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Journal articles on the topic 'Dutch Sign Language'
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1
Bank, Richard, Onno A. Crasborn, and Roeland van Hout. "Variation in mouth actions with manual signs in Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT)." Sign Language and Linguistics 14, no. 2 (December 31, 2011): 248–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.14.2.02ban.
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Mouthings and mouth gestures are omnipresent in Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT). Mouthings in NGT commonly have their origin in spoken Dutch. We conducted a corpus study to explore how frequent mouthings in fact are in NGT, whether there is variation within and between signs in mouthings, and how frequent temporal reduction occurs in mouthings. Answers to these questions can help us classify mouthings as being specified in the sign lexicon or as being instances of code-blending. We investigated a sample of 20 frequently occurring signs. We found that each sign in the sample co-occurs frequently with a mouthing, usually that of a specific Dutch lexical item. On the other hand, signs show variation in the way they co-occur with mouthings and mouth gestures. By using a relatively large amount of natural data, we succeeded in gaining more insight into the way mouth actions are utilized in sign languages.
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Knoors, H. "Het Gebruik Van Gebaren In Het Onderwijs Aan Doven." Psycholinguistiek en taalstoornissen 24 (January 1, 1986): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.24.10kno.
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From a psycholinguistic point of view, asking for the reasons for using signs in the education of the deaf has become superfluous, for the answers are by now obvious. There remains however another question to be answered, a question concerning the way in which signs should be used. It is possible to use signs in the form of Signed Dutch; the signs support the spoken Dutch, consequently the order of the signs will be same as the wordorder in Dutch. Another possibility is to use Dutch Sign Language. This leads to bilingual education of deaf children. At this moment a choice between both methods is, as far as the Netherlands are concerned, merely a theoretical matter. Although there are some problems involved in combining speech with support-ing signs and although there is reason to consider the bilingual option seriously, a real choice cannot be made. We first have to wait for empirical results with respect to the use of Signed Dutch in the educational process. We also need more information about the structure of Dutch Sign Language and about the acquisition of aspects of this language. Then, i.e. in the future, a choice can be made if necessary. Meanwhile we have to realise that deaf children are in fact in a bilingual situation and that they have to acquire a sign language without appropriate models. A situation which calls for a solution.
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Manhardt, Francie, Susanne Brouwer, and Aslı Özyürek. "A Tale of Two Modalities: Sign and Speech Influence Each Other in Bimodal Bilinguals." Psychological Science 32, no. 3 (February 23, 2021): 424–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797620968789.
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Bimodal bilinguals are hearing individuals fluent in a sign and a spoken language. Can the two languages influence each other in such individuals despite differences in the visual (sign) and vocal (speech) modalities of expression? We investigated cross-linguistic influences on bimodal bilinguals’ expression of spatial relations. Unlike spoken languages, sign uses iconic linguistic forms that resemble physical features of objects in a spatial relation and thus expresses specific semantic information. Hearing bimodal bilinguals ( n = 21) fluent in Dutch and Sign Language of the Netherlands and their hearing nonsigning and deaf signing peers ( n = 20 each) described left/right relations between two objects. Bimodal bilinguals expressed more specific information about physical features of objects in speech than nonsigners, showing influence from sign language. They also used fewer iconic signs with specific semantic information than deaf signers, demonstrating influence from speech. Bimodal bilinguals’ speech and signs are shaped by two languages from different modalities.
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BANK, RICHARD, ONNO CRASBORN, and ROELAND VAN HOUT. "Bimodal code-mixing: Dutch spoken language elements in NGT discourse." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21, no. 1 (November 28, 2016): 104–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728916000936.
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Mouthings, the spoken language elements in sign language discourse, are typically analysed as having a redundant, one-on-one relationship with manual signs, both semantically and temporally. We explore exceptions to this presupposed semantic and temporal congruency in a corpus of spontaneous signed conversation by deaf users of Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT). We identify specifying mouthings (words with a different meaning than the co-occurring sign), solo mouthings (uttered while the hands are inactive) and added mouthings (words added to a signing stream without their corresponding sign), and make a sentence-level analysis of their occurrences. These non-redundant mouthings occurred in 12% of all utterances, and were made by almost all signers. We argue for the presence of a code-blending continuum for NGT, where NGT is the matrix language and spoken Dutch is blended in, in various degrees. We suggest expansion of existing code-mixing models, to allow for description of bimodal mixing.
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Rombouts, Ellen, Babette Maessen, Bea Maes, and Inge Zink. "Key Word Signing Has Higher Iconicity Than Sign Language." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): 2418–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00034.
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Purpose Key word signing (KWS) entails using manual signs to support the natural speech of individuals with normal hearing and who have communication difficulties. While manual signs from the local sign language may be used for this purpose, some KWS systems have opted for a distinct KWS lexicon. Distinct KWS lexicon typically aims for higher sign iconicity or recognizability to make the lexicon more accessible for individuals with intellectual disabilities. We sought to determine if, in the Belgian Dutch context, signs from such a distinct KWS lexicon (Spreken Met Ondersteuning van Gebaren [Speaking With Support of Signs; SMOG]) were indeed more iconic than their Flemish Sign Language (FSL) counterparts. Method Participants were 224 adults with typical development who had no signing experience. They rated the resemblance between a FSL sign and its meaning. Raw data on the iconicity of SMOG from a previous study were used. Translucency was statistically and qualitatively compared between the SMOG lexicon and their FSL counterparts. Results SMOG had an overall higher translucency than FSL and contained a higher number of iconic signs. Conclusion This finding may support the value of a separate sign lexicon over using sign language signs. Nevertheless, other aspects, such as wide availability and inclusion, need to be considered.
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Nyst, Victoria. "The depiction of size and shape in gestures accompanying object descriptions in Anyi (Côte d’Ivoire) and in Dutch (The Netherlands)." Gesture 15, no. 2 (July 8, 2016): 156–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.15.2.02nys.
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A comparison of size gestures made during object descriptions by Anyi speakers from the Ivory Coast and Dutch speakers in the Netherlands reveals considerable formational differences. Firstly, whereas all Anyi speakers make use of body parts to depict size and shape, none of the Dutch speakers do. Secondly, Dutch gestures outlining a size and shape in space are more varied than their Anyi counterparts in the number and distribution of the different handshapes, orientations, and movements. In addition, we report comparisons among Anyi speakers in which body parts are used as a way of showing the size of objects with signs for sizes employed in the sign language used by deaf and hearing signers in Adamorobe, a village community in Ghana that is linguistically and culturally related to the Anyi communities in Côte d’Ivoire. This comparison reveals significant similarities as well as differences, suggesting how co-speech gestures may have been adapted for use in this sign language.
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VAN BEIJSTERVELDT, LIESBETH M., and JANET G. VAN HELL. "Temporal reference marking in narrative and expository text written by deaf children and adults: A bimodal bilingual perspective." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15, no. 1 (October 3, 2011): 128–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728910000465.
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This study examined temporal reference marking in texts written by Dutch deaf children and adults who differed in sign language proficiency. The temporal reference marking systems in Dutch and Sign Language of the Netherlands (SLN) differ substantially, with Dutch having a wide range of lexical and morphological markers of temporal reference, and SLN relying on lexical marking of temporal reference. The results showed that the youngest proficient signers had difficulties with tense morphology: they avoided the marked past tense form in narratives and omitted verbs, but showed no problems with lexical marking of temporal reference. In the older proficient signing writers, verb morphology emerged, and in proficient signing adults temporal reference marking resembled that of the hearing adults. This study shows that in order to gain more insight into deaf people's writing, it is important to adopt a bilingual perspective and take variations in sign language proficiency into account.
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Van Herreweghe, Mieke, and Marijke Van Nuffel. "Sign (Language) Interpreting in Flanders, Belgium." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 45, no. 4 (December 31, 1999): 318–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.45.4.05van.
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Abstract In this article the authors give an overview of sign language interpretation in Flanders, Belgium. After a short introduction on Flanders and its linguistic situation, the authors spend some time discussing sign language in Flanders from a historical perspective and discussing its current situation and especially outside influences on Flemish-Belgian Sign Language. The next chapter concentrates on the training of sign language interpreters. There are two training programmes in Flanders, both evening courses at post-secondary/higher education level. Both programmes are relatively new and are thus facing a number of problems still. Both programmes are moving away from teaching Signed Dutch to teaching Flemish-Belgian Sign Language, but do not have any pedagogically or methodologically trained teachers (whether hearing or Deaf), do not have sufficient materials to work with and can only rely on the limited amount of sign language research that has been done in Flanders during the last decade. Another problem concerns the choice of the signs themselves (regional signs or "unified" signs?). Nevertheless, both programmes are attracting more and more students. In the last chapter the authors concentrate on the field of sign language interpreting in Flanders. Attention is paid to the development of the profession of sign language interpreting, the central interpreting agency, the profile of the sign language interpreter in Flanders, the language of the interpreter, the financial situation and their working conditions. Finally, the authors briefly focus on the issue from the deaf consumer's point of view. Résumé Dans cet article les auteurs donnent un aperçu de l'interprétation en langue des signes en Flandre, Belgique. Après une brève introduction sur la Flandre et sa situation linguistique, les auteurs en viennent à la discussion de la langue des signes en Flandre d'un point de vue historique et décrivent sa situation actuelle et plus particulièrement les influences extérieures sur la langue des signes flamande-belge. Le chapitre suivant traite de la formation des interprètes de la langue des signes. Il existe deux programmes de formation en Flandre, enseignés sous forme de cours du soir au niveau post-secondaire/enseignement supérieur. Les deux programmes sont relativement récents et sont donc encore confrontés à quelques problèmes. Les deux programmes remplacent l'apprentissage du néerlandais signé par l'apprentissage de la langue des signes flamande-belge, mais ils ne disposent ni de professeurs (Sourds ou non) qualifiés au niveau pédagogique ou méthodologique, ni du matériel suffisant. Ils peuvent uniquement compter sur un nombre limité de recherches faites sur la langue des signes en Flandre durant la dernière décennie. Un autre problème relève du choix des signes mêmes (signes régionaux ou "uniformisés"?). Néanmoins, les deux programmes attirent de plus en plus d'étudiants. Dans le dernier chapitre, les auteurs se concentrent sur le domaine de l'interprétation de la langue des signes en Flandre. Une attention est prêtée au développement de la profession de l'interprétation de la langue des signes, au service central pour interprètes, au profil de l'interprète de la langue des signes en Flandre, au langage de l'interprète, sa situation financière et ses conditions de travail. Pour terminer, les auteurs examinent brièvement le point de vue du consommateur sourd.
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de Clerck, Liesbeth, and Els van der Kooij. "Modifiable and intensifier self in Dutch and Sign Language of the Netherlands." Linguistics in the Netherlands 2005 22 (September 28, 2005): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.22.08cle.
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Schermer, Trude, David Brien, and Mary Brennan. "Section III." Sign Transcription and Database Storage of Sign Information 4, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2001): 253–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.4.1-2.18sch.
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In this paper we wish to describe a joint British/Dutch project that was funded by the European Community under the TIDE programme. The main objective of the project Signbase has been to build a sign language database, which can be used to store linguistic information about a particular sign language. This repository then can be used to generate different types of signed language applications. The project commenced in March 1994 and ended in December 1996. The consortium consisted of people from three different places: the Deaf Studies Research Unit in Durham, UK (DSRU), the Dutch Foundation for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing Child (NSDSK) in Amsterdam and Bright Side of Life computer consultancy (BSL) in Maarssen. In this paper we discuss the linguistic specifications of Signbase, and then we describe the prototype of two end-user applications (CD-ROM British/English Dictionary and the Educational CD-ROM Nature and Environment) and a commercial application which has been developed during the Signbase project with additional funding (CD-ROM SLN/ Dutch Dictionary for parents and teachers deaf children).
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Schermer, Trude, David Brien, and Mary Brennan. "Section III." Sign Transcription and Database Storage of Sign Information 4, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2001): 253–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.4.12.18sch.
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In this paper we wish to describe a joint British/Dutch project that was funded by the European Community under the TIDE programme. The main objective of the project Signbase has been to build a sign language database, which can be used to store linguistic information about a particular sign language. This repository then can be used to generate different types of signed language applications. The project commenced in March 1994 and ended in December 1996. The consortium consisted of people from three different places: the Deaf Studies Research Unit in Durham, UK (DSRU), the Dutch Foundation for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing Child (NSDSK) in Amsterdam and Bright Side of Life computer consultancy (BSL) in Maarssen. In this paper we discuss the linguistic specifications of Signbase, and then we describe the prototype of two end-user applications (CD-ROM British/English Dictionary and the Educational CD-ROM Nature and Environment) and a commercial application which has been developed during the Signbase project with additional funding (CD-ROM SLN/ Dutch Dictionary for parents and teachers deaf children).
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Kita, Sotaro, Ingeborg van Gijn, and Harry van der Hulst. "The non-linguistic status of the Symmetry Condition in signed languages." Sign Language and Linguistics 17, no. 2 (November 24, 2014): 215–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.17.2.04kit.
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Since Battison (1978), it has been noted in many signed languages that the Symmetry Condition constrains the form of two-handed signs in which two hands move independently. The Condition states that the form features (e.g., the handshapes and movements) of the two hands are ‘symmetrical’. The Symmetry Condition has been regarded in the literature as a part of signed language phonology. In this study, we examine the linguistic status of the Symmetry Condition by comparing the degree of symmetry in signs from Sign Language of the Netherlands and speech-accompanying representational gestures produced by Dutch speakers. Like signed language, such gestures use hand movements to express concepts, but they do not constitute a linguistic system in their own right. We found that the Symmetry Condition holds equally well for signs and spontaneous gestures. This indicates that this condition is a general cognitive constraint, rather than a constraint specific to language. We suggest that the Symmetry Condition is a manifestation of the mind having one active ‘mental articulator’ when expressing a concept with hand movements.
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Baker, Anne, and Beppie van den Bogaerde. "Code-Mixing in Moeder-Kind Interactie in Dove Families." Taal en bewustzijn 68 (January 1, 2002): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.68.05bak.
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In this article, we discuss the mixed input offered by four profoundly deaf mothers and the mixed output of their deaf and hearing children. Muysken (2000) distinguishes different forms of code-mixing: insertion, alternation and congruent lexicalisation. We applied these definitions to these language data and found that the mothers used mainly the last type of code-mixing, namely congruent lexicalisation. This results in a mixed form of NGT (Nederlandse Gebarentaal, 'Dutch Sign Language') and Dutch, in which the structure of the utterance is grammatical in both NGT and Dutch. Lexical insertion also occurs, both in the basically NGT utterances and in the Dutch utterances. The deaf children (up to age three) are just beginning to become bilingual and hardly produce any mixed utterances. The hearing children, on the other hand, clearly show that they code-mix, under the influence of the language input.
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van denBogaerde, Beppie, and Anne Baker. "Code mixing in mother–child interaction in deaf families." Sign Language and Linguistics 8, no. 1-2 (2005): 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.8.1-2.08bog.
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In this paper we discuss the mixed language input of four deaf mothers and the mixed output of their three deaf and three hearing children. Taking a strict definition of code-mixing (as defined by Muysken 2000) we find that the deaf mothers mainly use a form of code-mixing, or mixed code-blending, called congruent lexicalization, which results in a mixed form between NGT (Sign Language of the Netherlands) and Dutch in a structure which is compatible with both NGT and Dutch. The deaf children (up to 3 years), who are only just beginning to become bilingual, hardly produce any code-mixed utterances. The hearing children, however, are clearly bilingual in NGT and Dutch, and use code-blending of the mixed type in more or less the same form as their mother does.
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van den Bogaerde, Beppie, and Anne Baker. "Code mixing in mother–child interaction in deaf families." Language Acquisition 8, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2005): 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.8.1.08bog.
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In this paper we discuss the mixed language input of four deaf mothers and the mixed output of their three deaf and three hearing children. Taking a strict definition of code-mixing (as defined by Muysken 2000) we find that the deaf mothers mainly use a form of code-mixing, or mixed code-blending, called congruent lexicalization, which results in a mixed form between NGT (Sign Language of the Netherlands) and Dutch in a structure which is compatible with both NGT and Dutch. The deaf children (up to 3 years), who are only just beginning to become bilingual, hardly produce any code-mixed utterances. The hearing children, however, are clearly bilingual in NGT and Dutch, and use code-blending of the mixed type in more or less the same form as their mother does.
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Roze, Karin C. M., Corrie Tijsseling, Bridey Rudd, and Bea G. Tiemens. "Measuring Recovery in Deaf, Hard-of-Hearing, and Tinnitus Patients in a Mental Health Care Setting: Validation of the I.ROC." Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 25, no. 2 (December 4, 2019): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/deafed/enz043.
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Abstract This study was aimed at validating the Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter (I.ROC) for deaf, hard-of-hearing, and tinnitus patients in a mental health care setting. There is a need for an accessible instrument to monitor treatment effects in this population. The I.ROC measures recovery, seeing recovery as a process of experiencing a meaningful life, despite the limitations caused by illness or disability. A total of 84 adults referred to 2 specialist mental health centers for deaf, hard-of-hearing, and tinnitus adults in the Netherlands completed the Dutch version of I.ROC and 3 other instruments. A total of 25 patients refused or did not complete the instruments: 50% of patients using sign language and 18% of patients using spoken language. Participants completed the measures at intake and then every 3 months. In this sample I.ROC demonstrated good internal consistency and convergent validity. Sensitivity to change was good, especially over a period of 6 or 9 months. This study provides preliminary evidence that the I.ROC is a valid instrument measuring recovery for hard-of-hearing and tinnitus patients using spoken language. For deaf patients using sign language, specifically those with limited language skills in spoken and written Dutch, more research is needed.
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Kolsters, Bob. "Tweetaligheid en Alfabetisering Van Doven." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 59 (January 1, 1998): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.59.02kol.
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Schools for the deaf in the Netherlands are currently looking for ways of converting their current education into bilingual education. The first language of prelingual deaf children in the Netherlands is Sign Language of the Netherlands (SLN); their second language is Dutch. In the first part of the thesis, the bilingual situation of prelingual deaf children is examined with the help of a theoretical framework designed by J. Cummins and a model designed by J. Kurvers. Cummins' theoretical framework takes a thorough look at language development in different bilingual situations. Kurvers' model examines the different ways for bilingual people to obtain literacy. Both theories support the view that in order to stimulate development of the first and the second language, sign language should be the language of instruction in schools for the deaf as well as the language in which prelingual deaf children obtain literacy. Since this implies the use of a notation system for sign language in deaf education, the second part of the thesis deals with the design of a prototype of an educational method that stimulates metalinguistic knowledge with the help of such a notation system.
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Bakich, Olga. "Did You Speak Harbin Sino-Russian?" Itinerario 35, no. 3 (December 2011): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115312000058.
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Pidgins—their development, disappearance, or subsequent creolisation—are a fascinating phenomenon in the parts of the world that experienced long-term foreign intrusion and its consequences, one of which was contact between two or more linguistic groups, usually of unequal power. Colonisers did not learn the language of the colonised, who often were perceived as inferior, while the colonised people did not or could not master a foreign language in their own country. In most cases, pidgins were a telltale sign of colonialism. Linguists classify these contact languages, which have no native speakers, into major groups named after the dominant base, such as English-, Portuguese-, Spanish-, Dutch-, French-, or Russian-, as well as African-, Asian-, and Austronesian-based.
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SUEMORI, Akio, Kazuo TAKAHASHI, and Corrie TIJSSELING. "Words Meaning Gesture/Sign language Observed in Dutch-Japanese Dictionaries of the Late-Edo Period." Japanese Journal of Sign Language Studies 28, no. 2 (December 10, 2019): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7877/jasl.28.2_34.
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Wijkamp, Inge, Betsy Gerritsen, Freke Bonder, Hinke Haisma, and Cees van der Schans. "Sign-supported Dutch in children with severe speech and language impairments: A multiple case study." Child Language Teaching and Therapy 26, no. 3 (May 27, 2010): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265659009349983.
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van Sluijs, Robbert. "What's Past Is Past: Variation in the Expression of Past Time Reference in Negerhollands Narratives." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 26, no. 3 (August 29, 2014): 272–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542714000099.
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Negerhollands (or Virgin Islands Dutch Creole) is the extinct Dutch-lexified creole of present-day US Virgin Islands. One of the typical features of Caribbean creoles is the occurrence of both, overtly marked and unmarked pasts. This has been attested in Negerhollands, where there is variation between preverbal(h)aand the bare verb. Studies in a number of creole languages have shown that such variation is not random. Following up on these results, I investigate the impact of factors such as narrative discourse function, aspect, and syntactic priming on the expression of past time reference in 20th-century Negerhollands through a quantitative variationist study. The results show that the factors conditioning past time reference marking in Negerhollands resemble those in other creole languages but with an entirely different outcome: Whereas other (English-lexified) creoles typically use unmarked pasts, Negerhollands typically uses overt pasts. This may reflect Akan substrate influence rather than being a sign of language death.*
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van der Linden, Elisabeth, and Aafke Hulk. "Ik Deux Jambes." Onderzoek ontmoet onderwijs 64 (January 1, 2000): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.64.14lin.
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In this paper, we argue that variation in child bilingualism has received too little attention. The literature on monolingual acquisition shows that children vary in the routes they follow towards linguistic proficiency: children have preferences for the acquisition of certain word classes (Nelson 1973, Bates 1994) and they do not all follow the same route in developing more word utterances (Clark, 1993). This variation is hardly taken into account in the study of bilingual acquisition. The fact that children vary in the amount of language mixing in their utterances may be due to the input they are exposed to, but may just as well be a sign of individual preferences and choices. In the case of the French/Dutch bilingual child we study, the first stage of her utterances seems to show that the amount of language specific utterances is variable but decreases with time. We suggest that the child is late in developing the pragmatic competence necessary to develop two differentiated language systems.
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Badwy, Sarah, and Yra van Dijk. "Het gruwelijke gezicht van de geschiedenis." Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde 136, no. 2 (January 1, 2020): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tntl2020.2.003.badw.
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Abstract The memory of colonialism and slavery is finally becoming more widespread in the Netherlands. However, the field of literary studies still falls behind compared to the central place of the Dutch-Caribbean slavery past in recent societal debates. One of the reasons could be that the representation of trans-Atlantic slavery in literature is often oblique and allegorical. This article proposes a reading of such allegories in The Sign of Jonah (Van Leeuwen 1995) by the Dutch-Antillean writer Boeli van Leeuwen. The novel’s intertextual references to both the Biblical story of Jonah and numerous other intertextual references, connect European, South-American and religious texts with the violent colonial history of the Caribbean. Using European (Walter Benjamin) and Caribbean (Eduard Glissant, Antonio Benítez-Rojo) theory, we argue that it is precisely this hybrid and postmodern practice of meaning-making that shapes the depiction of slavery and colonial memory in Van Leeuwen’s novels. Binary oppositions between Europe and South-America, masters and slaves, humans and nature, are deconstructed and readers are encouraged to understand man as fundamentally entangled with his other, be it animal, botanical and mineral. The postmodern use of the allegory turns out to produce cultural memory, and also to announce a future of ‘ecobe-comings’.
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Phelan, Mary. "Medical Interpreting and the Law in the European Union." European Journal of Health Law 19, no. 4 (2012): 333–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180912x650681.
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Abstract In 2011, the Danish government announced that from June that year it would no longer cover the costs of medical interpreters for patients who had been living in Denmark for more than seven years. The Dutch Ministry of Health followed with an even more draconian approach; from 1 January 2012, the cost of translation and interpreting would no longer be covered by the state. These two announcements led to widespread concern about whether or not there is a legal foundation for interpreter provision in healthcare. This article considers United Nations treaties, conventions from the Council of Europe and European Union law. European Union member states have been slow to sign up to international agreements to protect the rights of migrant workers. The European Union itself has only recently moved into the area of discrimination and it is unclear if the Race Directive covers language. As a result, access to interpreters in healthcare, where it exists, is dependent on national anti-discrimination legislation or on positive action taken at national or local level rather than on European or international law.
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Joby, Christopher. "The Theology of Poems on the Lord's Supper by the Dutch Calvinist, Constantijn Huygens (1596–1687)." Scottish Journal of Theology 65, no. 2 (March 27, 2012): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930612000014.
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AbstractIn this article, I provide a detailed analysis of the poems on the Lord's Supper by the Dutch statesman and man of letters, Constantijn Huygens (1596–1687). Between 1642 and 1684, he wrote eighteen poems on this subject, sixteen in Dutch and two in Latin. The type of poem varies from pithy epigrams to sonnets, through to longer poems over fifty lines in length, replete with well-conceived poetic tropes. To date, these poems have received little scholarly attention. Huygens was a lifelong member of the Reformed church and his poetry considers themes which are central to Reformed theology, such as human sin, divine grace and human gratitude. In his poetry, he recognises that he is a sinner and that it is not sufficient merely to ask for divine forgiveness, and then sin again. He acknowledges the need to intend to change his ways, but also recognises that he can only do this with divine assistance. Huygens published most of these poems and although such a public acknowledgement of sin may seem strange to us, there is a sense in which he was performing a public act of confession, to make common cause with his fellow believers, and also perhaps to encourage them to do the same. Much of the poetry considers the ontology and efficacy of the Lord's Supper. As well as exploring familiar tropes such as the sacrament as a feast and a pledge for God's promises, Huygens also asks about the very nature of the bread and wine of the sacrament. We might expect him to ascribe little or no value to the elements themselves, beyond, to use Brian Gerrish's phrase, ‘presenting what they represent’. poetry. However, at some points, the language Huygens uses to refer to the elements, such as ‘holy bread’ and ‘healing dew’, suggests something more is at stake. Some may dismiss such phrases as mere lyrical flourish, but I argue that they point to a central tension inherent within Reformed eucharistic theology between sign and signified and, furthermore, that this poetry offers us the opportunity to explore that tension. Huygens’ poems bear comparison with the best English-language religious poetry of the seventeenth century, and remind us that poetry as well as prose can offer us valuable theological insight.
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Müller, Jasmin, Sandra Schütz, and Folke Brodersen. "Jugendforschung inklusiv und digital. Möglichkeiten, Voraussetzungen und Grenzen von Gebärdensprachvideos in digitalen Erhebungen." Neue Methoden der Jugendforschung 14, no. 3-2019 (September 30, 2019): 308–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/diskurs.v14i3.05.
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Durch die voranschreitende Digitalisierung bieten sich neue Ansätze für Designs und Methoden in der Jugendforschung. Mit vielfältigen digitalen Möglichkeiten wachsen auch Chancen für inklusiv angelegte Befragungen. Dieser Beitrag fokussiert exemplarisch gehörlose bzw. hörbeeinträchtigte gebärdensprachige Jugendliche und stellt nach einem theoretischen und empirischen Überblick die Frage, ob und inwieweit diese heterogene Gruppe Jugendlicher durch in digitale Fragebögen implementierte Videos in Gebärdensprache profitieren kann. Anhand zweier kontrastiver Fallvignetten sollen Erfahrungen aus dem Projekt „Inklusive Methoden“ in Bezug auf Möglichkeiten, Voraussetzungen, Herausforderungen und Grenzen digitaler Befragungen mit Gebärdensprachvideos dargestellt und diskutiert werden
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van der Linden, Elisabeth, and Atie Blok-Boas. "Exploring possession in simultaneous bilingualism." EUROSLA Yearbook 5 (August 2, 2005): 103–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.5.07lin.
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Young children often express possession before they have mastered the linguistic means to express this notion in adult forms. In this paper we present evidence on the acquisition of possessive constructions in bilingual children acquiring a Germanic and a Romance language (i.e. Dutch/French and Dutch/Italian). In a multiple case study, we compare their acquisition with that of monolingual children and suggest that while the stages of acquisition in monolingual and bilingual children are largely the same, the possessive constructions of the bilingual children show signs of cross-linguistic influence. This influence goes mainly from Dutch (the dominant language) to the Romance language, but there are also signs of influence from the Romance language on Dutch. This is in contradiction to earlier claims (Hulk and Mueller 2000, 2001, for example), where influence is predicted to be unidirectional.
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Wang, Xiaomei, and Hans Van de Velde. "Constructing Identities through Multilingualism and MultiscriptualismThe Linguistic Landscape in Dutch and Belgian Chinatowns多元语言文字中的认同建构——以荷兰、比利 时唐人街的语言风貌为例." Journal of Chinese Overseas 11, no. 2 (October 27, 2015): 119–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341302.
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This paper examines characteristics of the linguistic landscape (ll) in Chinatowns in Belgium and the Netherlands. Fieldwork was conducted in four cities in the Netherlands (Amsterdam, Utrecht, The Hague, and Rotterdam) and two in Belgium (Brussels and Antwerp). All these cities are situated in the Dutch language area, but Brussels is officially bilingual French-Dutch. In the study, the traditional approach in linguistic landscape studies was combined with an ethnographic approach, in which shopkeepers were interviewed about language and script choice in their signs. The quantitative analysis shows that Chinese shows up in more than three quarters of all signs and that in almost 60 per cent of the signs Chinese is the dominant language. Dutch (the language of the region) and English (the international language) show up in almost half the signs. French shows up almost exclusively in Brussels, where Dutch is less used in signs. The analysis also shows interesting differences in script types between the cities. The presence of different types of Chinese character and pinyin systems indexes the Chineseness of the community, the origin of the local Chinese population, the position of the different establishments in the host countries, and the tendency of these Chinese immigrants to localize. We will show how these small overseas-Chinese communities construct and express their new identity by means of multilingualism and multiscriptualism.
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Dunbar, Ann-Marie. "“THREE LEAGUES AWAY FROM A HUMAN COLOUR”: NATSUME SOSEKI IN LATE-VICTORIAN LONDON." Victorian Literature and Culture 46, no. 1 (March 2018): 221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150317000407.
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Natsume Soseki arrived in Londonin October 1900, with great expectations, both his own and those of the Japanese government officials who sponsored his scholarship to study abroad for two years. Soseki would eventually become one of the most important figures in modern Japanese literature, featured on Japan's 1000-yen note from 1984 to 2004; before he wrote the novels that earned him such fame – includingI Am a Cat(1906),And Then(1910), andKokoro(1914) – Soseki, who was then a young English teacher in the Japanese provinces, was sent to study English language and literature as part of Japan's large-scale modernization and westernization efforts, following the “opening” of Japan to the West by Commodore Matthew Perry in 1854 and the Meiji Restoration of 1868. Soseki's London sojourn coincided with the peak of British imperial might and also Japan's emergence as a world power. Soseki witnessed numerous important historical events as the Victorian era drew to a close, including the return of troops from the second Boer War and Queen Victoria's funeral procession. Following the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95, Japan won major financial and territorial concessions from China, a sign of Japan's new military power and ambition. Indeed, much of the funding for the “rapid expansion of the Japanese higher education system” came from these war reparations that “essentially bankrupted the Chinese government, hastening the downfall of the Qing Dynasty and the Sino-centric order in Asian culture. . . . Soseki's journey to London – metropole of the British Empire – was part and parcel of the geopolitical rise of one empire and the fall of another” (Bourdaghs, Ueda, and Murphy 4). Questions of empire and the relative strength of nations were very much on Soseki's mind during his time in London. During what was then a fifty-day journey by sea from Japan to England, “all ports between Yokohama and Marseilles were under British, French, or Dutch rule” (Hirakawa 171).
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Sienna, Noam. "Rabbis with Inky Fingers : Making An Eighteenth-Century Hebrew Book Between North Africa and Amsterdam." Studia Rosenthaliana: Journal of the History, Culture and Heritage of the Jews in the Netherlands 46, no. 1 (November 1, 2020): 155–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/sr2020.1-2.008.sien.
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Abstract The first edition of Sefer Hatashbe, a collection of responsa printed in Amsterdam in 1739 at the press of Naftali Herz Levi Rofé, is a magnificent example of the fine typography and engraving that contributed to the prominence of 18th-century Dutch Jewish printing. Through an examination of the newly identified manuscript copy which was used in the printing house to typeset this book, I trace the story of the printing of Sefer Hatashbe through the efforts of Meir Crescas of Algiers, and his collaboration with Ashkenazi, Sephardi, Maghrebi, and Italian Jewish communities. I demonstrate how the material facets of book production both relied on and reinforced the various networks ‐ intellectual, financial, religious, communal, familial, social ‐ that linked Jewish communities around the Mediterranean Basin and beyond, across class, nationality, and language.
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Behrens, Bergljot, Monique Flecken, and Mary Carroll. "Progressive Attraction: On the Use and Grammaticalization of Progressive Aspect in Dutch, Norwegian, and German." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 25, no. 2 (May 22, 2013): 95–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542713000020.
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This paper investigates the use of aspectual constructions in Dutch, Norwegian, and German, languages in which aspect marking that presents events explicitly as ongoing, is optional. Data were elicited under similar conditions with native speakers in the three countries. We show that while German speakers make insignificant use of aspectual constructions, usage patterns in Norwegian and Dutch present an interesting case of overlap, as well as differences, with respect to a set of factors that attract or constrain the use of different constructions. The results indicate that aspect marking is grammaticalizing in Dutch, but there are no clear signs of a similar process in Norwegian.*
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TAELMAN, HELENA, GERT DURIEUX, and STEVEN GILLIS. "Fillers as signs of distributional learning." Journal of Child Language 36, no. 2 (September 15, 2008): 323–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000908008982.
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ABSTRACTA longitudinal analysis is presented of the fillers of a Dutch-speaking child between 1 ; 10 and 2 ; 7. Our analysis corroborates familiar regularities reported in the literature: most fillers resemble articles in shape and distribution, and are affected by rhythmic and positional constraints. A novel finding is the impact of the lexical environment: particular function words act as ‘anchor’ words that attract occurrences of schwa fillers after them. The child inserts significantly more schwa fillers in these contexts. The anchor words are among the most frequent words preceding articles in the input, indicating a sharp sensitivity to such distributional regularities. Nasal fillers too are affected by distributional learning, but at the phonological level: the child first uses nasals before [h]-initial nouns, and then generalizes this usage to all [h]-initial words. These observations are related to the growing body of evidence for the impact of distributional learning on early language production.
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Pineda, David. "Некоторые наблюдения над заимствованиями в русском говоре Кольского полуосторва(Some Observations on Borrowings in the Russian Dialect on the Kola Peninsula)." Poljarnyj vestnik 7 (February 1, 2004): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/6.1335.
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The present article gives an overview of the borrowed vocabulary of the Rus- sian dialect of the Kola peninsula, which mostly comes from Finno-Ugric languages. Some remarks are made as to the phonetical and morphological adaptations to Russian, the etymology and the distribution of the loanwords over the different semantic fields. Not surprisingly, the terminology on rein- deer husbandry is dominated by loans from Sámi languages. Some names for fishes are also Sámi, but fishing terminology is almost exclusively borrowed from Baltic-Finnic. Other source languages include Samoyedic (clothing), Norwegian and Dutch (ship types).
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van Dijk, Mariska J., Janneke M. de Man-van Ginkel, Thóra B. Hafsteinsdóttir, and Marieke J. Schuurmans. "Psychometric Properties of the Dutch Version of the Signs of Depression Scale." Clinical Nursing Research 27, no. 5 (July 5, 2016): 617–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1054773816657798.
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The early detection of depression after stroke is essential for the optimization of recovery in aphasic stroke patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Signs of Depression Scale (SODS), a non-language-based screening instrument. We conducted a cross-sectional study in a sample of 58 stroke patients in a rehabilitation center. The internal consistency and interrater reliability were good (α = .71 and intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = .79). The pre-defined hypotheses confirmed the construct validity, and the correlation between the SODS and the Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ-9) was moderate ( rb = .32). At a cutoff score of ≥1, the sensitivity was 0.80, and the specificity was 0.39. These findings indicate that the SODS is appropriate to screen for depressive symptoms and can be used by nurses to identify symptoms of depression in patients with aphasia who require further assessment.
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Rijnen, Sophie J. M., Ikram Meskal, Wilco H. M. Emons, Carlijn A. M. Campman, Sophie D. van der Linden, Karin Gehring, and Margriet M. Sitskoorn. "Evaluation of Normative Data of a Widely Used Computerized Neuropsychological Battery: Applicability and Effects of Sociodemographic Variables in a Dutch Sample." Assessment 27, no. 2 (September 12, 2017): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191117727346.
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Introduction: Central Nervous System Vital Signs (CNS VS) is a computerized neuropsychological battery that is translated into many languages. However, published CNS VS’ normative data were established over a decade ago, are solely age-corrected, and collected in an American population only. Method: Mean performance of healthy Dutch participants on CNS VS was compared with the original CNS VS norms ( N = 1,069), and effects of sociodemographic variables were examined. Results: z tests demonstrated no significant differences in performance on four out of seven cognitive domains; however, Dutch participants ( N = 158) showed higher scores on processing and psychomotor speed, as well as on cognitive flexibility. Although the original CNS VS norms are solely age-corrected, effects of education and sex on CNS VS performance were also identified in the Dutch sample. Discussion: Users should be cautious when interpreting CNS VS performance based on the original American norms, and sociodemographic factors must also be considered.
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Waas, Margit. "First Language Loss." Language Problems and Language Planning 21, no. 2 (January 1, 1997): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.21.2.02waa.
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ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Erstsprachverlust: Reflexausdruck, Schlagfertigkeit und Lautmalerei Sowohl in der Zwischenstudie (LPLP 17/3: 225-237) wie in der Hauptstudie wurde festgestellt, daß es den deutschsprachigen Versuchspersonen nicht möglich war, ohne Zuhilfenahme der Zweitsprache ihr Interview zu beenden. Der ständige Auslandsaufenthalt der 86 Versuchspersonen in beiden Studien betrug durchschnittlich 16 Jahre in Australien. In beiden Fällen wurde das Vermischen von Deutsch und Englisch abschatzig beurteilt. Der Grad der Sprachbeherrschung hatte sich zugunsten der Zweitsprache verschoben. Die Ansatzpunkte der Zwischenstudie wurden von der Hauptstudie nicht nur bestätigt, sondern verstärkt zum Ausdruck gebracht. Zweitsprache ihr Interview zu beenden. Der ständige Auslandsaufenthalt der 86 Versuchspersonen in beiden Studien betrug durchschnittlich 16 Jahre in Australien. In beiden Fällen wurde das Vermischen von Deutsch und Englisch abschatzig beurteilt. Der Grad der Sprachbeherrschung hatte sich zugunsten der Zweitsprache verschoben. Die Ansatzpunkte der Zwischenstudie wurden von der Hauptstudie nicht nur bestätigt, sondern verstärkt zum Ausdruck gebracht.Die Merkmale der vier Gruppenzugehörigkeitsunterschiede traten gleichfalls stark hervor und wurden erneut bestâtigt. Die Gruppenzugehorigkeit bezieht sich auf Versuchspersonen, die in Australien Verbindungen mit anderen Auslandsdeutschsprachigen aufrechterhalten (ea), und auf diejenigen, die dies nicht wünschen (ena); weiter diejenigen, die ihren ständigen Wohnsitz in Australien haben (PR) und auf diejenigen, die die australische Staatsbürgerschaft angenommen haben (NC). In bezug auf Erstsprachverlust ist besonders die NCena Gruppe gefährdet, am zweitstärksten betroffen sind diejenigen, die zwar ihren Reisepaß beibehielten, aber Verbindungen mit anderen Auslandsdeutschsprachigen nicht aufrechterhielten (PRena). Reflexausdruck, Schlagfertigkeit und Lautmalerei bestimmen einen wichtigen Teil des täglichen Sprachgebrauchs. Diesen Ausdriicken von Wortgewandtheit kommt besondere Bedeutung zu, da sie vom prompten Einsatz abhängen und der Konversationszeitdruck wenig Spielraum fiir Fehler erlaubt. Daher tritt Sprachverlust besonders bei der Sprachproduktion auf, vor allem beim Sprechen, weshalb ein GroBteil des Unvermögens, sich in der Erstsprache auszudriicken, durch Spontaneitatsverlust verursacht wird. Die Studien zeigten, daB nach einer Einwanderungs- und Assimilationszeit von 10 bis 20 Jahren die Sprechweise der Versuchspersonen merklich beeintrachtigt war. Einstellung und Motivations-faktoren zum Zweitsprachraum beeinfluBten stark die Erstspracherhaltung oder den -verlust einer Generation. Das Konversationstempo überforderte oft die Geistesgegenwärtigkeit des Erinnerungs-vermögens ("the presence of mind to remember", Pyles und Algeo 1982: 262), sich des richtigen Ausdrucks zu bemächtigen oder bedienen zu können. Direktiibersetzungen aus der Zweitsprache wurden häufig angewandt und von den Versuchspersonen oft als einzige Ausdrucksmöglichkeit eingesetzt. Nicht nur war in der vorliegenden Studie Lautmalerei in der Erstsprache unter-repräsentiert, auch die Reflexausdrucksfähigkeit hatte sich durch den Erstsprachverlust zurück-gebildet. Reflexausdruck, Schlagfertigkeit und Lautmalerei stehen im Zusammenhang mit Konversationsgewandtheit und üben dadurch auch EinfluB auf das Ausdrucksvermögen (word-power) aus. Demzufolge waren gezielte Studien zu diesen Sprachformen von Bedeutung fiir die weitere Sprachverlustforschung. RESUMO Perdo de la unua lingvo: refleksa respondo, rapidspriteco kaj sonimitado Kaj en la intertempa studo {LPLP 17/3: 225-237) kaj en la cefa studo ni konstatis, ke german-lingvaj studitoj ne kapablis trapasi intervjuon sen uzi sian duan lingvon. La 86 studitoj en ambau studoj restadis en Aûstralio seninterrompan periodon de mezume 16 jaroj. En amba kazoj ili jugis negativa la miksadon de la germana kaj la angla. La grado de lingvoscipovo sovigis favore al la dua lingvo. La cefa studo ne nur konfirmis, sed pli emfaze reliefigis la tezojn de la intertempa studo. La trajtoj de la kvar distingiloj de grupaparteno denove montrigis klare kaj denove konfirmigis. Temas pri studitoj, kiuj en Aûstralio tenas kontaktojn kun aliaj eksterlandaj germanlingvanoj (ea), kaj tiuj, kiuj tion ne deziras (ena); krome pri tiuj, kiuj establis sian konstatan loglokon en Aŭstralio* (PR), kaj tiuj, kiuj akiris la aŭstralian ŝtatanecon (NC). La dangero de perdo de la unua lingvo estas plej granda ĉe la grupo NCena, duagrade ce tiuj, kiuj ja retenas sian pasporton sed ne restis en kontakto kun aliaj eksterlandaj germanlingvanoj (PRena). Refleksa respondo, rapidspriteco kaj sonimitado estas gravaj elementoj de la ciutaga lingvouzo. Tiu fenomenoj de lingva lerteco aparte gravas, ĉar ili postulas tujecon kaj car la tempopremo de la fluanta konversacio ne permesas multe da eraroj. Tial la lingvoperdo okazas unuavice en la aktiva lingvouzo, precipe en parolado, pro kio esencan parton de la malkapablo sin esprimi en la unua lingvo kaŭzas perdo de spontaneeco. La studoj montris, ke post periodo de enmigro kaj asimiligo de dek ĝis dudek jaroj la parolo de la studitoj estis senteble malevoluinta. Faktoroj de sinteno kaj motiviĝo rilate al la regiono de la dua lingvo forte influas la perdon au retenon de la unua lingvo en certa generacio. La rapideco de la konversacio transiris la limojn de la tuja disponebleco de la memorkapablo ("the presence of mind to remember"; Pyles kaj Algeo 1982: 262), de la povo trovi kaj uzi la ĝustan esprimon. La studitoj ofte uzis rektajn paŭstradukojn el la dua lingvo, kiuj ofte estis iliaj solaj esprimiloj. Sonimitado en la unua lingvo estas submezume malofta, kaj same la kapablo respondi reflekse malevoluis pro la perdo de la unua lingvo. Refleksa respondo, rapidspriteco kaj sonimitado estas ligitaj kun konversacia lerteco kaj per tio influas la esprimivon. Pro tio detalaj studoj pri tiuj formoj de lingvajo estus gravaj kontribuajoj al la estonta esplorado pri lingvoperdo.
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Thielsen, Jill. "Unsichere Zeichen. : Zum Verhältnis von Sprach-, Bild- und Körperzeichen in Clemens Meyers Roman ,,Als wir träumten“." Zeitschrift für Germanistik 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/92168_53.
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Abstract Der Beitrag zeigt anhand des Debüts Clemens Meyers Als wir träumten, inwiefern die binäre Unterscheidungssemantik der Narratologie von ,zuverlässig‘ vs. ,unzuverlässig‘ durch das Motiv des Erinnerns unterlaufen wird und wie die eigentliche Unzuverlässigkeit des Erzählers auf einer indirekt selbstreferentiellen Ebene anzusiedeln ist, die den prekären Verweischarakter unterschiedlicher Zeichenarten problematisiert.The paper shows that Clemens Meyer’s debut Als wir träumten undermines the narratological binary code of ,reliable‘ vs. ,unreliable‘ by the subject of failing memory. Rather, an actual unreliability of the narrator is based on an implicit self-referential level that exposes the referential problems of the different types of signs.
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Thielsen, Jill. "Unsichere Zeichen. : Zum Verhältnis von Sprach-, Bild- und Körperzeichen in Clemens Meyers Roman ,,Als wir träumten“." Zeitschrift für Germanistik 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/92168_53.
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Abstract Der Beitrag zeigt anhand des Debüts Clemens Meyers Als wir träumten, inwiefern die binäre Unterscheidungssemantik der Narratologie von ,zuverlässig‘ vs. ,unzuverlässig‘ durch das Motiv des Erinnerns unterlaufen wird und wie die eigentliche Unzuverlässigkeit des Erzählers auf einer indirekt selbstreferentiellen Ebene anzusiedeln ist, die den prekären Verweischarakter unterschiedlicher Zeichenarten problematisiert.The paper shows that Clemens Meyer’s debut Als wir träumten undermines the narratological binary code of ,reliable‘ vs. ,unreliable‘ by the subject of failing memory. Rather, an actual unreliability of the narrator is based on an implicit self-referential level that exposes the referential problems of the different types of signs.
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Keuchenius, Anna, Petter Törnberg, and Justus Uitermark. "Why it is important to consider negative ties when studying polarized debates: A signed network analysis of a Dutch cultural controversy on Twitter." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): e0256696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256696.
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Despite the prevalence of disagreement between users on social media platforms, studies of online debates typically only look at positive online interactions, represented as networks with positive ties. In this paper, we hypothesize that the systematic neglect of conflict that these network analyses induce leads to misleading results on polarized debates. We introduce an approach to bring in negative user-to-user interaction, by analyzing online debates using signed networks with positive and negative ties. We apply this approach to the Dutch Twitter debate on ‘Black Pete’—an annual Dutch celebration with racist characteristics. Using a dataset of 430,000 tweets, we apply natural language processing and machine learning to identify: (i) users’ stance in the debate; and (ii) whether the interaction between users is positive (supportive) or negative (antagonistic). Comparing the resulting signed network with its unsigned counterpart, the retweet network, we find that traditional unsigned approaches distort debates by conflating conflict with indifference, and that the inclusion of negative ties changes and enriches our understanding of coalitions and division within the debate. Our analysis reveals that some groups are attacking each other, while others rather seem to be located in fragmented Twitter spaces. Our approach identifies new network positions of individuals that correspond to roles in the debate, such as leaders and scapegoats. These findings show that representing the polarity of user interactions as signs of ties in networks substantively changes the conclusions drawn from polarized social media activity, which has important implications for various fields studying online debates using network analysis.
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Shapiro, Michael. "Teleology/ Semeiosis, and Linguistic Change." Diachronica 2, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.2.1.02sha.
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SUMMARY The ancient question of teleology in language change has recently been raised anew by several theorists and has been the focus of discussion at a number of conferences on historical linguistics. The pro-teleology arguments of such scholars as Anttila and Itkonen in response to the neo-positivism of Lass can be buttressed and given wider scope by recourse to the philosophy of Charles Sanders Peirce, whose theory of signs and unique concept of final cause have immediate applications to the nature of language structure and the goals of language change. Through a detailed rehearsal of Peirce's understanding of signs and semeiosis, as well as an accounting of his thoughts about efficient and final causation in the context of Aristotle's, the 'telos' of language change emerges as diagrammatization, i.e., the formation of semeiotic diagrams in which relations of meaning are mirrored by relations of form. Teleology, when viewed as an inalienable part of the ontology of language structure, is thus revealed to have the principled status of a theoretical foundation for any adequate understanding of language as a panchronic semeiotic whole. RÉSUMÉ La vieille question concernant la téléologie dans le changement linguistique a récemment été posée à nouveau par plusieurs théoriciens, et elle a été le centre d'attention dans la discussion à l'occasion de plusieurs conférénces consacrées à la linguistique historique. Les arguments 'pro-téléologiques' des érudits comme R. Anttila et E. Itkonen répondan t au néo-positivisme de R. Lass peuvent être renforcés et élargis en se servant de la philosophie de Charles Sanders Peirce dont la théorie des signes et le concept particulier de cause finale peuvent trouver des applications immédiates à la nature de la structure langagière et aux fins du changement linguistique. Moyennant une réanalyse détaillée de l'interprétation peircienne des signes et de la sémiose ainsi qu'une inclusion de sa pensée au sujet des causes efficientes et finales dans le contexte d'Aristote, le 'télos' du changement linguistique surgit comme une diagrammatisation, i.e., la formation des diagrammes sémiotiques dans lesquels des rapports de sens sont reflétés par des rapports de forme. La teleologie, si on la garde comme partie inaliénable de l'ontologie de la structure du langage, sera révélée comme ayant le rang d'une fondation théorique pour toute compréhension du langage comme un ensemble panchronique et sémiotique. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die alte Frage die Teleologie des Sprachwandels betreffend ist in jüngster Zeit wieder aufgeworfen w rden; sie war Mittelpunkt theoretischer Erörterungen anlaßlich mehrerer Konferenzen zur historischen Lin-guistik. Die pro-teleologischen Argumente, vorgebracht von Gelehrten wie R. Anttila und E. Itkonen gegen die neopositivistische Position R. Lass', können verstärkt und erweitert werden mithilfe der Philosophie von Charles Sanders Peirce, dessen Zeichentheorie und dessen einzigar-tiges Konzept finalistischer Gründe direkt angewendet werden können auf die Natur sprachlicher Strukturen und auf die Ziele des Sprachwandels. Mithilfe einer genauen Bestandsaufnahme von Peirce' Auffassung des Zei-chens und der Semeiosis, sowie durch eine Hinzunahme seiner Gedanken über effiziente und finalistischer Ursachen im Kontext des Aristoteles, erwachst das 'Telos' des sprachlichen Wandels als Diagrammatisierung, d.h. als die Bildung semeiotischer Diagramme, in denen die Relationen von Bedeutung durch Relationen von Formen widerspiegelt erscheinen. Die Teleologie, wenn sie als unveränderlicher Bestandteil des Wesens sprachlicher Struktur begriffen wird, offenbahrt sich als ein Prinzip der theoretischen Begründung jeden angemessenen Verstandnis ses der Sprache als ein panchronistisches, semiotisches Ganzes.
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Angerler, J., Jürg Schneider, R. H. Barnes, Janet Hoskins, Karin Bras, Christel Lübben, Peter Boomgaard, et al. "Book Reviews." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 154, no. 1 (1998): 150–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003909.
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- J. Angerler, Jýrg Schneider, From upland to irrigated rice; The development of wet-rice agriculture in Rejang Musi, Southwest Sumatra. Berlin: Reimer, 1995, 214 pp. [Berner Sumatra-Forschungen.] - R.H. Barnes, Janet Hoskins, The play of time; Kodi perspectives on calendars, history, and exchange. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993, xx + 414 pp. - Karin Bras, Christel Lýbben, Internationaler Tourismus als Faktor der Regionalentwicklung in Indonesien; Untersucht am Beispiel der Insel Lombok. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 1995, xiv + 178 pp. - Peter Boomgaard, Florentino Rodao, Espaýoles en Siam (1540-1939); Una aportaciýn al estudio de la presencia hispana en Asia Oriental. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientýficas, 1997, xix + 206 pp. [Biblioteca de Historia 32.] - Hans Hýgerdal, Winarsih Partaningrat Arifin, Babad Sembar; Chroniques de lýest javanais. Paris: Presses de lýýcole Francaise dýExtrýme Orient, 1995, 149 pp. [EFEO monographie 177.] - Els M. Jacobs, Gerrit J. Knaap, Shallow waters, rising tide; Shipping and trade in Java around 1775. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1996. [Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 172.] - Roy E. Jordaan, John Miksic, Ancient history. Singapore: Archipelago Press/Editions Didier Millet, n.d., 148 pp. [The Indonesian Heritage Series 1.] - Victor T. King, Penelope Graham, Iban shamanism; An analysis of the ethnographic literature. Canberra: Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1987 (reprint 1994), x + 174 pp. [Occasional Paper.] - Rita Smith Kipp, Simon Rae, Breath becomes the wind; Old and new in Karo religion. Dunedin: University of Otago Press, 1994, viii + 306 pp. - Niels Mulder, Raul Pertierra, Explorations in social theory and Philippine ethnography. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1997, xii + 262 pp. - Anthony Reid, Luc Nagtegaal, Riding the Dutch tiger; The Dutch East Indies Company and the northeast coast of Java, 1680-1743 (translated by Beverly Jackson). Leiden: KITLV Press, 1996, x + 250 pp. Index, maps, tables, graphs. - Cornelia M.I. van der Sluys, Signe Howell, For the sake of our future; Sacrificing in eastern Indonesia, Leiden: Centre for Non-Western Studies, 1996, xi + 398 pp. [CNWS Publication 42.] - Jaap Timmer, Bernard Juillerat, Children of the blood; Society, reproduction and cosmology in New Guinea (translated from the French by Nora Scott). Oxford: Berg, 1996, xxx + 601 pp., glossary, bibliography, index. [Explorations in Anthropology.]
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Alliez, Eric. "Der Guattari-Deleuze-Effekt." ZMK Zeitschrift für Medien- und Kulturforschung 2/1/2011: Offene Objekte 2, no. 1 (2011): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.28937/1000107522.
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Statt von einem Guattari-Effekt auf Deleuze muss man von einem Guattari-Deleuze-Effekt sprechen, um ein wechselseitiges Einwirken in einem gemeinsamen Projekt zu beschreiben, das mit dem Herausgehen aus der klassischen Psychoanalyse beginnt und in den Umbau der Philosophie in der Öffnung auf ihr Außen mündet. Dieser Umbau lässt das Paradigma der Interpretation ebenso hinter sich wie jenes der Struktur. In der Kritik an Lacan vollziehen Deleuze und Guattari die Abkehr vom Postulat des Primats der Sprache als Struktur und eines durch sie immer schon konstituierten und vom Realen ebenso wie von kollektiven Individuationsprozessen abgeschnittenen Subjekts. Die heterogenen Ausdrucksmaterien Hjelmslevs, die das Aufbrechen der Opposition von Sprachzeichen und Materie ermöglichen sowie die Konzepte der Wunschmaschine und mehr noch des Gefüges eröffnen den Weg hin zu einem Politisch-Werden der Philosophie als Wiederaneignung der Produktionsmittel kollektiver Subjektivität. </br></br>In order to understand the collaborators' mutual impact in a joint project that began with Deleuze and Guattari's transgression of classical psychoanalysis and advanced to their complete remodeling of philosophy, the notion of a »Guattari-Deleuze-effect« is more adequate than the presumption an unilateral »Guattari-effect« upon Deleuze. Furthermore, Deleuze's and Guattari's concerted efforts leave the paradigms of »interpretation« and »structure« behind; in their critique of Lacan, Deleuze and Guattari turn away from the primate of language as structure and the postulate of an always already constituted subject that is cut off both from the real and from collective processes of individuation. Finally, the concept of a heterogeneous »matter of expression,« which, borrowed from Hjelmslev, allows opening up the opposition between linguistic sign and matter, as well as the concepts of »desiring-machine« and »assemblage«, clear the way towards a becoming-political of philosophy, understood as reappropriation of collective subjectivity's means of production.
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Beam, Joel W. "Topical Silver for Infected Wounds." Journal of Athletic Training 44, no. 5 (September 1, 2009): 531–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-44.5.531.
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Abstract Reference/Citation: Vermeulen H, van Hattem JM, Storm-Versloot MN, Ubbink DT. Topical silver for treating infected wounds. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007(1);CD005486. Clinical Question: What is the clinical evidence base for silver dressings in the management of contaminated and infected acute and chronic wounds? Data Sources: Investigations were identified by Cochrane Wounds Group Specialized Register (2006), CENTRAL (2006), MEDLINE (2002–2006), EMBASE (2002–2006), CINAHL (2002–2006), and digital dissertations (2006) searches. Product manufacturers were contacted to identify additional eligible studies. The search terms included wound infection, surgical wound infection, ulcer, wound healing, and silver. Study Selection: Each study fulfilled the following criteria: (1) The study was a randomized controlled trial of human participants that compared dressings containing silver with any dressings without silver, dressings with other antiseptics, or dressings with different dosages of silver. (2) The participants were aged 18 years and older with contaminated and infected open wounds of any cause. (3) The study had to evaluate the effectiveness of the dressings using an objective measure of healing. No language or publication status restrictions were imposed, and participants could be recruited in any care setting. Studies were excluded if the wounds were ostomies (surgically formed passages). Data Extraction: Study quality assessment was conducted independently by 3 authors using the Dutch Institute for Health Care Improvement and Dutch Cochrane Centre protocols. Characteristics of the study, participants, interventions, and outcome measures were extracted by one author and verified by a second using a standard form. The principal outcome measure was healing (time to complete healing, rate of change in wound area and volume, number and proportion of wounds healed within trial period). Secondary measures were adverse events (eg, pain, maceration, erythema), dressing leakage, and wound odor. Based on the unique comparisons in the studies, a meta-analysis was not conducted. As a result, summary estimates of treatment effect were calculated for each outcome comparison. RevMan software (version 4.2; Cochrane Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom) was used for statistical analysis. Main Results: Specific search criteria identified 31 studies for review, of which 3 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Lack of randomization and absence of wound infections excluded the majority of studies from the review. In the 3 studies selected, silver-containing dressings were compared with nonsilver dressings and dressings with other antimicrobials. One group used a silver-containing foam dressing and a nonsilver foam dressing; another group used a silver-containing alginate and a nonsilver alginate; and a third group used a silver-containing foam and various dressings (nonsilver foams, alginates, hydrocolloids, and gauze and other antimicrobial dressings). Sample sizes ranged between 99 and 619 participants. Most of the wounds in the included studies were pressure, diabetic, and venous leg ulcers. Wound infection was subjectively defined by 1 group as the presence of 2 or more signs and symptoms (eg, continuous pain, erythema, heat, or moderate to high levels of exudate) and by the other 2 groups as signs of critical colonization (eg, delayed healing, increased pain and exudate levels, discoloration, and odor). The primary measure in the included studies was healing outcome. The 3 groups used various assessments of healing, including relative and absolute reduction in wound area and number of wounds healed during the trial period. The trial period in each study was 4 weeks. In the 3 trials, the authors randomized the participants to the treatment groups. Examining healing, one group (129 participants) compared Contreet silver foam (Coloplast A/S, Humlebaek, Denmark) with Allevyn foam (Smith & Nephew, St-Laurent, Quebec, Canada). The authors reported no differences for rates of complete healing (risk difference [RD] = 0.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.09, 0.09) and median wound area reduction (weighted mean difference [WMD] = −0.30 cm2, 95% CI = −2.92, 2.35). However, Contreet was favored over Allevyn (P = .034) for median relative reduction in wound area (WMD = −15.70 cm2, 95% CI = −29.5, −1.90). One group (99 participants) compared Silvercel silver alginate (Johnson & Johnson Wound Management, Somerville, NJ) with Algosteril alginate (Johnson & Johnson Wound Management). The authors found no differences in rates of complete healing (RD = 0.00, 95% CI = −0.06, 0.05), mean absolute (WMD = 4.50 cm2, 95% CI = −0.93, 9.93) and relative wound area reduction (WMD = −0.30 cm2, 95% CI = −17.08, 16.48), or healing rate per day (week 1 to 4) (WMD = 0.16 cm2, 95% CI = −0.03, 0.35). One group (619 participants) compared Contreet with various dressings (nonsilver foams, alginates, hydrocolloids, and gauze and other antimicrobial dressings). For median relative wound area reduction, the authors noted a superiority of Contreet over the various dressings (P = .0019). Examining secondary outcomes, 2 groups used subjective analysis to compare adverse reactions among the dressings. One group reported no difference between Contreet (in satellite ulcers, deterioration of periwound tissue) and Allevyn (in satellite ulcers, maceration, eczema) (RD = 0.02, 95% CI = −0.07, 0.12), and one group found no difference between Silvercel (in pain during dressing change, eczema, periwound erythema, maceration) and Algosteril (in pain during dressing change, eczema, erythema) (RD = −0.01, 95% CI = −0.12, 0.11). Two groups subjectively assessed leakage among silver and nonsilver dressings. The data from one group demonstrated superiority of Contreet over Allevyn (P = .002; RD = −0.30, 95% CI = −0.47, −0.13), and one group found Contreet better than various dressings (eg, nonsilver foams, alginates, hydrocolloids, and gauze, and other antimicrobial dressings) (P = .0005; RD = −0.11, 95% CI = −0.18, −0.05). Using a subjective 4-point scale, one group compared silver and nonsilver dressings and reported a difference favoring Contreet over Allevyn in terms of wound odor (P = .030; RD = −0.19, 95% CI = −0.36, −0.03). Conclusions: Overall, this review provides no clear evidence to support the use of silver-containing foam and alginate dressings in the management of infected chronic wounds for up to 4 weeks. However, the use of silver foam dressings resulted in a greater reduction in wound size and more effective control of leakage and odor than did use of nonsilver dressings. Randomized controlled trials using standardized outcome measures and longer follow-up periods are needed to determine the most appropriate dressing for contaminated and infected acute and chronic wounds.
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Bank, Richard, Onno Crasborn, and Roeland van Hout. "The prominence of spoken language elements in a sign language." Linguistics 54, no. 6 (January 1, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2016-0030.
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Abstractin sign languages consist of simultaneously articulated manual signs and spoken language words. These “mouthings” (typically silent articulations) have been observed for many different sign languages. The present study aims to investigate the extent of such bimodal code-mixing in sign languages by investigating the frequency of mouthings produced by deaf users of Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT), their co-occurrence with pointing signs, and whether any differences can be explained by sociolinguistic variables such as regional origin and age of the signer. We investigated over 10,000 mouth actions from 70 signers, and found that the mouth and the hands are equally active during signing. Moreover, around 80 % of all mouth actions are mouthings, while the remaining 20 % are unrelated to Dutch. We found frequency differences between individual signers and a small effect for level of education, but not for other sociolinguistic variables. Our results provide genuine evidence that mouthings form an inextricable component of signed interaction. Rather than displaying effects of competition between languages or spoken language suppression, NGT signers demonstrate the potential of the visual modality to conjoin parallel information streams.
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Sáfár, Anna, Laurence Meurant, Thierry Haesenne, Ellen Nauta, Danny De Weerdt, and Ellen Ormel. "Mutual intelligibility among the sign languages of Belgium and the Netherlands." Linguistics 53, no. 2 (January 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2015-0004.
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AbstractIn an exploratory study of mutual intelligibility between the sign languages of the northern part of Belgium (Flemish Sign Language, VGT), the southern part of Belgium (French Belgian Sign Language, LSFB), and the Netherlands (Sign Language of the Netherlands, NGT), we tested the comprehension of VGT by signers of LSFB and NGT. In order to measure the influence of iconic structures (classifier constructions and constructed action) that linguistic analyses have shown to be similar across different sign languages, two genres were compared: narrative and informative signing. To investigate the effect of the overlap between the spoken languages surrounding the Dutch and Flemish Deaf communities, videos were presented in two conditions: first without and subsequently with mouthings. As we hypothesized, both LSFB and NGT signers understood narratives better than informative signing, showing for the first time that iconic structures facilitate comprehension of foreign signing. Furthermore, the results at least partially confirm our hypothesis that NGT signers benefit more from mouthings than LSFB signers, uncovering a source of intelligibility that is unique to sign languages.
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Modise, Leepo J. "Language as a barrier to ministry of the Word with special reference to sign language in ministry: Human dignity perspective." Verbum et Ecclesia 37, no. 1 (March 31, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v37i1.1596.
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This article is born out of my participation in the General Synod Ministerial Formation for theological training of Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa (URCSA), when a decision was taken to license a student with a disability to be a minister of the Word in URCSA. Furthermore, my experience and observation of the licensing of the two candidates with hearing impairments to the ministry of the Word and Sacrament in URCSA and Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (DRCSA) has encouraged me to conduct this research. This article is made up of four important parts: Firstly, the researcher will discuss Belhar Confession as the confession that emphasises unity (inclusivity), reconciliation and justice. Secondly, Belhar Confession and disability from the human dignity perspective will be discussed. Thirdly, the ecclesiological practices and shortcomings from the human dignity perspective will be highlighted. Fourthly, pastoral care as the affirmation of human dignity will be discussed.Interdisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: The fields involved in this article are Systematic Theology, Sociology and Psychology. The author challenges classification of people with a disability under the category of limited competence by the Dutch Reformed Church when they license the ministerial candidates. The future results will reveal the inclusivity in terms of licensing and calling of ministers in the Dutch Reformed Church Family. This research calls for the change in the traditional discourse within ecclesiological, sociological and psychological fields, which exclude the people with a disability from the ministry of the Word and Sacraments.
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Sevinç, Yeşim. "Language maintenance and shift under pressure: Three generations of the Turkish immigrant community in the Netherlands." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2016, no. 242 (January 1, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2016-0034.
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AbstractDrawing on questionnaire and interview data, this study explores the process of language maintenance and shift across three generations of Turkish immigrants in the Netherlands. It compares three generations of Turkish-Dutch bilinguals by examining age and place of language learning, self-rated language proficiency, and language choices in six domains (home, school, work, friends, media and leisure time activities, and cognitive activities). Furthermore, it investigates bilinguals’ experiences, motivations for learning languages and attitudes towards bilingualism. Findings suggest that following the typical pattern of language shift described by Mario Saltarelli and Susan Gonzo in 1977, language history, self-rated language proficiency and current language practices of third-generation children differ from those of first- and second-generation bilinguals. Consequently, possible language shift among third-generation bilinguals causes socioemotional pressure about maintaining the Turkish language, triggering intergenerational tensions in Turkish immigrant families. At the same time, the perceived need to shift to Dutch for social and economic reasons causes immigrant children to experience tensions and ambiguities in the linguistic connections between the family and other social domains (e. g. school, friendship). The findings evidence that the Turkish immigrant community in the Netherlands may no longer be as linguistically homogeneous as once observed. The dissolution of homogeneity can be a sign of social change in which maintaining the Turkish language has become a challenge, whereas speaking Dutch is a necessity of life in the Netherlands.
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Keelmann, Lehti Mairike. "Rudolf II & Bartholomeus Spranger: Rudolf II as the Patron of Spranger’s Mythologies and Allegories. Virtuosity and Maniera." Inquiry@Queen's Undergraduate Research Conference Proceedings, November 15, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/iqurcp.7413.
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The court of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II in Prague was described by 17 th century German art historian Joachim von Sandrart as “the Parnassus of the arts”. Sandrart’s Dutch counterpart Karl van Mander went even further to praise Rudolf II as “the greatest art patron in the world at the present time”. Rudolf II’s involvement with art was two fold. He was an avid art collector with an enormous Kunstkammer, and he also was the ideal patron of art coveted by artists. Both his collection, which included works by Dürer and Titian, and his artists at court, reflected his imperial, cosmopolitan ambitions. This presentation will examine the visual language of the mythological and allegorical paintings commissioned by Rudolf II for his newly expanded palace in Prague. In particular, there will be a focus on the iconography and style of the paintings by imperial court painter Bartholomeus Spranger, with comparisons made to related paintings by fellow court painters Hans von Aachen and Joseph Heintz. Ultimately, the competitive nature of Rudolf II’s court, as well as the presence of a large art collection, encouraged Spranger as the imperial court painter to emulate, invent, and test his virtuosity in depicting subject matter. The result was seen especially in Spranger’s Metamorphoses cycle and allegories representing Rudolf II’s empire. Indeed, Rudolf II’s patronage of art became a sign of imperial power rather than a comforting hobby practiced by an out of touch ruler within the realm of Eastern Europe.
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De Stefani, Elwys. "If-Clauses, Their Grammatical Consequents, and Their Embodied Consequence: Organizing Joint Attention in Guided Tours." Frontiers in Communication 6 (August 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2021.661165.
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In linguistics, if-clauses have attracted the interest of scholars working on syntax, typology and pragmatics alike. This article examines if-clauses as a resource available to tour guides for reorienting the visitors’ visual attention towards an object of interest. The data stem from 11 video-recorded tours in Italian, French, German and Dutch (interpreted into Flemish Sign Language). In this setting, guides recurrently use if-clauses to organize a joint focus of attention, by soliciting the visitors to bodily and visually rearrange. These clauses occur in combination with verbs of vision (e.g., to look), or relating to movement in space (e.g., to turn around). Using conversation analysis and interactional linguistics, this study pursues three interrelated objectives: 1) it examines the grammatical relationship that speakers establish between the if-clause and the projected main clause; 2) it analyzes the embodied conduct of participants in the accomplishment of if/then-constructions; 3) it describes if-clauses as grammatical resources with a twofold projection potential: a vocal-grammatical projection enabling the guide (or the addressees) to achieve a grammatically adequate turn-continuation, and an embodied-action projection, which solicits visitors to accomplish a situationally relevant action, such as reorienting gaze towards an object of interest. These projections do not run independently from each other. The analysis shows how, while producing an if-clause, guides adjust their emerging talk—through pauses, expansions and restarts—to the visitors’ co-occurring spatial repositioning. These practices are described as micro-sequential adjustments that reflexively affect turn-construction and embodied compliance. In addressing the above phenomena and questions, this article highlights the fundamentally adaptive, situated and action-sensitive nature of grammar.
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Blom, Elma, and Paul van Geert. "Signs of a developing grammar: subject drop and inflection in early child Dutch." Linguistics 42, no. 1 (January 12, 2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling.2004.003.
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