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Doerle, Samuel Michael. "Military Medical Ethics: Intersections of Virtue and Duty." NEOMED College of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ne2gs1619696140569755.
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Segolsson, Lola. "Den kommunala arbetstagarens rätt till yttrandefrihet kontra lojalitetsplikten gentemot arbetsgivaren : The municipal employees freedom of speech versus the duty of loyalty towards the employer." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för ekonomi, kommunikation och IT, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-7693.
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SAMMANFATTNING Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att beskriva och analysera gällande rätt, vad avser förhållandet mellan den kommunala arbetstagarens rättigheter till yttrandefrihet kontra den lojalitetsplikt som denne genom anställningsavtalet har gentemot sin arbetsgivare. Eftersom det finns en hel del praxis inom området främst från Justitieombudsmannen (JO), eftersom det rör sig om kommunal verksamhet, använder jag mig i uppsatsen av flera uttalanden och beslut från denna instans. Yttrandefriheten är en av de mest grundläggande rättigheterna i ett demokratiskt samhälle och är i Sverige en grundlagsfäst rättighet. Rätten att fritt kunna uttrycka sin uppfattning är viktig för att information skall kunna spridas, och att alla skall kunna vara med och påverka samhället via dialog och debatt. Teknikens utveckling och sociala mediers utbredning gör att information och åsikter blir lättillgängliga för en stor krets av mottagare. Att använda sig av sociala medier och via bloggar och facebook ge uttryck för åsikter och attityder blir allt mer frekvent förekommande, och det är inte helt ovanligt att man som arbetstagare kommenterar sin arbetsplats, chef eller verksamheten man är anställd inom. Arbetstagaren i den kommunala verksamheten har ett förstärkt skydd för sin yttrandefrihet gentemot arbetsgivaren (det allmänna) genom den grundlagsfästa meddelarfriheten och meddelarskyddet. I uppsatsen redogör jag för de rättigheter och det skydd som den kommunala arbetstagaren har när det gäller att utnyttja sin yttrandefrihet i form av kritiska uttalanden gentemot arbetsgivaren. Förutom rättigheten att uttrycka kritik gentemot sin arbetsgivare har den kommunala arbetstagaren också skyldigheter att anmäla missförhållanden inom vissa områden, Detta via lex Maria och lex Sarah, vilket jag också redogör för. I uppsatsen beskriver jag även det betänkande som i april i år (2011) presenterats angående lex Sarah inom skolan. I uppsatsen konstaterar jag att rätten till yttrandefrihet går före den lojalitetsplikt som i och med anställningsavtalets ingående uppstår. Jag konstaterar att lojalitetsplikten i kommunal verksamhet inte existerar när det gäller negativa eller kritiska yttranden gentemot arbetsgivaren. Lojalitetsplikten handlar för den kommunala arbetstagaren i själva verket enbart om hur man skall utföra sina arbetsuppgifter, inte vad arbetstagaren uttrycker om sin arbetsgivare.<br>Abstract The purpose of this essay is to explain and analyze the law, how the relations between the municipal employee towards freedom of speech work against the duty of loyalty the employee has towards the employer through the employment contract. Because of the high amount of standardized practice within this field, especially from the ombudsman, and because this essay is about the municipal functions, the essay will consist of multiple statements and decisions from these instances. The freedom of speech is one of the most fundamental rights in a democratic society – and in Sweden a right that is supported by the constitution. The right to freely express your own opinion is important for the information to spread, and for everybody to be able to affect the society via dialog and debate. The technological development and social media’s spread make information and opinions more accessible to a larger audience. The use of this kind of media such as blogs and the extensive use of Facebook to express opinions and different attitudes become used more frequently, it is not uncommon for a employee to make comments about his or hers workplace, boss or the field of work in one of these digital medias. The Employee in the municipal operation has a strong protection when it comes to freedom of speech towards the employer, through the constitutional freedom of information and the protection of sources. The essay will cover the rights and the protections that the municipal employees have when it comes to the use of freedom of speech in criticism towards the employer. Aside from the right to express criticism towards the employer, the municipal employee also have obligations to address anomalies within some fields, which will be described in the essay. Lex Maria and lex Sarah regulate this. I also describe a report that just has been presented concerning the lex Sarah in schools. In the essay I note that the freedom of speech will be prioritized before the duty of loyalty the employee has against the employer. And I note that the duty of loyalty in municipal operations does not exist when it comes to negative opinions or criticism against the employer. The duty of loyalty for the municipal employee is only about how the employer should carry out his work duties, and not what the employee, express about their employer.
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Sobczyk, Justyna Angelika. "La Business Judgment Rule : l'essai sur les sources de la règle." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010270/document.
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La première source de la business judgment rule a été la jurisprudence. Celle-ci a été la source des codifications incitatives et contraignantes. Nos recherches ont mis en évidence deux types de formulations de la business judgment rule. Le premier type est la formulation prétorienne lato sensu et stricto sensu. Le second type est la formulation codifiée (Model Business Corporation Act, Corporate Director's Guidebook, Principles of Corporate Governance, lois limitant la responsabilité personnelle des dirigeants). De plus, nos recherches ont dégagé 9 types de termes qui se retrouvent dans tous les types des formulations. Les 4 premiers types de termes correspondent respectivement (1) aux pouvoirs des dirigeants et à leur discrétion, (2) au statut des dirigeants, (3) aux devoirs des dirigeants, (4) aux degrés de devoirs requis et à la gravité de la transgression de ces devoirs sanctionnée (standard of conduct). Les cinq types de termes suivants correspondent respectivement (1) au droit à l'erreur, (2) à la présomption de comportement/conduite, (3) au refus d'un contrôle judiciaire, (4) à la charge de la preuve, (5) à la justification de la business judgment rule (standard of revision). Les deux différences fondamentales entre les formulations de la business judgment rule sont les suivantes. La première différence se situe au niveau des conditions d'application de la règle et concerne la relation entre le standard de conduite, c'est-à-dire le type des devoirs, le degré des devoirs et la gravité de la transgression des devoirs, et le standard de responsabilité, c'est-à-dire les devoirs examinés quand la business judgment rule s'applique. La seconde différence fondamentale entre les formulations se situe au niveau des effets de la règle et concerne l'étendue d'un contrôle judiciaire sur le résultat de l'action ou de l'omission des dirigeants, c'est-à-dire le prix grossièrement inadéquat, l'abus de discrétion, le dépassement grossier, etc<br>The first source of the « business judgment rule » is the jurisprudence. The jurisprudence was the source of the « soft law » and « hard law » codifications. The research showed two types of formulations of the « business judgment rule ». The first type is the jurisprudence formulation lato sensu_and stricto sensu. The second type is the codification formulation (Mode) Business Corporation Act, Corporate Director's Guidebook, Principles of Corporate Governance, lois limitant la responsabilité personnelle des dirigeants). The research showed nine types of terms which may be found in the formulations of the « business judgment rule». The first four terms correspond respectively to (1) the powers of the governors of the corporation and their discretion ; (2) their status ; (3) their duties, and (4) the degree of their duties. This first type of terms constitutes the standard of conduct. The next five types of terms correspond respectively to (1) the right to the error; (2) the presumption of the conduct; (3) the refusal of judicial review; (4) the burden of proof; (5) the justification of the « business judgment rule ». This second type of terms constitutes the standard of revision. There are two fundamental differences between the formulations of the « business judgment rule ». The first difference is situated at the level of the conditions of application of the « business judgment rule », and concerns the relations between the standard of conduct and the standard of revision. The second difference is situated at the level of the effects of the « business judgment rule » and concerns the scope of judicial review
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Chandler, John-Matthieu. "La loyauté du mandataire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PA01D069.
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La présence du devoir de loyauté en droit des contrats interroge tant il paraît faire double emploi avec la bonne foi. La première ambition de la thèse consiste à déterminer la place et la fonction de chacune de ces normes. L’analyse permet de relever qu’elles ne traduisent pas le même concept. La bonne foi traduit celui de fidélité à la parole donnée, et la loyauté, celui de dévouement. Par nature, le champ d’application du devoir de loyauté est donc limité. Pour l’essentiel, il se réduit aux relations où l’une des parties reçoit un pouvoir de représentation comme dans le mandat. La deuxième ambition de la thèse consiste à en rationaliser les manifestations dans ce contrat où il s’exprime avec la plus forte intensité. Enfin, au regard de la faiblesse des sanctions dont son manquement fait l’objet en droit positif, la dernière ambition de la thèse consiste à proposer une réhabilitation de la fonction punitive de la responsabilité civile et à repenser les sanctions susceptibles d’être prononcées<br>The presence of the duty of loyalty in contract law raises questions, since it seems to duplicate the duty of good faith. The first ambition of the thesis is to determine the place and function of each of these norms. The analysis shows that they do not express the same concept. Good faith translates the concept of fidelity to one's word, and loyalty, that of devotion. By its very nature, the scope of the duty of loyalty is therefore limited. For the most part, it is limited to relationships where one of the parties receives a power of representation, as in the mandate (agency). The second ambition of the thesis is to rationalize its manifestations in this contract where it is expressed with the greatest intensity. Lastly, in view of the weakness of the sanctions of which its breach is the object in positive law, the last ambition of the thesis consists in proposing a rehabilitation of the punitive function of civil liability, and in rethinking the sanctions that can be pronounced
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Vu, Van Tinh. "La responsabilité civile des dirigeants de société anonyme en droit vietnamien. Regards croisés avec le droit français." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020009/document.
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La thèse examine la responsabilité civile des dirigeants de sociétés anonymes en droit vietnamien et droit français. Il s’agit d’une première étude académique qui aborde l’état actuel du droit vietnamien de la responsabilité civile des dirigeants des sociétés anonymes et fait des comparaisons avec celui de l’actuel ordre juridique français. Quels avantages pourrait-il y avoir à aborder une étude du droit vietnamien touché par des illustrations en droit français ? Les deux pays sont proches sur le plan juridique. Le droit de la responsabilité civile des dirigeants de sociétés n’échappe pas à cette réalité. La responsabilité civile des dirigeants reste fondée sur la faute, mais elle a connu certaines adaptations. Le système actuellement existant dans chacun des deux pays s’est vu par ailleurs complété par des nouvelles sources, justifiées par la mondialisation. Le droit français est très riche en illustrations jurisprudentielles alors que le droit vietnamien est purement théorique et caractérisée par les nouveaux concepts prêtés des principes proposés par la doctrine anglo-saxonne du gouvernement d’entreprise. Ainsi, la conclusion qui s’en dégage est que certaines dispositions du droit français pourraient utilement inspirer le législateur vietnamien et vice versa<br>The thesis examines the personal liability of public limited companies directors in Vietnamese law and French law. This is the first academic literature that addresses the current rules on the civil liability of directors of limited companies in Vietnamese law. What benefit is there be to conduct a study of Vietnamese law affected by French law? The two countries are close in law. The law of civil liability of corporate directors does not escape from this fact. Liability of director remains based on fault, but it has experienced some adaptations. The existing system in each country was also supplemented by new sources which are justified by globalization process. French law is then very rich jurisprudential illustrations while Vietnamese law is purely theoretical and characterized by new concepts borrowed from the corporate governance doctrine of common law. Thus, the conclusion that emerges is that some provisions of French law could usefully inspire the Vietnamese legislator and vice versa
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Valiergue, Julien. "Les conflits d'intérêts en droit privé : contribution à la théorie juridique du pouvoir." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0259.
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Le conflit d'intérêts désigne une opposition entre deux ou plusieurs intérêts distincts, relevant de personnes ou groupes de personnes eux-mêmes distincts. Il se peut que le conflit oppose l’intérêt d’une personne – ou l’intérêt d’une autre personne à laquelle elle est liée – à l’intérêt d’un tiers dont elle a par ailleurs la charge. Il est alors un risque que le conflit en cause ne soit réglé de manière illégitime, au préjudice de l’intérêt pris en charge. C’est à l’étude de ce type de conflit d’intérêts que la thèse se consacre. Elle propose de le rattacher à la théorie juridique du pouvoir. Le pouvoir y est défini comme la prérogative par laquelle son titulaire est habilité à participer à la création d’actes juridiques pour le compte d’autrui, par l’expression d’un ou plusieurs intérêts distincts du sien.Les pouvoirs peuvent faire l’objet d’une double différenciation. La première consiste à différencier les pouvoirs en fonction du rôle joué par leurs titulaires dans la détermination du contenu de l’acte juridique à créer. Elle aboutit à distinguer les pouvoirs intellectuels et les pouvoirs décisionnels. La seconde consiste à différencier les pouvoirs en fonction des devoirs pesant sur leurs titulaires. Elle aboutit à distinguer les pouvoirs-loyauté et les pouvoirs-impartialité. Ce rattachement du conflit d'intérêts à la théorie juridique du pouvoir a deux conséquences. Il permet tout d’abord d’en délimiter le domaine. Il permet ensuite de le définir. Le conflit d'intérêts correspond en effet à une situation de détournement potentiel de pouvoir. Il manifeste le risque que le titulaire du pouvoir n’agisse contrairement à son devoir. Il en découle une typologie des conflits d’intérêts. Celle-ci repose sur une distinction principale entre les conflits de loyauté et les conflits d’impartialité et sur deux distinctions secondaires : d’une part, la distinction des conflits directs et des conflits indirects ; d’autre part, la distinction des conflits d’intérêt et de devoir et des conflits entre devoirs. Cette différenciation des conflits justifie une différenciation de leurs traitements. En effet, les différents types de conflits ne présentent pas le même risque d’aboutir à un détournement effectif de pouvoir, ce dont leurs traitements devraient tenir compte. La typologie dressée se veut ainsi une typologie hiérarchisée pouvant servir à déterminer le traitement adapté à chaque type de conflit<br>A conflict of interests refers to the opposition of two or several separate interests, concerning separate persons or groups of persons. It may occur that a conflict opposes the interest of one person – or the interest of a person to whom the first person is acquainted – to the interest of a third party of which the first person is responsible. Such situation could result in the conflict being illegitimately solved to the detriment of the third party’s interest. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to study this type of conflict of interests by linking it to the legal theory of power. Here, the power is defined as the prerogative enabling the entitled person to be involved in the creation of legal acts on behalf of another party, by defending one or several interests separate from their own interests.These powers can be subject to a double distinction. The first distinction aims at differentiating powers depending on the role played by those who are entitled to such powers in the determination of the content of the legal act to be created. This distinction results in the separation between intellectual powers and decision making powers. The second distinction aims at differentiating powers depending on the duties of the entitled persons. It results in the separation between loyalty-powers and impartiality-powers.Linking the conflict of interests to the legal theory of power has two consequences. First, it helps delimiting the field of such conflicts. And it also helps defining them. Indeed, a conflict of interests corresponds to a situation where a misuse of power may occur. In such types of conflicts, the risk that the person in power might act contrary to their duty arises. It then results in a typology of conflicts of interests. This typology is based on the main distinction between loyalty conflicts and impartiality conflicts and on two secondary distinctions: the distinction between direct and indirect conflicts on the one hand, and the distinction betweenthe conflicts of interests and duty and the conflicts between duties on the other. This distinction between conflicts justifies a distinction in the way they are treated. Indeed, these various types of conflicts do not have the same risk of resulting in an actual misuse of power, which should be taken into account when treating such conflicts. The resulting typology is therefore a tiered typology that could be used to identify the corresponding treatment for each type of conflict
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Andersson, Frida. "Lojalitetsplikt i uthyrningsbranschen : - En uppsats om lojalitetsförhållandet mellan kundföretag och inhyrd arbetskraft." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-33654.
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During the last part of the 20th century many companies has started to build their organizations on knowledge and information instead of manufacturing of products. Today it is easier to communicate and spread information. At the same time the numbers of untraditional employments like temporary employments and workers from staffing agencies are increasing. Many organizations have higher employee turnover now than before. This allows more people to have access to confidential information, whose spreading might cause great damage for the employer. This essay aims to look into the protection of confidential information for the client against offenses from staffing agency workers that are working within the clients’ organization. Protection of confidential information is included in the duty of loyalty in terms of confidentiality, protection of trade secrets and competition clauses. Duty of loyalty lies within the employment contract between the agency employer and the staffing agency. Therefore the agency employer has no duty to be loyal against the client. For the agency worker to be able to perform the required work duties he or she might be provided with confidential information. Spreading of this information could cause damage for the client. Can the rules of justice that regulates duty of loyalty be applied on the relationship between the client and the agency worker? What are the consequences of the rules that exist today? This essay is written with a juridical method and with sociology of law perspective. Other parts of the duty of loyalty is not included as well as the duty of loyalty for the employer. The conclusion is that the staffing agency is responsible for indemnity towards the client if an agency employer reviles confidential information about the clients’ organization. Some rules of justice can be interpreted as an expression that duty of loyalty lays between the client and the agency worker. For example, the agency worker is bound by confidentiality in terms of the conditions at the clients’ organization. Suggestions of changes in the regulations about protection of confidential information will force the agency worker to pay indemnity to the client if he or she reviles confidential information. In staffing agencies there are twice as many immigrants than in the regular labor market. The rules of duty of loyalty can contribute to a holdback for immigrants that are working in staffing agencies. Immigrants will be at bigger risk of standing outside the general labor market than people born in Sweden because of static discrimination.<br>Företag har under senare delen av 1900-talet gått från traditionell varuproduktion till att allt mer bygga sin verksamhet på information och kunskap. Den tekniska utvecklingen har gjort det lättare att överföra och sprida kunskap i samhället vilket ökar sårbarheten hos företagen. Icke- traditionella anställningar såsom tidsbegränsade anställningar och inhyrd arbetskraft ökar och företag har en högre personalomsättning nu än tidigare. Fler personer får tillgång till företagsspecifik information och spridning av den skulle kunna skada arbetsgivaren. I min uppsats undersöker jag skyddet av hemlig information för arbetsgivare som hyr in arbetskraft från ett personaluthyrningsföretag. Skydd för hemlig information ingår i den så kallade lojalitetsplikten i form av tystnadsplikt, skydd för företagshemlighet och konkurrensklausuler. Lojalitetplikt föreligger i anställningsavtalet mellan uthyrd arbetstagare och uthyrningsföretaget men arbetstagarens arbetsprestation utförs hos kunden. Kan regleringar kring lojalitetsplikt tillämpas på förhållandet mellan kund och inhyrd arbetstagare? Vad blir konsekvenserna av de regler som finns idag? Uppsatsen är skriven med juridisk metod som har sin utgångspunkt i rättskälleläran samt med rättssociologisk angreppssätt. Andra delar av lojalitetsplikt såsom upplysningsskyldighet, bisysslor eller kritikrätt behandlas inte i uppsatsen, ej heller lojalitetsplikt för arbetsgivaren. Slutsatsen är att uthyrningsföretaget står för den uthyrde arbetstagarens handlingar mot kundföretaget eftersom det föreligger lojalitetsförpliktelser i uthyrningsavtalet mellan kund och uthyrare. Uthyraren står för exempelvis skadestånd om en arbetstagare röjer eller utnyttjar en företagshemlighet hos kunden. Vissa regleringar ger uttryck för att det föreligger lojalitetsplikt mellan kund och inhyrd arbetstagare. Exempelvis är den uthyrda arbetstagaren bunden av tystnadsplikt vad det gäller förhållanden hos kunden. I ett förslag från regeringen på kommande ändringar i lagstiftningen kommer den inhyrde arbetstagaren bli direkt skadeståndsansvarig vid röjande eller utnyttjande av företagshemlighet hos kunden. I uthyrningsbranschen finns dubbelt så stor andel utlandsfödda arbetstagare som på arbetsmarknaden generellt. På grund av hur regleringen kring lojalitetsplikt ser ut idag kan den bidra till inlåsningseffekter för utlandsfödda arbetstagare som arbetar i uthyrningsbranschen. Skilda villkor för svensk- och utlandsfödda såsom statisk diskriminering på arbetsmarknaden gör att utlandsfödda arbetstagare löper större risk än svenskfödda arbetstagare att få stå utanför den traditionella arbetsmarknaden.
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Abi, Saad Nehmetallah. "L'obligation d'impartialité de l'arbitre : un principe unitaire dégagé par le commerce international." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020029.
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L'arbitrage est un mode de justice privée utilisé fréquemment, en matière de commerce international, pour le règlement des conflits. Son avantage repose principalement sur la rapidité de la procédure ainsi que sur la liberté des parties de choisir leur propre arbitre. Cependant, le libre choix des arbitres doit obéir à des conditions d'indépendance et d'impartialité imposées, à l'arbitre, par l'autorité chargée de l'organisation de la procédure arbitrale. Ainsi, comprendre l'importance de l'impartialité dans l'arbitrage ne peut se faire sans apprécier les autres notions qui lui sont adjacentes.Dans le but de préserver leur réputation en matière de transparence d'une part et d'assurer le bon fonctionnement de la procédure arbitrale, d'autre part, les centres d'arbitrage ont mis en place des mesures préventives afin de répondre aux attentes des acteurs du commerce international, en matière de traitement équitable. Les caractéristiques de l'obligation d'impartialité ainsi que les moyens adoptés par les différentes institutions pour sécuriser la procédure d'arbitrage feront l'objet de ce travail. Mais, outre les interrogations sur l'efficacité de ces mécanismes, l'étude du régime de la responsabilité de l'arbitre en cas d'un défaut d'impartialité, allant jusqu'à la responsabilité pénale, soulève un intérêt essentiel qui fera, de même, l'objet de notre analyse. Cependant, la responsabilité de l'arbitre ne peut être appréciée qu'à partir des deux fonctions inhérentes à la mission de l'arbitre : la fonction juridictionnelle et la fonction contractuelle<br>Arbitration is a private and alternative dispute resolution method (ADR) which that has continually been gaining in terms of importance in the global business environment. The main advantage of such a mechanism is the flexibility and the privilege of the parties to choose their own arbitrator. However, the freedom of choice of arbitrators implies the adherence to a few principles, related mainly to the duties of independence and impartiality of the arbitrator, which are imposed, by the administering body in charge of overseeing the arbitral procedure. Therefore, it is important to examine the impartiality of the arbitrator in order to understand its significance.For the sake of their reputation on one hand, and to ensure that the arbitral process is properly operating on the other, the arbitral institutions put in place preventive measures to secure a fair treatment for the international trade community in accordance with their expectations. The characteristics of the duty of impartiality and the means adopted by arbitral institutions to secure the arbitral process will be the subject of this study. Furthermore, despite the questions raised related to the effectiveness of these means, the liability of arbitrators in the absence of impartiality and the criminal sanctions resulting from the arbitrator's behavior should also be analyzed. However, the liability of the arbitrator shall only be assessed while taking into account the duality of his function on both the jurisdictional and contractual levels
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Coelho, Alexandre Ramos. "A indústria de fundos de investimento no Brasil: um estudo teórico e empírico sobre a relação fiduciária entre o administrador-gestor e os respectivos cotistas de fundos de investimentos." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/13779.
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Previous issue date: 2015<br>According to data, from the Brazilian Association of Financial and Capital Market – ANBIMA, accumulated of 12 months, as of July 7, 2014, the sum of investments, redemptions and capital raised, the fund industry in Brazil transacted more than 11 billion Brazilian Reais. It is a considerable financial value, making the industry fund an important tool to channel savings and to invest in the most diverse projects of the economy. In addition, the collapse of some financial conglomerates in Brazil in recent years involving investment funds managed by companies belonging to such conglomerates has highlighted the importance of rules and studies addressing the relationship between the asset manager / fund administrator and the respective investors in those funds. In fact, the research conducted over the years 2013 and 2014 with regulators, academics and other participants in the securities market have demonstrated that there are few studies that can provide assistance in solving problems of this nature, including situations involving conflicts of interest between asset managers / fund administrator and investors. Thus, in face of the economic importance of the fund industry to Brazil and the relevance of the rights of investors / shareholders in the fund industry, and also due to the lack of studies, this work aims at conducting a theoretical and empirical research on the fiduciary relationship between the fund administrator, the asset manager and the respective shareholders of the investment funds. Along these lines, the goal will be to identify the origin, the essential characteristics of this relationship, the risks it can bring to the investor, and the duties it imposes on administrators and managers. We propose to evaluate the historical origin of the fiduciary relationship and understand the theoretical foundations that support its application to investment funds in the United States and Brazil. Based on this theoretical knowledge and under the focus of fiduciary duties applicable to administrators and managers, we develop an evaluation of the standards of conduct contained in the rulings of the Brazilian Securities Commission (CVM), to test the fiduciary relationship characteristics on the CVM rules. Finally, was conducted a study of cases where administrators and managers were convicted for breaking the fiduciary relationship and for failing to comply with specific duties embedded in the standards of conduct previously evaluated. On the basis of theoretical and empirical studies described, it is finally concluded that there are, indeed, essential characteristics in determining a fiduciary relationship between fund administrator / asset manager and the shareholder, and once this relationship is established, fund administrators and asset managers will have to observe the duty of diligence and loyalty to the shareholder. Also on the basis of theoretical and empirical studies, it is possible to say that the CVM standards establish the fiduciary relationship between the fund administrators / asset managers and the shareholder of investment funds, as well as fiduciary duties related to this relationship.<br>De acordo com dados de 07.10.2014 da Associação Brasileira das Entidades dos Mercados Financeiro e de Capitais – ANBIMA, no acumulado em 12 meses, entre aplicações, resgates e captações, a indústria de fundos movimentou mais de 11 bilhões de reais no Brasil. É um volume financeiro considerável, fazendo dos fundos de investimento importantes instrumentos de captação de poupança e de direcionamento de recursos para os mais diversos projetos de financiamento da economia. Além disso, as quebras de determinados conglomerados financeiros no Brasil nos últimos anos envolvendo fundos administrados e geridos por sociedades pertencentes a esses conglomerados colocou em evidência a importância de regras e estudos direcionados à relação entre o administrador-gestor e o cotista de fundos de investimento. De fato, pesquisa conduzida ao longo dos anos de 2013 e 2014 demonstrou que acadêmicos, reguladores e demais participantes do mercado de valores mobiliários possuem poucos estudos que possam assisti-los na solução de problemas relativos a essa relação, inclusive diante de situações envolvendo conflitos de interesses entre administradores-gestores e cotistas. Assim, diante da importância econômica dos fundos de investimento para o Brasil, da relevância dos direitos dos investidores dentro da indústria de fundos, e também em razão da escassez de estudos, este trabalho tem por finalidade realizar investigação teórica e empírica sobre a relação fiduciária entre o administrador, o gestor e os respectivos cotistas dos fundos de investimento. Dessa forma, o objetivo será identificar a origem, as características essenciais dessa relação, os riscos que ela pode trazer para o investidor e os deveres que ela impõe aos administradores e gestores. Para tanto, propõe-se avaliar a origem histórica da relação fiduciária e os fundamentos teóricos que a suportam aplicados aos fundos de investimento nos Estados Unidos e no Brasil. Com base nesse conhecimento teórico e sob o enfoque dos deveres fiduciários aplicáveis aos administradores e gestores, parte-se para a avaliação das normas de conduta contidas nas instruções da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM), visando testar as características da relação fiduciária diante das regras da CVM. Por fim, realiza-se estudo sobre casos em que administradores e gestores foram condenados por quebra na relação fiduciária e por inobservância de deveres específicos embutidos nas normas de conduta avaliadas anteriormente. Com fundamento nos estudos teóricos e empíricos descritos, conclui-se que existem características essenciais na configuração de uma relação fiduciária entre o administrador-gestor e o cotista de fundos de investimento e que, uma vez formada essa relação, administradores e gestores obrigam-se a observar o cumprimento de deveres de diligência e de lealdade perante o cotista. Igualmente, ainda é possível afirmar que as normas da CVM de fato instituem a relação fiduciária entre o administrador-gestor e o cotista de fundos de investimento, bem como os deveres fiduciários conexos a essa relação.
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Ibarra, Garza Rafael. "La protection du patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund : (étude comparée : Droit français-Droit anglais)." Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020012/document.
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La constitution d’une fiducie-trust a comme effet la création d’une universalité juridique, le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund. De cette universalité, les bénéficiaires-cestuis que trusts tirent les avantages que le constituant-settlor a prévu pour eux ; ainsi pour qu’ils puissent obtenir leurs avantages, il faut que le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund soit en bon état. D’où l’importance d’avoir des moyens adéquates qui protègent le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund. Dans le cas contraire, les possibilités que le but d’une fiducie-trust déterminée soit réalisé se réduisent, et l'efficacité de l'ensemble de l'institution est remise en question. La protection du patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund commence par des moyens qui évitent à cette universalité d’être endommagée. Puisque toute action, comme toute inaction du fiduciaire-trustee, peut avoir des effets négatifs sur le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund, il faut empêcher qu’il endommage cette universalité. A l’égard du fiduciaire-trustee, le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund encourt deux dangers : non seulement que le fiduciaire-trustee agisse dans un intérêt autre que celui des cestuis que trusts, mais aussi qu’il soit négligent dans l’exécution de ses obligations. Pour faire face à ces dangers, et empêcher que le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund soit endommagé par le fiduciaire-trustee, deux obligations lui sont imposées : le devoir de loyauté-duty of loyalty et le devoir de diligence-duty of care. D’autre part, si le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund peut être endommagé par le fiduciaire-trustee, il peut aussi être endommagé par des tiers. La protection à l’égard des tiers commence en faisant du fiduciaire-trustee le titulaire des droits mis en fiducie-trust (s’il s’agit d’une propriété, il sera propriétaire ; s’il s’agit d’une créance, il sera créancier) ; elle se poursuit en rendant les biens fiduciés, et donc le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund, indépendants du patrimoine du fiduciaire-trustee.Bien qu’il existe des moyens préventifs de protection du patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund, ces moyens ne sont pas infaillibles. Ainsi, quand le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund est endommagé, il est nécessaire que le constituant et les bénéficiaires-cestuis que trusts disposent de recours pour faire face aux préjudices soufferts par cette universalité. Parmi les moyens curatifs de protection, on en trouve de nature personnelle : ceux dont les remèdes visent l’exécution en nature de la fiducie-trust et ceux qui visent la réparation du patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund. Pour réparer le dommage causé au patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund, on trouve aussi des remèdes de nature réelle. Si le droit anglais offre de vrais remèdes réels, en revanche le droit français offre de « faux » remèdes réels puisque, même si ces remèdes ne sont pas stricto sensu des remèdes réels, ils ont des effets analogues aux remèdes du droit anglais<br>The constitution of a fiducie-trust has the effect of creating a patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund. Because the beneficiaries obtain their benefits from the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund it has to be in a condition that permits them to obtain those benefits. Hence the importance of having adequate means to protect the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund. The protection of the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund starts by preventing it from being harmed. Since any action or any inaction of the fiduciaire-trustee can have negative effects on the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund, it is necessary to begin by protecting it from the fiduciaire-trustee. There are two situations which have been proven to be dangerous to the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund: a) when the fiduciaire-trustee acts in an interest other than that of those of the beneficiaries and b) when the fiduciaire-trustee is negligent in the performance of his obligations. To cope with these two problems and to prevent the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund from being damaged by the fiduciaire-trustee, two obligations are imposed upon him: a) the devoir de loyauté-duty of loyalty and b) the devoir de diligence-duty of care. If the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund is at risk of the actions of the fiduciaire-trustee, it is also at risk of the actions of third parties. The protection of the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund from third parties begin by the ownership of the fiduciaire-trustee and continues by separating the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund from the personal property of the fiduciaire-trustee. Because the preventive measures that protect the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund are not infallible, it is necessary that the constituant and the beneficiaries have access to legal remedies for when the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund has been damaged. Among the remedial protection are those of personal nature, including remedies for specific enforcement of the fiducie-trust and those that tend to repair the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund. To repair the damage caused to the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund there are also real remedies. If English law provides true real remedies, in contrast to French law offers "fake" real remedies because even if the nature of those remedies are not strictly real, they have similar effects to those offered by English law
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Sanderson, Ellinor. "Arbetsgivares skydd mot arbetstagares utnyttjande av företagshemligheter från tidigare anställning." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Rättsvetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-24024.
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I ett kunskapsföretag besitter anställda kunskap om företagets hemligheter genom sin anställning. Denna kunskap utgör en väsentlig tillgång i företaget och stärker företagets konkurrensförmåga på marknaden, vilket ökar behovet av ett starkt skydd för företagshemligheter. Problematiken uppstår när anställda lämnar sin anställning och tar med sig den hemliga informationen till sin nya arbetsgivare och utnyttjar den där. När anställda konkurrerar med sin tidigare arbetsgivare får den arbetsrättsliga lojalitetsplikten väsentlig betydelse. Utgångspunkten är att anställda inte är bundna av lojalitetsplikten när anställningen upphör, vilket innebär att anställda är fria att utnyttja kunskap, erfarenhet och skicklighet som förvärvats under anställningen. Detta innebär att anställda inte kan ställas till ansvar efter anställningens upphörande, förutom i vissa fall då det enligt lagen (1990:409) om skydd för företagshemligheter (FHL) föreligger ”synnerliga skäl”. Avtal mellan parterna kan därför få en avgörande betydelse för arbetsgivares skydd. En godtroende ny arbetsgivare kan själv bli skadeståndsansvarig om en nyanställd, i sin nya anställning, missbrukar tidigare arbetsgivares företagshemligheter. Frågan som uppsatsen behandlar är huruvida den nya arbetsgivaren kan skydda sig mot detta. Slutsatsen är att FHL:s sanktionssystem och den arbetsrättsliga lojalitetsplikten är en ny arbetsgivares främsta skydd. Risken för en ny arbetsgivare att drabbas av skadestånd enligt FHL är överhängande när en anställd missbrukat tidigare arbetsgivares företagshemligheter i den nya verksamheten. I förebyggande syfte kan en ny arbetsgivare vidta åtgärder, t.ex. klargöra för anställda om sanktionssystemets innebörd och om arbetsgivarens egen inställning. Med anledning av KOM(2013) 813 och lagrådsremissen den 12 december 2013 kan en ny arbetsgivares skydd komma att förstärkas.<br>In a knowledge based company employees possess knowledge of the company’s secrets through their employment. This knowledge constitutes an essential asset of the company and strengthens its competitive position on the market, which increases the need for strong protection of trade secrets. The problem arises when employees terminate their employment and bring trade secrets to their new employer and exploit it there. When employees compete with their previous employer, the labour law duty of loyalty is essential. The starting point is that employees are not bound by the duty of loyalty when the employment is terminated, which implies that employees are free to utilize the knowledge, experience and skills acquired during their employment. This means that employees can not be held liable under the Act on the Protection of Trade Secrets (“the Act”) after the termination of the employment, except from “extraordinary reasons”. Contracts may therefore be vital for employers’ protection. A new employer in good faith can be held liable for damages if the new employee during the new employment abuses the previous employer’s trade secrets. The question that this thesis addresses is whether the new employer can protect himself/herself against this. The conclusion is that the Act’s system of sanctions and the labour law duty of loyalty is a new employer’s primary protection. The risk for a new employer to suffer damages under the Act is imminent when an employee has abused previous employer’s trade secrets in the new business. The new employer can take measures for preventive purposes, for example to clarify to employees the meaning of the system of sanctions and the employer’s own position. COM(2013) 813 and the proposal for new legislation referred to the Swedish Council on Legislation (December 12, 2013) may enhance a new employer’s protection.
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Andrén, Gustav. "Konkurrensklausuler i anställningsavtal : En rättsdogmatisk studie." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-4203.
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<p> </p><p>This essay aim to clear the regulations that adjusts the use of non-compete clauses in contracts of employement. The historical developement shows tendencies that more employees have contracts that includes non-compete clauses. This developement does not always correspond with what is allowed concerning these clauses. Non-compete clauses is adjusted by the regulations in the collective agreement known as the agreement of 1969. The agreement has also been accepted outside its regular field of application. Apart from the just mentioned agreement, unreasonable conditions of contracts kan be adapted to what is fair accordning to the swedish constitution of agreements. The paragraphs in question is the 36 and the 38 §§, that adjusts when you can shift the conditions. The 38 § is more applyable when it comes to conditions about non-compete clauses. The use of non-compete clauses is also regulated by practice in the court of law, the labour court. Many of the regulations are unspecified in their design. It is possible that these unspecified concepts are essential to maintain the possibility of applying the concepts to a larger amount of cases. The metaphysical concepts of the jurisprudence has been criticized several times during the historical developement, for example by the upholders of the positivistic Uppsala school of philosophy (the Scandinavian legal realism). The facts remains that because of its open device of concepts, the jurisprudence becomes dynamic and useable in a lot more contexts.</p><p> </p>
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Ducci, Duccio Ruben. "L'appropriazione di corporate opportunities da parte di amministratori di società: tests giurisprudenziali e definizione della fattispecie." Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/200799.
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La dottrina delle corporate opportunities si inserisce nel vasto tema degli agency costs connessi al rapporto tra azionisti e amministratori e pertanto costituisce un argomento comune a tutte le società per azioni dei paesi a economia avanzata. Il legislatore italiano del 2003 ha affrontato la questione con una norma sostanzialmente incompleta: essa prescrive essenzialmente che una data condotta è vietata e fonte di responsabilità per l’amministratore infedele. Non è detto ciò che si intende per opportunità d’affari, né se l’appropriazione, di per sé illecita, può essere autorizzata dalla società e a quali condizioni. La questione, del resto, è comune a tutti gli ordinamenti con strutture societarie analoghe, quindi è necessario guardare agli Stati in cui le regole si sono formate progressivamente dietro sollecitazione della giurisprudenza e tramite un costante affinamento dottrinale. L’introduzione dell’ultimo comma dell’art. 2391 c.c. in occasione della riforma del diritto societario evoca l’immagine, già utilizzata con riferimento ad altri istituti, del legal transplant, ovvero di una trasposizione artificiale che non tiene conto del contesto in cui opera. Prima ancora però di analizzare la norma in questione nell’ordinamento italiano in rapporto alle peculiarità di questo sistema, è necessario rivolgere l’attenzione, per quanto possibile, dentro l’apparato normativo nel tentativo di mettere in luce i fondamenti della dottrina in esame. Questa analisi di base è largamente comune a tutti i sistemi giuridici e prescinde dalla questione dell’enforcement della regolazione ottimale.
Il lavoro intende offrire un contributo alla definizione di corporate opportunity, concetto nuovo all’ordinamento italiano. La definizione, infatti, è l’elemento essenziale della dottrina della corporate opportunites e per molti aspetti anche il più incerto. Il nodo centrale è la nozione di opportunità sociale, dove sociale sta per "appartenente alla società", in base a un rapporto di appartenenza in termini di attribuzione di property rights. A tal fine si analizzeranno criticamente i tests elaborati dalla giurisprudenza statunitense, nel tentativo di rintracciare un comune denominatore che orienti il giudizio. Nel fare ciò si è rivolta particolare attenzione alle teorie sottostanti ai vari tests, evidenziando come la definizione di corporate opportunity sia in larga misura una conseguenza della teoria generale del rapporto tra managers e azionisti. In conclusione si svolgono alcune considerazioni sulle modalità di trasposizione della corporate opportunity doctrine nell’ordinamento italiano, in particolare nel contesto degli interessi degli amministratori.
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Andreisová, Lucie. "Péče řádného hospodáře členů statutárních orgánů kapitálových obchodních společností a její vazba na interní compliance programy." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264712.
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The purpose of this dissertation is to provide its readers with a detailed and comprehensive look at the institute of duty of care, business judgment rule and related civil and partly also criminal liability of members of (not only) statutory bodies of capital business companies, and in this respect also to introduce an internal compliance program as one of the main instruments of good and effective corporate governance. The main objective of this dissertation is therefore to verify or refute the hypothesis whether, and if so in what particular form, can an internal compliance program be seen as an institute helping members of statutory bodies of capital business companies in fulfilling specific requirements and obligations of their duty to carry out the statutory function with due (managerial) care. The existence (implementation) of an internal compliance program is quite commonly connected with so called regulated markets and also with individual business corporations whose ownership structure extends the boundaries of the Czech Republic (typically British or American business corporations seated in the Czech Republic). But what about a wide neutral zone of Czech business corporations, i.e. especially small and medium-sized capital business companies? Shall these implement an internal compliance program as well? And, if so, on what grounds and with what benefits?
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Wall, Anna. "Om indirekt- och "indirekt" indirekt skada : Enskilda aktieägares rätt till ersättning vid skadegörande handling av organledamot jämte genomsyn i koncernförhållanden." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Rättsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18627.
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I de fall enskilda aktieägare tillfogas skada, genom organledamots handlande, innehar dessa rättigheten att påkalla skadeståndsansvar enligt 29:1 1 st. 2 men. ABL. I den svenska rättstillämpningen ter sig dock tillämpningen av paragrafen, i samband med indirekta skador, problematisk. Problematiken hänför sig till vilka regler, vars åsidosättande, aktualiserar tillämpningen av paragrafen tillsammans med aktieägares talerätt. Två tolkningar kan i fallet identifieras, vilka framförts inom doktrinen, varvid en begränsad och en mer liberal. Även om den liberala tolkningen är förenad med viss problematik, är denna enligt mitt förmenande den vilken bör tillämpas. En sådan tillämpning skulle således innebära att enskilda aktieägare tillerkänns talerätt vid indirekt skada, då regler vilka ger uttryck för normskyddsläran och bolagsledningens lojalitetsplikt åsidosatts. Rättsutvecklingen har vidare givet upphov till frågan, huruvida en ”indirekt” indirekt skada kan omfattas av paragrafens tillämpningsområde. En sådan skada uppstår särskilt i koncernförhållanden då dotterbolaget tillfogas en direkt skada, vilken därigenom åsamkar aktieägarna i dess moderbolag en ”indirekt” indirekt skada. Skadan faller utanför paragrafens tillämpningsområde, då de skadedrabbade inte utgör aktieägare i dotterbolaget. En lösning enligt mitt förmenande, varigenom paragrafens tillämpning koncernanpassas, är att principen om ansvarsgenombrott i betydelsen genomsyn nyttjas. Principens aktualisering medför att ett moder- och dotterbolag betraktas som en juridisk enhet, om erforderliga rekvisit uppfylls, varigenom de skadedrabbade aktieägarna från ett teoretiskt perspektiv även ses som aktieägare i dotterbolaget. Effekten av principens tillämpning är sålunda att en ”indirekt” indirekt skada faller inom paragrafens tillämpningsområde.<br>Whenever individual shareholders inflict an injury, due to action taken by a corporate member, they possess the right to impose liability in accordance with 29:1 1 st. 2 men. ABL. The paragraph is though associated with some difficulties when it comes to an indirect injury. The difficulties regard which rules that have to be infringed, in order for the paragraph to be applicable and thereby providing shareholders with the right to sue. Two different interpretations can hereby be identified, whereby one limited and the other one more liberal. Even if the liberal interpretation is associated with some difficulties, I find that this one should be applied. Such an application would mean that an individual shareholder acquire the right to sue, for an indirect injury, when rules protecting a third person and the corporate member’s duty of loyalty have been infringed. Legal progress has also given rise to another question, whether an “indirect” indirect injury falls within the paragraphs application. Such an injury is mostly affiliated with corporate groups where the daughter company causes a direct injury, whereby the shareholders in the mother company causes an “indirect” indirect injury. Since the shareholder here is not an owner of the daughter company, the paragraph could not be applied. A solution to this problem is, according to me, an application of the principle piercing the corporate veil, whereby the paragraphs application extends to corporate groups. The effect of the principles application is that a mother- and daughter company becomes one legal entity, if the prerequisites are fulfilled. The outcome is hereby that a shareholder in the mother company, from a theoretical perspective, also is regarded to be an owner of the daughter company. Wherefore an “indirect” indirect injury hereby falls within the scope of the paragraphs application.
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Pisani, Federico. "Knowledge workers management. Concorrenza e invenzioni nel rapporto di lavoro subordinato: il modello statunitense." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425914.
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Il presente studio affronta gli argomenti della concorrenza e delle invenzioni nel rapporto di lavoro subordinato statunitense. L’attività di ricerca è stata svolta in parte presso la School of Law della Boston University, USA, sotto la supervisione di Micheal C. Harper, professore di diritto del lavoro.
L’argomento presenta una crescente rilevanza, considerato che nella nuova organizzazione produttiva, fondata in gran parte sulla conoscenza globalizzata, al lavoro dipendente si chiede ormai sempre maggiore professionalità, innovazione e creatività. La scelta di esaminare questa tematica dalla prospettiva del “laboratorio USA”, è dovuta al primato di cui tale nazione gode a livello internazionale sul piano economico, scientifico e dell’innovazione dei processi lavorativi, che fanno emergere criticità in altri Paesi probabilmente ancora non avvertite.
Al fine di inquadrare gli istituti giudici menzionati nel modello statunitense, si è reso opportuno dare conto del sistema delle fonti normative negli USA, con particolare focus sul Restatement of Employment Law, cioè la raccolta di principi fondamentali elaborati negli anni dal common law in materia di rapporto di lavoro.
All'esame delle fonti segue la definizione del concetto di lavoratore subordinato (employee) e lavoratore autonomo (independent contractor), necessario per l’inquadramento del campo di applicazione degli obblighi scaturenti dal rapporto di lavoro subordinato, tra cui il duty of loyalty, implicato nel rapporto fiduciario. In tale ambito, si è osservata l’evoluzione giurisprudenziale che ha condotto all'adozione dei criteri relativi alla distinzione in esame, prevalentemente concernenti il giudizio sulla rilevanza degli elementi fattuali determinanti per l’accertamento della subordinazione.
Delineati i contorni della fattispecie di lavoro subordinato, il presente studio affronta la tematica della tipica forma del contratto di lavoro statunitense, il c.d. employment-at-will, cioè il rapporto a libera recedibilità. Tale peculiarità scaturisce dal principio fondamentale per cui le parti non sono vincolate ad alcun obbligo di fornire la motivazione per il licenziamento.
La terza parte del lavoro ha ad oggetto la disciplina della concorrenza del lavoratore effettuata sulla base delle conoscenze acquisite, legalmente o illegalmente, durante il rapporto e le relative tecniche di tutela del datore di lavoro, a fronte della violazione del duty of loyalty, quale obbligo del lavoratore subordinato di esecuzione della prestazione lavorativa nell'interesse esclusivo dell’imprenditore e, conseguentemente, di astensione dal porre in essere condotte pregiudizievoli nei confronti di quest’ultimo. Quanto alle tecniche di tutela esperibili in caso di violazione degli obblighi esaminati, vengono illustrati i rimedi legali e equitativi che il diritto statunitense offre al datore di lavoro.
La parte finale del presente studio si occupa della disciplina relativa alla titolarità dei diritti scaturenti dalle invenzioni sviluppate dai dipendenti nel corso del rapporto di lavoro. In questo senso si sono esaminate le definizioni di “invenzione” e “brevetto” ed il loro rapporto nel contesto della regolamentazione giuslavoristica; si è posta in rilievo la differenza tra invenzione come opera di ingegno e proprietà intellettuale tutelata dal diritto d’autore. Inoltre, si sono osservati i meccanismi sottesi alle norme fondamentali che regolano la materia e la loro convivenza con la libertà contrattuale delle parti e il loro potere di disporre dei suddetti diritti.<br>This work addresses the issues of competition and inventions in the U.S. employment relationships. The research was carried out in part at the Boston University School of Law of, under the supervision of Micheal C. Harper, professor of Labour Law.
The selection of the topic is justified in the light of its importance, given that in the new production organization, based largely on globalized knowledge, employees are now increasingly being asked for professionalism, innovation and creativity. The decision to examine this issue from the perspective of the "U.S. laboratory" is due to the primacy that this nation holds at international level on the economic, scientific and innovation of work processes, which bring out critical issues that in other Countries probably have not yet been raised.
In order to frame the above-mentioned topics, it has become appropriate to give an account of the system of regulatory sources in the USA, with particular focus on the Restatement of Employment Law, i.e. the collection of fundamental principles developed over the years by common law in the field of employment relationships.
The examination of the sources is followed by the definition of the concept of employee and self-employed worker (independent contractor), necessary for the assessment of the application of the obligations arising from the employment relationships, including the duty of loyalty, involved in the fiduciary law. In this context, the evolution of the case law has been observed, as well as the examination of the criteria relating to the distinction between employees and independent contractors, mainly concerning the judgement on the relevance of the factual elements determining the assessment of the existence of an employment relationship.
Subsequently, this study addresses the issue of the typical form of the U.S. employment contract, the so-called employment-at-will. This peculiarity is originated from the principle that the parties are not bound by any obligation to provide reasons for termination.
The third part of the work has as its object the discipline of competition of the worker carried out on the basis of the knowledge acquired, legally or illegally, during the relationship and the relative legal remedies for the employer, against the violation of the duty of loyalty, intended as an obligation of the employee to perform the work in the exclusive interest of the entrepreneur and, consequently, to refrain from engaging in prejudicial conduct against the company. About the remedies available in the event of breach of the obligations examined, the legal and equitable remedies that U.S. law offers the employer have been explained.
The final part of this study deals with the rules governing the ownership of rights arising from inventions developed by employees in the course of their employment. The definitions of "invention" and "patent" and their relationship in the context of employment law has been examined and the difference between invention as a work of genius and intellectual property protected by copyright has been highlighted. In addition, the mechanisms underlying the basic rules governing the subject matter and their coexistence with the contractual freedom of the parties and their power to dispose of these rights have been observed.
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Djäken, Johan. "Doing Good While Being Good : A study of the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and the Swedish Companies Act." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-306630.
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This thesis investigates the current interrelationship between the provisions contained in the Swedish Company Act (2005:551) and activities related to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) pursued by companies listed at Nasdaq Stockholm. The focal point of this thesis could be argued to be of particular relevance in this day and age, as companies listed at Nasdaq Stockholm continue to perform at the top of the league in global sustainability performance measurements, and Swedish and European legislators have intensified their efforts to encourage businesses to operate in a way that does not incur unacceptable social costs to society. Thus, most companies, particularly those with a vested interest in the private consumer market, seem to recognise the importance of fostering long-term relationships with a wide sphere of stakeholders. The purpose of the thesis has been to contribute to the steadily increasing body of legal research that discusses to what extent Swedish companies, without breaching corporate law, could involve themselves in CSR investments. Since I, initially, conclude that Swedish publicly listed companies seem to increasingly invest in activities related to CSR, the thesis also discusses whether the relevant provisions of the SCA need to change to better adapt to companies’ involvement in CSR activities. In brief, I argue, that current business research on CSR coupled with the aforementioned relevant provisions of the SCA allow boards and managing directors to pursue practically any CSR investments, and that shareholders are mostly restricted to rely on relatively blunt ex post actions against a board and/or managing director that has pursued an ill-considered CSR investment, including the obvious choices of voting to replace the board or selling their shares. And since current business research has not consistently proven the positive impact of CSR policies on the financial performance of businesses there are reasons to suspect that the law practically, due to the shielding force of the business judgment rationale and the legislator’s wish to protect most transactions, cannot be effectively applied to stop CSR investments, even if these are nothing but costs for the business. On the other hand, the findings of the thesis also suggest that the occurrence of such unwise CSR investments is not necessarily a proliferating problem, since many companies listed at Nasdaq Stockholm nowadays have powerful and short-sighted institutional owners. The situation might therefore very well be the opposite and that executives struggle to manage for the long-term, as the logic of the market tell them to do otherwise.<br>Den här examensuppsatsen utforskar förhållandet mellan några av aktiebolagslagens regler och det engagemang som bolag noterade på Nasdaq Stockholm uppvisar i frågor rörande Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Ämnet kan sägas vara särskilt relevant då såväl det samtida näringslivet som lagstiftaren tycks präglas av en ökad medvetenhet kring CSR-frågor. Den ökade medvetenheten i näringslivet förefaller alltmer inverka på affärsbeslut, ett faktum som inte minst avspeglas i de svenska bolagens topplaceringar i globala index som mäter bolags arbete med hållbarhetsfrågor. Samtidigt speglas lagstiftarens ökade medvetenhet av allt fler svenska som europeiska regulatoriska initiativ på området och vars yttersta syfte är att uppmuntra och stimulera hållbara företag som inte pådyvlar samhället oacceptabla sociala kostnader. Det är således inte särskilt anmärkningsvärt att bolagen, i synnerhet de med intressen anknutna till konsumentmarknaderna, tycks erkänna vikten av att bygga och underhålla långsiktiga relationer med en vidare krets av intressenter än deras aktieägare. Det är min förhoppning att den här uppsatsen kommer att bidra till den ständigt växande del av den aktiebolagsrättsliga diskursen som diskuterar till vilken grad bolag, utan att handla i strid med ABL:s bestämmelser, kan företa åtgärder kopplade till CSR. Eftersom jag inledningsvis anför att bolagen på Nasdaq Stockholm tycks ägna sig allt mer åt CSR diskuterar också uppsatsen om några av ABL:s bestämmelser bör förändras för att bättre hantera dessa företags allt större engagemang i CSR-frågor. Sammanfattningsvis argumenterar jag för att nuvarande företagsekonomisk forskning kring CSR tillsammans med de aktuella bestämmelsernas juridiska innebörd innebär att såväl bolagsstyrelser som verkställande direktörer kan företa i princip vilken investering relaterad till CSR som helst. Aktieägare är i praktiken hänvisade till att söka åstadkomma långsiktigt lönsamma satsningar på hållbarhet genom sanktioner ex post, exempelvis genom att sälja sina aktier eller rösta bort styrelsen. Detta innebär å ena sidan i praktiken, med tanke på att nuvarande företagsekonomisk forskning kring CSR:s inverkan på bolags vinster är tvetydig, att de relevanta bestämmelserna i ABL såsom de nu är utformade utgör en trygg hamn även för många av de transaktioner relaterade till CSR som är direkt värdeförstörande. Å andra sidan argumenterar jag i uppsatsen för att problemet med överinvesteringar i CSR inte nödvändigtvis behöver vara särskilt utbrett då bolagen och deras bolagsstyrning allt mer kommit att präglas av kortsiktiga investeringsperspektiv.
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Li, Xiaoshan. "La protection des actionnaires minoritaires dans les sociétés anonymes : étude comparative du droit français et du droit chinois." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020021.
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La présente étude a pour objet de montrer que les moyens de la protection des actionnaires minoritaires en droit chinois et en droit français ne sont pas soumis à des critères fondamentalement différents. Dans les sociétés anonymes, les règles juridiques visent à trouver un équilibre des rapports entre les actionnaires majoritaires et minoritaires, ainsi qu’entre les actionnaires et la société ou le groupe de sociétés.C’est l’intérêt social et le principe d’égalité qui guident le législateur et le juge de proposer des solutions convenables.Il importe de noter qu’en droit français, les dispositions sur les responsabilités et les moyens de recours pour les minoritaires sont d’applications faciles qu’en droit chinois. D’ailleurs, la recherche de l’acquisition des sociétés cotées chinoises sous l’angle de la protection des minoritaires, tout à fait différent à l’offre publique en droit français, présente les particularités du marché réglementé chinois et mérite que les investisseurs étrangers découvrent davantage<br>The dissertation aimed to point out that the methods of the protection of minority shareholders in Chinese law and in French law are not subject to the different criteria. In company limited by shares, the legal provisions intend to find a balance of relation between majority shareholders and minority shareholders, and between the shareholders and the company or group of company. It is corporate profits and the principal of equality that direct legislators and judges to suggest applicable solutions.It is important to notify that in French law, legal provisions about the responsibility of majority shareholders or company leaders and the ways of resort of minority shareholders provide reference for improvement of Chinese law. Besides, the study of acquisition of chinese listed companies, looked from the angle of the protection of minority shareholders, very different from tender offer in French law, demonstrate the characteristics of Chinese stock market and deserve foreign investors’ enough attention
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Correia, Vincent. "L’Union européenne et l’ordre international de l’aviation civile : la contribution de l'Union européenne aux évolutions contemporaines du droit aérien international." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40050.
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La redéfinition des conditions d’exercice de la souveraineté aérienne des États membres, par un transfert progressif de compétences au profit de l’Union européenne, ne peut être analysée uniquement en termes de dépossession et de réduction de leur puissance individuelle. Les compétences aériennes confiées à l’Union permettent l’affirmation de l’ensemble européen sur la scène internationale. Ce processus, mouvant et encore inachevé, se traduit par une prise en compte accrue de la spécificité européenne en matière d’aviation civile. Malgré des réticences certaines émanant aussi bien des États membres que des États tiers, l’Union s’érige progressivement au rang d’acteur de poids, capable d’influencer le contenu normatif du droit aérien contemporain, de la même manière que le font les puissances aériennes traditionnelles et notamment les États-Unis. Ces nouvelles tendances, révélatrices de la souplesse et de la plasticité de la convention de Chicago, permettent de dresser des perspectives quant aux possibles évolutions futures de l’ordre international de l’aviation civile<br>The way in which the Member States have redefined the conditions regarding how they exercise their air sovereignty, by progressively transferring power to the European Union, cannot be viewed solely as them removing and reducing their individual powers. The powers conferred to the European Union in aviation matters are resulting in an affirmation of the international role of Europe as a whole. This on-going, and as yet incomplete process, may be seen in a greater recognition of the specific European aspect regarding Civil Aviation. In spite of the hesitance of Member States and non-member States, the European Union has progressively taken its place among the key players, able to influence developments in modern aviation law, in the same way as other established aviation authorities and especially the United States. These new trends reveal the flexibility and elasticity of the Chicago Convention and the potential future developments in International Civil Aviation
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Chu, Yu-Chen, and 朱玉真. "Director’s Duty of Loyalty & Duty of Care in Merger and Acquisition." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84660080917256644398.
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碩士<br>中原大學<br>財經法律研究所<br>98<br>Corporate directors owe fiduciary duties to the corporation they serve and its shareholders. These fiduciary obligations include the duty of loyalty and the duty of care. Directors, the internal organ in charge of corporate management, owe duty of loyalty and duty of care to the corporation to avoid their conducts giving rise to damage to the corporation while undue operating. Contrast to daily dealings, M&As is an material and unique operation, in which, the issues of fiduciary duties of directors undoubtedly are worth the efforts to discuss.
M&As involves fundamental changes to the corporation, and it might not be safeguarded enough, solely depending on directors’ self-regulated conducts. Therefore, it is necessary to construct a comprehensive standard of making decision on M&As. Besides, creating reasonable standards corresponding to the uniqueness of the M&As is also emphasized. As to the duty of loyalty, directors shall not be involved in conflict of interest with corporation. By means of allocating burdens of proof of evidence, adjusting intensity of judicial review, requiring of material information disclosures, the judgments of conflict of interest might be illustrated. As to the duty of care, directors have duty to establish mechanisms to monitor information system which eliminate false or untrue information transmitting among internal entities and prevent wrong decisions from the board. Nevertheless, for management flexibility, board’s decision shall be respected and the due diligence at reasonable and fair principle shall be downgraded to gross negligence.
As to hostile takeovers, from the perspective of information asymmetry, directors are expected to deliberately analyze and determine whether such transactions would benefit the corporation, or take applicable defensive measure. When directors decide to fight, corporate assets might be consumed; therefore, decisions shall be examined under enhanced scrutiny, and to set a standard to review defensive measures would benefit the corporation.
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SU, CHIN-TING, and 蘇晉廷. "A Study on the Duty of Insurance Brokers— Focusing on the Duty of Loyalty." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/q77nx6.
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碩士<br>國立中正大學<br>財經法律系研究所<br>107<br>In February 2015, Article 163, Item 6 of the Insurance Law was amended to specify that insurance brokers should fulfill duty of loyalty, and the main purpose is to prevent conflicts of interest when insurance brokers perform their business, resulting in damage to the rights of the insurer. Since the duty of loyalty is not the traditional legal concept of our country, the meaning of the duty of loyalty of the insurance broker could still be identified and constructed by judicial judgment. However, the legislation has been in existence for four years, and the substantive judgments in our country for the duty of loyalty of insurance brokers have lacked. In addition, since insurance brokers and insurers in our country's insurance market often sign brokerage agreements, it is difficult to assure that insurance brokers have fulfilled their duty of loyalty when performing their business. At present, the types of insurance products are diversified, and it is still doubtful to generally assume that insurance brokers should fulfill their duty of loyalty. Therefore, this thesis will explore the implications of insurance brokers' duty of loyalty and legislative appropriateness.
This thesis intends to be divided into four perspectives to explore duty of loyalty of insurance brokers. First, the introduction of insurance brokers, namely the function, legal status and legal obligations of insurance brokers, and secondly, we will explore the implications of insurance brokers' duty of loyalty. The third part is a dialectical argument on the necessity and appropriateness of duty of loyalty that insurance brokers should fulfill. Finally, the foreign law is used as a reference for the law in our country to explore the legislative appropriateness of insurance brokers' duty of loyalty, and regulations to specifically prevent insurance brokers' conflicts of interest.
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Ho, Chen-Ming, and 何振銘. "Medical Institutions and Its Responsible Persons’ Duty of Loyalty." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22d39j.
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碩士<br>東吳大學<br>法律學系<br>96<br>From it’s first issue in 1986,the medical law didn’t clearly define “medical behavior” in it’s provisions. And the classification of different “medical institutions” brought up much confusion. The lack of duty of loyalty about responsible persons of medical institutions also resulted in several kinds breach of the provisions.I n April 2004, medical law had undergone substantial amendments, including one of the key amendments that the addition of special chapter on corporate medical institutions, in addition to the original medical Foundation of previous regulation, setting up another "medical Corporation" which doesn’t exist at the previous provisions. The medical institutions of the corporate system might bring impact to the health care system , and even may change the nature of medical affairs, is currently the subject worth of considerably exploring. In recent years, medical disputes occurred more frequently, the doctor- patient relationship changed a lot from the past, so called” the absolute obedience and trust” to stressful relationship. People's high consumer awareness behavior brought up the increasing deterioration of the doctor-patient relationship. How to smooth the doctors from medical disputes risk, and help patients receiving rapid and appropriate compensation, has become a important subject. This paper will present amendments to the law related to medical issues and their impact, nature of medical acts , acts of civil liability for medical or criminal liability, medical institutions, the corporate management , the loyalty of medical institutions’ responsible persons and other hot issues have been discussed , quoted relevant academic books, journals, papers, rules, regulations, and other websites that can look to the medical law amendment and beyond the improvement of medical legal system to make that effort.
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HSU, SSU-MIN, and 徐思民. "A Study of Directors’ Taking Business Opportunity and Duty of Loyalty." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73750769801804716673.
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碩士<br>國立臺北大學<br>法律學系一般生組<br>102<br>Nowadays, the profits of a corporation often start from obtaining “business opportunities”. If a corporation could obtain business opportunities, it could enhance its profits; on the other hand, if a corporation misses the business opportunities, it might lose the profits. Therefore, business opportunities have significant influence on companies. Along with the economic development, companies are facing more and more business opportunities, and the managers and operators are able to access to tons of business information. If managers and operators take the business opportunities that belong to their corporation, this kind of behavior could harm companies’ developments.
In order to solve this situation, common law includes the corporate opportunity doctrine. The corporate opportunity doctrine is a common law doctrine that limits a corporation fiduciary’s ability to pursue new business prospects individually without first offering them to the corporation. If a fiduciary take the corporation’s business opportunities, the corporation must itself assert its rights against a current or former officer or director who has usurped an opportunity. Formally, the corporate opportunity doctrine is a subspecies of the fiduciary duty of loyalty in common law to protect company’s business opportunities.It’s common that corporation fiduciaries take the corporation’s business opportunities in Taiwan but the R.O.C. (Taiwan) company law seems not sufficient and doesn’t have any doctrine that similar to the corporate opportunity doctrine in common law.
Therefore, based on relative theories, teachings, documents and judicial practice this dissertation starts from discussing the fiduciary duty. In addition, this dissertation will review the “duty of loyalty” in R.O.C. (Taiwan) law and understand how could we improve or amend the existing laws. Furthermore, take thecorporate opportunity doctrine as this article’s backbone and use the comparative method to analyze the judicial practices of American and British laws. By comparing different judgments standards in courts and eras, we could conclude pros and cons to find the loopholes of our existing law. Finally, give suggestions and remedies, discussing should we introduce the relative regulations in the common law to protect the profits of Taiwanese companies.
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Choutka, Filip. "Péče řádného hospodáře v komparativním pohledu." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-347625.
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The thesis focuses on the concept of the duty of due managerial care as regulated in the legal framework of the Czech Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany; in particular, the comparison is aimed at the application of this duty against the members of the board of directors and the supervisory board of the joint-stock company and the executives of the limited liability company. The thesis first describes the duty of due managerial care as a standard of conduct. Chapter 3 describes the particular consequences of said duty for the conduct of the members of the board of directors and the supervisory board of the joint-stock company. Chapter 4 is focused on the reflection of this duty on the legal relationships within the limited liability company. Chapters 3 and 4 each include a partial conclusion concerning the most important differences as well as the effectiveness of the respective legal regulation. Chapter 5 is divided into two parts, differentiated according to the legal form of the company in question, and concerns itself with the liabilities following from the breach of said duty. Particular attention is paid to the possibilities of shareholders (members) to influence - whether ex ante or ex post - the said liabilities, as this area is marked by the most significant differences when...
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Cheng, Ju-Wei, and 程居威. "The Connection between the Fiduciary Duty and a Commercial Entity-Focusing on the Adjustment of the Duty of Loyalty in Affiliated Enterprises." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/f394c9.
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碩士<br>國立臺北大學<br>法律學系一般生組<br>103<br>This essay focuses on the adjustment of directors’ duty of loyalty in affiliated companies. By collecting local and foreign articles both from the practice and academic area, as well as legislative trends, this essays intends to analyze the models of managers’ duties, the uniqueness of affiliated enterprises, and the adjustment on the directors’ duties regulated in foreign jurisdictions. The above analysis will be taken as references to the regulations regarding directors’ duty of loyalty in affiliated enterprises in company law of Taiwan, and with that, this essay is trying to propose advice of amendment in the said regulations.
As a structure, the first chapter will be the introduction which mainly states the motive, the purpose and the method of research of this essay. The second chapter focuses on the function of commercial entities and analysis of commercial entities that are often seen. This chapter mainly illustrates the development and function of commercial entities. Additionally, the chapter tries to organize types of commercial entities Taiwan once desired to bring in so as to summarize the duties of managers in different types of commercial entities. By that, it enables us to examine the relations between types of commercial entities adopted and duties of managers in order to summarize a general principle in the relations between the character of commercial entities and duties of managers. Among all the commercial entities, companies are the most influential in modern commercial activities, and also the most complete in terms of duties of managers. Given the above, the fiduciary duties in companies will be the target of discussion in the third chapter, aiming at organizing the subject and substance of fiduciary duties, and this shall be the foundation of illustration in adjustment of directors’ duty of loyalty in affiliated enterprises. The fourth chapter will be the research of issues arising from affiliated enterprises, including the origins, pros and cons, characters, and possible regulative perspectives. The purpose of the above research is to provide a better understanding and clarification about affiliated enterprises so that the adjustment of directors’ duty of loyalty may be guided to fit the uniqueness of affiliated enterprises. The fifth chapter introduces the legislation in Australia and among European countries. The observation on the legislation of more developed countries creates an opportunity for us to consider that in which direction shall the regulations of affiliated enterprises be amended. With that, this essay is able to provide a more concrete advice on amending the regulations of directors’ duty of loyalty in affiliated enterprises. After concluding all of the chapters in this essay, the final chapter will be delivering a summary of the essay, pointing out the uniqueness and difficulties affiliated enterprises have, and contribute some advice on the amendment of directors’ duty of loyalty in affiliated enterprises.
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Lin, Yu-Fen, and 林郁芬. "A Study on Interest Conflict under Trust Relationship: Centered on Duty of Loyalty Normative." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22888854578251109909.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>法律學研究所<br>94<br>Based on English and American law, trust mechanism has always been the key position on the transmission of trans-generational wealth. The current trend of trust through adopting asset management for the purpose of financial investment, the significance of trust to the field of commercial law is as well increasing. Thus making “trust governance” an important assignment in law studies. For the above reason, this thesis paper is to discuss the main pillars of trust governance from the duty of royalty perspectives. The aims of this paper are to explore how the characteristics of duty of royalty normative are defined; and to further investigate how to reach balance among the following issues: contract flexibility, monitoring agency cost and regulation of external cost. Moreover, problems such like the core features of duty of royalty normative, and how it interact with the sole interest rule under the situation of absolute conflicting-interest prohibition are worth paying attention. In conclusion, trust law should code duty of royalty normative into legislature. As a spring board, further define the characteristics of duty of royalty normative’s default rule and set its boundary, one should also include the best interest rule and alternatives, to fulfill the sake of maximizing and protecting the beneficiaries’ welfare under the relationship of trust.
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Jian, Jing-Syuan, and 簡靖軒. "Duty of Loyalty of Corporate Directors and Officers - Focusing on the Taking of Business Opportunity." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63350152693682121947.
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碩士<br>中原大學<br>財經法律研究所<br>105<br>With on-going economic development, organizational structures have grown significantly. As a result, rights and powers vested in the responsible person of a company such as the director or officer are gradually broadening owing to the expansion of commercial opportunities faced upon on a daily basis. The aforesaid person is strategically positioned to have access to massive amount of commercial information. In the event that the responsible person of a company not honoring his responsibilities incumbent on, abusing his powers, or seeking interests for himself or others, he is still at any given time permitted to obtain and use company’s commercial opportunities. This practice has placed conflict of interests between oneself and the company and will inevitably manifest impacts on the company’s survival as well as development.
In the amendment to the Taiwan Companies Act made in 2001, article 23-1 provided provisions specifying that the responsible person of a company owes “fiduciary duty of loyalty” to the company for the very first time. Further in 2012, revision of the Taiwan Companies Act added article 23-3 wherein stipulates that party violated his fiduciary duty of loyalty shall return his acquired interests. Henceforth, fiduciary duty of loyalty is receiving due weight in Taiwan and its importance should not be underestimated. However, fiduciary duty of loyalty is nonetheless a somewhat conceptual metaphor of distance and definition thereof is strikingly abstract, therefore, lead to difficulty in its application. In order to solve issues relating to the responsible person of a company snatching commercial opportunities that associate with the company, countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States of America have developed so-called “corporate opportunity doctrine”. Therein, the responsible person of a company is prohibited from seeking self-interest by transferring potential commercial opportunities associated with the company for his own use and profit without the consent of the company. In cases where the responsible person of a company snatching commercial opportunities associated with the company without authorization, that company may request the return of acquired interests. Through the materialization of the corporate opportunity doctrine, the UK and US Companies Acts deem that the responsible person of a company snatching commercial opportunities associated with the company as a type of violation of the fiduciary duty of loyalty. Further regulations can be enforced thereon to safeguard the company’s opportunities in respect of profit generation as well as proactive expansion.
In contrast, Taiwan does not offer formalized systems or regulations similar to the UK and US’s “corporate opportunity doctrine”. What Taiwan provides is an abstract provision of fiduciary duty of loyalty in article 23 of the Taiwan Companies Act. The definition of fiduciary duty of loyalty is not precisely outlined therein. Furthermore, the application thereof faces countless hinderances. As the emergence of actual cases where the responsible person of a company embezzles company’s commercial interests relentlessly assume, instances of exploiting company’s commercial opportunity for personal gains has become a commonplace. The Taiwan Companies Act currently in force is ostensibly inadequate to regulate the aforesaid acts. A heightened urgency is consequently desirable for the introduction of the corporate opportunity doctrine.
This dissertation will embark on the elucidation of the conceptual metaphor of distance hinged on the fiduciary duty of loyalty in the corporate opportunity doctrine. Secondly, the introduction of the origin of the corporate opportunity doctrine, namely the US, its operations and applications of the practice, theories, as well as regulations thereto. Wherefore, a deeper understanding in regards to the materialization of the fiduciary duty of loyalty can be attained. And that the importance of managing Taiwan’s companies by introducing the corporate opportunity doctrine can be acquiesced.
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Gabonay, Andrea. "Povinnost loajality společníka kapitálové obchodní společnosti." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-343738.
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Duty of loyalty of a member of a limited company The thesis focuses on the issue of the duty of loyalty which has been imposed on the members of capital companies by the newly adopted private law legislation as enshrined in the new Civil Code, No. 89 / 2012 Coll., and in the Business Corporations Act, No. 90 / 2012 Coll., as amended and supplemented up to now. The paper compares the newly adopted legal framework which is already in force with the previous legal regulation and describes the most significant changes and differences as brought by the new legislation. Attention was also given to the relevant case law and to the issue of its possible application when connected with the new legal framework. It can be stated that the conclusions derived from the existing case law which has been based on the previous legal framework are applicable also to the newly recodified system. A summary of the overall impacts of the new legal rules shows that the imposition of the duty of loyalty on the members of capital companies in civil law strengthens the principle of legal certainty and eases the determination of those member duties which are not literally imposed by the law or by a memorandum. Albeit the duty of loyalty is a rule of conduct created by the written law, it is general enough to evaluate on its basis...
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Lin, Hsin-Wei, and 林信瑋. "The Influence of Customer Satisfaction and Brand Loyalty on Repurchase Intention: Take Heavy-duty Commercial Vehicles for Example." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2t39qv.
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碩士<br>龍華科技大學<br>企業管理系碩士班<br>106<br>Taiwan officially joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) on November 13, 2001. It has experienced industrial outflows, credit crunches, high raw material prices, high oil prices, and global financial tsunami storms. Because of the reasons, heavy-duty commercial vehicle market has faced the recession and competition pressure. The situation is even worse when Taiwan implemented the fifth phase of environmental pollution discharge standards to diesel vehicles on January 1, 2012, followed by the implementation of the sixth phase of the environmental pollution discharge standards in 2019, as well as China’s import to Taiwan. Taiwan’s heavy-duty commercial vehicle market is no longer dominated by the Japanese, but it is subject to competition from various brands, and each auto company is facing great market share pressure. In recent years, the development of network information has led to a rapid rise in consumer awareness, and the overall competition in the market for transparent commercial vehicles has become more intense and complex. Taiwan is a small island, so the market for heavy-duty commercial vehicles is relatively small, compared to other countries. Consequently, once more brand cars, more competition in price, and more promotional activities. The focus of heavy-duty commercial vehicle dealers has changed from the new car sales to after-sales services that are less affected by the economy and profitability. This operation is basically difficult, so how the dealers meet the diverse needs of customers in this low-profit market, how they control and win the competition, create higher profits, improve customers’ satisfaction to benefits the company and enhance customers’ loyalty and purchase intention are become important issues. This study focused on these issues for domestic heavy-duty commercial vehicle dealers and hopes to provide empirical and practical suggestions for heavy-duty commercial vehicle dealers and manufacturers.
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Kuo, Chao-yin, and 郭昭吟. "Exploring the Legal Responsibility of Directors,Supervisors,and senior managers in light of China's New Corporation Law(2005):With Focus on the Duty of Loyalty and Duty of Care." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93317144025173054401.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>東吳大學<br>法律學系<br>97<br>The main purpose of the thesis is discussing Company Law of the People’s Republic of China 2005(CLPRC) ,regarding duty of loyalty and duty of care that corporate directors, supervisors, and senior managers should have. Both of the duties are the core of the amendments of CLPRC in 2005, as well as the essential value and issue of modern corporate governance. It is rooted and well developed in common law countries, and applied thoroughly in court cases and practice.
The contents of the thesis are as following:
The 1st chapter focuses on the motivation and purpose of this research.
The 2nd chapter is about the legal obligation of directors ,supervisors and senior managers in corporate governance, especially focusing on the influence from the spirit of corporate governance on the China’s corporation law 2005.It also have the different upon duty of care,duty of loyalty and qualifications,which about directors, supervisors and senior managers between China’ Corporate Law 1993 and 2005.It also talks about legal vision of both of the duties and responsibilities that the above persons have in company Laws of Taiwan and China.
The 3rd chapter describes the theory foundation regarding duty of care and duty of loyalty ,compared with the common law and the civil law.In common law,it’s about agency relationship and fiduciary relationship.In civil law,it’ about agency and trustee.
The 4th chapter introduce the duty of loyalty.There are some legislative materials related to duty of loyalty.It also have some discussing in article 149 of China’s corporation law 2005,touch upon the every type the article have,as well as the usual type which obey the duty of loyalty.It concluding as following:The directors, supervisors, and senior managers of a company shall not exploit their position to accept bribes or other illegal income or wrongfully take over company property.The directors or managers shall not misappropriate company funds or loan such funds to others.The directors or managers shall not open accounts in their own names or in the names of other individuals for the deposit of the company's assets.The directors or managers shall not provide a guarantee for debts of a shareholder of the company or other individual(s) with the company's assets.The directors or managers shall not engage on their own behalf or on behalf of others in any business similar to the business of the company in which they hold.They shall not disclose the secrets of the company.The others are self-trading,relevant trade without authorization,and etc.
The 5th chapter provides duty of care,and a review of “ standard of business judgment rule” in the US.It also takes about the duty of disclosure upon independent directors.
The 6th chapter describes the criminal liability and the administrative liability.This chapter introduces the history of legislations and the orders of penal code in China when the obedience of duty of loyalty occurs.
The 7th chapter is about civil liability.When directors, supervisors, and senior managers violate the rule about duty of loyalty and duty of care,they have to face the responsibility on compensation and the system of disgorgement.It already has the lawsuits about direct action and derivative action in China’s corporation law 2005.It also provides that independent directors and independent supervisors may be free of liability in some way which law permits.
The 8th chapters is writer’s point of view and conclusion about duty of care and duty of loyalty.
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Carsley, Samuel H. "A Rudderless Regime: The United Kingdom's "Enlightened Shareholder Value" as a Model for the Duty of Loyalty in Canada." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/25444.
Full textAbstract:
This paper argues that the despite the apparent rejection of the shareholder primacy model by the Supreme Court of Canada in Peoples Department Stores Inc. (Trustee of) v. Wise and BCE Inc. v. 1976 Debentureholders, there is a strong tradition of shareholder primacy in Canada that has persisted in jurisprudence and legislative materials. The dislodging of shareholder primacy as the guiding force in directors’ duties is discordant with this tradition and per incuriam. As such, at the moment, the duty of loyalty of directors to the corporation is adrift, lacking substantive guidance from the Supreme Court. This guidance, this paper argues, can be found in the “enlightened shareholder value” model embodied in s. 172 of the United Kingdom’s Companies Act 2006 which holds to shareholder primacy while exhorting directors to adopt an inclusive approach to the interests of non-shareholder stakeholders.
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REUTER, Kristin. "Competence creep via the duty of loyalty? : article 4 (3) TEU and its changing role in EU external relations." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/28050.
Full textAbstract:
Examining Board: Professor Marise Cremona, European University Institute (Supervisor) Professor Bruno De Witte, European University Institute Professor Sara Poli, Università di Pisa Dr Anne Thies, University of Reading.<br>Defence date: 5 September 2013<br>First made available online on 22 January 2016.<br>With the growing awareness in EU external relations that the existence of Member States' competence does not necessarily allow them to freely exercise such competence, the duty of sincere cooperation laid down in Article 4 (3) TEU is increasingly becoming the focus of academic attention. In light of the vast potential of the duty to encroach on Member State prerogatives, in combination with a number of striking developments in the Court's case law in the field of external relations, particularly in recent years, the question arises whether Article 4 (3) TEU is slowly turning into an instrument for the Union institutions to achieve a loss of national competence, disguised as restrictions on the Member States' freedom to exercise their powers. This thesis investigates which role Article 4 (3) TEU has really played in governing the relationship between the EU and the Member States in external relations. It sets out to answer the positive question of which concept of federalism dominates the exercise of external powers. Building on this foundation, the thesis ultimately endeavours to provide an answer to the normative question regarding the vision of federalism best suited to the needs of both the Member States and the EU when acting on the international scene. In order to answer these questions, the thesis seeks to transpose Halberstam's theory of the political morality in federal systems to the field of EU external relations. Looking at the interpretation given to Article 4 (3) TEU, both in its detailed reasoning and as part of a broader picture may then allow us to appreciate the construction of the loyalty obligation as the reasoned outcome of a constitutional process involving the EU institutions, the Court of Justice and the Member States themselves. It will be argued that instead of pursuing political harmony between the Member States and the Union by way of creeping competence, Article 4 (3) TEU emphasises cooperation, compliance and complementarity in areas where the rigid division of competence would otherwise render the system of external relations ineffective.
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Mancelová, Silvia. "Základní povinnosti členů představenstva s důrazem na povinnost loajality." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-350295.
Full textAbstract:
The dissertation is focused on research of the general duties of members of the board of directors in a capital company, in particular the duty of loyalty. Besides the duty of loyalty, members of the board of directors have a duty to act with due managerial care. The doctrine paid attention to the specification of the duty to act with due managerial care but there has, as yet, been no attention paid to the duty of loyalty. The new legislation contained in the Civil Code Act n. 89/2012 Sb. (CC) subordinates the duty of loyalty under the duty to act with due managerial care. The subject of the dissertation is research of the nature, origin, and function, of the duty of loyalty. The conclusion of the dissertation is the confirmation of the hypothesis, that the duty of loyalty by which a member of the board of directors is bound, is a fiduciary duty and an independent duty, which is not a part of the duty to act with due managerial care.
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Brodská, Hana. "Povinnost mlčenlivosti zaměstnance v základním pracovněprávním vztahu." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-372872.
Full textAbstract:
This diploma thesis deals with the topic of an employee's duty of confidentiality in a basic labour relationship. It seeks to find an answer to the question of whether there is some kind of a "general" employee's duty of confidentiality of certain facts, to which all the employees must oblige. The Czech Labour Code does not explicitly define this duty. If a general duty does not exist, it would have to be stipulated contractually. This diploma thesis is divided into four parts. The first part pays attention to the duty of confidentiality as such. It focuses on its content because it is essential to clarify what the "duty of confidentiality" means. Definitions of the duty of confidentiality created by different expert literature authors are covered in this part including the definition created by the author of this thesis. The second part represents the core of this diploma thesis since it deals with an employee's duty of confidentiality as it is stipulated by the Labour Code. The author addresses the so-called "special" duties of confidentiality which are explicitly stated in the Labour Code for certain groups of employees. Moreover, this part examines the general duty of confidentiality applicable to all employees who carry out work based on a concluded basic labour relationship. An employee's...
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Ng, Chun-Kit, and 吳尊傑. "The Study in Duty of Loyalty for the Board of Directors of the Family-Controlled Corporation that Based on the Comparative Approaches." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/q2h865.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>法律與政府研究所<br>107<br>According to the data of this research, family companies in Taiwan account for about 70% of all listed cabinet companies (excluding non-listed companies of family businesses account for more than 90% of all registered companies). The first chapter of this study will serve as a preamble for clarifying the duty of loyalty of the one paragraph of Article 23 of the current company law, which is the dilemma facing the doctrine and court practice after the passage of the two thousand years of legislation. The term duty of loyalty or duty of a fiduciary is the rule of law from the American legal system or we should say that is the common law system. Therefore, it is necessary for this study to sort out the important judgments (Stare decisis) of the United States, and hope to sum up the principles of this law. In addition, if this duty of loyalty can be applied to family-controlled shareholders in Taiwanese SMEs, the minority shareholders will have right to shareholders derivative suit by the company in accordance with Articles 8 (3), 23 (1) and 214 of the Company Law. Will it cause any adverse effects? In the course of this is worth further research. In addition, how to create good governance of family business beforehand, only to avoid the urgency of raising the relevant subrogation lawsuit afterwards, is the atypical case of the family governance of "Datong management rights battle". Promote the model of good family governance beforehand to reduce the chance of legal disputes between minority shareholders and family-controlled shareholders. Finally, this paper puts forward personal recommendations on how future company law in Taiwan will go.
In the second chapter of this study, the first step is to let the readers thoroughly understand the appearance and internal outline of the family business: from the beginning of the family-controlled business to the ownership structure of it, then from the Affiliated Enterprises, Cross-shareholding, interlocking directorate system, reinvest to special purpose entities and a dual-class stock structure to observe complex control and ownership issues in family businesses. In 2018, the company's legal amendments will broaden the non-public offering, which is stock corporations to issue special voting shares, so in the foreseeable future that how will the minority shareholders' equity be affected by the issue of special voting shares? Under the circumstance of these issues, this thesis will also observe the members of the board under the family-controlled enterprises and explore the current standards of rule of law of Taiwan and related practical opinions by Financial Supervisory Commission of ROC. This thesis compares the concept of the family companies' board in theory with the model of the family board under practice. Under this model, controlling shareholders and related corporate groups generate specific issues due to governance, especially in the case of existing corporations with no legal norms, the family affiliated group can finally shape its unique controlling shareholders and minority structure of the interests of shareholders, and finally this study will sort out the essence of the family business legal person from the legal person theory, and advocate that the legal personality of the family business should be denied at the present stage.
In the third chapter of this study, how should family governance and corporate governance be reconciled? Starting from the essence of corporate governance, and then observing from the agency costs of family-controlled corporate members, and also observing from the maximization of the interests of members of the board of a family-controlled corporation and take Taiwan Datong Company as an example, the family governance in the battle for the management rights. In this situation, how can shareholders of non-family members be treated fairly when the family companies are generally controlled by family controlling shareholders? Secondly, this thesis will rethink its impact on the rights of non-family shareholders by the provisions of the 2017 Law Amendment to the provisions of the Voting Rights Agreement for non-listed companies. Finally, using the professional gatekeeper responsibility standard advocated by the recent related company law scholars to think about how to construct accountants, lawyers, securities analysts and other capital market gatekeepers to promote the good governance of family businesses; based on this, this thesis proposes to introduce embedded family office, as the company's gatekeeper to defend the family business, further regulates the internal and external risk factors of the family business.
The fourth chapter of this study compares the regulation of duty of loyalty to directors under the legal system of Taiwan and the United States. From the perspective of trust law and American case law, it examines the constituent elements of loyalty, its connotation, its originality and how to apply to real cases in Taiwan. After the legal transplant that how to avoid one thing can't be removed from its environment of origin. The duty of loyalty that is after the case of formation and development of related concepts in the Smith case that is a very important case study on duty of loyalty, then the following cases are Cede & Co in 1993, In re Caremark Case in 1996, the Walt Disney Co in 2006 and the Stone case. Secondly, according to the case law of Delaware state, when the shareholder sues the defendant’s director for breach of the fiduciary duty to the company or the shareholder, the court is required to apply with the most stringent standards, called the “Entire Fairness Review”. Also, the study will be further analyzed from the 1983 Weinberger v. UOP case and the Cox Communications case. The origin and evolution process of the Entire Fairness Review. Finally, comparative legal approaches are used to further examine how controlling shareholders should treat minority shareholders fairly.
The fifth chapter of this study is to review whether the minority shareholders' private rights relief mechanism is good or bad. Among them, there is a conflict between family-controlling shareholder and minority shareholders due to privatization. This thesis compares the changes in the minority shareholder litigation mechanism before and after the company's legal amendments in 2018. Then, based on some scholars or researchers recommended that improvement of the minority shareholder's relief mechanism is based on the issue of Determination of the Value of Claim and Lower the threshold for a representative action. In addition to commenting on the suggestions made by the predecessors, this thesis will attempt to present personal opinions. Under US law, the rule of piercing the corporate veil or disregard the corporate personality. Is there any room for further use after 2018 company law amendment? Traditionally, the US law has uncovered the fact that the corporate veil principle has been applied in practice. For example, when shareholders abuse the corporate personality status, can the principle of shareholder limited liability be “debunked”? However, when it comes to involuntary contract and debtors with the company, it must be "debunked" in the case of exceptions, even if it is a "voluntary creditor," it must be piercing the corporate veil. It is worth mentioning that in the Laya case in 1986, the court first determined 19 factors that judge whether the controlling shareholders abused their "controlling power". It is very useful for the Taiwan court to apply that rule based on piercing the corporate veil in the future. Invoking the precedent of this judgment, finally but not least, this thesis will conduct a feasibility analysis on the principle of reversing piercing the corporate veil and put forward the insight of this thesis.
The sixth chapter of this study is the conclusion and the proposal for the company law amendment. It will be through the opening announcement from Datong Company to the public shareholders. To think about how the relevant provisions of the company law will be amended in the future to avoid directors of the family-controlled business to abusing the controlling power for the purpose of protecting the minority shareholders' right.
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Krtoušová, Lucie. "Péče řádného hospodáře jako kritérium pro posouzení právní odpovědnosti (právně komparativní analýza)." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-330253.
Full textAbstract:
Diploma thesis - abstract Due managerial care and diligence as a criterion for the determination of liability (a legal and comparative analysis) Lucie Krtoušová The purpose of this thesis is to critically analyse the interpretation of the concept of the due managerial care and diligence and consider the requirements that a director must comply with. The method used in this paper is the comparative analysis. As a basis of the comparative analysis it is chosen the British concept of fiduciary duties and duty of care, skill and diligence which is compared with the Czech concept of the care of a prudent manager. The thesis is composed of five chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of the concept of the due managerial care and diligence. Chapter One is introductory and defines basic terminology used in the thesis such as the director, the care of a prudent manager, the duty of loyalty, fiduciary duties and the duty of care, skill and diligence. Chapter Two examines the British concept of fiduciary duties. The chapter consists of five parts. Part One focuses on introduction into the system of general duties of directors. Part Two explains the fiduciary position of a director. Part Three and Four address the two aspects of the duty of loyalty, i.e. the duty to act in the interest of the company and...
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Polena, Stanislav. "Povinnost loajality společníka v obchodní společnosti." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-311006.
Full textAbstract:
The duty of loyalty of a member of a business company This thesis deals with the topic closely connected with the field of corporate governance which is a part of corporate law. According to the American legal theory is duty of loyalty one of the fiduciary duties. The traditional classification of fiduciary duties is based on dualism - duty of loyalty and duty of care. But this concept is changing over time mainly due to case law. There is no settled opinion on the basic question how many fiduciary duties there are. Current opinion of the respected authority in this field - Delaware' Supreme Court is based on dualism of fiduciary duties, but not in the traditional meaning. The duty of loyalty includes according to the opinion of the judges not only conflicts of interests and self-dealing situations, but breach of good faith as well. On the other hand the traditional point of view was settled on two fiduciary duties - loyalty and care as well. Duty of loyalty was connected with conflicts of interest situations between principal and agent, when the personal financial interest of the agent was present. Duty of loyalty protected the legal position of the principal when agent managed entrusted property. The duty of care was connected with the interest of the principal and due performance of the agent with the...
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Havlík, Jiří. "Povinnost péče řádného hospodáře člena voleného orgánu kapitálové obchodní společnosti a důsledky jejího porušení." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-337225.
Full textAbstract:
My thesis focuses on one of the fundamental issues of representation of stock corporations by their elected bodies or members of these bodies. This issue concerns the responsibility of these parties to act in the performance of their duties with due managerial care which is a key aspect in determining the standard required from the parties representing a limited liability company and a joint stock company. This topic is extremely relevant to the current situation due to recent re- codification of private law, whose linchpins are Act No. 89/2012 Coll., the Civil Code, and Act No. 90/2012 Coll. on business companies and cooperatives (the Act on Business Corporations). The authors of these regulations during their drafting had to cope with the development of both the doctrine and the case law and their task was not only to adapt the legislation to the commercial law practice of stock corporations of the 21st century, but also to resolve some of its contentious issues. The thesis consists of an introduction, three main chapters further subdivided into subsections and the conclusion. The first chapter deals with the legal regulation and the description of the concept of due managerial care and related aspects at the time of effectiveness of Act No. 513/1991 Coll., the Commercial Code. Particular...
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Procházka, Tomáš. "Povinnost péče řádného hospodáře člena řídicích orgánů kapitálových obchodních společností ve světle britské právní úpravy." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-353238.
Full textAbstract:
This diploma thesis deals with the regulation of the duty of due managerial care of members of a governing body of a limited company. The aim is to evaluate Czech national law with respect to the relevant British law rules. Another objective is to propose de lege ferenda amendments to current state of law. The thesis is divided into three chapters The first chapter defines the duty of due managerial care and the content of duties imposed on members of a governing body of a company in Great Britain. Judicial decisions of both jurisdictions reveal that directors are not expected to have a knowledge possessed by a specialist. However, good general knowledge is required. Subsequently, the dual objective / subjective standard is introduced. Lord Hoffmann borrowed the test set by the Insolvency Act 1986 and stated that such a test should not just apply during insolvency. The second chapter is dedicated to fiduciary duties and the position of duty of loyalty within the scope of due managerial care. The aim is to present the subjective test covering acts exercised to promote the success of a company. The standard rests upon the idea that directors must exercise their discretion bona fide in what they consider, not what the court may consider, is in the interest of the company. Another field of interest is...
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Carvalho, Alexandre de Jesus de Almeida Marques de. "Deveres de lealdade na relação de trabalho." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/12803.
Full textAbstract:
Resumo: O estudo realizado no âmbito desta dissertação de
mestrado centra-se na análise dos deveres de lealdade na relação de
trabalho. Questionamos o seguinte: De que se compõe um
comportamento desleal? Qual o fundamento dos deveres de lealdade?
Existem especificidades dos deveres de lealdade no seio do Direito do
Trabalho? Quais as consequências da violação desses deveres? Que as
respostas a estas perguntas sirvam de roteiro ao leitor que busca outros
territórios de conhecimentos sólidos e sustentados. Para que, no final
da caminhada, se sinta em condições de identificar e justificar se um
determinado sujeito incumpre deveres de lealdade, debitando-lhe as
devidas consequências. Esse é o nosso desígnio.<br>Abstract: The study conducted within the scope of this
Master´s dissertation focuses on the analysis of duties of loyalty in
work relationships. We raise the following questions: What does
disloyal behaviour consist of? What is the basis of duties of loyalty?
Are there any specific characteristics of duties of loyalty within the
Labour Law? What are the consequences of breaching these duties?
We hope the answers to these questions serve as a script for readers in
search of other fields of solid and sustained knowledge. So, at the end
of the journey, they are capable of ascertaining and justifying whether
or not a certain individual has failed to comply with duties of loyalty
and is thereby subject to the due consequences. This is our intention.
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Černý, Pavol. "Povinnost péče řádného hospodáře člena voleného orgánu kapitálové obchodní společnosti." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-337480.
Full textAbstract:
IN ENGLISH The purpose of this paper is to analyse all segments of the duty of due managerial care of member of an elective body of a limited company and propose de lege ferenda approach to segments of the duty. Another goal of this master's thesis was to examine new business judgment rule and present an alternative British model of the rule. To provide a comparative approach the paper utilizes the British company law approach. The first chapter introduces the origin of the duty of due managerial care, in particular its roots in Roman law and Austrian civil code. The second chapter is divided into five subchapters. The first subchapter highlights the recent changes to the duty of due managerial care after recodification of private law. The second subchapter examines duty of care as one of two integral parts of the duty of due managerial care. Firstly, it analyzes the quality of care expected of directors. Secondly, it focuses on the test for determination of necessary standard of care. Thirdly, following a critical examination of the test for determination of a standard of care, the paper suggests de lege ferenda test of due care. Finally, the first subchapter considers the British duty of care, skill and diligence. The third subchapter covers the duty of loyalty including duties derived from it...
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Hubáček, Tomáš. "Povinnost loajality člena statutárního orgánu obchodní společnosti a povinnost loajality společníka obchodní společnosti v jejich vzájemném srovnání." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-435461.
Full textAbstract:
The Duty of Loyalty of a Director of a Company and the Duty of Loyalty of a Member of a Company in Their Mutual Comparison Abstract According to the valid legislation, both the member of a company and the director of a company are subject to the duty of loyalty. The duty of loyalty has different content in relation to these persons and affects them with different intensity. The aim of this thesis is to compare selected aspects of the duty of loyalty of the member of company and the director of company. The first part presents initial doctrinal and judicial evolution of the duty of loyalty of the member of company and the director of company in the legal order of the Czech Republic. Furthermore, the essence (creative elements) of the duty of loyalty of mentioned persons is discussed. In this context, legal doctrine concludes that the essence of loyalty of the member of company and the director lies, amongst other matters, in contract. However, each of these persons has a different obligation, which is associated with different rights and duties of the relevant members of company's bodies. The aim of the first part is to develop the issue, which I consider crucial for understanding arguments and conclusions presented in the thesis. In the second part, I try to identify the interest which the member of company...
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Dulačková, Kristína. "Povinnosti společníků společnosti s ručením omezeným." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-340564.
Full textAbstract:
The topic of Limited Liability Company is a popular issue among the professional public due to the fact that Limited Liability Company belongs to the most favourite and the most widespread companies. This thesis comprehensively explains duties of members of Limited Liability Company in terms of Business Corporations Act and, where appropriate, compares them with those contained in the Commercial Code. After the brief discourse about Limited Liability Company, its nature and its position among the business corporations, the thesis provides characteristics of a share with emphasis on its qualitative aspect. In the second chapter the schemes of duties of members in works of various authors are first of all compared and critically assessed, and subsequently the own division of duties of members is created. A criterion for the division of duties is the fact, whether they are governed by general or special regulation and in the latter whether the duties arise on the basis of the act, or the Memorandum of Association. The characteristics of duties itself is included in the third to sixth chapters, which successively explain the duty of loyalty, the contributory duty, the liability duty, the duty of additional contribution, the duty of personal participation on a company, the duty to contribute to the...
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Bárta, Petr. "Trestní odpovědnost za porušení povinnosti péče řádného hospodáře." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-374141.
Full textAbstract:
IN ENGLISH Criminal liability for breach of the duty of due managerial care The aim of this thesis is to analyze the duty of due managerial care and its attributes for the members of the statutory bodies of the capital companies including the rule of entrepreneurial judgment, the instructions of the General Meeting, the delegation of powers of the statutory body of entrepreneurial judgment and the criminal law aspects of the violation of the care of a goodman. The diploma thesis consists of four chapters. The first chapter briefly describes the basic issues of capital companies. The second chapter deals with the duty of due managerial care of the statutory bodies of capital companies and its attributes, emphasizing the changes brought about by the recodification of private law. First, the duty of loyalty is analyzed, as one of the basic stones of duty of care of a good manager, then attention is paid to the expected care and the approach of its definition. The third chapter deals with general parts of criminal law, which first deals with the possibility of using criminal law, and the attention is then paid to the subjective side and unlawful circumstances. The circumstance of exclusion of illegality is highlighted by a mistake, especially in the context of expert advice, by its influence on...
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Korhoň, Ondřej. "Povinnost loajality společníka kapitálové obchodní společnosti." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-337198.
Full textAbstract:
The diploma thesis is focused on the duty of loyalty of shareholders (members). Although some legal experts consider this duty as a basis of any private law relations, duty of loyalty remains mainly overlooked in the business law area. Firstly, the diploma thesis explores the duty in broader view and describes its functioning in other countries, where duty of loyalty is traditionally respected: United States of America and Germany. The thesis continues to the development of the duty of loyalty in Czech Republic. Before 2014, this duty was not explicitly included in Czech law or no wide consensus about the legal source of this duty. The loyalty principle has begun to be recognized in 2006, when legal experts started to work with this term and set theoretical basis for this duty. Even if there was no consensus about the scope and range of the duty of loyalty and the existence of this duty itself, the duty of loyalty has been established in the judicature of Czech courts. Even Supreme and Constitutional Courts accepted this duty in its decisions. The role of Judicature for the duty of loyalty and its contend is significant. The change of Czech private law has brought substantial changes of this duty. From the 1st January 2014, the duty of loyalty is explicitly part of the Czech law and may be found in...
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Domingos, Paulino Jacinto. "A business judgment rule e a responsabilidade dos administradores." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/22170.
Full textAbstract:
Os administradores das sociedades comerciais são diariamente colocados
perante a necessidade de tomar decisões relativas à gestão das sociedades – na senda,
aliás, da concentração de poderes de gestão no órgão de administração – que vem sendo
acolhida no moderno Direito das Sociedades anônimas. Tais decisões, devido a sua
extensão significativa, reclama uma análise aprofundada sobre os seus contornos.
Claro e evidente é, da complexidade da relação jurídica existente entre
administradores e sociedades comerciais, compreendendo direitos e deveres para
ambos. Quanto aos administradores, a falta de cumprimento de tais deveres, pode o
mesmo ficar sujeito à responsabilidade civil de acordo com o art. 72º do Código das
Sociedades Comerciais (doravante CSC).
O presente trabalho, em termos gerais, visa essencialmente analisar a introdução
dos deveres fiduciários de lealdade e cuidado nos sistemas de civil law, com especial
atenção ao ordenamento jurídico português fruto da reforma do Código das Sociedades
Comerciais ocorrida em 2006. Uma das principais alterações introduzidas pela reforma
em que incidirá o nosso estudo é a regra do juízo empresarial, também conhecida como
business jugdment rule1
. A regra, para efeitos de responsabilidade, estabelece os
pressupostos e critérios que visam excluir a responsabilidade dos administradores por
danos causados a sociedade.
Da origem a introdução da regra no regime português, queremos com o presente
trabalho analisar o sentido dado pelo legislador, a sua aplicação em matéria de
responsabilidade dos administradores e os limites à discricionariedade empresarial para
efeitos de sindicabilidade.<br>Directors' of commercial companies are placed daily before the need to take
decisions regarding the management of companies – in the way, moreover, of the
concentration of management powers in the executive body – which has been welcomed
in the modern Company Law. Such decisions, due to their significant extent, call for an
in-depth analysis of their contours.
Clear and evident is the complexity of the legal relationship between directors'
and commercial companies, comprising rights and duties for both. As for the directors,
the lack of fulfillment of such duties may be subject to civil liability in accordance with
art. 72.º of the Portuguese Companies Code.
In general terms, the present study aims to analyze the introduction of fiduciary
duties of loyalty and care in the civil law systems, with special attention to the
Portuguese legal system and the amendments introduced to the regime of Directors'
liability as a result of the Companies Code reform that took place back in 2006. One of
the key aspects brought by the reform that our research will be focusing in, is the
business judgment rule. This rule consists in exempting officers and directors from
liability that could arise as a result of the decisions they make causing losses for the
company.
From the origin of the rule and the introduction in the Portuguese Company
Code, with the present study we want to analyze the meaning given by the Portuguese
law maker, its interpretation, application in matters of directors' liability and the limits
to business discretion for the purposes of syndicability.
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Pečinka, Martin. "Srovnání povinnosti péče řádného hospodáře člena statutárního orgánu v České republice a odpovídající povinnosti člena statutárního orgánu v Irsku." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-347614.
Full textAbstract:
This paper deals with a comparison between the Czech duty of due managerial care of a member of governing body of limited company and the Irish non-fiduciary duty to exercise care, skill and diligence of a director of limited company (hereinafter also referred as "duty of care"). The paper aims to find out a possible way to improve legislation of the duty of due managerial care on the basis of comparison with the duty of care. The duty of care sets the ground for the comparison, therefore the paper deals first with the Irish legal status of the duty of care, which has been recently changed by the Companies Act 2014. Despite of the codification of the directors' duties, the core of interpretation and application of the duty of care still rests in judicial decisions. Nevertheless, the change of source and statutory wording of the duty means that the substance of Re City Equitable [1925] does not represent a good law anymore. The standard of care of Re City Equitable [1925] has been replaced by the minimal objective standard based on the British judgment Re D'Jan of London [1994]. The content of the duty of care is determined on the case by case basis, but in any event it consists of conclusions of the British judgment Re Barings [1999], which has been accepted by the Irish courts in restriction...
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Hřeben, Tomáš. "Pojištění odpovědnosti za škodu členů orgánů akciové společnosti"." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-339219.
Full textAbstract:
The topic of the submitted diploma thesis is the directors and officers liability insurance of members of a joint stock company bodies and its aim is to analyze this insurance product and to evaluate possibilities of its use in domestic conditions. This theme is topical because of the recent financial crisis as well as with regard to the recodification of the Czech private law which resulted in demanding more requirements on members of a joint stock company bodies during performance of their office and most importantly the danger of guaranty for obligations of company in accordance with the provision § 68 of the law on commercial corporations constitutes a really big threat for members of a joint stock company bodies. In order to understand the dangers from which the insurance should protect, first of all the first chapter is dedicated to basic characteristics of joint stock company and mainly to duties of members of a joint stock company bodies which are divided into two groups in this thesis - fiduciary duties (duty of due care, duty of loyalty, duty of secrecy, prohibition of competition, duty of personal performance of office) and so called "technical" duties. In the next chapter there is briefly examined the legislation of liability and compensation for damage where these issues are consulted...
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Král, Richard. "Koncepce a obsah péče řádného hospodáře." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-352538.
Full textAbstract:
The subject matter of this Master's thesis is to describe and to analyze the legislation of the fiduciary duties as well as the related questions such as the business judgment rule and the request on the management decisions. The fiduciary duties represent the standard of acting which must be respected by the member of the elected body during the exercise of the managerial power. The business judgment rule, however, protects the members of the elected bodies from unjustified accusations of the violation of the standard of the acting while in the final consequence represents the protection of the authority to undertake the decisions. The request on the management decision represents an exception from the common rule, solely entrusting the management of the business into the hands of the statutory body. The main aim of this thesis is to describe and to analyze the listed legislations including the crucial questions arising from these issues together with the suggestion of the solutions. The diploma thesis consists of four chapters. First chapter presents the introductory treatise on the implementation of the legal establishment of the corporate governance together with the emphasis on the economical output. The second chapter is dedicated to the very merit. The legislation of the fiduciary duties,...
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Łatała-Kremer, Aleksandra. "Odpowiedzialność cywilna członków organów spółki akcyjnej za decyzje gospodarcze względem spółki w perspektywie prawnoporównawczej." Praca doktorska, 2022. https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/287375.
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