is a matter of abode, of location. Who, after experiencing or witnessing on television the impact of a hurricane, a tornado, an earthquake, a volcanic eruption, a flood, a blizzard, or some other extreme natural event, has not asked the question: “Where in the world might be a relatively safe place to live?” Geographers, some of whom have made the study of natural hazards and their uneven distribution a research priority, don’t have a simple answer. But on one point they leave no doubt: people, whether individually or in aggregate, subject themselves to known environmental dangers even if they have the wherewithal to avoid them. Many Americans build their retirement or second homes on flood-prone barrier islands along coastlines vulnerable to hurricanes. The Dutch, who have for many years been emigrating from the Netherlands in substantial numbers, are leaving for reasons other than the fact that two-thirds of their country lies below sea level. From Indonesia to Mexico, farmers living on the fertile slopes of active volcanoes not only stay where they are, but often resist even temporary relocation when volcanic activity resumes. From Tokyo to Tehran, people continue to cluster in cities with histories of devastating earthquakes and known to be situated in perilous fault zones. Fatalism is a cross-cultural human trait.