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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Dutch Elm

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Academic literature on the topic 'Dutch Elm'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Dutch Elm"

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Mehrabioun Mohammadi, Marzieh, Narges Ahmadi, and Mahdi Arzanlou. "Dutch elm disease." Plant Pathology Science 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/pps.9.1.91.

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Hubbes, M. "The American elm and Dutch elm disease." Forestry Chronicle 75, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc75265-2.

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Shortly after World War I, a new disease previously unknown among elms emerged in Holland. It spread rapidly from Europe to Great Britain (1927), United States (1930), and Canada (1945), killing millions of elms. The disease known, as Dutch elm disease (DED) is a wilt disease, caused by the fungus Ophiostoma ulmi. It is transmitted from tree to tree by elm bark beetles (scolytid) vectors. Numerous attempts to control the disease have concentrated on the reduction of insect vector populations, exploitation of natural host resistance, extensive application of fungicides and integrated pest management. In spite of these efforts in Canada, the disease continues to migrate westwards threatening the elm populations in Saskatchewan and Alberta. Today there are approximately 700 000 elm shade trees in cities and towns across Canada and their value exceeds $2.5 billion dollars.With the advance of molecular biology new, powerful tools are now available to study, in greater detail, the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of the DED pathogen, with particular reference to the mechanisms that induce host defenses. A glycoprotein has been isolated and identified such that when injected either in liquid or pellet form into the elm tree, significantly reduced the wilting symptoms of both five-year old elm seedlings and 10 cm diameter trees. The elicitor induces a chain of defensive reactions that prevent the rapid spread of the fungus within the vascular system of the host. Key words: Ophiostoma ulmi, elm bark beetle vectors, induced resistance, chemical control, RFLP, mitochondrial DNA, ribosomal DNA, virus-like DNA, resistance breeding

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Sherald, James L., Frank S. Santamour Jr., Ravindra K. Hajela, Neerja Hajela, and Mariam B. Sticklen. "A Dutch elm disease resistant triploid elm." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-087.

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A naturally occurring triploid elm hybrid was found in the American elm, Ulmusamericana L., planting on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Chromosome examinations of mitosis in root tips and meiosis in pollen mother cells showed a chromosome complement of 2n = 3x = 42. The chromosome alignment at meiotic metaphase I was predominantly 14 bivalents and 14 univalents, indicating that one parent was an American elm, which contributed the bivalents through autosyndetic pairing. When DNA underwent restriction digestion with HindIII and probed with a 9.5-kilobase cloned ribosomal DNA fragment from pea, Pisumsativum L., the triploid hybrid showed a band not found in American elms. Seed from the open-pollinated parent tree had low viability and seedlings were highly variable in height, leaf size, and shape. The small leaves of some seedlings suggest that the other parent was a species with leaves smaller than American elm. The hybrid was found to be resistant to Ophiostomaulmi (Buis.) Nannf. When twig crotches were inoculated, only 14% developed wilt compared with 63% in the American elm. None of the 22 hybrid trees inoculated developed systemic wilt compared with 8 of the 18 American elms inoculated. The hybrid, which is easily propagated by softwood cuttings, has rapid growth, good crown structure, and many characteristics of the American elm.

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Moller, Anders Pape. "Elm, Ulmus glabra, Leaf Asymmetry and Dutch Elm Disease." Oikos 85, no. 1 (April 1999): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3546796.

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Perry, I., and P. D. Moore. "Dutch elm disease as an analogue of Neolithic elm decline." Nature 326, no. 6108 (March 1987): 72–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/326072a0.

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Santini, A., F. Pecori, A. Pepori, and A. Brookes. "‘Morfeo’ Elm: a new variety resistant to Dutch elm disease." Forest Pathology 42, no. 2 (September 12, 2011): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2011.00737.x.

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Ďurkovič, Jaroslav, Ingrid Čaňová, Rastislav Lagaňa, Veronika Kučerová, Michal Moravčík, Tibor Priwitzer, Josef Urban, Miloň Dvořák, and Jana Krajňáková. "Leaf trait dissimilarities between Dutch elm hybrids with a contrasting tolerance to Dutch elm disease." Annals of Botany 111, no. 2 (December 21, 2012): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs274.

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Scheffer, R. J., J. G. W. F. Voeten, and R. P. Guries. "Biological Control of Dutch Elm Disease." Plant Disease 92, no. 2 (February 2008): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-2-0192.

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Fox, Jeffrey L. "Assessing the Dutch Elm Disease Backlash." Nature Biotechnology 5, no. 10 (October 1987): 1002–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1087-1002.

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Santini, A., and M. Faccoli. "Dutch elm disease and elm bark beetles: a century of association." iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/ifor1231-008.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dutch Elm"

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Mitchell, Andrew George. "Population structures and interaction between the aggressive and non-aggressive subgroups of Ophiostoma ulmi." Thesis, University of Bath, 1988. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234084.

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Blumenstein, Kathrin. "Endophytic fungi in Elms : implications for the integrated management of Dutch Elm Disease." Thesis, Bangor University, 2015. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/endophytic-fungi-in-elmsimplications-for-the-integrated-management-of-dutch-elm-disease(3265a1c5-9910-4ed1-9d1e-c569b68d709d).html.

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Integrated pest management calls for new biocontrol solutions in management of forest diseases. Endophytic fungi that are commonly found in tree tissue may have potential in biocontrol. However, the links between endophyte status and disease tolerance are still unclear, and we know little about the mechanisms by which the endophytes can influence tree pathogens. The first goal of the thesis was to compare the endophyte status in elm (Ulmus spp.) trees with low vs. high susceptibility to Dutch elm disease (DED), caused by Ophiostoma fungi, and to find correlations between endophytes and the susceptibility pattern of the trees. The second goal was to investigate the potential mechanisms of antagonism by the endophytes towards the pathogen. Thus, endophytes were isolated from leaves, bark and xylem of elms that differed in DED susceptibility. The isolates were screened for their potential to counteract the pathogen in dual cultures. Selected strains were investigated using Phenotype MicroArrays to obtain the substrate utilization profiles that reflect the endophytes’ ability to compete with the pathogen for a nutritional niche. To test for a protective effect against the disease, promising isolates were injected into young elms. Preliminary analyses were done to identify the extracellular chemicals that some of the endophytes released into the growth medium. The results showed that the frequency and diversity of endophytes was higher in xylem of elms with high susceptibility to DED. Some endophytes deadlocked the pathogen with extracellular chemicals in vitro, while others had a faster growth rate. Several endophytes were able to utilize substrates more effectively than the pathogen. A preventive treatment with endophytes protected elms against DED, but the effect was unstable across years. Bioactive fungal extracts had a complex chemical profile, and the individual compounds in the extracts remain to be identified. Because endophytes antagonized the pathogen through different mechanisms, I suggest that an endophytebased biocontrol of DED could be best achieved through a synergistic effect of several endophyte strains.

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Cole, Thomas Edwin. "Molecular studies of virus-like dsRNAs in a diseased isolate of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327031.

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Atkins, P. M. "Dutch elm disease : Some aspects of its biology and control." Thesis, University of Salford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376861.

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Bates, Malcolm Robert. "DNA polymorphism in the Dutch Elm disease fungus Ophiostoma ulmi." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47767.

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Oghiakhe, Sunday. "Biology and Management of the Dutch Elm Disease Vector, Hylurgopinus rufipes Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Manitoba." Entomological Society of America, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/23811.

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Hylurgopinus rufipes, the native elm bark beetle (NEBB), is the major vector of Dutch elm disease (DED) in Manitoba. Dissections of American elms (Ulmus americana), in the same year as DED symptoms appeared in them, showed that NEBB constructed brood galleries in which a generation completed development, and adult NEBB carrying DED spores would probably leave the newly-symptomatic trees. Rapid removal of freshly diseased trees, completed by mid-August, will prevent spore-bearing NEBB emergence, and is recommended. The relationship between presence of NEBB in stained branch sections and the total number of NEEB per tree could be the basis for methods to prioritize trees for rapid removal. Numbers and densities of overwintering NEBB in elm trees decreased with increasing height, with >70% of the population overwintering above ground doing so in the basal 15 cm. Substantial numbers of NEBB overwinter below the soil surface, and could be unaffected by basal spraying. Mark-recapture studies showed that frequency of spore bearing by overwintering beetles averaged 45% for the wild population and 2% for marked NEBB released from disease-free logs. Most NEBB overwintered close to their emergence site, but some traveled ≥4.8 km before wintering. Studies comparing efficacy of insecticides showed that chlorpyrifos gave 100% control of overwintering NEBB for two years as did bifenthrin: however, permethrin and carbaryl provided transient efficacy. NEBB showed a gradual increase in development rate with increasing constant temperature. Lipid content of overwintering NEBB was higher in late fall than in mid-winter, which might show that depletion of fat reserves could jeopardize survival, but could be a result of conversion to cryoprotectants.

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Betsch, Brody Bly. "A Study of the Impacts of Dutch elm disease, Emerald ash borer, and Amur honeysuckle on the Flora of Rush Run Wildlife Area." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1564514690185145.

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Björkroth, Jennie. "Effekter av naturvårdsgallring på förekomsten av lunglav på ädellövträd." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-120089.

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Sun-exposed broad leaved deciduous trees have a great species diversity of epiphytic lichens. In Europe, these trees have decreased dramatically in number as wooded pastures have become overgrown with trees and bushes, and broad leaved deciduous stands have been replaced by planted coniferous trees. These are the main reasons for many lichens depending on deciduous trees being red-listed. Epiphytic lichens in overgrown areas could benefit from conservation thinning, but few studies have been performed on how this type of cutting affects the lichens. In a previous study, the presence of red-listed epiphytic lichens in a broad leaved deciduous forest was examined. After the study, thinning of trees and bushes was made. Here we study the effects of this thinning on Lobaria pulmonaria. We tested possible factors that may affect the growth of L. pulmonaria, and if there were any differences in incidence and vitality of the lichen between managed and unmanaged stands. Since Dutch elm disease and ash dieback are well spread in the area, we wanted to see if they also affected the growth of L. pulmonaria. There were no differences in incidence and growth between managed and unmanaged stands. The results were unexpected since other studies show that, for instance, increased sun exposure often has a great effect on the growth of lichens. Many elms and ashes were dead or dying and had a significant negative effect on the change of number of lobes and the lobe surface. The diseases of the trees can thus be assumed to be the greatest cause of why the lichens in the managed stand did not benefit from thinning.

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Meyerrose, Jana [Verfasser]. "Zuwachs an Wissen und Fertigkeiten durch EbM-Kurse und Prädiktoren für den Erfolg : eine multizentrische internationale Studie / Jana Meyerrose." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1031096787/34.

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Schipper, Simone [Verfasser]. "Interaktive Öffentlichkeitsarbeit in der Landschaftsplanung : Potenziale und Strategien zur Förderung der Information, Kommunikation und Partizipation in der kommunalen Landschaftsplanung durch interaktive Öffentlichkeitsarbeit am Beispiel des Projekts "Interaktiver Landschaftsplan Königslutter am Elm (2002 - 2005)" / Simone Schipper." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2011. http://d-nb.info/1014253152/34.

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Books on the topic "Dutch Elm"

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Sticklen, Mariam B., and James L. Sherald, eds. Dutch Elm Disease Research. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6872-8.

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Brasier, Clive. New horizons in Dutch Elm Disease control. Edinburgh: Forestry Commission, 1996.

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3

Susan, Chapman. Dutch elm disease: January 1979 - August 1990. Beltsville, Md: National Agricultural Library, 1990.

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Haugen, Linda. How to identify and manage Dutch elm disease. St. Paul, Minn: The Area, 1998.

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Cannon, William N. Time and materials needed to survey, inject systematic fungicides, and install root-graft barriers for Dutch elm disease management. [Broomall, Pa.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1986.

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6

Atkins, Paul Michael. Dutch elm disease: Some aspects of its biology and control. Salford: University of Salford, 1986.

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7

Aziz, Ammar Y. Biological control of Dutch Elm Disease: "Interactions between Trichoderm spp. and Ophiostoma ulmi". Salford: University of Salford, 1988.

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Cao, Chenglong. Biochemical characterization of mutants of Ophiostoma ulmi (Buism.) Nannf., the causal agent of Dutch elm disease. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1992.

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9

Eringa, Dieuwke. Ik ben van elf. Amsterdam: B. Bakker, 1993.

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Cornelsen, Ursula. Elf Monate mit Renatchen: Durch Himmel und Hölle. Berlin: Frieling & Partner Verlag, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Dutch Elm"

1

Cumming, Jeffrey M., Bradley J. Sinclair, Charles A. Triplehorn, Yousif Aldryhim, Eduardo Galante, Ma Angeles Marcos-Garcia, Malcolm Edmunds, et al. "Dutch Elm Disease." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 1258. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_1014.

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Domir, Subhash C., Lawrence R. Schreiber, and Paula M. Pijut. "Development of Model Systems to Screen Elms Resistant to Dutch Elm Disease." In Dutch Elm Disease Research, 181–87. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6872-8_14.

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Heybroek, Hans M. "Why Bother About the Elm?" In Dutch Elm Disease Research, 1–8. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6872-8_1.

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Heybroek, Hans M. "The Dutch Elm Breeding Program." In Dutch Elm Disease Research, 16–25. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6872-8_3.

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Karnosky, David F., and Gopi K. Podila. "Elm Improvement Via Biotechnological Methods." In Dutch Elm Disease Research, 75–80. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6872-8_9.

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Santamour, Frank S. "Cytological and Biochemical Aspects of Elm Improvement." In Dutch Elm Disease Research, 69–74. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6872-8_8.

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Webber, J. F. "D Factors and Their Potential for Controlling Dutch Elm Disease." In Dutch Elm Disease Research, 322–32. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6872-8_24.

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Gadgil, Peter D., Lindsay S. Bulman, Margaret A. Dick, and John Bajn. "Dutch Elm Disease in New Zealand." In The Elms, 189–99. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4507-1_11.

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Stipes, R. Jay. "The Management of Dutch Elm Disease." In The Elms, 157–72. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4507-1_9.

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Elgersma, D. M., T. Roosien, and R. J. Scheffer. "Biological Control of Dutch Elm Disease by Exploiting Resistance in the Host." In Dutch Elm Disease Research, 188–92. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6872-8_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Dutch Elm"

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Лазебный, Михаил Юрьевич, and Ирина Дмитриевна Самсонова. "EVALUATION OF THE STATE OF ILMOVS AND THE FEATURES OF THEIR HANDS IN GREEN PLANTS OF THE GENERAL USES OF ST. PETERSBURG." In Национальная безопасность России: актуальные аспекты: сборник избранных статей Всероссийской научно-практической конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Май 2020). Crossref, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/nb185.2020.33.51.005.

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В настоящее время вязы, пораженные голландской болезнью, выявлены во всех 18 районах Санкт-Петербурга. Проведена оценка состояния ильмовых в зеленых насаждениях общего пользования, выявлена роль факторов их усыхания и проанализированы мероприятия по уходу за ними. Currently, elms affected by the Dutch disease have been identified in all 18 districts of St. Petersburg. The state of elm trees in public green spaces was assessed, the role of their drying factors was revealed, and measures to care for them were analyzed.

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Adamse, Peter H. C. "Engine Condition Monitoring at KLM Royal Dutch Airlines." In ASME 1986 International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibit. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/86-gt-300.

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Engine Condition Monitoring (ECM) for an airline is a basic need to make its engine operation as economic as possible. This paper describes the ECM development at KLM-Royal Dutch Airlines. The objectives and philosophy of the systems are discussed, as well as the current and future functions and the use in the airline organisation.

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Du, Li, Ya-lan Xu, and Na Bian. "Price formation and its dynamics in Dutch auctions." In EM 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icieem.2011.6035579.

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Puglia, Laura, Alberto Bemporad, Andrej Jokic, and Ana Virag. "A stochastic optimization approach to optimal bidding on dutch ancillary services markets." In 2013 10th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem.2013.6607399.

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Abdisalaam, Ahmed, Ioannis Lampropoulos, Jasper Frunt, Geert P. J. Verbong, and Wil L. Kling. "Assessing the economic benefits of flexible residential load participation in the Dutch day-ahead auction and balancing market." In 2012 9th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem.2012.6254645.

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"Future Prospects of the Transitioning Energy Sector: Research on Factors Impacting the Future of the Transitioning Dutch Energy Sector." In 16th European Conference on Management Leadership and Governance. ACPI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/elg.20.053.

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Martinez Biot, Barbara. "Ala Plástica." In IV Congreso Internacional Estética y Política: Poéticas del desacuerdo para una democracia plural. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cep4.2019.10287.

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Ala Plàstica és una organització no governamental liderada per artistes i fundada en La Plata (Argentina) que desenvolupa des de 1991 projectes en col·laboració amb altres artistes, científics i grups medi ambientals en zones crítiques per promoure alternatives de desenvolupament. Té tres línies d’actuació: la col·laboració a llarg termini amb entitats regionals, nacionals i internacionals; la participació en la investigació i execució de projectes de regeneració per a zones costaneres; i el desenvolupament de metodologies artístiques per a la recuperació dels sistemes naturals. Derrame és un projecte que sorgeix en 1999 a partir d’un vessament d’hidrocarbur en el riu de la Plata. Es forma un equip d’investigació interdisciplinari constituït per diversos sectors de la societat civil, es tracta d’una forma organitzada de resistència, aquest projecte és la conseqüència del major vessament de petroli en aigua dolça del planeta. Arran de l’accident, la companyia Shell intentaria ocultar els danys. El projecte realitzà per part d’un equip d’investigació un informe sobre la zona costanera afectada a partir del qual Ala Plàstica realitzà un sèrie d’exercicis artístics no convencionals en col·laboració amb la comunitat local. La finalitat d’aquest treballs era fer servir el diàleg, els relats fotogràfics, les imatges de satèl·lits, dibuixos, texts, i mapes per a superar l’impacte produït. Aquest treballs s’exposaren en diversos centres com a documentació alternativa del conflicte front a Shell. També es realitzaren: una revista local comunitària, accions de neteja col·lectiva, protestes front a la seu de la Shell, es produí una cartografia explicativa de l’impacte real del vessant. Totes aquestes accions formaven un conjunt que desafiava l’autoritat institucional alhora que és una mostra de formes d’acció col·lectiva i de creativitat. Finalment Ala Plàstica elaborà el document Failing The Challenge, The Other Shell Report 2002, que fou presentat en l’Asamblea Anual d’Accionistes de Shell a Londres. Aquell mateix any, la Cort Suprema de Justicia ordenà a The Royal Dutch/Shell invertir 35 milions de dòlars per a reparar els danys ocasionats a l’ecosistema. Destaquem el projecte Derrame per la seua capacitat de respondre a una catàstrofe global, per entendre el territori com una construcció col·lectiva. Respon i s’enfronta al procés de fragmentació de la nostra vida quotidiana, desenvolupa un seguiment permanent de la situació seguint la situació de Derrame, manté el contacte amb els protagonistes que són part del tema, cerquen i elaboren nova informació i també en algunes ocasions es difon als espais i circuits de l’art.

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Yopiana, Elma, Bhisma Murti, and Yulia Lanti Retno Dewi. "Exclusive Breastfeeding and Prevention of Obesity in Children Under Five: A Meta-Analysis." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.124.

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ABSTRACT Background: In both developed and developing countries, childhood obesity has reached epidemic levels. Obesity is associated with adverse health outcomes in children, including asthma and sleep apnea. The studies showed that breastfeeding is a protective factor of obesity in children. This study aimed to determine exclusive breastfeeding and prevention of obesity in children under five. Subjects and Method: This was a meta-analysis and systematic review conducted by search online published articles toward exclusive breastfeeding and obesity in children under five.Original studies published from 2003 to 2016 were obtained from PubMed, Science Direct, Springer Link, and Google Scholar databases. Keywords used “Children Under Five” AND “Breast Feeding” AND “non Breast Feeding” OR “Formula milk” OR “Infant Formula” AND “Obesity” OR “Body Mass Index”. The inclusion criteria were full text, in English language, using observational or cohort study design, and reporting adjusted odds ratio. The selected articles were analyzed using PRISMA guideline and Revman 5.3. Results: 6 studies from California, Massachusetts, China, German, Swedish, and Dutch, reported that exclusive breastfeeding was a protective factor of obesity in children under five (aOR= 0.95; 95% CI= 0.86 to 1.06; p= 0.360) with (I²= 82%, p= 0.001). Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding is a protective factor of obesity in children under five Keywords: obesity, exclusive breastfeeding, meta-analysis Correspondence: Elma Yopiana. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: elmayopiana@gmail.com. Mobile: 083867060745. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.124

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Reports on the topic "Dutch Elm"

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Cannon, William N. ,. Jr, Jack H. Barger, Charles J. Kostichka, and Charles J. Kostichka. Time and materials needed to survey, inject systemic fungicides, and install root-graft barriers for Dutch elm disease management. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-rp-585.

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Cannon, William N. ,. Jr, Jack H. Barger, Charles J. Kostichka, and Charles J. Kostichka. Time and materials needed to survey, inject systemic fungicides, and install root-graft barriers for Dutch elm disease management. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-rp-585.

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