Academic literature on the topic 'Dwarf coconut tree'

Coconut sugar is one of the high economic value products. The production of coconut sugar In Indonesia is about 300,000 tonnes/year. During the last few years, the supply of raw materials for the coconut sugar product has diminished due to stagnant production caused by the lack of coconut climbers collecting coconut sap. The scarcity of labor is caused by several factors, especially young tappers who are less interested in climbing tall coconut palms. To solve this problem, it is necessary to evaluate the potency of dwarf coconuts, with short trunk and fast fruiting. The objective of this study was the evaluation and selection of Dwarf coconut varieties that have high yield potential as a producer of sap and coconut sugar. The research was conducted in North Sulawesi Province by evaluating 9 Dwarf coconut varieties. The results of research on the production of coconut sap and sugar from 9 Dwarf coconut varieties with different plant ages, gave mixed results among coconut varieties. The length of tapping sap varied between 31.42 - 43.21 days/bunch, the volume of sap varied between 1.1 - 3.3 liters/tree/day, the pH of sap ranged between 6.49 - 7.86 and the Brix value varied between 14.01 - 17.64. The most important traits such as the sap yield and sugar production also varied from 14.54 to 18.95% among varieties, and between 0.16 to 0.42 kg/tree/day respectively. The Dwarf coconut varieties with the highest potential yield of sap and sugar are the Waingapu Red Dwarf (WRD), Salak Green Dwarf (SGD), and Nias Yellow Dwarf (NYD), with the potential sugar yield of 2.09 tons, 1.64 tons, and 1.56 tons/month/ha respectively. It is hoped that these Dwarf coconut varieties would be attractive for young tapers and could be introduced to farmers in several Provinces for tapping purposes for the production of coconut sugar.

We have used eight pairs of simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers to analyse the genetic diversity in 130 individuals of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) comprising 75 tall individuals and 55 dwarf individuals, representing 94 different coconut ecotypes throughout the world. A total of 51 alleles were detected, with an average of 6.4 alleles per locus. Fifty alleles were detected in tall coconuts (talls; mean alleles/locus 6.3) compared with only 26 (mean/ locus 3.3) in dwarfs, and the average diversity value in talls (0.589) was also significantly higher than that in dwarfs (0.348). Using the eight SSRs we were able to uniquely discriminate 116 of the 130 individuals. A phenetic tree based on DAD (absolute distance) values clustered individuals into five groups, each mainly composed of either talls or dwarfs. These results provide evidence in support of previous hypotheses concerning the dissemination of coconut, as well as important new information for conservation and breeding purposes. Key words: coconut, Cocos nucifera, microsatellites, SSR, genetic diversity.

The response to sequential coconut toddy and nut production (SCTNP) scheme of four coconut varieties/hybrids at PCA-Zamboanga Research Center, San Ramon, Zamboanga City showed that the dwarf x tall hybrids, Malayan red dwarf x Baybay tall (MRD x BAYT), Malayan red dwarf x Tagnanan tall (MRD x TAGT) and Catigan green dwarf x Laguna tall (CATD x LAGT) produced significantly higher toddy (495 – 699 li/tree/yr) and nut yield (143-169 nuts/tree/yr) compared to tall cultivar, ‘Laguna’ LAGT (364 li and 123 nuts per tree per year). Varietal difference in terms of the floral and vegetative characteristics of the coconut cultivar and hybrids contributed significantly to the differences in the sap/toddy and nut yields.

Activated carbons were produced from coconut shells of tall and dwarf tree varieties. The activated carbon from the tall tree variety was initially synthesized using 1 M concentration of each of ZnCl2, H3PO4, and KOH solutions. From the adsorptive tests conducted using methylene blue solution, the activated carbon produced with H3PO4 gave the best absorbance and adsorptive performance. Coconut shells of dwarf tree variety were then obtained and treated with same mass of coconut shells of the tall tree variety using varied concentrations of the acid in order to determine whether the optimum concentration and temperature for producing carbon black from the coconut shells are distinct or similar for both varieties. The process was also modelled using the Differential Response Method (DRM) in order to determine the yields and adsorptive performances of the activated carbons by varying the carbonization temperature and concentration. The results from experiment and the developed mathematical model were both found to be in agreement giving the optimum concentration of phosphoric acid and pH for producing activated carbon to be 0.67 M and 2.07 for the tall tree variety and 1 M and 1.98 for the dwarf variety at optimum temperatures in the range of 450–575°C and 575°C, respectively.

ABSTRACT Dwarf coconut tree is the main variety for commercial use in Brazil, which ranks fourth in world coconut production. However, the genotypes used still have limitations and genetic variability is required. The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic variability in dwarf coconut accessions preserved at the Germplasm Bank of Brazil at different harvesting times and using agronomic descriptors of plant and fruits. The accessions Brazilian Green Dwarf-Jiqui, Cameroon Red Dwarf, Malayan Red Dwarf, Brazilian Red Dwarf-Gramame, Brazilian Yellow Dwarf-Gramame, and Malayan Yellow Dwarf were assessed by means of 30 descriptors Variance analysis was performed and the genetic diversity was quantified by using the Mahalanobis’ generalized distance and expressed by means of UPGMA clusters, Tocher optimization, and canonical variables. The maximum likelihood analysis was used to estimate the components of variance with the data of each plant in a sample of 11 descriptors of great importance for the genetic improvement of the coconut tree. A phenotypic divergence was found among the accessions using the UPGMA clusters, Tocher optimization and graphic dispersion obtained with canonical variables. The use of the maximum likelihood analysis confirms the existence of genetic variability in the accessions for the descriptors fruit polar and equatorial diameter, nut polar diameter, total fruit weight, and epicarp thickness, which presented a heritability varying from 0.17 to 0.39. There is a possibility of genetic gains with the selection of these traits for use of accessions in breeding programs.

<p class="Default">ABSTRACT</p><p class="Default">Fruits of Dwarft coconut commonly are used as young tender (8 months of fruit) for fresh coconut water and raw materials in processing of some conventional products such as klapeertart and coconut jam. Recently, the mature fruit (11-12 months of fruit) are not utilized yet. It could be used as raw materials for making frying oil through heating method. It is estimated about 7.1-8.4 L of frying coconut oil can be obtained from 200 nuts of Dwarf coconut fruit. If 1.0 ha of coconut area could be planted with 200 trees of Dwarft coconut and it produced 17,500-20,500 nuts/ha/year, local price of coconut frying oil at farmer level is Rp 20,000/L, so the farmer earning could reach Rp 14,000,000-Rp 16,400,000. The oil from coconut is the healthiest oil in the world, due to its unique properties. Lauric acid, the main fatty acid in coconut oil, was proven for its beneficial effect for human health. The fruit of Dwarft coconut is easier to be harvested compared to Tall coconut, because its tree is shorter. Processing of healthy frying oil from fruit of Dwarft coconut through heating method could be apllicated in small or farmers group level.</p><p>Keywords: Healthy frying oil, dwarf coconut, lauric acid</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Pengolahan dan Peluang Pengembangan Minyak Goreng Berbagai Jenis Kelapa Genjah</strong></p><p class="Default">ABSTRAK</p><p class="Default">Buah kelapa genjah umumnya hanya dimanfaatkan dalam bentuk kelapa muda (umur buah 8 bulan) untuk dikonsumsi sebagai kelapa segar dan bahan baku untuk pembuatan klapertaart dan selai kelapa. Bahkan buah kelapa genjah tua (umur buah 11-12 bulan) tidak memiliki nilai ekonomi, karena tidak dapat dijual dalam bentuk kelapa butiran dan diolah lanjut menjadi kopra. Salah satu usaha diversifikasi yang dapat dilakukan, yaitu mengolah buah kelapa genjah menjadi minyak melalui pengolahan cara basah dengan metode pemanasan. Sebanyak 7,1-8,4 liter minyak kelapa dapat dihasilkan dari pengolahan 200 butir buah kelapa genjah. Diperkirakan pada lahan seluas satu ha dapat diperoleh sekitar 700-820 liter minyak kelapa. Hasil ini diperoleh dengan asumsi pada lahan seluas satu ha ditanami 200 pohon kelapa dapat memproduksi 17.500-20.500 butir/ha/tahun. Diperkirakan apabila harga jual minyak kelapa Rp 20.000/liter, maka pendapatan bruto yang diperoleh sebesar Rp 14.000.000 - Rp 16.400.000. Minyak yang diperoleh dapat digunakan sebagai minyak goreng. Minyak goreng kelapa bukanlah sekedar minyak goreng biasa, karena mengandung asam laurat yang tinggi (48-50%). Asam laurat merupakan asam lemak utama yang terdapat pada daging buah kelapa. Keunggulan pengolahan minyak kelapa berbahan baku buah kelapa Genjah yaitu tidak memerlukan tenaga pemanjat pada saat panen karena pohonnya yang pendek. Pengolahan minyak goreng sehat cara basah dengan metode pemanasan sangat sesuai dilakukan pada skala petani/kelompok tani.</p><p>Kata kunci: Minyak goreng sehat, kelapa genjah, asam laurat </p>

Two‑month laboratory and field experiments were carried out to investigate amount of leaflet consumed by the leaf‑eating caterpillar. Hidari irava Moore, during the larval stadium in an effort to determine the right time to control the pest chemically. The experiment was conducted in Pakuwon Experimental Garden, West Java, Indonesia in 1990. A total of 70 larvae of the hesperiid were reared in laboratory. Mature coconut leaflets replaced daily with fresh material. Were cut arid measured for food of the caterpillars in glass containers. Fifty mature hybrid coconuts, Malayan Red Dwarf (MRD) x West African Tall (WAT), were studied to calculate the leaflet weight of each leaf. A leaf was cut from each palm. There were 50 leaves used altogether. Results of the study showed that a single larva, from the second to fifth instars, consumed 13.90 g coconut leaflet. Weight of leaflets per leaf was 2,562.79 g and 66,455.29 g per tree. A population of 18.43 larvae per leaf caused 10% damage to the crown of a palm tree.

Leaf area has significant effect on tree transpiration, and its measurement is important to many study areas. This work aimed at developing a non-destructive, practical, and empirical method to estimate the total leaf area of green dwarf coconut palms (Cocos nucifera L.) in plantations located at the northern region of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. A mathematical model was developed to estimate total leaf area values (TLA) as function of the average lengths of the last three leaf raquis (LR3), and of the number of leaves in the canopy (NL). The model has satisfactory degree of accuracy for agricultural engineering purposes.

An integrated soil fertility management or ISFM on-farm trial was conducted at Barangay Tawan-tawan, Baguio District, Davao City in 1993 to 1999 to know the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the vegetative growth, nutrient status and yield performance of intercropped Catigan dwarf x Laguna tall (CATD x LAGT) coconut hybrid better known as PCA 15–1 or CATLAG. Vegetative growth of CATD x LAGT palms revealed that ammonium sulfate + NaCl and goat manure + NaCl produced significantly bigger girth size on the first year and more number of leaves and living fronds on the second and fourth year, respectively. These treatments also enhanced early flowering (>50% @ 4.5 years) and yield (51-53 nuts/tree/yr @) 5 years from field planting) in hybrid palms. The organic fertilizers, i.e. goat manure and coconut husk, become more effective in their effect on the vegetative and reproductive characters of palms when combined with a Cl source (NaCl). The application of Cl nutrient contributed to the better performance of palms during the drought condition. The application of goat manure resulted in improved levels of soil nutrients as K, Ca, Mg and P, increased percent base saturation and lower soil acidity. The use of local hybrid, PCA 15-1 and ISFM-based low cost production inputs such as ammonium sulfate, goat manure/coco waste (husk) and common table salt as well as intercropping suitable crops under young coconuts is a profitable package of technologies capable of improving and sustaining coconut farm productivity in the Philippines.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to characterize the physiological acclimation responses of young plants of the dwarf coconut cultivar Jiqui Green‘ associated with tolerance to conditions of multiple abiotic stresses (drought and soil salinity), acting either independently or in combination. The study was conducted under controlled conditions and evaluated the following parameters: leaf gas exchange, quantum yield of chlorophyll a fluorescence, and relative contents of total chlorophyll (SPAD index). The experiment was conducted under a randomized block experimental design, in a split plot arrangement. In the plots, plants were exposed to different levels of water stress, by imposing potential crop evapotranspiration replacement levels equivalent to 100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, and 20%, whereas in subplots, plants were exposed to different levels of soil salinity (1.72, 6.25, 25.80, and 40.70 dS m-1). Physiological mechanisms were effectively limited when water deficit and salinity acted separately and/or together. Compared with soil salinity, water stress was more effective in reducing the measured physiological parameters. The magnitudes of the responses of plants to water supply and salinity depended on the intensity of stress and evaluation period. The physiological acclimation responses of plants were mainly related to stomatal regulation. The coconut tree has a number of physiological adjustment mechanisms that give the species partial tolerance to drought stress and/or salt, thereby enabling it to revegetate salinated areas, provided that its water requirements are at least partially met.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Phenology may be defined as the study of periodicals events of plant s life, depending on their reaction to environmental conditions, and its importance is related to the management that can be developed for crops in response to these results. Aiming to evaluate the phenology of the coconut tree, an experiment was carried in the didactic orchard of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido-UFERSA. The experimental area consisted of four-year old coconut trees of green dwarf variety, propagated by seeds and planted at a spacing of 7.5 m x 7.5 m, irrigated by microsprinkler. We selected randomly forty plants for which we made every week phenological observations during the period of January to October 2015. We analyzed as following variables: plant height, length and diameter of stem, leaf n°14 length, emission of 2nd, 3rd and 4th raceme, number of living leaves, total plants inflorescence, average number of fruits with 5, 6, 7 and 8 months of age, total number of fruits and percentage of abortion in the raceme with 5, 6, 7 and 8 months old. The vegetative and reproductive traits are influenced by the age of the plant as well as the climatic conditions
A fenologia pode ser definida como o estudo dos eventos periódicos da vida da planta em função da sua reação às condições do ambiente, e sua importância está relacionada ao manejo que pode ser desenvolvido para as culturas em função desses resultados. Com o objetivo de avaliar a fenologia do coqueiro, um experimento foi conduzido no pomar didático da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido-UFERSA. A área experimental foi composta por coqueiros da variedade anão verde com quatro anos de idade, propagadas via sementes e plantadas no espaçamento de 7,5 m x 7,5 m, irrigadas por microaspersão. Foram selecionadas, aleatoriamente, quarenta plantas, para as quais foram realizadas as observações fenológicas semanalmente, durante o período de janeiro a outubro de 2015. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: altura da planta, comprimento e diâmetro do estipe, comprimento da folha n° 14, emissão do 2º, 3° e 4° cacho, número de folhas vivas, número de inflorescências totais por planta, número médio de frutos com 5, 6, 7 e 8 meses de idade, número de frutos totais e porcentagem de abortamento de frutos do cacho com 5, 6, 7 e 8 meses de idade. Os caracteres vegetativos e reprodutivos são influenciados pela idade da planta, assim como pelas condições climáticas

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Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar diferentes possibilidades de redução do volume de água a ser aplicado pela irrigação localizada na cultura do coqueiro anão no semi-árido nordestino, através de um manejo de água, solo e da cultura. Para isto, foram realizadas as seguintes tarefas: testou-se uma nova metodologia de cálculo para o volume de água aplicado na cultura do coqueiro, que considera apenas a área efetiva de maior adensamento do sistema radicular, visando à domesticação de seu desenvolvimento num determinado bulbo molhado; controlou-se a temperatura do solo através da plasticultura, tendo em vistas redução na evaporação d'água no solo e, consequentemente, diminuição no volume d'água a ser aplicado; e avaliou-se o desenvolvimento inicial da cultura do coco, através das variáveis altura de planta e diâmetro do caule, para os procedimentos de manejo de água, solo e da cultura propostos nesta pesquisa. O experimento de campo foi instalado em blocos inteiramente casualizados, resultante de duas combinações fatoriais entre quatro diâmetros molhados (D| = 0,7 m, D2 = 0,8 m, D3 = 0,9 m, D4 = 1,0 m), delimitados por anéis de zinco que possuíam uma altura de 35 cm, sendo 20 cm enterrados no solo, e duas condições de cobertura de solo (coberto e nu), mais uma testemunha (4x2+ 1), perfazendo nove tratamentos com três repetições, totalizando vinte e sete parcelas. Para ambas as condições de cobertura do solo, os diferentes volumes de água aplicados nos diversos diâmetros de influência do sistema radicular não apresentaram efeito significativo no desenvolvimento da cultura do coco, no que diz respeito à sua altura e ao diâmetro caulinar, durante os primeiros 120 dias após transplantio. O procedimento de cálculo do volume de água aplicado promoveu considerável economia de água, com valores máximos e mínimos, respectivamente, de 93,95 e 87,62%, na condição de solo sem cobertura, e de 96,98 e 93,81%, em solo com cobertura. O isolamento da evaporação contribuiu para redução substancial (50%) no volume de água aplicado, ficando demonstrada a importância de se controlar a temperatura do solo em regiões semi-árias e a eficiência do filme de polietileno de duas faces para esta finalidade.
This research had as objective to study different possibilities of reduction of the water volume to be applied by localized irrigation in the dwarfish coconut crop in the Northeast semi-arid region, through a management of water, soil and of the crop. Thus, the following tasks were accomplished: a new calculation methodology was tested for the volume of water applied to the coconut crop, that considers only the effective area of higher concentration of the root system, seeking to the domestication of its development in a certain wetted bulb; the soil temperature was controlled by using plastic manta, purposing the reduction in the soil water evaporation and, consequently, decrease in the volume of water to be applied; and the initial development of the coconut crop was evaluated, through the variables plant height and diameter of the stem, for the water, soil and crop management procedures proposed in this research. The field experiment was installed in entirely randomized blocks, resulting from two factorial combinations between four wetted diameters (Di = 0,7 m, D2 = 0,8 m, D3 = 0,9 m, D4 = 1,0 m), delimited by zinc rings having a height of 35 cm, being 20 cm buried into the soil, and two conditions of soil covering (covered and nude), plus a control (4x2 + 1), resulting in nine treatments with three replications, totaling twenty-seven plots. For both conditions of soil covering, the different applied volumes of water in the several diameters of influence of the root system didn't present significant effect on the development of the coconut crop, regarding its height and stem diameter, during the first 120 days after sowing. The procedure of calculation of the applied volume of water promoted considerable economy of water, with maximum and minimum values, respectively, of 93.95 and 87.62%, in the soil condition without covering, and of 96.98 and 93.81%, in soil with covering. The isolation of the evaporation contributed to substantial reduction (50%) in the applied volume of water, being demonstrated the importance of controlling the soil temperature in semi-arid áreas and the efficiency of the two faces polyethylene film for this purpose.