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Journal articles on the topic 'Dwarf coconut tree'
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1
Novarianto, Hengky. "Preliminary Investigation of The Potential of Coconut Sugar Production Using Dwarf Varieties." CORD 37 (September 15, 2021): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v37i.444.
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Coconut sugar is one of the high economic value products. The production of coconut sugar In Indonesia is about 300,000 tonnes/year. During the last few years, the supply of raw materials for the coconut sugar product has diminished due to stagnant production caused by the lack of coconut climbers collecting coconut sap. The scarcity of labor is caused by several factors, especially young tappers who are less interested in climbing tall coconut palms. To solve this problem, it is necessary to evaluate the potency of dwarf coconuts, with short trunk and fast fruiting. The objective of this study was the evaluation and selection of Dwarf coconut varieties that have high yield potential as a producer of sap and coconut sugar. The research was conducted in North Sulawesi Province by evaluating 9 Dwarf coconut varieties. The results of research on the production of coconut sap and sugar from 9 Dwarf coconut varieties with different plant ages, gave mixed results among coconut varieties. The length of tapping sap varied between 31.42 - 43.21 days/bunch, the volume of sap varied between 1.1 - 3.3 liters/tree/day, the pH of sap ranged between 6.49 - 7.86 and the Brix value varied between 14.01 - 17.64. The most important traits such as the sap yield and sugar production also varied from 14.54 to 18.95% among varieties, and between 0.16 to 0.42 kg/tree/day respectively. The Dwarf coconut varieties with the highest potential yield of sap and sugar are the Waingapu Red Dwarf (WRD), Salak Green Dwarf (SGD), and Nias Yellow Dwarf (NYD), with the potential sugar yield of 2.09 tons, 1.64 tons, and 1.56 tons/month/ha respectively. It is hoped that these Dwarf coconut varieties would be attractive for young tapers and could be introduced to farmers in several Provinces for tapping purposes for the production of coconut sugar.
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Perera, L., J. R. Russell, J. Provan, and W. Powell. "Use of microsatellite DNA markers to investigate the level of genetic diversity and population genetic structure of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)." Genome 43, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g99-079.
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We have used eight pairs of simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers to analyse the genetic diversity in 130 individuals of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) comprising 75 tall individuals and 55 dwarf individuals, representing 94 different coconut ecotypes throughout the world. A total of 51 alleles were detected, with an average of 6.4 alleles per locus. Fifty alleles were detected in tall coconuts (talls; mean alleles/locus 6.3) compared with only 26 (mean/ locus 3.3) in dwarfs, and the average diversity value in talls (0.589) was also significantly higher than that in dwarfs (0.348). Using the eight SSRs we were able to uniquely discriminate 116 of the 130 individuals. A phenetic tree based on DAD (absolute distance) values clustered individuals into five groups, each mainly composed of either talls or dwarfs. These results provide evidence in support of previous hypotheses concerning the dissemination of coconut, as well as important new information for conservation and breeding purposes. Key words: coconut, Cocos nucifera, microsatellites, SSR, genetic diversity.
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M.I. Secretaria, R.M. Ebuna, S.S. Magat, J.N. Maravilla, G.A. Santos, and G.B. Baylon. "PERFORMANCE OF SELECTED COCONUT VARIETIES/ HYBRIDS UNDER SEQUENTIAL COCONUT TODDY AND NUT PRODUCTION SCHEME OR SCTNP." CORD 18, no. 01 (December 1, 2002): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v18i01.355.
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The response to sequential coconut toddy and nut production (SCTNP) scheme of four coconut varieties/hybrids at PCA-Zamboanga Research Center, San Ramon, Zamboanga City showed that the dwarf x tall hybrids, Malayan red dwarf x Baybay tall (MRD x BAYT), Malayan red dwarf x Tagnanan tall (MRD x TAGT) and Catigan green dwarf x Laguna tall (CATD x LAGT) produced significantly higher toddy (495 – 699 li/tree/yr) and nut yield (143-169 nuts/tree/yr) compared to tall cultivar, ‘Laguna’ LAGT (364 li and 123 nuts per tree per year). Varietal difference in terms of the floral and vegetative characteristics of the coconut cultivar and hybrids contributed significantly to the differences in the sap/toddy and nut yields.
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Sanni, E. S., M. E. Emetere, J. O. Odigure, V. E. Efeovbokhan, O. Agboola, and E. R. Sadiku. "Determination of Optimum Conditions for the Production of Activated Carbon Derived from Separate Varieties of Coconut Shells." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2801359.
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Activated carbons were produced from coconut shells of tall and dwarf tree varieties. The activated carbon from the tall tree variety was initially synthesized using 1 M concentration of each of ZnCl2, H3PO4, and KOH solutions. From the adsorptive tests conducted using methylene blue solution, the activated carbon produced with H3PO4 gave the best absorbance and adsorptive performance. Coconut shells of dwarf tree variety were then obtained and treated with same mass of coconut shells of the tall tree variety using varied concentrations of the acid in order to determine whether the optimum concentration and temperature for producing carbon black from the coconut shells are distinct or similar for both varieties. The process was also modelled using the Differential Response Method (DRM) in order to determine the yields and adsorptive performances of the activated carbons by varying the carbonization temperature and concentration. The results from experiment and the developed mathematical model were both found to be in agreement giving the optimum concentration of phosphoric acid and pH for producing activated carbon to be 0.67 M and 2.07 for the tall tree variety and 1 M and 1.98 for the dwarf variety at optimum temperatures in the range of 450–575°C and 575°C, respectively.
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Sobral, Kamila Marcelino Brito, Manoel Abilio de Queiroz, Izaias da Silva Lima Neto, Ronaldo Simão de Oliveira, and Semíramis Rabelo Ramalho Ramos. "IS THERE GENETIC VARIABILITY IN DWARF COCONUT ACCESSIONS PRESERVED IN BRAZIL?" Revista Caatinga 32, no. 1 (March 2019): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252019v32n106rc.
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ABSTRACT Dwarf coconut tree is the main variety for commercial use in Brazil, which ranks fourth in world coconut production. However, the genotypes used still have limitations and genetic variability is required. The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic variability in dwarf coconut accessions preserved at the Germplasm Bank of Brazil at different harvesting times and using agronomic descriptors of plant and fruits. The accessions Brazilian Green Dwarf-Jiqui, Cameroon Red Dwarf, Malayan Red Dwarf, Brazilian Red Dwarf-Gramame, Brazilian Yellow Dwarf-Gramame, and Malayan Yellow Dwarf were assessed by means of 30 descriptors Variance analysis was performed and the genetic diversity was quantified by using the Mahalanobis’ generalized distance and expressed by means of UPGMA clusters, Tocher optimization, and canonical variables. The maximum likelihood analysis was used to estimate the components of variance with the data of each plant in a sample of 11 descriptors of great importance for the genetic improvement of the coconut tree. A phenotypic divergence was found among the accessions using the UPGMA clusters, Tocher optimization and graphic dispersion obtained with canonical variables. The use of the maximum likelihood analysis confirms the existence of genetic variability in the accessions for the descriptors fruit polar and equatorial diameter, nut polar diameter, total fruit weight, and epicarp thickness, which presented a heritability varying from 0.17 to 0.39. There is a possibility of genetic gains with the selection of these traits for use of accessions in breeding programs.
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Karouw, Steivie, and Chandra Indrawanto. "Processing and Development of Frying Oil from Fruit of Some Varieties of Dwarf Coconut." Perspektif 14, no. 1 (May 24, 2016): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/p.v14n1.2015.01-13.
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<p class="Default">ABSTRACT</p><p class="Default">Fruits of Dwarft coconut commonly are used as young tender (8 months of fruit) for fresh coconut water and raw materials in processing of some conventional products such as klapeertart and coconut jam. Recently, the mature fruit (11-12 months of fruit) are not utilized yet. It could be used as raw materials for making frying oil through heating method. It is estimated about 7.1-8.4 L of frying coconut oil can be obtained from 200 nuts of Dwarf coconut fruit. If 1.0 ha of coconut area could be planted with 200 trees of Dwarft coconut and it produced 17,500-20,500 nuts/ha/year, local price of coconut frying oil at farmer level is Rp 20,000/L, so the farmer earning could reach Rp 14,000,000-Rp 16,400,000. The oil from coconut is the healthiest oil in the world, due to its unique properties. Lauric acid, the main fatty acid in coconut oil, was proven for its beneficial effect for human health. The fruit of Dwarft coconut is easier to be harvested compared to Tall coconut, because its tree is shorter. Processing of healthy frying oil from fruit of Dwarft coconut through heating method could be apllicated in small or farmers group level.</p><p>Keywords: Healthy frying oil, dwarf coconut, lauric acid</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Pengolahan dan Peluang Pengembangan Minyak Goreng Berbagai Jenis Kelapa Genjah</strong></p><p class="Default">ABSTRAK</p><p class="Default">Buah kelapa genjah umumnya hanya dimanfaatkan dalam bentuk kelapa muda (umur buah 8 bulan) untuk dikonsumsi sebagai kelapa segar dan bahan baku untuk pembuatan klapertaart dan selai kelapa. Bahkan buah kelapa genjah tua (umur buah 11-12 bulan) tidak memiliki nilai ekonomi, karena tidak dapat dijual dalam bentuk kelapa butiran dan diolah lanjut menjadi kopra. Salah satu usaha diversifikasi yang dapat dilakukan, yaitu mengolah buah kelapa genjah menjadi minyak melalui pengolahan cara basah dengan metode pemanasan. Sebanyak 7,1-8,4 liter minyak kelapa dapat dihasilkan dari pengolahan 200 butir buah kelapa genjah. Diperkirakan pada lahan seluas satu ha dapat diperoleh sekitar 700-820 liter minyak kelapa. Hasil ini diperoleh dengan asumsi pada lahan seluas satu ha ditanami 200 pohon kelapa dapat memproduksi 17.500-20.500 butir/ha/tahun. Diperkirakan apabila harga jual minyak kelapa Rp 20.000/liter, maka pendapatan bruto yang diperoleh sebesar Rp 14.000.000 - Rp 16.400.000. Minyak yang diperoleh dapat digunakan sebagai minyak goreng. Minyak goreng kelapa bukanlah sekedar minyak goreng biasa, karena mengandung asam laurat yang tinggi (48-50%). Asam laurat merupakan asam lemak utama yang terdapat pada daging buah kelapa. Keunggulan pengolahan minyak kelapa berbahan baku buah kelapa Genjah yaitu tidak memerlukan tenaga pemanjat pada saat panen karena pohonnya yang pendek. Pengolahan minyak goreng sehat cara basah dengan metode pemanasan sangat sesuai dilakukan pada skala petani/kelompok tani.</p><p>Kata kunci: Minyak goreng sehat, kelapa genjah, asam laurat </p>
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Wily A. Baringbing and Bariyah Baringbing. "STUDIES ON HIDARI IRAVA LEAF CONSUMPTION IN RELATION TO WARNING SYSTEM IN THE CONTROL OF THE COCONUT PEST." CORD 9, no. 02 (June 1, 1993): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v9i02.273.
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Two‑month laboratory and field experiments were carried out to investigate amount of leaflet consumed by the leaf‑eating caterpillar. Hidari irava Moore, during the larval stadium in an effort to determine the right time to control the pest chemically. The experiment was conducted in Pakuwon Experimental Garden, West Java, Indonesia in 1990. A total of 70 larvae of the hesperiid were reared in laboratory. Mature coconut leaflets replaced daily with fresh material. Were cut arid measured for food of the caterpillars in glass containers.
Fifty mature hybrid coconuts, Malayan Red Dwarf (MRD) x West African Tall (WAT), were studied to calculate the leaflet weight of each leaf. A leaf was cut from each palm. There were 50 leaves used altogether.
Results of the study showed that a single larva, from the second to fifth instars, consumed 13.90 g coconut leaflet. Weight of leaflets per leaf was 2,562.79 g and 66,455.29 g per tree. A population of 18.43 larvae per leaf caused 10% damage to the crown of a palm tree.
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Sousa, Elias Fernandes de, Marilaine Campanati Araújo, Robson Prucoli Posse, Edenio Detmann, Salassier Bernardo, Pedro Amorim Berbert, and Paulo Albernaz dos Santos. "Estimating the total leaf area of the green dwarf coconut tree (Cocos nucifera L.)." Scientia Agricola 62, no. 6 (December 2005): 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162005000600014.
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Leaf area has significant effect on tree transpiration, and its measurement is important to many study areas. This work aimed at developing a non-destructive, practical, and empirical method to estimate the total leaf area of green dwarf coconut palms (Cocos nucifera L.) in plantations located at the northern region of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. A mathematical model was developed to estimate total leaf area values (TLA) as function of the average lengths of the last three leaf raquis (LR3), and of the number of leaves in the canopy (NL). The model has satisfactory degree of accuracy for agricultural engineering purposes.
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Millicent I. Secretaria and Rogaciano Z. Margate. "Integrated Soil Fertility Management on Local Coconut Hybrid in a Farmer- Managed Coconut-Based Cropping System." CORD 17, no. 01 (June 1, 2001): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v17i01.346.
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An integrated soil fertility management or ISFM on-farm trial was conducted at Barangay Tawan-tawan, Baguio District, Davao City in 1993 to 1999 to know the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the vegetative growth, nutrient status and yield performance of intercropped Catigan dwarf x Laguna tall (CATD x LAGT) coconut hybrid better known as PCA 15–1 or CATLAG.
Vegetative growth of CATD x LAGT palms revealed that ammonium sulfate + NaCl and goat manure + NaCl produced significantly bigger girth size on the first year and more number of leaves and living fronds on the second and fourth year, respectively. These treatments also enhanced early flowering (>50% @ 4.5 years) and yield (51-53 nuts/tree/yr @) 5 years from field planting) in hybrid palms. The organic fertilizers, i.e. goat manure and coconut husk, become more effective in their effect on the vegetative and reproductive characters of palms when combined with a Cl source (NaCl). The application of Cl nutrient contributed to the better performance of palms during the drought condition. The application of goat manure resulted in improved levels of soil nutrients as K, Ca, Mg and P, increased percent base saturation and lower soil acidity.
The use of local hybrid, PCA 15-1 and ISFM-based low cost production inputs such as ammonium sulfate, goat manure/coco waste (husk) and common table salt as well as intercropping suitable crops under young coconuts is a profitable package of technologies capable of improving and sustaining coconut farm productivity in the Philippines.
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SILVA, ALEXANDRE REUBER ALMEIDA DA, FRANCISCO MARCUS LIMA BEZERRA, CLAUDIVAN FEITOSA DE LACERDA, CARLOS HENRIQUE CARVALHO DE SOUSA, and MARLOS ALVES BEZERRA. "PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF DWARF COCONUT PLANTS UNDER WATER DEFICIT IN SALT-AFFECTED SOILS." Revista Caatinga 30, no. 2 (June 2017): 447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252017v30n220rc.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to characterize the physiological acclimation responses of young plants of the dwarf coconut cultivar Jiqui Green‘ associated with tolerance to conditions of multiple abiotic stresses (drought and soil salinity), acting either independently or in combination. The study was conducted under controlled conditions and evaluated the following parameters: leaf gas exchange, quantum yield of chlorophyll a fluorescence, and relative contents of total chlorophyll (SPAD index). The experiment was conducted under a randomized block experimental design, in a split plot arrangement. In the plots, plants were exposed to different levels of water stress, by imposing potential crop evapotranspiration replacement levels equivalent to 100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, and 20%, whereas in subplots, plants were exposed to different levels of soil salinity (1.72, 6.25, 25.80, and 40.70 dS m-1). Physiological mechanisms were effectively limited when water deficit and salinity acted separately and/or together. Compared with soil salinity, water stress was more effective in reducing the measured physiological parameters. The magnitudes of the responses of plants to water supply and salinity depended on the intensity of stress and evaluation period. The physiological acclimation responses of plants were mainly related to stomatal regulation. The coconut tree has a number of physiological adjustment mechanisms that give the species partial tolerance to drought stress and/or salt, thereby enabling it to revegetate salinated areas, provided that its water requirements are at least partially met.
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K. Satyabalan. "XENIA EFFECT AND HYBRID VIGOUR IN COCONUTS." CORD 11, no. 01 (June 1, 1995): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v11i01.291.
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In coconut the dried endosperin known os the copra is the most important econontic product os it is from the copra, oil is extracted by crushing. To increase the copra content in coconut Haldane (1958) had suggested that it should be possible to compare the size, oil content and other characteristics of the nut borne on the same tree after using pollen from two different pollen parents. The also indicated that the hybrid vigour may possibly show in nuts derivedfrom cross pollination since hybrid vigour in some species is largely due to increased seed weight. If so, it is possible that a mixed plantation may produce a better crop than either of the two breeds when grown alone. Studies on the nut and copra characteristics of Tall x Dwarf hybrids and their reciprocals with their parents in coconut have indicated the importance of selection of pollen parents for producing proinising hybrids which will give better yields and also nuts of better quality and quantity of copra. Hence in copra improvement progrannne by hybridization, selection of parents is of great importance for the production of hybrids which will not only give high yield of nuts and also yield higher outturn of good quality copra. Attempts have been made to identify the best combinersfor the production of high yielding hybrids. Restilts obtained are discussed in this paper.
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Eric-Blanchard Zadjéhi, KOFFI, YOBOUE Koffi, YAO Saraka Didier Martial, KONAN Jean Louis, SIE Raoul Sylvère, and DIARRASSOUBA Nafan. "Evaluation des similitudes agromorphologiques des géniteurs et descendances F1 dans le croisement de cocotiers (Cocos nucifera L.) Nain Jaune Malaisie x Grand de Vanuatu (NJM x GVT) en Côte d’Ivoire." Journal of Applied Biosciences 147 (March 31, 2020): 15125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/jabs.147.6.
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Objectifs : L’étude a été conduite pour évaluer la ressemblance agromorphologique des descendances hybrides F1 NJM x GVT à celles de leurs géniteurs en Côte d’Ivoire en vue de prédire les caractéristiques des descendants et adopter des techniques culturales et utilisations appropriées. Méthodologie et résultats : Trente variables ont été mesurées sur 18 descendances et leurs géniteurs mâles GVT et femelle NJM. Il ressort que les caractéristiques végétatives des descendances NJM x GVT sont relativement proches de leurs géniteurs mâles GVT. Les héritabilités varient de 10 % à 40 % pour l’ensemble des descripteurs. Elle est plus élevée pour C20, LGF, ILE, ILPRF et Déq avec une valeur de 40 % qui ont plus contribué au rapprochement des descendances de leur géniteur mâle. Des gains agromorphologiques par rapport aux deux géniteurs sont observés pour la plupart des caractères. Les taux varient en moyenne de 0,73 % à 84,26 % selon le caractère et le géniteur. Conclusion et applications des résultats : Ces résultats serviront de guide aux sélectionneurs quant aux résultats attendus d’une descendance F1 de cocotier Grand croisé par cocotier Nain. Ces hybrides peuvent être cultivés et utilisés de la même manière que leur géniteur mâle. Mots clés : Cocotier, caractéristique agromorphologique, hybride NJM x GVT, héritabilité, gain. Assessment of agromorphological similarities between parents and F1 progenies in the crossing of Dwarf Malayan x Vanuatu Tall coconuts in Côte d’Ivoire ABSTRACT Objectives: The study was conducted to assess the agromorphological resemblance of the F1 NJM x GVT hybrid progenies to those of their parents in Côte d'Ivoire in order to predict the characteristics of the descendants and adopt appropriate cultivation techniques and uses. Methodology and results: Thirty variables were measured on 18 descendants and their male parents GVT and female NJM. It appears that the vegetative characteristics of the NJM x GVT descendants are relatively close to their male GVT sires. Heritability ranges from 10% to 40% for all descriptors. It is higher for C20, LGF, ILE, ILPRF and Déq with a value of 40% that contributed more to the approximation of the descendants of their male parent. Agromorphological gains compared to the two spawners are observed for most characters. The rates vary on average from 0.73% to 84.26% depending on the trait and the sire. Conclusion and application of the results: These results will serve as a guide for breeders as to the expected results of an F1 offspring of large coconut palm crossed by Dwarf coconut tree. These hybrids can be grown and used in the same way as their male parent. Key words: Coconut palm, agromorphological characteristic, NJM x GVT hybrid, heritability, gain.
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Azevedo, Benito Moreira de, José Wilson Tavares Bezerra, José De Arimatéia Duarte Freitas, and Thales Vinícius de Araújo Viana. "EFEITO DA FREQÜÊNCIA DE IRRIGAÇÃO NA QUALIDADE DE FRUTOS DO COQUEIRO ANÃO." IRRIGA 11, no. 3 (September 14, 2006): 280–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2006v11n3p280-292.
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EFEITO DA FREQÜÊNCIA DE IRRIGAÇÃO NA QUALIDADE DE FRUTOS DO COQUEIRO ANÃO Benito Moreira de Azevedo; José Wilson Tavares Bezerra; José de Arimatéia Duarte Freitas; Thales Vinícius de Araújo VianaDepartamento de engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Ceará, benito@ufc.br 1 RESUMO Este trabalho foi realizado em Paraipaba e consistiu em avaliar, durante dois anos, a produção do coqueiro anão, submetidos a diferentes freqüências de irrigação. O plantio da área foi realizado com mudas de coqueiro anão denominado Verde de Jiqui, espaçadas em 7,5 x7,5 m,em triângulo. Odelineamento experimental empregado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três tratamentos, quatro repetições e oito plantas por parcela, porém, para eliminar o efeito ano, os dados foram analisados como parcelas subdivididas. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação da irrigação quando a evaporação acumulada de um tanque Classe “A” atingiu 10, 30 e50 mm, tratamentos T1, T2 e T3, respectivamente. A massa média dos frutos nos anos estudados foi de2.226 g, sendo que os tratamentos não apresentaram diferenças significativas. A média do diâmetro polar foi de55,16 cme do diâmetro equatorial foi de50,01 cm, o que demonstra ser o fruto bastante arredondado. Quanto ao volume de água, os tratamentos T1, T2 e T3 apresentaram médias semelhantes nos dois anos estudados e iguais a0,486 L. O teor médio de sólidos solúveis da água de coco, durante os dois anos de produção, foi de 5,77 ºBrix, e a média dos tratamentos não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que a freqüência de irrigação a cada cinco dias foi a mais adequada em termos de redução de custos de produção e aumento da renda. UNITERMOS: manejo da irrigação, tanque Classe “A”, irrigação localizada. AZEVEDO, B. M. de; BEZERRA, J. W. T.; FREITAS, J. de A. D.; VIANA, T. V. de A. EFFECT OF IRRIGATION FREQUENCY IN THE FRUIT QUALITY OF THE DWARF COCONUT TREE 2 ABSTRACT This work was carried out in Paraipaba, CE,Brazil, and aimed to evaluate, during two years, the development and production of the dwarf coconut trees, when submitted to different irrigation frequencies. “Verde de Jiqui” dwarf coconut seedlings were planted in a area with 7.5 x 7.5m spacing in a triangular arrangement. The experimental design had randomized blocks, three treatments, four replications and eight plants per plot. However, in order to eliminate the effect of the year, data were analyzed in split plots. The treatments consisted of irrigation when accumulated evaporation of a Class “A” pan reached 10, 30 and50 mm, for the treatments T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The average fruit weight in the studied years was2.226 g, and the treatments did not present significant differences. The polar diamete averager was55.16 cmand the equatorial diameter one was 50.01 cm; that demonstrates the fruits were quite round. In relation to water volume, treatments T1, T2 and T3 presented similar averages in the two studied years:0.486 L. The average soluble solids content in the coconut water during the two- year production was 5.77 ºBrix, and the treatment average did not present statistical differences. Obtained results showed that frequency irrigation with 5-day intervals was the most appropriate one for production cost reduction and income increase. KEYWORDS: irrigation management, Class “A” pan, trickle irrigation
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Ismail Maskromo and Sudarsono. "Productivity of Three Dwarf Kopyor Coconut Varieties from Pati, Central Java, Indonesia." CORD 29, no. 2 (October 1, 2013): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v29i2.86.
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Pati Dwarf Kopyor coconut originated from Pati, Central Java is one of the Kopyor coconut populations from Indonesia. Three varieties of Pati Dwarf Kopyor coconut, namely: Kopyor Green Dwarf, Kopyor Brown Dwarf and Kopyor Yellow Dwarf out of six potential varieties have been officially released as local superior varieties by the Minister of Agriculture, Republic of Indonesia at the end of 2010. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the stability of Kopyor fruit production among provenances of Pati Dwarf Kopyor coconuts. Evaluations were conducted especially for the three recently released varieties of Kopyor coconuts. Observations were carried out in 2011 and the collected data were then compared with Kopyor fruit production data collected in 2009 -2010. In three different locations, representatives of 10 Kopyor coconut provenances for each Kopyor variety were observed; therefore, a total of 90 trees were evaluated in this experiment. Observations were conducted for number of total bunches per palm, number of total fruits/per bunch, and the number of harvested Kopyor coconut fruits/per bunch. Three bunches were selected for each of the evaluated provenance. Results of the observation indicated that the observed yield and yield parameters of three Pati Dwarf Kopyor coconut varieties fluctuated by the year of observations. However, in general the observed yield and yield parameters among three varieties were similar. The average number of total bunches observed among three varieties evaluated ranged from 9.6-12.1 bunches per palm; the average number of fruits/per bunch ranged from 5.3-12.4; and the average number of harvested Kopyor fruits/per bunch ranged from 2.0-3.8. The estimated number of total fruits/palm/year among the three varieties ranged from 53.8-128.1 and the percentage of Kopyor fruit production observed among the three varieties evaluated ranged from 24.8-38.9 %. The estimated number of total harvested Kopyor fruits/palm/year ranged from 20.5-39.2, respectively. Rainfall pattern might affect directly or indirectly toward yield and yield components of three Pati Dwarf Kopyor coconut varieties.
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Sampaio, Ana Paula Coelho, Anne Karolyne Pereira da Silva, Viviane da Silva Barros, Júlio Roberto Araujo de Amorim, Fábio Rodrigues de Miranda, and Maria Cléa Brito de Figueirêdo. "Pegada hídrica da água de coco verde nas principais regiões produtoras do Nordeste." LALCA: Revista Latino-Americana em Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida 2, no. 2 esp. (November 19, 2018): 128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18225/lalca.v1iespec.4469.
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Em virtude da industrialização da água de coco, tem-se observado um aumento da demanda de coco verde, cultura irrigada com 76,7% da produção nacional obtida na região Nordeste em 2016, de acordo com o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. O objetivo desse trabalho foi comparar o perfil da pegada hídrica de fazendas produtoras de coqueiro anão localizadas nos principais estados produtores do Nordeste: Bahia, Ceará e Sergipe. Considerando como unidade funcional 1L de água de coco produzido em um ano médio, utilizou-se o método AWARE para avaliação da escassez hídrica, ReCiPe midpoint para eutrofização em águas doces e marinhas e USETox para ecotoxicidade em águas doces e toxicidade humana, câncer e não-câncer. Observou-se que o impacto na escassez hídrica obteve maior variação no Ceará, entre 2,34 a 17,77 m3 eq/L de água de coco. Em Sergipe, o impacto variou entre 1,82 a 2,93 m3 eq/L, enquanto na Bahia, entre 0,96 a 2,75 m3 eq/L. A variação da produtividade em um ano médio influência no impacto, sendo que no Ceará a produtividade média é de 8.682L, enquanto em Sergipe e na Bahia é 11.094L e 15.563L, respectivamente. Os principais processos responsáveis pelos impactos foram: i) a irrigação dos coqueiros (78,8% da escassez hídrica, 99% da eutrofização marinha, 45,1% da ecotoxicidade em águas doces); ii) a fertilização (86,9% da eutrofização em águas doces, 49,5% da toxicidade humana, câncer, 42,2% da ecotoxicidade em águas doces); iii) aplicação de defensivos agrícolas (35% da toxicidade humana, não-câncer) e iv) energia (49,6% da toxicidade humana, não câncer). Portanto, é necessário melhorias no manejo da cultura visando o uso da água e fertilizantes para promover a mitigação dos impactos ambientais. Palavras-chave: Escassez hídrica. Coqueiro anão. Uso da água. Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida.ResumenEn virtud de la industrialización del agua de coco, se ha observado un aumento de la demanda de coco verde, cultivo irrigado con el 76,7% de la producción nacional obtenida en la región Nordeste en 2016, de acuerdo con el Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar el perfil de la huella hídrica de granjas productoras de cocotero enanos ubicadas en los principales estados productores del Nordeste: Bahía, Ceará y Sergipe. En cuanto a la unidad funcional 1L de agua de coco producida en un año medio, se utilizó el método AWARE para evaluar la escasez hídrica, ReCiPe midpoint para eutrofización en aguas dulces y marinas y USETox para ecotoxicidad en aguas dulces y toxicidad humana, cáncer y no cáncer. Se observó que el impacto en la escasez hídrica obtuvo mayor variación en Ceará, entre 2,34 a 17,77 m3 eq / L de agua de coco. En Sergipe, el impacto varió entre 1,82 a 2,93 m3 eq / L, mientras que en Bahía, entre 0,96 a 2,75 m3 eq / L. La variación de la productividad en un año medio influencia en el impacto, siendo que en Ceará la productividad media es de 8.682L, mientras que en Sergipe y en Bahía es 11.094L y 15.563L, respectivamente. Los principales procesos responsables de los impactos fueron: i) el riego de los cocoteros (78,8% de la escasez hídrica, el 99% de la eutrofización marina, el 45,1% de la ecotoxicidad en aguas dulces); ii) la fertilización (86,9% de la eutrofización en aguas dulces, 49,5% de la toxicidad humana, cáncer, 42,2% de la ecotoxicidad en aguas dulces); iii) aplicación de defensivos agrícolas (35% de la toxicidad humana, no cáncer) y iv) energía (49,6% de la toxicidad humana, no cáncer). Por lo tanto, es necesario mejoras en el manejo de la cultura visando el uso del agua y fertilizantes para promover la mitigación de los impactos ambientales. Palabras clave: Escasez del agua. Coquimbo enano. Uso del agua. Evaluación del Ciclo de Vida.AbstractDue to the industrialization of coconut water, there has been an increase in the demand for green coconut, an irrigated crop with 76.7% of the national production obtained in the Northeast region in 2016, according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The objective of this work was to compare the water footprint of dwarf coconut farms located in the main producing states of the Northeast: Bahia, Ceará and Sergipe. Considering as a functional unit 1L of coconut water produced in a medium year, the AWARE method was used to evaluate the water scarcity, ReCiPe midpoint for eutrophication in fresh and marine waters and USETox for ecotoxicity in fresh water and human toxicity, cancer and no-cancer. It was observed that the impact on the water scarcity obtained greater variation in Ceará, between 2.34 and 17.77 m3 eq / L of coconut water. In Sergipe, the impact varied between 1.82 and 2.93 m3 eq / L, while in Bahia, between 0.96 and 2.75 m3 eq / L. The productivity variation in a medium year influences the impact, and in Ceará the average productivity is 8,682L, while in Sergipe and Bahia it is 11,094L and 15,563L, respectively. The main processes responsible for the impacts were: i) irrigation of coconut trees (78.8% of water scarcity, 99% of marine eutrophication, 45.1% of ecotoxicity in fresh water); (ii) fertilization (86.9% of freshwater eutrophication, 49.5% of human toxicity, cancer, 42.2% of freshwater ecotoxicity); (iii) the application of agricultural pesticides (35% of human toxicity, non-cancer); and (iv) energy (49.6% of human toxicity, not cancer). Therefore, improvements in crop management are needed to use water and fertilizers to promote the mitigation of environmental impacts. Keywords: Water scarcity. Dwarf coconut tree. Water use. Life Cycle Assessment.
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PESIK, ANNEKE, DARDA EFENDI, HENGKY NOVARIANTO, DINY DINARTY, ISMAIL MASKROMO, ELSJE T. TENDA, and SUDARSONO. "Keragaman dan Hubungan Genetik Antara Kelapa Tetua Genjah Kuning Nias." Buletin Palma 16, no. 2 (September 9, 2016): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bp.v16n2.2015.129-140.
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<p><span style="font-size: medium;">ABSTRAK </span></p><p>Informasi keragaman dan hubungan genetik antar tetua dan progeni berperan penting dalam strategi pemuliaan tanaman kelapa. Identitas genetik antar progeni dari persilangan terkontrol perlu diidentifikasi untuk memastikan bahwa progeni berasal dari tetuanya, dan bukan akibat kontaminasi serbuk sari. Penggunaan marka mikrosatelit mampu mendeteksi keragaman genetik aksesi dan menduga kebenaran tetuanya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi keragaman genetik populasi tetua GKN dan DTA serta hibrida KHINA-1, dan menganalisis hubungan genetik antara tetua GKN dan DTA dengan hibrida KHINA-1 menggunakan 19 marka mikrosatelit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai polimorfisme 19 marka mikrosatelit berkisar antara 0.18—0.72 dengan rataan jumlah alel 3.68 per lokus. Berdasarkan hasil analisis filogenetik dengan metode Neighbour Joining menggunakan program DARwin5, dapat diketahui bahwa populasi GKN tergolong dalam satu group; populasi DTA merupakan populasi yang heterogenus dengan sebagian besar individu tergabung ke dalam satu kelompok dan sisanya ke dalam minimal dua kelompok yang berbeda; dan populasi hibrida KHINA-1 terbagi ke dalam minimal lima kelompok yang berbeda. Estimasi struktur populasi dengan perangkat lunak STRUCTURE menunjukkan adanya tingkat segregasi dan atau rekombinasi yang tinggi pada populasi KHINA-1, yang mengindikasikan telah terjadi percampuran materi genetik antara tetua GKN dan DTA pada populasi hibrida KHINA-1. Seleksi yang lebih akurat menggunakan marka molekuler dapat membantu perakitan kelapa hibrida yang lebih produktif.</p><p>Kata kunci: Keragaman genetik, kelapa hibrida, marka mikrosatelit.</p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Genetic Diversity and Association among Nias Yellow Dwarf (NYD), Tenga Tall (TAT) and KHINA-1 Hybrid Coconuts Based on Microsatellite Markers </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">ABSTRACT </span></p><p>Information on genetic diversity and association among parents and progenies plays an important role in plant breeding. Genetic identity among progenies derived from controlled population need to be determined to make sure that they are from hybridization of parents and they are not because of pollen contamination. Microsatellite markers can be used to evaluate genetic diversity and relationship among parents and their hybrid populations. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the genetic diversity of NYD, TAT and KHINA-1 hybrid populations; and to analyze the genetic relationship among the NYD and TAT as parents, with the KHINA-1 hybrid populations using 19 microsatellite markers. The results showed that the polymorphic information content (PIC) of 19 microsatellite markers loci was ranged from 0.18—0.72 and the average allele per locus was 3.68. Based on phylogenetic analysis using Neighbour-Joining for Tree Construction conducted by using DARwin5 software, individuals of the NYD population belong to a single group; the TAT population are heterogeneous population with the majority of the individuals are belonged into a single group and the rest are belonged to at least two separate groups; and those of KHINA-1 hybrid population are divided into at least five groups. Estimation of the population structure using STRUCTURE software shows that the presence of high segregation and or recombination event among the KHINA-1 progeny, indicating there has been a mixture of genetic materials from NYD and TAT parents in the KHINA-1 hybrids. More accurate selection using molecular marker should aid the development of more productive coconut hybrids.</p><p>Keywords: Genetic diversity, hybrid coconut, microsatellite marker.</p>
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Pereira, Tiago de A., Lauter S. Souto, Francisco V. da S. Sá, João A. Dutra Filho, Tarso M. A. de Souza, and Emanoela P. de Paiva. "Growth and production of dwarf coconut in saline-sodic soil under doses of potassium sulfate." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 21, no. 7 (July 2017): 454–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v21n7p454-458.
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ABSTRACT The objective was to study the influence of potassium sulfate doses applied to the soil on the growth and production of green dwarf coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) grown in saline-sodic soil. The experiment was conducted from January 2013 to January 2016, in a commercial plantation in the Sector 7 of the ‘Várzeas de Sousa’ Irrigation District, PB, Brazil, in saline-sodic Ebanic Vertisol. The experiment used coconut plants belonging to green dwarf variety, arranged in a 7.0 x 7.0 m rectangular shape, starting the third year in the production stabilization stage. The adopted experimental design was randomized blocks, evaluating five doses of potassium sulfate (K2SO4) (0, 0.52, 1.04, 2.08 and 4.16 kg plant-1 year-1), with four replicates of four plants each, totaling 20 experimental units. The K2SO4 doses positively influenced the growth and production of green dwarf coconut trees in saline-sodic soil. The highest growth in height and diameter of this coconut variety was obtained at the K2SO4 dose of 4.16 kg plant-1 year-1. The largest fruits and water volume in the first year of production were obtained with K2SO4 doses from 2.08 to 2.81 kg plant-1 year-1.
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T. C. Nunez and V. M. de Paz. "FLOWERING AND YIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF MACAPUNO-BEARING DWARF X TALL COCONUT HYBRIDS." CORD 11, no. 02 (June 1, 1995): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v11i02.295.
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Three macapuno-bearing dwarf x tall coconut hybrid trees were observed to exhibit some characteristics influenced by the dwarf female parents. Flowering started as early as 39 to 57 months after planting. Intraspadix overlapping of 43 to 100% was also recorded suggesting moderate to high degree of self pollination.
Macapuno yield ranged from 0-50% per bunch. The nuts resemble the female parents in form but were generally heavier. They were all classified as type l macapuno.
Binomial test showed goodness of fit to 3:1 ratio of normal to macapuno nuts.
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T. C. Nunez and V. M. de Paz. "FLOWERING AND YIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF MACAPUNO BEARING DWARF X TALL COCONUT HYBRIDS." CORD 6, no. 01 (December 1, 1990): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v6i01.233.
Full textAbstract:
Three macapuno‑bearing dwarf x tall coconut hybrid trees were observed to exhibit some characteristics influenced by the dwarf female parents. Flowering started as early as 39 to 57 months after planting. Intraspadix overlapping of 43 to 100% was also recorded suggesting moderate to high degree of self pollination.
Macapuno yield ranged from 0‑50% per bunch. The nuts resemble the female parents in form but were generally heavier. They were all classified as type l macapuno.
Binomial test showed goodness of fit to 3:1 ratio of normal to macapuno nuts.
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MASKROMO, ISMAIL, ELSJE T. TENDA, MEITY A. TULALO, HENGKY NOVARIANTO, DEWI SUKMA, SUKENDAH SUKENDAH, and SUDARSONO SUDARSONO. "KERAGAMAN FENOTIPE DAN GENETIK TIGA VARIETAS KELAPA GENJAH KOPYOR ASAL PATI JAWA TENGAH." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 21, no. 1 (October 13, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/littri.v21n1.2015.1-8.
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<p>ABSTRAK<br />Kelapa Genjah kopyor asal Pati, Jawa Tengah merupakan<br />kekayaaan hayati asli Indonesia dengan nilai ekonomi tinggi. Informasi<br />keragaman genetik kelapa kopyor masih terbatas. Data keragaman<br />morfologi dan genetik diperlukan dalam program pemuliaan kelapa<br />kopyor. Penelitian ini mempelajari keragaman tiga varietas kelapa genjah<br />kopyor asal Pati yang telah dilepas berdasarkan karakter morfologi,<br />kuantitas endosperma, dan keragaman alel marka SSR. Penelitian<br />dilakukan di Pati dan di Laboratorium Plant Molecular Biology,<br />Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, IPB. Evaluasi dilakukan terhadap<br />tiga populasi kelapa Genjah kopyor (hijau, coklat, dan kuning) dengan 30<br />tanaman sampel untuk setiap populasi. Rataan data morfologi digunakan<br />untuk menyusun dendogram. Kuantitas endosperma diamati pada satu<br />buah kelapa kopyor per tanaman yang dievaluasi. Karakteristik<br />endosperma dikelompokkan sesuai kategori yang telah ditetapkan. Untuk<br />setiap populasi, analisis marka dengan lima pasang primer SSR dilakukan<br />pada 10 tanaman sampel. Data yang didapat digunakan untuk menentukan<br />keragaman genetik kelapa Genjah kopyor asal Pati. Hasil pengamatan<br />menunjukkan keragaman morfologis dan alel SSR antar tanaman dalam<br />varietasnya (keragaman intra-varietas) rendah. Sebaliknya, keragaman<br />morfologis dan alel SSR antar varietasnya tinggi. Kuantitas endosperma<br />kelapa Genjah kopyor asal Pati bervariasi antara skor 1–6. Keragaman<br />genetik yang rendah dalam varietas dan tinggi antar ketiga varietas (coklat,<br />hijau, dan kuning) memperkuat pelepasan ketiganya sebagai varietas lokal.<br />Selain itu, keragaman genetik antar tanaman dalam varietas yang rendah<br />mendukung penggunaan ketiga varietas lokal sebagai tetua dalam program<br />perakitan varietas kelapa kopyor unggul baru. Tetua yang dipilih dapat<br />diseleksi intra-varietas berdasarkan persentase buah kopyor per tandan<br />dan skor kuantitas endosperma yang tinggi.<br />Kata kunci: Keragaman morfologis, keragaman intra dan antar varietas,<br />kuantitas endosperma</p><p>ABSTRACT<br />Kopyor dwarf coconuts are mutants from Pati, Central Java having<br />high economic values. However, morphological and genetic diversities of<br />this coconut were still limited. Morphological and genetic diversity data<br />are needed for breeding program. The research objectives were to evaluate<br />intra and inter-specific diversity based on morphology, endosperm<br />quantity, and SSR alleles. Field evaluations were conducted in Pati while<br />laboratory activities were at Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory,<br />Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB. Three populations of<br />kopyor dwarf varieties (brown, green, and yellow) were evaluated. Thirty<br />trees were sampled for each population. The average of morphological<br />data were used to construct cluster analysis. Endosperm quantity was<br />scored (0 – 9) based on a single nut sample. Ten palms were analyzed<br />using five SSR loci for each population and used to determine genetic<br />diversity of populations. Results of observations indicated intra-variety<br />morphological and SSR allele variations among kopyor dwarf was low.<br />However, inter-variety variations were high. The endosperm quantity<br />scores among kopyor dwarf coconut ranged from 1–6. The low intra-<br />variety and high inter-variety variations among the three kopyor dwarf<br />coconut supported their release as different local varieties. Moreover, the<br />low intra-variety phenotypic and genotypic diversities among kopyor<br />brown, green, and yellow dwarf coconut support their use as parents for<br />new and superior kopyor coconut variety development in the future. For<br />such purpose, however, it is necessary to conduct intra-variety selection to<br />identify desirable parents based on high kopyor fruit percentage per bunch<br />and for high kopyor endosperm quantity.<br />Key words: Morphological diversity, intra and inter variety diversities,<br />quantity, endosperm</p>
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Wily A. Baringbing and Bariyah Baringbing. "STUDIES ON HOST PREFERENCE OF PARASA LEPIDA ON SOME CULTIVARS OF HYBRID COCONUT IN SWAMPY AREA." CORD 10, no. 02 (December 1, 1994): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v10i02.284.
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A two‑month f ield experiment to study host preference of the leaf‑eating caterpillar, Parasa lepida cramer, on 5 cultivars of hybrid coconut: Green Khina‑1, Brown Khina‑1, Nias Yellow Dwarf (NYD) x West African Tall (WAT),. Malayan Red Dwarf (MRD) x WAT, and Camerun Red Dwarf (CRD x Rennel Tall (RLT), aged 2.5 years, was carried out in swampy area of South Sumatra province, in 1991.
A number of 30 palms, taken at random, from each block of the above mentioned hybrids were studied. Hence, there were 1SO trees observed altogether. The population of larvae per leaf as well as their dwellings in the fronds were recorded to investigate age of leaf consumed.
Results of the study showed that none of the hybrids were resistant to P. lepida larvae. Cultivar of NYD x WAT was attacked more followed by Green Khina‑1, NYD x WAT, CRD x RLT, and Brown Khina ‑ 1. Leaves of half matures of all hybrids were preferred compared to those of the others.
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Pudjihastuti, Endang. "PENERAPAN IPTEKS BAGI KELOMPOK TANI TERNAK SAPI-KELAPA DI DESA SAWANGAN." ZOOTEC 35, no. 2 (January 30, 2016): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.36.1.2016.10778.
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THE APPLICATION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR BEEF-CATTLE AND COCONUT FARMER GROUPS IN SAWANGAN VILLAGE. Agriculture and livestock development are beneficial and mutually depending each other, so that integrated farming systems provide great benefits for both aspect. But there are some problem for this: Two beef-cattle farmer groups “Habel I” and “Habel II” at Sawangan Village, District Airmadidi, North Minahasa regency do not have any understanding and knowledge about proper cattle-farming development. Based on this, it has made the empowerment of members of the group through the application of science and technology with counseling and training methods. Principally, beef cattle business success is determined by three interrelated elements, e.g. seeds, feed and management. Beef-cattle farmer groups “Habel I” and “Habel II” integrates cattle-farming with coconut plantations simultaneously. Utilization of field under coconut trees to forage also serves as a cover crop. Members of the farmer group responded well to the application of science and technology activities through counseling and training , it can be seen from the availability of dwarf elephant grass in coconut plantations covering an area of 0.5 Ha . Other products produced in the form of silage and compost as well as the implementation of an assisted insemination ( 5 cows) . The application of science and technology through IbM activities can be resumed if there’s any assistance from the universities. Keywords: Cattle, coconut, science technology, farmer groups
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Gomes, F.P., Mielke, M.S., Almeida, A. F., and Muniz, W. S. "LEAF GAS EXCHANGE IN TWO DWARF COCONUT GENOTYPES IN THE SOUTHEAST OF BAHIA STATE, BRAZIL." CORD 18, no. 02 (December 1, 2002): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v18i02.362.
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Net photosynthetic (A) and leaf transpiration (E) rates and stomatal conductance to water vapour (gs) of Malayan Yellow Dwarf (MYD) and Brazilian Green Dwarf (BGD) coconut accessions (Cocos nucifera var. ‘nana’ L.) were studied and discussed in terms of the technical aspects related to light-response curves in field conditions. Measurements of gas exchange were performed during four days, in April and may 2000, at the Cocoa Research Center Experimental Station (Una - BA, Brazil). The A, gs and E parameters were significantly (P < 0.05) different between the two genotypes. The mean maximum values of A, gs and E were 10.4 and 12.0 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1, 0.21 and 0.35 mol H2O m-2 s-1 and 3.07 and 3.69 mmol m-2 s-1 for MYD and BGD, respectively. For both genotypes a good fitting of the light-response curve models were obtained, indicating that A and gs were dependent of the photosynthetically active radiation incident on leaf surface (Qi), in spite of high genotipic variation. Interesting results were achieved when an empirical multiplicative model was used. The model relating A or gs with Qi and with leaf-to-air water vapour pressure deficit inside the chamber (VPDL) was tested for both genotypes and showed a negative influence of the latter on the stomatal behavior and consequently on A. Such effect was more pronounced in BGD than in MYD. These and others relationships involving leaf gas exchange and microclimatic variables in coconut palm trees are discussed
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Broschat, Timothy K. "Nutrient Distribution, Dynamics, and Sampling in Coconut and Canary Island Date Palms." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, no. 6 (November 1997): 884–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.6.884.
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All leaves from 10 replicate Cocos nucifera L. `Malayan Dwarf' (COC) and Phoenix canariensis Chabaud (CID) trees were sampled for leaf nutrient analysis. In addition, the leaflets of the youngest fully expanded leaves and the third oldest leaves were divided into five groups along the primary leaf axis and these leaflets were then cut into thirds to determine nutrient distribution patterns within leaves and leaflets. Nutrient remobilization rates were calculated for N, P, K, Mg, and Mn. Results showed that N, P, and K were highly mobile within and between leaves of both species of palms. Up to 31% of the N, 66% of the K, and 37% of the total P in the oldest leaves were ultimately remobilized to newer leaves within the palm. Magnesium remobilization rates averaged ≈71% for CID but only ≈10% for COC. The middle-aged leaves appeared to be the primary sink for Mg in COC, rather than the youngest leaves as in CID. Manganese was also quite mobile in both species, with up to 44% of the total Mn remobilized in CID. Samples consisting of recently matured leaves were determined to be the most appropriate for Ca, Fe, Mg (COC only), and Zn, but oldest leaves are more suitable for N, P, K, and Mn analysis.
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Boomiraj, K., R. Jagadeeswaran, S. Karthik, R. Poornima, S. Jothimani, and R. Jude Sudhagar. "Assessing the Carbon Sequestration Potential of Coconut Plantation in Vellore District of Tamil Nadu, India." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, December 31, 2020, 618–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2020/v10i1230345.
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Agriculture, very often falls victim of climate change around the world. Adopting a cost efficient system of agricultural production with minimal environmental impacts, depends on the selection of best cropping system and associated farming practices. The coconut farming and coconut agroecosystem is one of the country’s largest agricultural systems and sectors that could substantially preserve carbon dioxide (CO2) through sequestration. Tamil Nadu state is one of the largest growers of coconut with an area of 443000 ha. In the present investigation the Vellore district was chosen as study area. Coconut data such as tree diameter and tree height were collected from the Tall (Aliyar nagar 1), Dwarf (Chowghat Orange Dwarf (COD)) and Chowghat Green Dwarf (CGD) varieties at different ages (five, fifteen, twenty and twenty-fifth years) at various plantations of Vellore district. The carbon sequestered by five, ten, fifteen, twenty and twenty-five-years old coconut tall variety trees were found to be 1.32, 1.97, 2.11, 3.10 and 3.96 tons per acre per year, respectively. Similarly, five, ten, fifteen, twenty and twenty-five-year-old coconut dwarf variety could able to sequester 1.45, 1.27, 1.58, 2.03 and 2.63 tons per acre per year, respectively in Vellore district. The C sequestration potential of ten year old coconut tree (Tall or Dwarf) were 18 to 28 kg per tree per year approximately. The fifteen years (2003-04 to 2017-18) coconut plantation of both tall and dwarf varieties in Vellore district had sequestered 1.15 million tons of carbon from the atmosphere.
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Elango, K., and S. Jeyarajan Nelson. "Population dynamics of exotic rugose spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on coconut as influenced by weather factors and natural enemies." Journal of Plantation Crops, July 28, 2020, 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25081/jpc.2020.v48.i2.6370.
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The rugose spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin is a new exotic pest occurring in several crops including coconut since 2016 in India. Due to variation in the agro-climatic conditions of different regions, arthropods show varying trends in their incidence also in nature and extent of damage to the crop. Besides, abiotic factors also play a key role in determining the incidence and dominance of a particular pest and their natural enemies in a crop ecosystem. The population dynamics of new exotic whitefly species, A. rugioperculatus and their associated natural enemies was assessed on five-year-old Chowghat Orange Dwarf coconut trees at Coconut Farm of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. The study indicated that RSW was found throughout the year on coconut and the observation recorded on weekly interval basis shows that A. rugioperculatus population escalated from the first week of July 2018 (130.8 nymphs/leaf/frond) reaching the maximum during the first week of October (161.0 nymphs/leaf/frond) which subsequently dwindled to a minimum during April. The parasitisation by E. guadeloupae on RSW ranged from 31.60 percent in Aug. 2018 to 57.60 percent in December 2018. The association of biotic and abiotic factors with A. rugioperculatus population showed a negative correlation with E. guadeloupae and C. montrouzieri. There was a significant positive correlation between maximum temperature and minimum temperature as well as relative humidity. However, rainfall showed a negative correlation with A. rugioperculatus population.