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1
Van Houwelingen, F., and A. Carstens. "'Nederlandismes' in HAT." Literator 19, no. 2 (April 30, 1998): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v19i2.518.
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Dutch influence in HAT (1994) Although there is consensus among linguists that Afrikaans and Dutch are related languages, and that Afrikaans originated from 17th century Dutch, the differences between present-day varieties of Afrikaans and Dutch serve as proof that we are dealing with two separate languages. These differences should be clearly visible in descriptive as well as normative sources of the two languages. However, the third edition of Verklarende Handewoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (HAT), one of the leading Afrikaans standard monolingual dictionaries, contains headwords as well as microstructural information that do not agree with the reality of the Afrikaans of today. An empirical investigation conducted among Afrikaans-speaking dictionary users has proven that a significant Dutch influence is still prominent - in the micro- as well as the macrostructure of the dictionary. It is believed that the Dutch "thread" of many Afrikaans dictionaries has indirectly contributed towards the creation of a super-standard norm, which is partially responsible for the estrangement between the cultural language and the vernacular.
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Banga, Arina, Esther Hanssen, Robert Schreuder, and Anneke Neijt. "How subtle differences in orthography influence conceptual interpretation." Units of Language – Units of Writing 15, no. 2 (August 10, 2012): 185–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.15.2.04ban.
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The present study investigates linguistic relativity. The units of writing investigated are e and en, which are used to represent units of language in Dutch, Frisian, and Afrikaans. Dutch has homographic forms in the plural suffix -en and the linking element of noun-noun compounds en. Frisian does not have homography of this kind, while Afrikaans has a different homography. This raises the question whether second language learners of Dutch consistently interpret the linking en in Dutch noun-noun compounds as plural in the way that native speakers do. Plurality ratings for Dutch modifiers obtained from native Dutch speakers are compared with ratings from Frisian-Dutch bilinguals and Afrikaaners learning Dutch as L2. Significant differences relating to orthography are observed. We therefore argue that differing orthographic conventions in one’s native language (L1) can lead to different interpretations for the same everyday words written in Dutch (L2). Orthography thus provides an example of linguistic relativity. Keywords: linguistic relativity; second language learning; morphology; compounding; linking element; plurality; homography; Dutch; Frisian; Afrikaans
3
Jansen, Carel, Robert Schreuder, and Anneke Neijt. "The influence of spelling conventions on perceived plurality in compounds." Constraints on Spelling Changes 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.10.2.02jan.
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Dutch compounds with ‘e’ or ‘en’ as linking element between modifier and head were presented to mother tongue speakers of Afrikaans in an experimental setting that explored the possibility that these different spelling formats would suggest a singular or plural meaning of the modifier. The participants appeared to interpret ‘en’ in the linking element as an indication for singular, and ‘e’ as signifying plural. This outcome supported the findings in comparable studies on Dutch, which also revealed a tendency to understand the spelling of the linking schwa in relation to conventions for the spelling of the plural suffix. In Afrikaans the spelling of the plural forms is ‘e’, whereas in Dutch the spelling of plural forms is ‘en’. This explains why the results of the Dutch and Afrikaans experiments, while using the same materials, are each other’s mirror image.
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De Ruyter, C., and E. F. Kotzé. "Oor Austro-Nederlands en die oorsprong van Afrikaans." Literator 23, no. 3 (August 6, 2002): 139–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v23i3.347.
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On Austro-Dutch and the origin of Afrikaans A widely accepted view of the origin of Afrikaans holds that the new language developed autochthonously, after 1652 when the language of the early Cape settlers was influenced by imported slaves speaking Malay and Portuguese, and by the pidgin talk of the Cape Khoikhoi. This “autochthonous hypothesis”, however, does not take cognizance of the fact that shortened (deflected) Dutch verb forms found in Afrikaans, for instance, are also found in loan words in the Ceylon-Portuguese creole, as well as in Indonesian, and Malay-influenced languages of Indonesia. Moreover, large numbers of Dutch East India Company sojourners, who had acquired an “adapted” form of Dutch during their stay in the East, spent a significant time at the Cape on their return voyage. The argument is put forward that they brought with them a number of language features clearly comparable with “distinctive features” in incipient (and developed) Afrikaans, such as the shortened verb and the use of the perfect instead of imperfect verb forms to indicate a simple past tense. The variety of Dutch spoken by them is called Austro-Dutch, which, it is argued, forms the basis of an “oceanic hypothesis” to add a new dimension to theories about the formation of Afrikaans.
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Augustinus, Liesbeth, and Cora Cavirani-Pots. "Give it a try!" Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde 136, no. 2 (January 1, 2020): 77–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tntl2020.2.001.augu.
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Abstract This paper compares the different possibilities of verbal complementation of the Dutch verb proberen ‘try’ and its Afrikaans cognate probeer ‘try’. In Dutch, proberencan take three complement types: an om te infinitive, a te infinitive and a bare infinitive. In Afrikaans, probeer can only take two complements: an om te infinitive and a bare infinitive. There are no semantic differences among the complemen-tation patterns. We conducted a corpus study for both languages to investigate which factors influence the choice of the complement. In Dutch there is a clear influence of region (Netherlandic Dutch versus Belgian Dutch). Furthermore, the length of the object and the type of clause (main or embedded) have a significant influence on the choice of the complement. In the Afrikaans data the presence of the object as well as its length significantly influence the choice between an om te and a bare infinitive.
6
den Besten, Hans. "KHOEKHOE SYNTAX AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR L2 ACQUISITION OF DUTCH AND AFRIKAANS." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 14, no. 1 (March 2002): 3–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542702046020.
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A provisional typological comparison demonstrates that Khoekhoe, Dutch, and Afrikaans are highly similar with respect to a couple of minor features. Therefore, Cape Dutch Pidgin (CDP), which came about as a relexified and pidginized version of Khoekhoe, could often develop compromises between Dutch and Khoekhoe syntax. Exceptions were the use of SOV without V2 and (possibly) the use of certain postpositions. Furthermore, there is evidence showing that CDP and Orange River Afrikaans (ORA) are diachronically related. An investigation of the sentential structure of Khoekhoe, however, shows that the second position (P2) phenomenon differs considerably from V2 in Dutch: P2 is symmetric and is applied in all clause types. Yet, except for a temporary pro-drop phenomenon in wh-clauses, P2 did not really affect the pidgin. Once finite verbs were acquired, the picture changed, and new (optional) subordinate V2 and V1 patterns could be introduced into Cape Dutch and Afrikaans under the influence of Khoekhoe Dutch/Afrikaans.
7
Prinsloo, P. J. J. "Die rol van die Saamwerk-Unie in die beslaggewing van Afrikaanse taaleksamens in Natal, 1917-1928." Literator 16, no. 2 (May 2, 1995): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v16i2.632.
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The role of the Co-operative Union in establishing Afrikaans language examinations in Natal, 1917-1928This article deals with the role of Afrikaner Nationalists who had striven to develop the selfassertiveness of their compatriots by means of promoting Afrikaans. Their attempt was aimed at obtaining an equal position to the deeply-rooted British tradition in Natal. The Co-operative Union (“Saamwerk-Unie") consequently had taken up position in the midst of the language problems. The Union made a deliberate attempt at promoting the development of Afrikaans by means of establishing the first language examinations in Afrikaans. This examination system evoked greater interest with every passing year and resulted in a clash between the Co-operative Union and the South African Language Union. The Language Union, with its Dutch language examinations, was the embodiment of the Dutch influence, while the Co-operative Union promoted Afrikaans at grass roots level. A compromise between the two organisations thus had to be made. A joint Examination Commission was therefore established in 1928. Consequently, the new cultural pattern which had been launched by the Co-operative Union was acknowledged in the ranks of the Afrikaner.
8
Steyn, J. C. "Afrikaans as universiteitstaal: Onlangse ontwikkelinge in historiese en internasionale perspektief." Literator 15, no. 1 (May 2, 1994): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v15i1.650.
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A study of the history of South African universities from 1918 to 1948 showed that six factors influenced the use of a particular language as a language medium at a university, namely economic and political power, as well as the number of people in the language community (which determines matters such as the official status of the language and the availability of money for universities), lecturers' and students ’ knowledge of the language, its position as scholarly language, language loyalty and attitudes toward other languages and the support enjoyed by language and related ideologies. Whereas these factors were reasonably favourable for Afrikaans universities in the past, they currently pose a threat to the survival of Afrikaans-medium universities. The standpoint is defended that retaining Afrikaans as educational and scholarly language should be an important factor when making decisions on universities. The tension between internationalisation and retention of the own language and culture is also topical in Europe, and steps have been taken to try to protect the retention of Dutch as language medium at Dutch and Flemish universities.
9
Van Olmen, Daniël, Adri Breed, and Ben Verhoeven. "A corpus-based study of the human impersonal pronoun ('n) mens in Afrikaans." Languages in Contrast 19, no. 1 (June 5, 2018): 79–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.17004.van.
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Abstract This article compares the grammaticalizing human impersonal pronoun ('n) mens in Afrikaans to fully grammaticalized men and non-grammaticalized een mens in Dutch. It is shown that 'n mens and een mens can still be used lexically, unlike mens and men, and that ('n) mens and een mens are restricted to non-referential indefinite, universal-internal uses while men exhibits the whole range of (non-) referential indefinite ones. Despite the latter’s presence in the earliest Afrikaans data, it is argued not to have influenced the development of ('n) mens. This pronoun and Dutch een mens are also found to have syntactic functions other than subjecthood, unlike men. The contrast is attributed to their different degrees of grammaticalization. Lastly, the Afrikaans ‘man’-pronoun is shown to differ from its Dutch counterparts in relying on the second person singular for suppletion, though forms of ('n) mens are found to occasionally occur instead.
10
Van Zyl, D. "Afstand en vereenselwiging: Perspektiewe op die veranderende betekenisse van boer en Boer in die Afrikaanse poësie." Literator 21, no. 3 (April 26, 2000): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v21i3.492.
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Distance and identification: Perspectives on the changing connotations of boer and Boer in Afrikaans poetry A comparison of various lemmas on boer/Boer in a number of dictionaries, as well as research on the application of these terms in a variety of poetic (and other) texts written during the 19th and 20th century, reveals interesting similarities and dissimilarities regarding both the definition and the utilization of the terms in Afrikaans and Dutch texts. In Afrikaans and in Afrikaans poetry, where Boer (and sometimes boer, under influence of the values attributed to Boer) is often used as an ethnonym, different meanings of the term correspond with the historical, sociological and ideological context. Alternatively, both terms are employed negatively, suggesting a perspective of distance, and positively, implying proximity and identification. The option selected depends on the specific intent and the context, but the terms are often used ambiguously, reflecting a multiplicity of meaning(s).
11
Sonn, Tamara. "Islamic Studies in South Africa." American Journal of Islam and Society 11, no. 2 (July 1, 1994): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v11i2.2436.
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Background of South African IslamIn 1994, South Africans will celebrate three centuries of Islam inSouth Africa. Credit for establishing Islam in South Africa is usuallygiven to Sheikh Yusuf, a Macasser prince who was exiled to South Africafor leading the resistance against the Dutch colonization of Malaysia. Thefitst Muslims in South Africa, however, were actually slaves who hadbeen imported, beginning in 1677, mainly from India, the Indonesianarchipelago, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka, by the Dutch colonists living in theCape. The Cape Muslim community, popularly but inaccurately knownas "Malays" and known under apattheid as "Coloreds," is the oldest Muslimcommunity in South Africa. The other major Muslim community wasestablished over a century later by indentured laborers and tradespeoplefrom northern India, a minority of whom weae Muslims. The majority ofSouth African Indian Muslims, classified as "Asians" or "Asiatics," nowlive in Natal and Tramvaal. The third ethnically identifiable group, classifiedas "Aftican" or "Black," consists mainly of converts or theirdescendants. Of the entire South African Muslim population, roughly 49percent are "Coloreds," nearly 47 pement are "Asians," and, although statisticsregarding "Africans" ate generally unreliable, it is estimated thatthey are less than 4 percent. Less than 1 percent is "White."Contributions to South African SocietyAlthough Muslims make up less that 2 petcent of the total population,their presence is highly visible. There ate over twenty-five mosques inCape Town and over one hundred in Johannesburg, making minarets asfamiliar as church towers Many are histotic and/or architectuml monuments.More importantly, Muslims ate uniquely involved in the nation'scultwe and economy. The oldest extant Afrikaans-language manuscriptsare in the Arabic script, for they ate the work of Muslim slaves writingin the Dutch patois. South African historian Achrnat Davids has tracedmany linguistic elements of Afrikaans, both in vocabulary and grammar,to the influence of the Cape Muslims. Economically, the Indian Muslimsaxe the most affluent, owing primarily to the cirmmstances under whichthey came to South Africa. Muslim names on businesses and buildingsare a familiar sight in all major cities and on those UniveAty campusesthat non-Whites were allowed to attend during apartheid ...
12
Deumert, Ana. "Praatjies and boerenbrieven." Creole Language in Creole Literatures 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2005): 15–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.20.1.04deu.
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From the 1820s humorous representations of the local vernacular began to appear in the periodical press of the Cape Colony. These popular texts developed into a highly productive genre and influenced the formation of an early Afrikaans written norm by shaping expectations of social, linguistic and local authenticity. Whereas the early vernacular representations fall largely into the category of racist parodies or ‘mock language’ (Hill 1995), later texts were intended as projections of the colonists' own ‘voice’. Using LePage's concept of linguistic focusing (cf. LePage & Tabouret-Keller 1985), Coupland's (2001) notion of stylization, and Gal and Irvine's (2000) semiotic principles of iconization and erasure, this paper argues that linguistic forms which were propagated as ‘authentic’ representations of local speech in the popular literature came to be used as conventionalized ideological resources in non-literary texts and contributed to the gradual formation and diffusion of a written norm at the Cape. The data basis for the analysis includes early literary texts (1828–1889), theCorpus of Cape Dutch Correspondence(1880–1922, cf. Deumert, 2001, 2004) as well as a small, pragmatically cohesive corpus of application letters for the position of a nanny in the house of Colin Steyn (1923/1924).
13
Ponelis, F. "Hesseling: ’n eeu later." Literator 20, no. 1 (April 26, 1999): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v20i1.441.
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Hesseling: a century laterThe Dutch linguist D.C. Hesseling was a pioneer of creole studies. The first evidence of Hesseling's interest in language contact and creole languages was his publications on Afrikaans. Hesseling formulated the core of his approach to the origin of Afrikaans in an 1897 article and greatly elaborated his ideas on the subject in the book Het Afrikaansch, published in 1899. This was the first truly scientific study of Afrikaans.Hesseling placed emergent Afrikaans within the colonial Dutch contact situation. In his wide-ranging and penetrating sociohistórical analysis of the seventeenth-century language contact situation at the Cape, Hesseling discounted the impact of either Koi or French and German on emergent Afrikaans. He singled out the creole Portuguese introduced by slaves as the main factor in the formation of Afrikaans from colloquial seventeenthcentury Dutch. Some of the issues raised by Hesseling have been hotly disputed, but his approach has remained at the centre of the discourse on Afrikaans historical linguistics.Hesseling's involvement in the diachrony of early Afrikaans was partly stimulated by his passionate interest in the language politics of the emergent Afrikaans standard language. He was the very first linguist of stature to argue for the standardisation of Afrikaans. Moreover, his ideas on the viability of Afrikaans as a local standard language in competition with both English and Dutch have been borne out, though they had been discounted within contemporary Afrikaner Nationalist discourse.
14
Wissing, D. "Die klempatrone van Afrikaanse en Nederlandse simplekse - ’n vergelyking." Literator 10, no. 2 (May 7, 1989): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v10i2.830.
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The stress patterns of Afrikaans and Dutch simplex words correspond to a large extent. However, a small percentage of words differ with regard to the placing of the main stress. The theoretical descriptions of this phenomenon in Afrikaans and Dutch are compared and the conclusion is reached that the Afrikaans description has a higher degree of descriptive and explanatory adequacy than its Dutch counterpart. This can be ascribed to a number of factors, some of which are dealt with in the article. It is furthermore demonstrated that the majority of shifts in stress patterns from Dutch to Afrikaans take place according to the main stress rule. This article indicates how these shifts provide strong support for the main stress rule for simplex words which forms the basis of the argument.
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Breed, Adri, Frank Brisard, and Ben Verhoeven. "Periphrastic Progressive Constructions in Dutch and Afrikaans: A Contrastive Analysis." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 29, no. 4 (November 23, 2017): 305–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542717000022.
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Given the common ancestry of Dutch and Afrikaans, it is not surprising that they use similar periphrastic constructions to express progressive meaning:aan het(Dutch) andaan die/’t(Afrikaans) lit. ‘at the’;bezig met/(om)te(Dutch) lit. ‘busy with/to’ andbesig om telit. ‘busy to’ (Afrikaans); and so-called cardinal posture verb constructions (zitten/sit‘sit’,staan‘stand’,liggen/lê‘lie’ andlopen/loop‘walk’), CPVte(‘to’ Dutch) and CPVen(‘and’ Afrikaans). However, these cognate constructions have grammaticalized to different extents. To assess the exact nature of these differences, we analyzed the constructions with respect to overall frequency, collocational range, and transitivity (compatibility with transitive predicates and passivizability). We used two corpora that are equal in size (both about 57 million words) and contain roughly the same types of written text. It turns out that the use of periphrastic progressives is generally more widespread in Afrikaans than in Dutch. As far as grammaticalization is concerned, we found that the Afrikaansaan die- and CPV-constructions, as well as the Dutchbezig- and CPV-constructions, are semantically restricted. In addition, only the Afrikaansbesig- and CPVen-constructions allow passivization, which is remarkable for such periphrastic expressions.*
16
van Rooy, Bertus, and Rias van den Doel. "Dutch and Afrikaans as post-pluricentric languages." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2011, no. 212 (January 2011): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2011.043.
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Sánchez Romero, Francisco. "Influencia del léxico afrikáans de origen neerlandés en el inglés de Sudáfrica." Futhark. Revista de Investigación y Cultura, no. 7 (2012): 229–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/futhark.2012.i07.08.
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English and Dutch are both spoken in South Africa in XVIII century and a new language emerges: Afrikaans, which is a mixture of Dutch and English, Malaysian, Portuguese and the tribal substrate. Only certain loans from Afrikaans will be analyzed: those registered in English from Dutch origin. I will focus on the historical frame where all this contribution of Afrikaans into English takes place and on the different semantic fields which these loans can be classified into. I’d like to draw conclusions about the most influential semantic field and about the degree of contact between Afrikaans and English, never to forget the Dutch start point of these words.
18
Wissing, D. "Regressiewe stemassimilasie in Afrikaans en Nederlands." Literator 12, no. 2 (May 6, 1991): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v12i2.764.
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The phonological process of assimilation of voice is a distinct feature of both Dutch and Afrikaans. However, there seem to be some prominent differences between these two related languages, especially with regard to the phenomenon of regressive assimilation of voice. Regressive assimilation in Dutch is, according to the literature on this subject, much more restricted than in Afrikaans with regard to the types of segment that are conditioning this sound change. In Afrikaans, assimilation of voice can be triggered by any voiced segment; in Dutch it is stated that only voiced explosives are responsible for such change. In this article it will be demonstrated that this is an unnecessary restriction, and indeed incorrect. This faulty description is due to the fact that the ‘w’ sound in Dutch (as in "water") is typified in a variety of ways in the Dutch literature. It will be shown that ‘w’ is a voiced fricative, and is, together with the voiced explosives, involved in regressive assimilation of voice in much the same way as it is in Afrikaans.
19
Halimatusa’diah, Halimatusa’diah. "PERANAN MODAL KULTURAL DAN STRUKTURAL DALAM MENCIPTAKAN KERUKUNAN ANTARUMAT BERAGAMA DI BALI." Harmoni 17, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32488/harmoni.v17i1.207.
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Ahmadiyah events in Cikeusik, Shia in Sampang, until the case of Tanjung Balai, are various events of intolerance that often color the reality of our plural society. However, in some other areas with its diverse community, as in Bali, we can find a society that is able to maintain harmony among its diverse peoples and live side by side. This study aims to describe various factors that support inter-religious harmony in Bali. This review is important to overcome the various religious conflicts that occurred in Indonesia, as well as how to create harmony among religious followers. Using a qualitative approach, this study found that the creation of tolerance and harmony among religious believers in Bali, in addition influenced by historical model, also because Bali has a strong cultural capital and structural capital. Cultural capital in the form of local wisdom that is still maintained and also the harmony agents such as guardians of tradition and FKUB also play a major role in maintaining and creating harmony among religious followers in Bali
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20
Bosman, Nerina. "Eenders en anders: Die leksikons van Afrikaans en Nederlands in die een-en-twintigste eeu —’n loodsstudie." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 50, no. 3 (May 18, 2018): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/tl.v50i3.5117.
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Early research into the Afrikaans vocabulary was mainly diachronic and comparative (Dutch being the “mother” language from which Afrikaans developed) and the relationship between the lexicons of the two languages was not explored in any great detail towards the end of the twentieth century. This state of affairs changed with the publication of Groot Woordeboek Afrikaans en Nederlands (“Great Dictionary Afrikaans and Dutch”) in 2011, a dictionary with an amalgamated lemma list. One of the outcomes of the lexicographic project was the realisation that less than fifty percent of the lemmas in the dictionary were absolute cognates, words which are similar in both form and meaning. This finding prompted a synchronic comparison of word forming processes in Afrikaans and Dutch, using two small newspaper corpora from 2009 as well a selection of neologisms. Analysis of the data shows that although Afrikaans and Dutch differ in the way in which loan words are incorporated—Dutch speakers prefer to take over the words as they are, whereas Afrikaans speakers make use of calques— the morphosemantic process of compounding is still the most productive way for adding words to the lexicon. The two languages do not make use of each others’ coinages, one indication that their lexicons are increasingly growing apart.
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Stell, Gerald, Xavier Luffin, and Muttaqin Rakiep. "Religious and secular Cape Malay Afrikaans: Literary varieties used by Shaykh Hanif Edwards (1906-1958)." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 163, no. 2-3 (2008): 289–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003687.
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In the context of the White and Christian-dominated Afrikaans language movements, followed by apartheid, little attention has been paid to an Afrikaans literary variety used among Muslim Cape Coloureds, a group often referred to as ‘Cape Malays’. Descending mainly from Asian slaves brought by the Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC, Dutch East India Company), and bearing the marks of cohabitation with non-Asian populations at the Cape, the Cape Malays at an early stage developed a distinct religious culture through their adherence to Islam, as well as a distinct Cape Dutch linguistic identity through their connections with the Dutch East Indies and the Islamic world. These cultural idiosyncrasies found expression in a local literature, religious and (more rarely) secular, using as a medium a variety of Cape Dutch/Afrikaans written either in the Arabic alphabet or in the Roman alphabet.
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Grebe, H. P. "Oosgrensafrikaans as teoretiese konstruk onder die loep." Literator 20, no. 2 (April 26, 1999): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v20i2.466.
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Eastern Cape Afrikaans (Oosgrensafrikaans) theoretically evaluatedBased upon linguistic and geographical considerations the historiography of Afrikaans distinguishes between three early historic varieties. Apart from the two contact varieties, Cape Afrikaans (Kaapse Afrikaans) and Orange River Afrikaans (Oranjerivierafrikaans), Eastern Cape Afrikaans is considered to be primarily a continuous development of seventeenth-century Dutch and constitutes the dialectic basis of Standard Afrikaans. As such, Eastern Cape Afrikaans has acquired a central position as theoretical concept within the historiography of Afrikaans.The use of such a term presupposes the existence of a fairly homogeneous historic variety which systematically differed from other varieties of Afrikaans. In this article it will be argued that positing Eastern Cape Afrikaans as a separate historic variety has severe theoretical constraints and that such a claim can not - beyond doubt - be established empirically.
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Du Plessis, H. "Brontaal- of ontvangtaalagensie in Oranjerivierafrikaans en die ontstaan van Afrikaans." Literator 15, no. 3 (May 2, 1994): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v15i3.679.
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In this article the Orange River variety of modern Afrikaans is investigated in terms of Van Coetsems types of language interference: borrowing and imposition. It is argued that the initial contact between Dutch and Khoi resulted in the imposition of Khoi forms on seventeenth-century Dutch. These two forms of interference can still be traced in modern Orange River Afrikaans. A modern variety of a language can thus be studied in order to shed some light on the history of that language.
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Dirven, René. "Metaphorical Divergences in the Evolution of Dutch and Afrikaans." Diachronic Semantics 5 (January 1, 1990): 9–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.5.02dir.
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Steenberg, D. H. "Negentiende-eeuse Realisme: Hildebrand, Conscience, Cachet." Literator 11, no. 3 (May 6, 1990): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v11i3.815.
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To date literary historians have not reported extensively on the connection between Dutch and early Afrikaans prose texts of the nineteenth century. This paper endeavours to verify definite intertextual links between an Afrikaans prose text, “Die geldduiwel” (1882-1889) by Jan Lion Cachet and two comparable Flemish and Dutch texts, namely De geldduivel (1856) by Hendrik Conscience, and “De familie Kegge” (1839) by Hildebrand. The most important characteristics of nineteenth century Realism serve as basis for comparison. The resemblances extend far beyond the common themes exhibited by these texts and also include the tendency of artistic texts to approximate reality by representing a total and objective view of particular the bourgeois-centered orientation of the prose in general and the representation of a specific society in particular. The paper opens up a perspective on the mode of representation in prose during the period dominated by Realism, and also illustrates and defines the close relationship that existed between nineteenth century Dutch, Flemish and Afrikaans prose art.
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Van Olmen, Daniël, and Adri Breed. "Human impersonal pronouns in West Germanic." Studies in Language 42, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 798–846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.18036.van.
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Abstract In this article, we examine and compare the main human impersonal pronouns in Afrikaans, Dutch and English. The second person singular, the third person plural and the ‘man’- and ‘one’-pronouns are studied by means of an acceptability judgment questionnaire and a completion questionnaire. The combination of the two methods reveals interesting descriptive facts about the three West Germanic languages. They include, among other things, the ‘man’-prominence of Afrikaans versus the ‘you’-prominence of Dutch and English for expressing the universal meaning ‘anyone’ and the more prominent position of ‘they’ in Dutch than in the other languages for conveying the existential meaning ‘someone, some people’. Our findings have a number of more theoretical implications too. The two existing semantic maps for human impersonal pronouns make different distinctions in the existential domain, based on type/level of (un)knownness on the one hand and number on the other. Our study tests both sets of distinctions and shows that the two dimensions interact with each other in Afrikaans, Dutch and English. The results thus support a recent proposal in the literature for a combined semantic map. The data from the completion questionnaire, finally, also indicates that existential uses prefer alternative forms of impersonalization to human impersonal pronouns in all three languages.
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Stell, Gerald. "Cape Malay Dutch: The Missing Link Between Cape Dutch Pidgin and Afrikaans?" Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 91, no. 3 (2013): 763–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2013.8467.
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Wissing, D. P. "Die Afrikaanse en Nederlandse verkleiningsisteme - 'n vergelyking in metries-fonologiese kader." Literator 9, no. 3 (May 7, 1988): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v9i3.855.
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A comparison of certain aspects of the Afrikaans and Dutch morphological systems may throw some light on the legitimacy and force of competing phonological theories. Trommelen (1982) makes an interesting and very forceful claim within the context of a non-linear metrical-phonolocial (MP-) framework by regarding as irrelevant the role played by factors such as vowel length, type of final consonants and especially accent - which are usually considered as important elements in the (linear) transformational-generative (TG) description of diminutive formation. She is of the opinion that, instead of the abovementioned elements, only the rhyme structure of the final syllable has any relevance. This claim, which has been formulated on the ground of Dutch data, is tested in the present article by referring to diminutive formation in Afrikaans. The plural in Afrikaans is used for purposes of independent evidence. The intuition of Afrikaans speakers is tested by means of a questionnaire. The extent of success achieved by the MP- and the TG-approaches is compared by referring to the results of this present investigation. It is concluded that the MP-claim does not hold fast.
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Dangor, Suleman Essop. "Arabic-Afrikaans Literature at the Cape." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 45, no. 1 (February 19, 2018): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-9070/tvl.v.45i1.4483.
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Tuan Guru – the first official imam at the Cape – used Malayu as the medium of instruction in the Dorp Street madrasah (Muslim religious school) which he established at the end of the 18th century. This changed in the middle of the 19th century when Cape Dutch was adopted as the language of instruction. While the children were familiar with this language they could not read the Latin script since they were barred from attending the public schools. Cape Muslims could, however, read the Arabic script which they had to learn for liturgical purposes - though they could not speak Arabic. To overcome this conundrum, numerous scholars and teachers began to translate Arabic texts into Cape Dutch and then transcribing these in the Latin script. These “readers” came to serve as official textbooks in the madrasahs at the Cape. This article traces the development of this genre of literature which came to be known as Arabic-Afrikaans, comments on manuscripts that were identified by Adrianus van Selms, Achmat Davids and Hans Kähler and highlights the daunting challenge of transcribing Afrikaans phonetically in the Arabic script.
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van Rooy, Bertus. "Qualitative-Quantitative Analyses of Dutch and Afrikaans Grammar and Lexicon." Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 34, no. 1 (January 30, 2016): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16073614.2015.1133001.
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Gooskens, C., and R. van Bezooijen. "Mutual Comprehensibility of Written Afrikaans and Dutch: Symmetrical or Asymmetrical?" Literary and Linguistic Computing 21, no. 4 (September 6, 2006): 543–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/fql036.
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Bergerson, Jeremy. "An Etymology of Afrikaans ghoen (‘a shooting-marble’)." Werkwinkel 14, no. 1-2 (November 1, 2019): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/werk-2019-0003.
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AbstractThe Afrikaans word ghoen (‘a shooting-marble’) arose in a setting wherein Malay, Khoekhoe, and Dutch were spoken and in which children played and shared vocabulary. Given the similarity of meaning and sound shape among Malay gundu (‘a marble’), Khoekhoe !gon (‘to throw something on the ground’), and dialectal Dutch koen (‘a shooting-marble’), I propose that these semantically and phonetically similar etyma merged into the word ghoen through a process, here referred to as lexical syncretism, which has been remarked on by other scholars of language history and contact.
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Bruyn, Adrienne, and Tonjes Veenstra. "The Creolization of Dutch." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 8, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 29–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.8.1.03bru.
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The aim of this article is a systematic investigation of certain grammatical aspects of three languages that came about as by-products of colonial expansion of the Dutch during the seventeenth century: Afrikaans, Negerhollands, and Berbice Dutch. The discussion is centered on three grammatical features that have played an important role either in creolis-tics or in theoretical linguistics: TMA-marking, adpositional phrases, and passive constructions. Since seventeenth-century Dutch is the common lexifier, this language is also taken into account in the overall comparison. It is shown that the three languages related to Dutch form a less homogeneous group than do some of the creoles related to English and French. The main conclusion is that while processes at work during creoli-zation do not have to be uniform and may have different outcomes, the social circumstances existing in the different contact situations constitute a significant factor in the development of the emerging contact languages.
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García-Amaya, Lorenzo, and Sean Lang. "FILLED PAUSES ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO CROSS-LANGUAGE PHONETIC INFLUENCE." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 42, no. 5 (June 18, 2020): 1077–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263120000169.
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AbstractThis article investigates the effects of long-term bilingualism on the production of filled pauses (FPs; e.g., uh, um, eh, em) in the speech of Afrikaans-Spanish bilinguals from Patagonia, Argentina. The instrumental analysis draws from a corpus of sociolinguistic interviews obtained from three speaker groups: L1-Afrikaans/L2-Spanish bilinguals; L1-Spanish-comparison speakers, also from Patagonia; and L1-Afrikaans-comparison speakers from South Africa. In the data analysis, we examined relative FP usage (categorical outcomes), as well as phonetic measures of vowel quality and segmental duration (continuous outcomes). The results allude to multiple patterns of cross-language influence (e.g., L1-to-L2 influence, L2-to-L1 influence, bidirectional influence), which depend on the phonetic measure explored. Overall, the findings suggest that the patterns of cross-language phonetic influence observed in the L2 learning of traditionally understood lexical items likewise hold in the L2 learning of hesitation markers such as FPs.
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Mesthrie, Rajend. "FOREWORD." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 14, no. 1 (March 2002): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542702046019.
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The papers in the special focus issues of the Journal of Germanic Linguistics (13.4 and 14.1) testify to the continuing significance of Afrikaans sociohistorical linguistics. Even before its official “birth,” recognition, and christening, Afrikaans had been the subject of debate, discussion, dissension, and adulation. Within linguistics, it has excited attention from Hesseling onward on account of the transformation of Dutch grammar evident in some facets of its structure and lexicon. The extent of the transformation and the participation of indigenous and enslaved people in the process have proved what my co-editor, Paul Roberge (1995:72), once called an “enduring crux ” in sociohistorical linguistics. With the promotion (and consequent further politicization) of Afrikaans in the apartheid era (1948–1994), the issue of origins became an ideologically polarized one. It seemed to me in the 1980s and 1990s that linguists in South Africa, with a few exceptions, weren't keeping pace with developments in creolistics; and, conversely, scholars versed in creolistics weren't always paying attention to the full span of the data on the transformation of Dutch in South Africa. With the academic boycott of apartheid South Africa, there seemed little opportunity for full, free, and frank scholarly exchange.
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Van der Elst, J. "Die Anglo-Boereoorlog: ’n vertekende beeld vanuit die vreemde." Literator 20, no. 3 (April 26, 1999): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v20i3.499.
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The Anglo-Boer War: A distorted image from abroadThis article deals with the Dutch author Louwrens Penning (1854-1927) who wrote 18 novels on the Boer War, even though he never visited the country until 1924, long after the Anglo-Boer War had ended One of his books, entitled De held van Spionkop, is discussed as example. Penning s images of the Boer warriors and their endeavors were highly idealised and embedded in a certain view of race relations a n d war. He created idols, like the courageous boy named Blikoortjie, which became widely known among his Dutch readers, especially the Dutch youth. He facilely ignored historic facts and rather idealized a n d fantasized. His works thus became a peculiar mixture off act and fiction. Though he was not a literary master, he succeeded in writing gripping stories which were - up to a point - reprinted time and again. Through his writings he succeeded in creating a positive image of the Afrikaner which persisted in spite of the negative outcome of apartheid. Though one cannot be sure, it may even be true that Dutch immigrants came to South Africa because of a consistently positive image of Afrikaans and Afrikaans heroes as created by Penning in his books.
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Du Plooy, H. "Elisabeth Eybers: die volgehoue 'edel spel'." Literator 12, no. 3 (May 6, 1991): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v12i3.779.
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This article pays tribute to Elisabeth Eybers who was not only the first woman to publish a volume of poetry in Afrikaans, but who has also received numerous awards for her poetry over the years. She has recently been awarded the P.C. Hooftprijs, the most prestigious literary award in the Netherlands. The relevance of her work is indicated by a discussion of her unique position in the Afrikaans and Dutch literary worlds, and by proposing a new reading of a well-known poem to illustrate the point of view that good poetry can always be reread in relevant ways.
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Van der Elst, J. "Regional and current problems in South Africa and their impact on literature with remarks on the evaluation of the Afrikaans Novel." Literator 6, no. 1 (May 9, 1985): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v6i1.893.
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My paper centres round a specific situation and its impact on literature in South Africa with special reference to the modern novel in the Afrikaans language and the literary evaluation of the novel. This does not mean that I exclude references to the other genres, poetry and dram a and to literatures in other languages within the South African context. Many of you might know but to clarify I would like to point out that I refer to Afrikaans as the Germanic language originating from the 17th century Dutch mother tongue of approximately 3 ½ million South Africans.
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Viljoen, H. "Nederland(s) en sy (Suid-) Afrikaanse metafore." Literator 15, no. 3 (May 2, 1994): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v15i3.674.
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Afrikaans metaphors for Dutch and the NetherlandsThere seems to be an irrepressible urge to metaphorize the relation between the Netherlands and South Africa in the Afrikaans popular imagination, perhaps in order to bridge the growing separation between the two countries. Four complexes of such metaphors, window, family relations, root and landscape, are briefly analysed, with most emphasis on the last category. From a handful of Afrikaans poems since 1950, and especially from poems by Elizabeth Eybers, Lina Spies and Marlene van Niekerk, it seems possible to reconstruct a descriptive system that underlies poems contrasting the Netherlands (represented by Amsterdam in particular) as a safe, protected space with the South African landscape as open and exposed. These poems also clearly show up the dialectic of abrogation and appropriation and the anxiety about land and identity so typical of postcolonial literatures.
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Erasmus, M. "Literêre vertaling as kruiskulturele kommunikasie: Kortonnen dozen van Tom Lanoye in Afrikaans." Literator 19, no. 3 (April 30, 1998): 29–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v19i3.556.
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Literary translation as cross-cultural communication: Kartonnen dozen by Tom Lanoye in Afrikaans Literary texts are more frequently translated from Afrikaans into Dutch than vice versa. The translation of the popular Flemish writer Tom Lanoye's short novel Kartonnen dozen by Daniel Hugo is indeed one of the very few examples of the latter. In this article I explore, inter alia, the politics of translation which may underlie this imbalance; literary translation as a way of "opening up" a foreign culture; the ideology of translatability. To establish whether Hugo's translation may be seen as adequate, and thus as functioning effectively within the Afrikaans (target) literary system, a comparative analysis is made of the two texts (i.e. Kartonnen dozen and Kartondose) in respect of certain textemes which I regard as imperative for the target text to convey the intention of the source text. In conclusion, I voice my opinion on a literary translation such as Kartondose and its role in the endeavour of decolonisation to resist globalisation.
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Van Zyl, D. "Al sietmen de lui…: Perspektiewe op boere en boerejolyt in enkele Nederlandse en Afrikaanse gedigte." Literator 22, no. 1 (August 7, 2001): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v22i1.354.
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Though one sees the people… (one does not therefore know them): Perspectives on farmers and boorish festivity in a number of Dutch and Afrikaans poems A selection of a few Dutch and Afrikaans poems from, inter alia, the seventeenth, nineteenth and early twentieth century, share so many characteristics in their combination of the subjects “farmer” (“boer”) and “feast”, that in this article the question is raised whether these stereotypes form part of a relatively fixed traditional topic or “storehouse” of conventions. Each poem utilizes colloquial language, diminutives and nicknames in the depiction of a dance party in a rural setting – an event characterized by immoderate behaviour, particularly regarding love-making and the use of liquor. More recent Afrikaans poems (written within a context where the initially negative term “Boer” has been transfigured positively due to the expansion of Afrikaner-Nationalist power) satirize other aspects, like status and wealth instead of backwardness, but it seems as if excess and transgression are still associated with “boer” in combination with festivity. The concept of farmer often functions as the Other in these poems, in binary opposition to the narrator.
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Drwal, Malgorzata. "Discourses of transnational feminism in Marie du Toit’s Vrou en feminist (1921)." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 57, no. 2 (July 22, 2020): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/tl.v57i2.7765.
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In this article I investigate transtextuality in Vrou en feminist (Woman and Feminist, 1921) by Marie du Toit in order to demonstrate how she grafted first-wave transnational feminism onto the Afrikaans context. Du Toit’s book is approached as a space of contact between progressive European and North American thought and a South African, particularly Afrikaner, mindset. Du Toit relied on a multiplicity of late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries discourses to support her argument that Afrikaner women become part of the feminist movement. Due to the numerous quotations from scientific papers and literary fiction, mostly English but also Dutch, her book can be described as a heteroglot text. Utilizing the histoire croisée approach, I discuss Du Toit’s text on the macro and micro scale: I locate it in a historical perspective as a literary document and focus on the ways in which diverse voices intersect and converse with one another. I argue that the book was an unsuccessful attempt at inviting the Afrikaans reader into a transnational imagined community of suffragettes because of prejudice against the English language and culture. English sources, which Du Toit extensively quoted, deterred potential Afrikaans supporters, and consequently prevented transfer of feminist thought. Even though she also supported her views with some texts in Dutch in wanting to appeal to her reader’s associations with a more familiar Dutch culture, this tactic was insufficient to tip the balance.
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van der Slik, Frans, Roeland van Hout, and Job Schepens. "The role of morphological complexity in predicting the learnability of an additional language: The case of La (additional language) Dutch." Second Language Research 35, no. 1 (April 11, 2017): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658317691322.
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Applied linguistics may benefit from a morphological complexity measure to get a better grip on language learning problems and to better understand what kind of typological differences between languages are more important than others in facilitating or impeding adult learning of an additional language. Using speaking proficiency scores of 9,000 adult learners of Dutch as an additional language, we reproduced the findings of the Schepens et al. (2013a) study, using a reduced morphological complexity measure. We wanted to define a reduced measure to reveal which morphological features constitute the really important learning problems. Adult language learners whose first language (L1) has a less complex morphological feature configuration than Dutch turned out to have more learning difficulties in acquiring Dutch the less complex their L1 is in relation to Dutch. The reduced measure contains eight features only. In addition, we found cognitive aging effects that corroborate the construct validity of the morphological measure we used. Generally, adult language learners’ speaking skills in Dutch improve when residing longer in the host country. However, this conclusion is only warranted when their L1 morphological complexity is at least comparable to Dutch morphological complexity. If the morphological complexity of their L1 is lower as compared to Dutch, the effect of length of residence may even reverse and have a negative impact on speaking skills in Dutch. It was observed that the negative effect of age of arrival is mitigated when adult language learners have a command of a second language (L2) with higher morphological complexity. We give morphological information for five additional target languages: Afrikaans, Chinese, English, German, and Spanish.
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Hamans, Camiel. "Language change and morphological processes." Yearbook of the Poznan Linguistic Meeting 3, no. 1 (September 26, 2017): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/yplm-2017-0001.
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AbstractMorphological change is not a result of mechanical, predictable processes, but of the behavior of language users. Speakers reinterpret opaque data in order to assign a more transparent structure to them. Subsequently successful reinterpretation may form the basis of new derivations. The moment such a derivative word formation process becomes productive a language change has taken place. In addition, this paper shows how language change obscures the distinction between separate morphological processes such as compounding and derivation and thus between morphological categories. Moreover, the data under discussion show that there is not a preferred natural direction of language change. Most of the examples are taken from English and Dutch, but also a few French, Frisian, German and Afrikaans data are discussed.
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van Bezooijen, Renée, and Charlotte Gooskens. "How easy is it for speakers of Dutch to understand Frisian and Afrikaans, and why?" Linguistics in the Netherlands 2005 22 (September 28, 2005): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.22.04bez.
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Roberge, Paul T. "Etymological Opacity, Hybridization, and the Afrikaans Brace Negation." American Journal of Germanic Linguistics and Literatures 12, no. 1 (2000): 101–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1040820700002821.
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One of the enduring cruxes in Afrikaans historical linguistics has been the origin of the so-called “double” or more properly “brace” negation, specifically with respect to the negative particle nie in sentence-final position. Though bipartite negation is well represented in the Germanic languages, the Afrikaans pattern stands alone. The brace negation is an innovation that came about through the reanalysis of a discourse-dependent (pragmatically conditioned) structure in metropolitan Dutch. The agents of the change were Khoikhoi and enslaved peoples at the Cape in the context of wholesale language shift and basilectalization under the pressure of a socioeconomic order based on caste. Given the intensive mixing between mesolectal and basilectal varieties as part of a shared repertoire, the innovation was accepted by rural, lower-class Europeans living in closest proximity to indigenes and slaves, with stylistic and social variation.
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Balas, Anna. "The influence of second language vowels on foreign language vowel perception." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 2 (June 12, 2017): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v2i0.4085.
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This paper examines the limits of feature abstraction and the influence of second language vowels on foreign vowel perception (cf. Pajak and Levy 2014). Perception of Dutch vowels by Polish students of English and French and Dutch was assessed using categorization tasks with goodness ratings. Dutch front rounded vowels were identified predominantly as front vowels by learners of French and Dutch and as back vowels by learners of English.The results suggest that the hypothesis about selective attention to features should incorporate markedness and that experience with second language front rounded vowels is enough to trigger disentangling rounding from backness.
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Verhoef, M. "Taalgesindhede teenoor Afrikaans - ’n verkenning vanuit taalteoretiese perspektief." Literator 16, no. 2 (May 2, 1995): 39–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v16i2.611.
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Language attitudes towards Afrikaans - a reconnaisance from a theoretical point of viewThe main aim of this article is to investigate the language attitude issue from a viewpoint embedded in the theory of language planning. This study was initiated by the fact that, although the public debate regarding Afrikaans is articulated in a lively way, it seems as if it does not benefit the official status of the language. The statement that this hampering effect on Afrikaans is partially caused by negative language attitudes and a lack of language loyalty by the primary and secondary speech communities serves as point of departure for this article. By looking at language attitudes departing from a theoretical language planning framework, the investigator is enabled to derive scientifically clear conclusions regarding the language attitudes of speech communities. This article also discusses the different components of language attitudes in general and the methodology regarding the investigation of language attitudes. The second part of the article presents a brief discussion of language attitude studies undertaken in South Africa, especially those dealing with Afrikaans. The article concludes with the statement that language planners must give considerable attention to language attitudes and their influence on language planning efforts. When this problematic issue is ignored the outcome of language planning projects will show a low success rate. This is of particular importance for the survival of Afrikaans in the multilingual South African society.
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Klingenberg, Jana. "De Burger-Leeskring: a Brief History of South Africa’s First Commercial Book Club and its Effect on Afrikaans Literature." Quaerendo 49, no. 2 (August 7, 2019): 158–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700690-12341440.
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Abstract This paper investigates the history of the De Burger-Leeskring and the impact it had on Afrikaans literature and cultural development. It places the development of Nasionale Pers and the Afrikaans language within the context of South Africa’s history and the development of language, politics and culture, as well as considering book clubs or readers’ circles and their purpose within this context. This paper uses Bourdieu’s classification of different kinds of capital—specifically cultural capital and financial capital—to evaluate the success of this Leeskring [Reader’s Circle]. It was found that although not financially successful, the Leeskring’s influence on Afrikaans literature was vast.
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Meeuwis, Michael. "Taalstrijd in Afrika: Het taalwetsartikel in het koloniaal charter van 1908 en de strijd van de Vlamingen en Afrikaners voor het Nederlands in Afrika tot 1960." WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 75, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 27–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v75i1.16392.
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Het Koloniaal Charter, de organieke wet die in 1908 de overname van Congo door de Belgische staat uit de privé-handen van Koning Leopold II regelde, bevatte een artikel over taalrechten in de kolonie. Hoewel ook taalrechten voor de Congolezen erin vermeld werden, handelde het artikel in de eerste plaats over taalrechten voor de Belgische koloniserende minderheid. Het artikel is er gekomen op aandringen van enkele Vlaamse parlementsleden tijdens debatten gehouden in de Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers in de eerste helft van 1908. In deze bijdrage worden deze debatten besproken om zo de semantiek en taalideologische achtergronden van elk deel van het artikel van een historische verklaring te voorzien. Daarnaast wordt ook belicht hoe niet alleen in 1908 maar ook in de decennia erna (en tot aan de dekolonisatie in 1960), met name telkens wanneer Vlaamse politici de gebrekkige toepassing van het taalwetsartikel en de blijvende dominantie van het Frans in Belgisch-Congo aanklaagden, zij verwijzingen maakten naar de Afrikaners en het Afrikaans in Zuid-Afrika, om zo het argument kracht bij te zetten dat het Nederlands in heel Afrika onder de Sahara een taal van belang was of kon worden. Opmerkelijk is dat ook Zuid-Afrikaanse denkers en politici meermaals naar de aanwezigheid en het officiële statuut van het Nederlands in Belgisch-Congo verwezen, namelijk in hun strijd tegen de dominantie van het Engels tegenover het Nederlands/Afrikaans bij hen. Vanaf 1914 kwamen er bovendien rechtstreekse contacten tussen Vlaamse en Afrikaanse politici over deze materie. In een afsluitend deel wordt aangegeven hoe aan het eind van de Belgische kolonisatie de Congolese elite erg negatief reageerde op de Vlaamse eisen voor een tweetalige kolonie, omdat ze er een kolonialistische rem op hun kansen tot socio-economische emancipatie in zagen.___________
Language Struggle in Africa: The language law article in the Colonial Charter of 1908 and the fight of Flemings and Afrikaners for Dutch in Africa until 1960The Colonial Charter, the organic law that regulated the Belgian state’s takeover of Congo from the private ownership of King Leopold II in 1908, contained an article about language rights in the colony. While language rights for the Congolese were mentioned therein, the article primarily dealt with language rights for the colonizing Belgian minority. The article came about on the insistence of several Flemish members of parliament during debates held in the Chamber of Representatives in the first half of 1908. In this article, these debates are discussed in order to provide a historical explanation for the semantic and language-ideology background for each section of this article of the Charter. In addition, light will be shed on how not only in 1908, but also in the following decades (and until decolonization in 1960), particularly whenever Flemish politicians complained about the spotty application of the article and the continuing dominance of French in Belgian Congo, they pointed to the Afrikaners and Afrikaans in South Africa in order to make a strong argument that Dutch was, or could become, an important language in all of sub-Saharan Africa. Notably, South African thinkers and politicians also pointed out the presence and official status of Dutch in Belgian Congo on several occasions, namely in their own struggle against the domination of English over Dutch/Afrikaans. Moreover, from 1914 onward there were direct contacts between Flemish and Afrikaner politicians concerning this matter. The conclusion of this article suggests that in the last years of Belgian colonialism, the Congolese elite reacted quite negatively to Flemish demands for a bilingual colony because they saw in such demands a colonialist hindrance on their chances for socioeconomic emancipation.