Journal articles: 'Dutch Elm'

1

Mehrabioun Mohammadi, Marzieh, Narges Ahmadi, and Mahdi Arzanlou. "Dutch elm disease." Plant Pathology Science 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/pps.9.1.91.

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2

Hubbes, M. "The American elm and Dutch elm disease." Forestry Chronicle 75, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc75265-2.

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Shortly after World War I, a new disease previously unknown among elms emerged in Holland. It spread rapidly from Europe to Great Britain (1927), United States (1930), and Canada (1945), killing millions of elms. The disease known, as Dutch elm disease (DED) is a wilt disease, caused by the fungus Ophiostoma ulmi. It is transmitted from tree to tree by elm bark beetles (scolytid) vectors. Numerous attempts to control the disease have concentrated on the reduction of insect vector populations, exploitation of natural host resistance, extensive application of fungicides and integrated pest management. In spite of these efforts in Canada, the disease continues to migrate westwards threatening the elm populations in Saskatchewan and Alberta. Today there are approximately 700 000 elm shade trees in cities and towns across Canada and their value exceeds $2.5 billion dollars.With the advance of molecular biology new, powerful tools are now available to study, in greater detail, the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of the DED pathogen, with particular reference to the mechanisms that induce host defenses. A glycoprotein has been isolated and identified such that when injected either in liquid or pellet form into the elm tree, significantly reduced the wilting symptoms of both five-year old elm seedlings and 10 cm diameter trees. The elicitor induces a chain of defensive reactions that prevent the rapid spread of the fungus within the vascular system of the host. Key words: Ophiostoma ulmi, elm bark beetle vectors, induced resistance, chemical control, RFLP, mitochondrial DNA, ribosomal DNA, virus-like DNA, resistance breeding

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3

Sherald, James L., Frank S. Santamour Jr., Ravindra K. Hajela, Neerja Hajela, and Mariam B. Sticklen. "A Dutch elm disease resistant triploid elm." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-087.

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A naturally occurring triploid elm hybrid was found in the American elm, Ulmusamericana L., planting on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Chromosome examinations of mitosis in root tips and meiosis in pollen mother cells showed a chromosome complement of 2n = 3x = 42. The chromosome alignment at meiotic metaphase I was predominantly 14 bivalents and 14 univalents, indicating that one parent was an American elm, which contributed the bivalents through autosyndetic pairing. When DNA underwent restriction digestion with HindIII and probed with a 9.5-kilobase cloned ribosomal DNA fragment from pea, Pisumsativum L., the triploid hybrid showed a band not found in American elms. Seed from the open-pollinated parent tree had low viability and seedlings were highly variable in height, leaf size, and shape. The small leaves of some seedlings suggest that the other parent was a species with leaves smaller than American elm. The hybrid was found to be resistant to Ophiostomaulmi (Buis.) Nannf. When twig crotches were inoculated, only 14% developed wilt compared with 63% in the American elm. None of the 22 hybrid trees inoculated developed systemic wilt compared with 8 of the 18 American elms inoculated. The hybrid, which is easily propagated by softwood cuttings, has rapid growth, good crown structure, and many characteristics of the American elm.

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4

Moller, Anders Pape. "Elm, Ulmus glabra, Leaf Asymmetry and Dutch Elm Disease." Oikos 85, no. 1 (April 1999): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3546796.

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5

Perry, I., and P. D. Moore. "Dutch elm disease as an analogue of Neolithic elm decline." Nature 326, no. 6108 (March 1987): 72–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/326072a0.

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6

Santini, A., F. Pecori, A. Pepori, and A. Brookes. "‘Morfeo’ Elm: a new variety resistant to Dutch elm disease." Forest Pathology 42, no. 2 (September 12, 2011): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2011.00737.x.

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7

Ďurkovič, Jaroslav, Ingrid Čaňová, Rastislav Lagaňa, Veronika Kučerová, Michal Moravčík, Tibor Priwitzer, Josef Urban, Miloň Dvořák, and Jana Krajňáková. "Leaf trait dissimilarities between Dutch elm hybrids with a contrasting tolerance to Dutch elm disease." Annals of Botany 111, no. 2 (December 21, 2012): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs274.

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8

Scheffer, R. J., J. G. W. F. Voeten, and R. P. Guries. "Biological Control of Dutch Elm Disease." Plant Disease 92, no. 2 (February 2008): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-2-0192.

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9

Fox, Jeffrey L. "Assessing the Dutch Elm Disease Backlash." Nature Biotechnology 5, no. 10 (October 1987): 1002–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1087-1002.

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10

Santini, A., and M. Faccoli. "Dutch elm disease and elm bark beetles: a century of association." iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/ifor1231-008.

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11

Anna, M., L. Mariella, and M. Lorenzo. "ELM TISSUE CULTURE: MICROPROPAGATION OF CLONES RESISTANT TO DUTCH ELM DISEASE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 457 (July 1998): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1998.457.29.

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12

Faccoli, Massimo. "Elm bark beetles and Dutch Elm Disease: tests of combined control." Anzeiger fur Schdlingskunde 74, no. 1 (February 2001): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0280.2001.00033.x.

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13

Wai, Alvan, and Georg Hausner. "The mitochondrial genome of Ophiostoma himal-ulmi and comparison with other fungi causing Dutch elm disease." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 67, no. 8 (August 2021): 584–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2020-0589.

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The mitochondrial genome of Ophiostoma himal-ulmi, a species endemic to the Western Himalayas and one of the fungi that cause Dutch elm disease, has been sequenced and characterized. The mitochondrial genome was compared with other available genomes for members of the Ophiostomatales, including other agents of Dutch elm disease (Ophiostoma ulmi, Ophiostoma novo-ulmi subspecies novo-ulmi, and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi subspecies americana), and it was observed that gene synteny is highly conserved, and variability among members of the fungi that cause Dutch-elm disease is primarily due to the number of intron insertions. Among the fungi that cause Dutch elm disease that we examined, O. himal-ulmi has the largest mitochondrial genomes (ranging from 94 934 to 111 712 bp), owing to the expansion of the number of introns.

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14

Et-Touil, Abdelali, Danny Rioux, Fabienne M. Mathieu, and Louis Bernier. "External symptoms and histopathological changes following inoculation of elms putatively resistant to Dutch elm disease with genetically close strains of Ophiostoma." Canadian Journal of Botany 83, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 656–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b05-037.

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To better characterize the hostpathogen interaction leading to Dutch elm disease, pathogenicity tests were carried out under controlled conditions. Putative resistant hybrid clones 2213 and 2245 from the same Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. × Ulmus americana L. cross and putative resistant U. americana clone 503, as well as saplings of U. americana grown from seeds, were inoculated with strains of Ophiostoma ulmi (Buism.) Nannf. or Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Brasier, including strains H327 and AST27, which carry different alleles at the Pat1 pathogenicity locus and display different levels of aggressiveness. The occurrence of wilted leaves and xylem streaks in inoculated elms indicated that the three clones tested were in fact susceptible to Dutch elm disease, although clones 2213 and 2245 were less susceptible than other elm material tested. In addition to the usual histopathological changes induced during the development of Dutch elm disease on clones 2213 and 2245, such as the formation of alveolar structures, tyloses, gels, and barrier zones, microscopic observations also revealed the presence of cells exhibiting a yellow autofluorescence under blue illumination around xylem vessels invaded by the pathogen. This may represent a new defence reaction against Dutch elm disease. The more aggressive H327 strain induced different levels of xylem responses than the less aggressive AST27 strain.Key words: Dutch elm disease, vascular wilt, histopathology.

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15

Jacobi, W. R., R. D. Koski, and J. F. Negron. "Dutch elm disease pathogen transmission by the banded elm bark beetleScolytus schevyrewi." Forest Pathology 43, no. 3 (February 4, 2013): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/efp.12023.

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16

Townsend, A. M., S. E. Bentz, and L. W. Douglass. "Evaluation of 19 American Elm Clones for Tolerance to Dutch Elm Disease." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-23.1.21.

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Abstract Rooted stem cuttings of 19 American elm (Ulmus americana L.) cultivars and selections, and rooted cuttings of two non-American elm selections, U. carpinifolia Gleditsch 51 and 970 (U. glabra Huds. x (U. wallichiana Planch. x U. carpinifolia)), along with a group of American elm seedlings, were planted in a randomized block design. When the trees were nine years old, they were inoculated with a mixed spore suspension of Ophiostoma ulmi (Buisman) C. Nannf. and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Brasier, the causal fungi for Dutch elm disease (DED). Analyses of variance showed highly significant variation among clones in foliar symptoms 4 weeks after inoculation and in crown dieback one and two years after inoculation. After two years, 13 of the American clones showed significantly less dieback than the American elm seedlings, and 18 American clones showed significantly less injury than a randomly chosen, unselected American elm clone, 57845. The American clones with the most DED-tolerance were cultivars ‘Valley Forge,’ ‘Princeton,’ ‘Delaware,’ and ‘New Harmony,’ and selections N3487, R18-2, 290, 190, and GDH. The non-American selections 51 and 970 also exhibited high levels of disease tolerance. Most susceptible were American clones 57845, ‘Augustine,’ Crandall, W590, and the American elm seedlings. The most disease-tolerant American elm selections identified in this study are being evaluated further for possible naming and release to the nursery industry.

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17

Sinclair, W. A., A. M. Townsend, and J. L. Sherald. "Elm Yellows Phytoplasma Lethal to Dutch Elm Disease-Resistant Ulmus americana Cultivars." Plant Disease 85, no. 5 (May 2001): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.5.560b.

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Ulmus americana (American elm) clonal cultivars Independence, New Harmony, and Valley Forge, together with the triploid putative hybrid cultivar Jefferson, were tested for reaction to the elm yellows (EY) phytoplasma. These cultivars all possess resistance to the fungal pathogen Ophiostoma novo-ulmi (1,4) but had not been screened for EY resistance or tolerance. Procedures and conditions of the test were similar to those used previously for assessing EY tolerance of Eurasian elm cultivars (3). In brief, 9 to 15 saplings of each cultivar and of U. americana raised from seed (susceptible controls), growing in a field plot at Ithaca, NY, were challenged by grafting their mainstems with bark patches from U. americana naturally affected by EY. Six to nine additional trees of each clone and of the seedling group were left untreated as controls. Inoculations were performed in July 1999, and trees were evaluated for symptoms in early September 2000. Multiple individuals in every inoculated group developed the syndrome typical of EY in U. americana: epinasty, foliar yellowing, yellow discoloration and necrosis of root and stem phloem, odor of methyl salicylate from moist discolored phloem on first exposure to air, defoliation or sudden permanent wilting, and death (2). The numbers of trees with these symptoms, of those inoculated, were: 9 of 9 Independence, 7 of 11 New Harmony, 10 of 14 Valley Forge, 3 of 13 Jefferson, and 12 of 15 trees grown from seed. Untreated controls remained asymptomatic, except for one tree of Valley Forge and two trees grown from seed that became infected naturally and had symptoms like those in the grafted trees. Based on these results, the elm cultivars named above are typical of U. americana in susceptibility to, and intolerance of, EY phytoplasmal infection. Effective EY resistance or tolerance in this species, although once thought to occur in rare individuals (2), remains undocumented. References: (1) J. L. Sherald et al. Can. J. For. Res. 24:647, 1994. (2) W. A. Sinclair. 2000. Page 121 in: The Elms. C. P. Dunn, ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA. (3) W. A. Sinclair et al. Plant Dis. 84:1266–1270, 2000. (4) A. M. Townsend. 2000. Page 271 in: The Elms. C. P. Dunn, ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA.

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18

Wilson, B. A., J. E. Luther, and T. D. T. Stuart. "Spectral Reflectance Characteristics of Dutch Elm Disease." Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 24, no. 2 (June 1998): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07038992.1998.10855239.

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19

Baker, F. A. "Dutch Elm Disease (Ceratocystis ulmi) in Utah." Plant Disease 70, no. 7 (1986): 694e. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-70-694e.

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20

Roberts, L. "MSU faults Strobel for Dutch elm test." Science 237, no. 4820 (September 11, 1987): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.3629239.

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21

Barber, Keith. "Research on Dutch elm disease in Europe." Journal of Rural Studies 1, no. 3 (January 1985): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(85)90119-6.

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22

Sticklen, M. B., M. G. Bolyard, R. K. Hajela, and L. C. Dufresne. "Molecular and cellular aspects of Dutch elm disease." Phytoprotection 72, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705997ar.

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The folio wing review gives an overview of current research in the area of molecular and cellular interactions in Dutch elm disease. This vascular wilt disease is caused by the fungus Ophiostoma ulmi and is transmitted from diseased to healthy trees by the elm bark beetles. Fungal toxins are described which are associated with pathogenesis, one of which, ceratoulmin, is under investigation at the molecular level, particularly regarding its mode of action and localization. The fungus has also been examined at the molecular level to differentiate between aggressive and non-aggressive isolates on the basis of protein and nucleic acid profiles. Genetic linkage maps are being developed to correlate disruption of certain genes with the loss of pathogenicity. Viral and bacterial antagonists of the fungus, which may serve as biological control mechanisms for Dutch elm disease, have been characterized, as have several of the active molecules responsible for control. Host responses are also discussed at the molecular and biochemical level, including phytoalexins and defense mechanism elicitors. Several Unes of investigation are discussed to provide an overview of molecular approaches to understanding and manipulating the organisms involved with the ultimate goal of controlling Dutch elm disease.

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23

Solheim, H., R. Eriksen, and A. M. Hietala. "Dutch elm disease has currently a low incidence on wych elm in Norway." Forest Pathology 41, no. 3 (April 27, 2010): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2010.00650.x.

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24

Newhouse, Andrew E., Franziska Schrodt, Haiying Liang, Charles A. Maynard, and William A. Powell. "Transgenic American elm shows reduced Dutch elm disease symptoms and normal mycorrhizal colonization." Plant Cell Reports 26, no. 7 (February 20, 2007): 977–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00299-007-0313-z.

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25

Solla, A., and L. Gil. "Influence of water stress on Dutch elm disease symptoms in Ulmus minor." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 810–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-067.

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The response of Ulmus minor Miller to Dutch elm disease was observed under combined heavy and light watering regimes. Ramets of two clones, planted in pots, were divided into two groups and each group underwent a different watering regime: heavy initial watering followed by light watering and light initial watering followed by heavy watering. The changeover in watering took place on May 29, 1998, 15 days after plants had been inoculated with a Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Brasier spore suspension. Greater wilting was evident in elms subjected to the heavy initial watering followed by light watering regime than those subjected to light initial watering followed by heavy watering. Non-inoculated plants subjected to heavy initial watering followed by light watering developed large vessel diameters during the heavy watering period and showed approximately 20% wilting during the light watering period. Non-inoculated plants subjected to light initial watering followed by heavy watering developed vessels with smaller diameters during the light watering period, and showed no wilting. The evidence suggests that large vessel formation prior to inoculation associated with water stress after infection increases Dutch elm disease symptoms. The role of water stress in the development of Dutch elm disease symptoms and the implications for elm resistance and breeding are discussed.Key words: field elm, Dutch elm disease, water relations, xylem vessels, breeding, Ophiostoma novo-ulmi.

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26

Harrington, Thomas C., Mariam B. Sticklen, and James L. Sherald. "Dutch Elm Disease Research: Cellular and Molecular Approaches." Mycologia 86, no. 5 (September 1994): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3760553.

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27

Bolyard, Mark G. "Toxins or signals in Dutch elm disease pathogenesis." Trends in Microbiology 5, no. 11 (November 1997): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-842x(97)01151-7.

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M.G., Bolyard. "Toxins or signals in Dutch elm disease pathogenesis." Trends in Microbiology 5, no. 11 (November 1997): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-842x(97)01175-x.

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29

Scheffer, R. J., D. M. Elgersma, and G. A. Strobel. "Pseudomonas for biological control of dutch elm disease." Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology 95, no. 5 (September 1989): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01977733.

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30

Smalley, E. B., and R. P. Guries. "Breeding Elms for Resistance to Dutch Elm Disease." Annual Review of Phytopathology 31, no. 1 (September 1993): 325–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.31.090193.001545.

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31

Swinton, J., and C. A. Gilligan. "Selecting hyperparasites for biocontrol of Dutch elm disease." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 266, no. 1418 (March 7, 1999): 437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1999.0657.

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32

Jürisoo, Liina, Ilmar Süda, Ahto Agan, and Rein Drenkhan. "Vectors of Dutch Elm Disease in Northern Europe." Insects 12, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12050393.

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Potential Dutch elm disease vector beetle species were caught with pheromone bottle traps and handpicked in 2019: in total, seven species and 261 specimens were collected. The most common was Scolytus triarmatus, but by percent, the incidence of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi was highest in Scolytus scolytus, followed by Xyleborinus saxesenii and S. triarmatus. We analysed the beetles’ DNA using PacBio sequencing to determine vector beetles of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. Ophiostoma novo-ulmi was found on six out of seven analysed beetle species: Scolytus scolytus, S. triarmatus, S. multistriatus, S. laevis, Xyleborinus saxesenii and Xyleborus dispar. The last two beetles were detected as vectors for Ophiostoma novo-ulmi for the first time. Previous knowledge on the spread of beetles is discussed.

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33

Ďurkovič, Jaroslav, František Kačík, Dušan Olčák, Veronika Kučerová, and Jana Krajňáková. "Host responses and metabolic profiles of wood components in Dutch elm hybrids with a contrasting tolerance to Dutch elm disease." Annals of Botany 114, no. 1 (May 22, 2014): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcu076.

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Jiménez-López, Laura, María E. Eugenio, David Ibarra, Margarita Darder, Juan A. Martín, and Raquel Martín-Sampedro. "Cellulose Nanofibers from a Dutch Elm Disease-Resistant Ulmus minor Clone." Polymers 12, no. 11 (October 23, 2020): 2450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112450.

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The potential use of elm wood in lignocellulosic industries has been hindered by the Dutch elm disease (DED) pandemics, which have ravaged European and North American elm groves in the last century. However, the selection of DED-resistant cultivars paves the way for their use as feedstock in lignocellulosic biorefineries. Here, the production of cellulose nanofibers from the resistant Ulmus minor clone Ademuz was evaluated for the first time. Both mechanical (PFI refining) and chemical (TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical)-mediated oxidation) pretreatments were assessed prior to microfluidization, observing not only easier fibrillation but also better optical and barrier properties for elm nanopapers compared to eucalyptus ones (used as reference). Furthermore, mechanically pretreated samples showed higher strength for elm nanopapers. Although lower nanofibrillation yields were obtained by mechanical pretreatment, nanofibers showed higher thermal, mechanical and barrier properties, compared to TEMPO-oxidized nanofibers. Furthermore, lignin-containing elm nanofibers presented the most promising characteristics, with slightly lower transparencies.

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Santini, Alberto, Alberto Fagnani, Fabio Ferrini, Luisa Ghelardini, and Lorenzo Mittempergher. "‘Fiorente’ and ‘Arno’ Elm Trees." HortScience 42, no. 3 (June 2007): 712–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.3.712.

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Dutch elm disease (DED) has spread through Europe since the beginning of the 20th century. Several independent genetic improvement programs for breeding DED-resistant elms have been established in Europe. The Italian elm breeding program began in the late 1970s with the goal of hybridizing susceptible European elms with resistant Asian species to select DED-resistant clones suited to the Mediterranean climate. Ulmus ‘Fiorente’ and ‘Arno’ are two new releases selected for DED resistance, superior growth rate, attractive foliage, and upright habit.

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Pines, I. L., and A. R. Westwood. "EVALUATION OF MONOSODIUM METHANE ARSENATE FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF NATIVE ELM BARK BEETLES, HYLURGOPINUS RUFIPES (EICHHOFF) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 128, no. 3 (June 1996): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent128435-3.

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AbstractThe native elm bark beetle, Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eichhoff), is the major vector of Dutch elm disease, Ophiostoma ulmi (Buisman) Nannf., in Manitoba. The herbicide Glowon™, monosodium methane arsenate (MSMA), was applied to a chainsaw cut in American elm, Ulmus americana L., tree stems to determine if the treated elms would become effective trap trees for H. rufipes. Three treatments were compared: treated with herbicide and girdled, girdled, and control. All herbicide-treated elms died within 18 days after application. Significantly higher numbers (P < 0.01) of native elm bark beetles were attracted to the herbicided elms, compared with the other treatments. Beetles bred only in the elms treated with herbicide. Of the total brood galleries constructed, 72% had no egg hatch while the remaining 28% had larval tunnels. Progeny adults emerged from less than 1% of the larval tunnels. MSMA application could supplement the Dutch elm disease management program in Manitoba.

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37

Postma, Joeke, and Helen Goossen-van de Geijn. "Twenty-four years of Dutch Trig® application to control Dutch elm disease." BioControl 61, no. 3 (March 16, 2016): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10526-016-9731-6.

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38

Sutherland, M. L., S. Pearson, and C. M. Brasier. "The Influence of Temperature and Light on Defoliation Levels of Elm by Dutch Elm Disease." Phytopathology® 87, no. 6 (June 1997): 576–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1997.87.6.576.

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The amount of defoliation of elm (Ulmus procera) caused by three Ophiostoma novoulmi Eurasian race isolates over 14 seasons of field trials was found to be strongly correlated with mean air temperature and mean number of sunshine hours over the 12-week period from inoculation to assessment, and with tree age. The coefficient of determination for the regression of percent defoliation on the environmental and tree factors was 0.76, P < 0.001 (33 df). Levels of defoliation were greatest when mean air temperatures exceeded 17°C with moderate light (5 to 7 h of sunshine), and lowest under conditions of either high light (>7.5 h of sunshine) at all air temperatures or low light (<4.5 h of sunshine) and air temperatures of less than 15.5°C. The model varied in its intercept for the three isolates, reflecting their different levels of aggressiveness. The role of environmental factors in the development of Dutch elm disease symptoms and the implications for elm resistance breeding are discussed.

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39

Dorion, N., C. Bigot, and P. Neumann. "Evaluation of Dutch elm disease susceptibility and pathogenicity of Ophiostoma ulmi using micropropagated elm shoots." Forest Pathology 24, no. 2 (May 1994): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1994.tb01063.x.

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40

Peterken, G. F., and E. P. Mountford. "Long‐term change in an unmanaged population of wych elm subjected to Dutch elm disease." Journal of Ecology 86, no. 2 (April 1998): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00255.x.

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41

Moser, John C., Heino Konrad, Stacy R. Blomquist, and Thomas Kirisits. "Do mites phoretic on elm bark beetles contribute to the transmission of Dutch elm disease?" Naturwissenschaften 97, no. 2 (December 5, 2009): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-009-0630-x.

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42

Santini, Alberto, Francesco Pecori, Alessia L. Pepori, Fabio Ferrini, and Luisa Ghelardini. "Genotype×environment interaction and growth stability of several elm clones resistant to Dutch elm disease." Forest Ecology and Management 260, no. 6 (August 2010): 1017–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.06.025.

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43

Sutherland, M. L., L. Mittempergher, and C. M. Brasier. "Control of Dutch elm disease by induced host resistance." Forest Pathology 25, no. 6-7 (November 1995): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1995.tb01346.x.

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Santini, A., A. Montaghi, G. G. Vendramin, and P. Capretti. "Analysis of the Italian Dutch Elm Disease Fungal Population." Journal of Phytopathology 153, no. 2 (February 2005): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2004.00931.x.

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Bajeux, Nicolas, Julien Arino, Stéphanie Portet, and Richard Westwood. "Spread of Dutch elm disease in an urban forest." Ecological Modelling 438 (December 2020): 109293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109293.

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Scheffer, R. J. "Mechanisms Involved in Biological Control of Dutch Elm Disease." Journal of Phytopathology 130, no. 4 (December 1990): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1990.tb01177.x.

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Jürisoo, Liina, Kalev Adamson, Allar Padari, and Rein Drenkhan. "Health of elms and Dutch elm disease in Estonia." European Journal of Plant Pathology 154, no. 3 (March 15, 2019): 823–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01707-0.

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Napierała-Filipiak, Anna, Maciej Filipiak, and Piotr Łakomy. "Changes in the Species Composition of Elms (Ulmus spp.) in Poland." Forests 10, no. 11 (November 11, 2019): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10111008.

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In nearly 600 randomly selected forest stands including elms (Ulmus spp.), we conducted field research to identify them to species level and to find trees showing symptoms of Dutch elm disease (DED). The presented data show that all the 3 native elms (U. glabra, U. laevis, and U. minor) still exist in the whole ranges of their distribution in Poland reported earlier, but their role as forest-forming species has changed. In comparison to published data, the contribution of U. minor has markedly decreased, while an increased contribution was observed in the case of U. laevis, a species which in the past was predominantly located out of woodland and was rarely cultivated. In mountains, where the most frequent is U. glabra, the contribution of elms to forest stands is currently clearly lower than in the lowlands and uplands of Poland. The observed changes most probably result from Dutch elm disease. It cannot be excluded that the changes are at least partly linked with natural correction of forest stand composition modified earlier by human activity (silviculture). In all parts of Poland, trees with symptoms of Dutch elm disease are found, but large-scale decline (of a majority of elm trees) is observed only in about 1.5% of the directly investigated localities.

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Caulton, Eric, Wendy Aitken, and Nabeet Rashid. "Aerobiological aspects of elm (Ulmus spp) in South-East Scotland in relation to elm decline from Dutch Elm disease (1976–1996)." Aerobiologia 14, no. 2-3 (September 1998): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02694199.

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Napierała-Filipiak, Anna, Maciej Filipiak, and Justyna Jaworek-Jakubska. "The Populations and Habitat Preferences of Three Elm Species in Conditions Prevailing on Plains of Poland." Forests 12, no. 2 (January 30, 2021): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12020162.

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From among the 35–40 elm species existing around the world, three are native to Europe: the wych elm (Ulmus glabra Huds.), the European white elm, (Ulmus laevis Pall.), and the field elm (Ulmus minor Mill.). The populations of these trees have been greatly reduced as a result of a decrease in the total area of riparian forests. Furthermore, for nearly 100 years, they have been destroyed by Dutch elm disease (DED). The main research problems of this study are: what are the habitat preferences of elms growing in a given area; and whether the occurrence of DED depends on the species of elm and the habitat in which it occurs. The results presented here are based on field studies and observations have been supplemented with data from forest inventories. All of the examined elms are definitely more abundant in habitats that are fertile or very fertile and moist, with a neutral or slightly alkaline soil pH. The preference for moist sites is the most evident in the case of U. laevis and the least evident in the case of U. glabra. A slight shift in habitat preferences of the field elm, compared to the white elm, towards less humid conditions was observed. The predominant species of elm in the studied area is currently U. laevis, which was rarely cultivated in forests in the past. In the examined area, the field elm population is clearly on the decline mainly due to the long-term presence of Dutch elm disease. U. glabra is the rarest species in the examined area and most often found on slopes. The current proportions of individual species should be maintained. This paper discusses factors, including ones not connected with DED, that may be responsible for the current state of populations of particular species of elm in forests of Central Europe.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Dutch Elm'

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