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1
Harayama, Hisanori, Ikutaro Tsuyama, Takeshi Yamada, et al. "Eight-Year Survival and Growth of Sakhalin Fir (Abies sachalinensis) Seedlings with One Weeding Operation: Impact of Mechanical Site Preparation, Vegetation Release, Summer Planting, Stock Type, and Forwarder Trail." Forests 15, no. 6 (2024): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15061012.
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In Hokkaido, northern Japan, bareroot Sakhalin fir seedlings are conventionally planted in spring and fall, following strip site preparation that alternates managed and unmanaged strips. However, this method requires seven years of weeding due to encroachment of evergreen dwarf bamboo. Given diminishing forest labor availability, a shortage of workers for planting and weeding operations has become a problem in reforestation following clearcutting. We examined whether comprehensive mechanical site preparation (MSP) could reduce weeding frequency by preventing regrowth of dwarf bamboo and whether container seedlings could extend the planting season into summer. Over eight years, the survival and growth of summer-planted bareroot and container seedlings were examined on a fully MSP-treated site with only one weeding operation in the fifth year. Full-site MSP resulted in a shift of the vegetation from dwarf bamboo to deciduous plants, leading to high survival and growth rates of Sakhalin fir seedlings despite minimal weeding. Container seedlings exhibited superior establishment and maintained higher survival rates over eight years than bareroot seedlings. However, planting on the forwarder trail decreased seedling growth, and ultimately decreased survival under rare summer drought. Our findings indicate that container seedling summer planting and full-site MSP may represent an alternative approach to reforestation of Sakhalin fir, potentially reducing the need for weeding and extending the planting season.
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MK, Rajesh, Jerard BA, P. Preethi, Regi Jacob Thomas, and Anitha Karun. "Application of RAPD markers in hybrid verification in coconut." Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 14, no. 1 (2014): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-70332014000100006.
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Coconut palms are classified into two major types, viz., 'talls' and 'dwarfs', which mainly differ in their pollination behavior of cross- and self-pollination, respectively. Due to this difference, getting true-to-type progenies of desirable tall and dwarf cultivars has always been a challenge. The conventional practice of selection of seedlings based solely on morphological traits often results in selection of out-crossed seedlings and undesirable off-types. In the present investigation, RAPD markers for the tall/dwarf trait were identified in coconut using a bulked DNA approach. Screening of tall and dwarf palm bulk DNA with 200 primers revealed a RAPD primer OPBA3 which was able to clearly differentiate both the tall and dwarf bulks. For validation, the primer was used to screen individual tall and dwarf coconut palms representing different geographic regions. The primer was also used to screen the parents and validate hybrids of Dwarf x Tall crosses.
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Djukic, Matilda, Mihailo Grbic, Dragana Skocajic, and Danijela Djunisijevic. "Spontaneous changes a basis for new ornamental woody plant cultivars." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 93 (2006): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0693071d.
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In nursery stock production of some ornamental woody plants the appearance of spontaneous variability was identified in the form of atypical pigmentation of leaves (albinism, variegated, red colored), leaves shape (jaggy) and dwarfs. Mutated plants with variegated leaves were observed among hybrid plane (Platanus x acerifolia (Ait.) Willd.), Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila L.), laurel cherry (Prunus laurocerasus L.) and Lawson false-cypress (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Murr.) Parl.) Seedlings. The type of variegation and frequency were analyzed. Among plane tree and Siberian elm seedlings there were observed red colored leaves. Atypical, jaggy shaped leaves were found among laurel cherry seedlings. Dwarf growth was identified at Siberian elm and birch (Betula pendula Roth.) where also found fruits at one year seedling. There were not significant differences in some morphological and physiological properties in plane tree seedlings with various pigmented leaves. .
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Novarianto, Hengky. "Propagation Program of Superior Coconut Varieties in Indonesia to Save Coconut Industries & Farmer’s Livelihood." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1235, no. 1 (2023): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1235/1/012005.
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Abstract Coconut palms are classified into two types, namely Tall and Dwarf, and hybrid and semi-tall types. By breeding activities, such as the selection of coconut germplasm, evaluation and utilization in the coconut breeding program, the IPCRI-IAARD has released 52 varieties of coconut until 2022, consisting of Talls, Dwarfs, Hybrids, and Semi Tall types has been used in coconut development programs. The potential of good local tall seedlings is around 6.0 million seednuts in 37 Provinces of Indonesia. Dwarf coconut type because it is short and the fruit is small, is used for tender coconuts and coconut sugar production. The hybrid coconut varieties are more suitable for private sectors because hybrid palms require high inputs. The tall coconut varieties that are suitable as raw material for the coconut industry include are mostly planted by smallholders. The varieties of Dwarf Pandan Wangi, Dwarf Pandan Manis, Dwarf Entoq Kebumen and Kopyor coconut are very suitable for tender coconut and mixed refreshment drinks. The IPCRI-IAARD has collaborated with several private sectors to supply hybrid coconut seedlings, and help them to establish their own seed garden. Various strategies for providing Tall, Dwarf, Hybrid and Semi-Tall coconut seedlings are expected to increase coconut production and productivity, and can supply raw material to coconut industry. Introduction
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Hao, Suxiao, Yanfen Lu, Jing Liu, et al. "GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 Plays an Important Role in the Growth Regulation of Dwarf Apple Rootstocks." HortScience 54, no. 3 (2019): 416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13685-18.
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Dwarfing rootstocks can improve the plant architecture of apple trees and increase production. Gibberellins (GAs) are crucial for plant growth and dwarfing traits. The receptor, GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 (GID1), plays an important role in the regulation pathway. However, the growth regulatory mechanism of GID1 in dwarf apple rootstock seedlings is not clear. In this study, we selected dwarf apple rootstock ‘SH6’ and its cross parents as materials to clone the GA receptor gene GID1c. There were two different sites in the alpha/beta hydrolase domain. The expression of GID1c in ‘SH6’ was lower than that in Malus domestica cv. Ralls Janet, with the decrease of GA content. We further conducted GA3 treatment and overexpression of GID1c in tissue culture seedlings of ‘SH6’, and the results showed that the expression of GID1c and biosynthesis genes increased and promoted the accumulation of hormone contents, which ultimately regulates the growth of ‘SH6’ dwarf apple rootstock seedlings. Our results suggest that GID1c may affect the plant architecture and dwarf traits of dwarfing rootstock and accelerate its application in orchards.
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Hadji Amin, Mobarak D. "Seedling Vigor Testing as Affected by Two Methods of Seed Extraction of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)." Philippine Journal of Agricultural Economics 3, no. 1 (2019): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7719/pjae.v3i1.672.
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This study was conducted to test and compare the seedling vigor performance of dwarf green and dwarf white varieties of tomato as affected by two methods of seed extraction such as fermentation and hydrochloric acid in terms of germination percentage, germination rate, days to seedlings emergence, days to 50% development of true leaves, root length, stem length and shoot length. It was carried using Complete Randomized Design (CRD) in a 2x2 factorial experiment with four treatment combinations with three replications. Dwarf Green variety was affected by seed method extraction with HCl treatment had ideal conditions for seed and seedling quality performance and vigor of tomato such as germination percentage and rate, number of days to seedling emergence, number of days to fifty percent development of true leaves, root, stem and shoot length. Dwarf White performed inferior than Dwarf Green in terms of the parameters investigated.
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Lima, Breno L. de C., Claudivan F. de Lacerda, Miguel Ferreira Neto, Jorge F. da S. Ferreira, Antonio M. E. Bezerra, and Elton C. Marques. "Physiological and ionic changes in dwarf coconut seedlings irrigated with saline water." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 21, no. 2 (2017): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v21n2p122-127.
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ABSTRACT Salt-tolerant plants are important to cope with salinity and/or sodicity problems in semiarid regions. The dwarf coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) has emerged as a salt-tolerant crop once established. However, little is known about the mechanisms that contribute to the survival of coconut seedlings under salinity stress. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of saline water on morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of dwarf coconut seedlings. Treatments were composed of five levels of water salinity, expressed by its electrical conductivity (ECw), as follows: 0.9 (control); 5.2; 10.1; 15.3 and 19.3 dS m-1 in a completely randomized design with four replications. The high levels of organic solutes (carbohydrates and soluble amino-N) and Na+ in roots, that contribute to the low values of Na+/K+ ratio in the leaves, suggest that roots play an important role in the mechanism of salt tolerance of coconut seedlings. The use of brackish water with ECw of 5.2 dS m-1 allows seedling production, with no loss of quality. Based on total dry matter accumulation, seedlings were classified as moderately tolerant to the salinity of 10.1 dS m-1.
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Hansche, P. E. "Heritability of Juvenility in Peach." HortScience 21, no. 5 (1986): 1197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.5.1197.
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Abstract The feasibility of genetically curtailing the period of sexual repression in peach and nectarine seedlings was studied by assessing the propensity of 2-year-old seedlings in a dwarf peach and nectarine breeding stock to produce flowers and fruit. Mean flower number, in a breeding stock comprising about 6300 seedlings from about 300 families, was estimated to be 9 per 2-year-old seedling; with a narrow sense heritability 0.16 ± 0.02. Mean fruit number in this population was estimated to be 3.7 per 2-year-old seedling; with a heritability of 0.33 ± 0.03. It was estimated that 3 cycles of “mass selection” on this trait could increase mean fruit number to about 13 per 2-year-old seedling, thus facilitating a reduction in the minimum length of selection cycles in this breeding stock from 3 to 2 years.
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Drew, RA, and JN Vogler. "Field evaluation of tissue-cultured papaw clones in Queensland." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 4 (1993): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930475.
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Field performance of tissue-cultured clones of papaws established either from adult tissue of a high-yielding female plant or from juvenile tissue of seedlings (2 females and 2 hermaphrodites) was compared with seedling controls. All tissue-cultured plants had strong root systems and established more quickly than seedlings. Plants from adult tissue (TCA) had a reduced juvenile phase, as evidenced by increased circumference, lower height of first flower, reduced time to harvest, and higher fruit numbers per metre of stem. Planting date affected node number of first flower for TCA plants but not seedlings. TCA plants had higher yields than seedlings when planted in spring, and this could lead to improved commercial practice. Differences between clones established from juvenile tissue and their respective seedling controls varied and were not consistent with a reduced juvenile phase. Four dwarf off-type plants (<1% of population) originated from a single bud explant.
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Komulainen, M., M. Vieno, V. T. Yarmishko, T. D. Daletskaja, and E. A. Maznaja. "Seedling establishment from seeds and seed banks in forests under long-term pollution stress: a potential for vegetation recovery." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 2 (1994): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-019.
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Seed germinability of some common dwarf shrubs and seed-bank composition were studied in young pine forests along a pollution gradient from Severonickel smelter in Monchegorsk, northern Russia. Samples for seed germination and seed-bank trials were taken from sites representing different zones of pollution. Generally, germinability of dwarf shrub seeds was not affected by distance from pollution source, except for Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditium. The average density per site of seedlings that emerged from seed-bank samples varied between 278 and 416 seedlings/m2. Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum and Betula sp. dominated in seed banks. Calluna vulgaris was also numerous at one site. As a whole, seed-bank taxa were well represented in the above ground vegetation. There were no significant differences in seedling density between sites for dominant taxa. Our results indicate that seeds can retain viability even under a heavy pollution load and thus form a potential for vegetation recovery in polluted sites. Key words: seed germination, seed bank, recovery, pollution, coniferous forest.
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Brandt, J. P., Y. Hiratsuka, and D. J. Pluth. "Adhesives for seed placement during artificial inoculation of Pinus banksiana seedlings with the dwarf mistletoe Arceuthobium americanum." Canadian Journal of Botany 81, no. 10 (2003): 1039–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-098.
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Lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm.) is a serious pest of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). Research investigating factors such as host resistance, influence of host nutrition on infection rates, and effect of temperature and humidity on the life cycle of the pathogen is limited by our ability to consistently infect the host through artificial means. A greenhouse experiment utilizing a completely randomized design with four replicates was conducted to test the effectiveness of three chemical compounds and the natural viscin of the dwarf mistletoe seed to act as adhesives during artificial inoculation of jack pine seedlings. Synthetic adhesives used were anhydrous lanolin (LAN), hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), and polyvinyl acetate (PVA). The percentage of infected seedlings was significantly higher with HPC compared with that of PVA, LAN, and the seed's viscin. HPC, as the superior adhesive, and the techniques described should allow consistent production of seedlings infected with dwarf mistletoe for research, regardless of the dwarf mistletoe species involved. Problems encountered during the testing of the adhesives are discussed in relation to the nature of the adhesives and their application.Key words: anhydrous lanolin, hydroxypropylcellulose, polyvinyl acetate, viscin.
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Bowman, Kim D., and Frederick G. Gmitter. "Inheritance of Dwarfness in Hybrids of Chinotto Sour Orange." HortScience 30, no. 4 (1995): 833D—833. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.833d.
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Chinotto is a selection of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) with short internodes and small leaves and fruit. Mature fruiting trees of Chinotto grafted on standard rootstocks produce healthy, but dwarf, trees. Most seedlings recovered from Chinotto fruit are of nucellar (maternal) origin and will faithfully grow to reproduce the Chinotto genotype and phenotype. Vigorous greenhouse-grown nucellar seedlings of Chinotto have internodes 5 to 10 mm in length and leaves 30 to 40 mm in length, about 30% the dimensions of the corresponding organs on standard sour orange nucellar seedlings. Sexual hybrids with Chinotto have been produced by controlled crosses with several other parents. Some hybrids with shortened internodes and small leaves were recovered among all hybrid progenies, regardless of whether Chinotto was used as seed or pollen parent. In some cases, segregation among Chinotto hybrids was about 1 normal: 1 dwarf. In other progenies, some intermediate forms were recovered along with normal and dwarf plants.
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Mukherji, S., and A. K. Biswas. "Penicillin action stimulating growth and metabolism in seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa)." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 6 (1985): 1150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-158.
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Penicillin promoted elongation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings; the relative promotion of shoot elongation was stronger than that of root elongation. Nucleic acids and protein were maintained at much higher levels in seedlings treated with penicillin, the increment of these metabolites being more pronounced in the embryo than in the endosperm. α-Amylase, RNase, and ATPase of endosperm and indoleacetic acid (IAA) oxidase activities of the entire seedlings were enhanced in penicillin treatments. Penicillin caused small increments in respiration rates of seedlings. IAA-induced growth inhibition of intact seedlings could be reversed completely to a growth promotion by joint application of penicillin with IAA. The length of the second leaf sheath of a dwarf rice cultivar was increased by penicillin which further enhanced the gibberellin-induced response. The levels of gibberellinlike substances were increased by penicillin treatments, whereas the IAA level remained unchanged. In penicillin-treated seedlings, more IAA was transported from endosperm to embryo. The stimulating effect of penicillin on rice seedling elongation was partially reversed by abscisic acid and the interaction appeared to be of a noncompetitive nature.
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Waxman, Sidney. "MUTANT SEEDLINGS OF CONIFERS FROM WITCHES'- BROOMS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (1990): 1083a—1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1083a.
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Seedlings obtained from mutations on conifer trees exhibit populations of dwarf shrubs. The general characteristics of the shrubs often differ from progeny to progeny. The most obvious difference between progenies is in annual rates of growth, with some showing growth rates 10 or more times greater than the slowest growing group. Differences that appear within each progeny include needle length, foliage coloration, branching habit and plant form. As a consequence, many interesting forms have been produced and named that are miniature, dwarf, and intermediate in size.Variations in form include plants that are columnar, rounded, spreading, and weeping. Whereas variation in foliage color include blue-green, green, and gold.
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Hengky Novarianto, Ismail Maskromo, and Sudarsono. "Production Technology for Kopyor Coconut Seednuts and Seedlings in Indonesia." CORD 30, no. 2 (2014): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v30i2.77.
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Kopyor coconut is a naturally-occurring mutant having fluffy solid endosperm in stead of the normal one. Similar type of coconut has been found in several other Asian countries, with their distinct local names, such as Macapuno (Philippines), Makhrao Kathi (Thailand), Dikiri Pol (Sri Lanka), Thairu Thengai (India). It is a delicacy coconut to Indonesian and sells as much as ten times higher than normal coconut. In nature, three types of kopyor coconut exist in Indonesia: kopyor tall, kopyor dwarf, and kopyor hybrid. There are three kopyor dwarf varieties (‘Pati Kopyor Green Dwarf’, ‘Kopyor Yellow Dwarf’ and ‘Kopyor Brown Dwarf’) officially released, and one registered tall variety (‘Puan Kalianda Kopyor Tall’). In general, kopyor fruit yield under natural conditions is only < 25% of the total harvested fruits for both the tall and the dwarf types. Traditionally, Indonesian farmers harvest kopyor fruits at ten months after pollination while normal fruits at 11 months. They use the harvested normal fruits for propagation; but cannot guarantee whether or not they would produce korpyor fruit. Adoption of kopyor seedling production through embryo culture has been done. However, the seedling production is slow, while the price is very expensive, thus unaffordable to common farmers. Indonesian Palm Research Institute and Bogor Agricultural University have collaborated to develop alternative approaches to increase kopyor fruit production through the production of seedling that would ensure to produce korpyor fruit through control pollination. Initiated since 2010, the activities successfully overcome uncertainty in kopyor seedling production. Moreover, hybridization among local superior coconut varieties and known kopyor one have been done to broaden genetic background of kopyor trait and to develop breeding population for new kopyor varieties in the future. Overview and update of research progress on korpyor in Indonesia are presented in this paper.
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TEEKAM SINGH, B.S. SATAPATHY, B. LAL, and K.B. PUN. "Productivity and profitability of rice (Oryza sativa) varieties as influenced by age of seedlings in north-eastern Himalayan region." Indian Journal of Agronomy 63, no. 3 (2024): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v63i3.5652.
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An experiment was conducted during boro (rabi) season of 2012–13 and 2013–14, at Gerua, Kamrup, Asom, India, to study the effect of different age of seedlings on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. Ten treatment combinations of 2 different duration rice varieties, i.e. ‘Chandrama’ (175 days) and ‘Naveen’ (155 days), and 5 ages of seedlings (40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 days) were tested. ‘Chandrama’ rice recorded significantly higher grains/panicle and 1,000-seed weight as well as grain yield (5.93 and 6.50 t/ha) over ‘Naveen’ rice. Days to 50% flowering decreased with the increment in age of seedling by 2–10 days, whereas total maturity duration increased by 6–28 days. In case of age of seedlings, 40 and 50 days old seedlings showed higher values of growth and yield attributes that reflected in grain yield. There was gradual yield decrease with increment in the age of seedling due to reduced values of tillers/m2 , filled grains/panicle. The yield penalty was non-significant in case of long-duration rice variety ‘Chandrama’, while in case of ‘Naveen’, there was significant reduction in grain yield when seedling age exceeded beyond 60 days. ‘Naveen’ rice with 40 and 50 days old seedlings recorded significantly higher grain yield over 70 and 80 days seedlings respectively. Earlier farmers using their own local rice landraces which were long duration and less affected by age of seedling but with development of new semi-dwarf, medium-duration rice varieties need to be transplanted at optimum age of seedling. Thus, the age of seedling can be extended up to 60 days for those rice varieties having long duration (>175 days) while for short duration (<155 days), it should not be extended beyond 50 days.
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Xiao, Yuxiong, Guangya Sha, Di Wang, et al. "PbXND1 Results in a Xylem-Deficient Dwarf Phenotype through Interaction with PbTCP4 in Pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 15 (2022): 8699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158699.
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Dwarfing is an important agronomic characteristic in fruit breeding. However, due to the lack of dwarf cultivars and dwarf stocks, the dwarfing mechanism is poorly understood in pears. In this research, we discovered that the dwarf hybrid seedlings of pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.), ‘Red Zaosu,’ exhibited a xylem-deficient dwarf phenotype. The expression level of PbXND1, a suppressor of xylem development, was markedly enhanced in dwarf hybrid seedlings and its overexpression in pear results in a xylem-deficient dwarf phenotype. To further dissect the mechanism of PbXND1, PbTCP4 was isolated as a PbXND1 interaction protein through the pear yeast library. Root transformation experiments showed that PbTCP4 promotes root xylem development. Dual-luciferase assays showed that PbXND1 interactions with PbTCP4 suppressed the function of PbTCP4. PbXND1 expression resulted in a small amount of PbTCP4 sequestration in the cytoplasm and thereby prevented it from activating the gene expression, as assessed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-location analyses. Additionally, PbXND1 affected the DNA-binding ability of PbTCP4, as determined by utilizing an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. These results suggest that PbXND1 regulates the function of PbTCP4 principally by affecting the DNA-binding ability of PbTCP4, whereas the cytoplasmic sequestration of PbTCP4 is only a minor factor. Taken together, this study provides new theoretical support for the extreme dwarfism associated with the absence of xylem caused by PbXND1, and it has significant reference value for the breeding of dwarf varieties and dwarf rootstocks of the pear.
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Ferreira Pinto Paiva, Thamiris, Marlos Alves Bezerra, Reivany Eduardo Morais Lima, Hernandes De Oliveira Feitosa, and Gabrielen de Maria Gomes Dias. "Physiology and development of grafted dwarf cashew seedlings under different fertilization doses and irrigated with saline water." Comunicata Scientiae 15 (January 31, 2024): e3676. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v15.3676.
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Salinity is one of the primary challenges faced by irrigated agriculture in semi-arid regions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of fertilization on the development of cashew seedlings irrigated with water of varying salinity levels. The research was conducted in a protected environment at Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Fortaleza, using grafted seedlings of the BRS 189 clone on CCP 06 rootstock. The treatments resulted from the combination of three levels of NPK fertilization (control - without fertilization, 50% less than conventional nutrition, and 100% of conventional nutrition used by the crop), which was incorporated into the substrate before sowing CCP 06, with four salinity levels (ECa of 0.8, 4.0, 7.0, and 10.0 dS m-1) of the irrigation water for the seedlings. Gas exchange, assimilate accumulation, growth, and nutrient content in the leaves, stems, and roots of the seedlings were evaluated 90 days after grafting. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, and when a significant effect was observed, the Tukey test was performed, while quantitative data were subjected to regression analysis. Overall, fertilization levels did not influence seedling growth. Fertilization did not interfere with photosynthate production, which performed better when the seedlings were subjected to a salinity of 7.0 dS m-1. The application of NPK to the substrate resulted in higher levels of nitrogen in the leaves, while phosphorus content decreased, and foliar potassium was not influenced by fertilization.
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Abreu, Carlos E. B. de, José T. Prisco, Ana R. C. Nogueira, Marlos A. Bezerra, Claudivan F. de Lacerda, and Enéas Gomes-Filho. "Physiological and biochemical changes occurring in dwarf-cashew seedlings subjected to salt stress." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 20, no. 2 (2008): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202008000200003.
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The effects of salt stress on some physiological and biochemical traits were evaluated in dwarf-cashew seedlings at the same developmental stage. Seeds were sown in trays containing vermiculite moistened with distilled water or with NaCl solutions having different electrical conductivities: 0.7, 1.8, 6.0, 9.8, 13.4, 17.4 and 20.6 dS m-1. Salinity delayed and inhibited seedling growth and development, particularly in the shoot. Concentrations of Na+ and Cl-, but not of K+, increased with increasing stress severity. With the exception of proline, concentration of organic solutes was only marginally affected by salt stress. Catalase activity in leaves increased slightly as a result of salt stress, whereas guaiacol peroxidase activity was induced only under low levels of salt. In contrast, activities of guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase increased dramatically in roots. Apparently, roots were better protected against oxidative damage than shoots, as judged from the decrease in lipid peroxidation in root tissues. In leaves, expression of 75 proteins, evaluated by 2D electrophoresis, was altered by salt stress: 35 of them increased their expression and three were apparently de novo synthesized. In roots, 69 proteins were modified by salt stress: 34 proteins increased their expression and two proteins appeared only in stressed seedlings. The changes in protein patterns were caused by the imposed salt stress rather than by a response to the developmental stage. Overall, these responses could play an important role in salt stress acclimation of cashew seedlings.
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Osunkoya, O., and Robert G. Creese. "Population Structure, Spatial Pattern and Seedling Establishment of the Grey Mangrove, Avicennia marina var. australasica, in New Zealand." Australian Journal of Botany 45, no. 4 (1997): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt96070.
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Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. var. australasica (Walp.) Moldenke occurs as monospecific stands in the North Island of New Zealand. Using 5 m wide strip transects, A. marina adult plants and seedlings were mapped out in eight distinctive mangrove forests. All forests showed reversed ‘J’ size distributions of adult plants. In most cases, seedling density increased with increasing distance from the seaward edge of the mangrove forests. Mean plant size and density with respect to tidal position showed no consistent pattern across forests. Plant size seemed correlated with latitudinal gradient, with taller trees in relatively warmer regions and shorter, stunted, dwarf-like types in colder areas. The survival and growth of (a) naturally occurring seedlings in and out of tree-fall gaps and at various distances from the seaward edge of the forest, and (b) transplanted seedlings of different sizes (small, medium and large propagules: ≤ 10 cm, 10–20 cm and 21–40 cm tall, respectively) and densities (2, 5 and 9 seedlings m-2) in three delineated (low, mid and high) intertidal positions were monitored over 18-month periods. Establishment of both natural and transplanted seedlings varied significantly between locations, canopy light conditions, intertidal levels and seedling sizes, but not with density. Generally, seedling survival and growth were better in gaps than under closed canopy, irrespective of tidal position. Intertidal level significantly affected survival of transplanted seedlings, but did so only marginally for the natural ones, with survival being greatest in the high intertidal zone. By contrast, increases in plant height and leaf production were best promoted in the low intertidal position of the forest floor. Survival of the transplanted seedlings was of the order: large > small ≥ medium-sized. However, the small seedlings grew best both in terms of height and accumulation of new leaves. These patterns of survival and growth were consistent across intertidal position and seedling density. The implication of these results for the conservation and possible restoration of mangrove forests, especially in New Zealand, are discussed.
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Kundun, Jhaman, Mitchroy Thom, and Cyril Roberts. "The importance of coconut seedling production in guyana." South Florida Journal of Development 2, no. 5 (2021): 7967–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv2n5-117.
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The demand for coconut water and coconut oil is increasing thus there is interest in expanding coconut cultivation. Coconut is primarily planted on approximately 28,500 acres by more than 1,400 farmers along the Guyana coastline with the Atlantic Ocean and in the Pomeroon Riverain area. Tall types (e.g. Jamaica Tall) are planted for oil while Dwarf types (e.g. Malaysian Dwarf Green, Suriname Brown) are planted primarily for water. At least 50% of the Tall type population is more than 50 years old and needs to be replanted to increase productivity. Farmers traditionally collect seedlings growing from dropped nuts at the base of trees without attention to prolificacy. Since a coconut tree productive life is more than 50 years, the economic impact of this practice can be significant. Via training programs, CARDI is encouraging the structured production of coconut seedlings to increase yields. This project aims to enhance the supply of quality seedlings using local seed nuts. Mother palms that display prolific bearing habits, resistance to pest and diseases plus vigorous growth habit were geotagged and recorded in a database. Seed nuts were purchased from farmers who own these trees and subsequently distributed (in batches of 400) to ten selected (age, gender, location) lead farmers to establish coconut seedling nurseries. Each lead farmer was assisted by 10 second ring farmers in the establishment of their nurseries under CARDI supervision. Results to date show that weed control and irrigation were important nursery activities. Some nurseries needed to be fenced to counter damage by animals (cows, sheep, goats). Average germination of seed nuts was approximately 50%. Available seedlings are being distributed to second ring farmers and lead farmers. CARDI will continue the national survey to identify outstanding mother palms. Measures to increase average germination must also be implemented. Local coconut seedling nurseries should therefore be encouraged as their “success” will alleviate the pressure to import seed nuts thus avoiding the attendant risk of introducing exotic diseases (e.g. lethal yellowing disease) into Guyana. Further, given that a coconut palm will live 50 to 70 years, the importance of carefully selecting premium quality coconut seedlings as a bedrock to develop and grow the industry cannot be over emphasized.
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Kundun, Jhaman, Mitchroy Thom, and Cyril Roberts. "The importance of coconut seedling production in Guyana." South Florida Journal of Development 2, no. 4 (2021): 6169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv2n4-090.
Full textAbstract:
The demand for coconut water and coconut oil is increasing thus there is interest in expanding coconut cultivation. Coconut is primarily planted on approximately 28,500 acres by more than 1,400 farmers along the Guyana coastline with the Atlantic Ocean and in the Pomeroon Riverain area. Tall types (e.g. Jamaica Tall) are planted for oil while Dwarf types (e.g. Malaysian Dwarf Green, Suriname Brown) are planted primarily for water. At least 50% of the Tall type population is more than 50 years old and needs to be replanted to increase productivity. Farmers traditionally collect seedlings growing from dropped nuts at the base of trees without attention to prolificacy. Since a coconut tree productive life is more than 50 years, the economic impact of this practice can be significant. Via training programs, CARDI is encouraging the structured production of coconut seedlings to increase yields. This project aims to enhance the supply of quality seedlings using local seed nuts. Mother palms that display prolific bearing habits, resistance to pest and diseases plus vigorous growth habit were geotagged and recorded in a database. Seed nuts were purchased from farmers who own these trees and subsequently distributed (in batches of 400) to ten selected (age, gender, location) lead farmers to establish coconut seedling nurseries. Each lead farmer was assisted by 10 second ring farmers in the establishment of their nurseries under CARDI supervision. Results to date show that weed control and irrigation were important nursery activities. Some nurseries needed to be fenced to counter damage by animals (cows, sheep, goats). Average germination of seed nuts was approximately 50%. Available seedlings are being distributed to second ring farmers and lead farmers. CARDI will continue the national survey to identify outstanding mother palms. Measures to increase average germination must also be implemented. Local coconut seedling nurseries should therefore be encouraged as their “success” will alleviate the pressure to import seed nuts thus avoiding the attendant risk of introducing exotic diseases (e.g. lethal yellowing disease) into Guyana. Further, given that a coconut palm will live 50 to 70 years, the importance of carefully selecting premium quality coconut seedlings as a bedrock to develop and grow the industry cannot be over emphasized.
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Lu, Pengxin, Wayne Bell, Paul Charrette, and Megan Thompson. "Performance of jack pine (Pinus banksiana) rooted cuttings from proliferated dwarf shoots versus seedlings 8 years after planting." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 7 (2012): 1404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-079.
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Growth and tree form characteristics of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) rooted cuttings propagated from proliferated dwarf shoots (PDS) were compared with seedlings in two field trials 8 years after establishment. Results indicated that jack pine rooted cuttings from PDS can grow as well as seedlings and maintain acceptable tree form. Rooted cuttings of progeny from the 22 top-ranking open-pollinated families in a seedling seed orchard of jack pine were 4.2% taller and 10% larger in diameter at breast height than commercial seedlings tested on the same sites, which indicates that rooted cuttings have potential in realizing genetic gains in jack pine tree improvement programs. Rooted cuttings increased the proportion of trees with normal branching characteristics and reduced the percentage of trees with excessive heavy branches in the Sault St. Marie trial, which had larger tree sizes. However, longer term monitoring (20 to 25 years) is needed to determine stability of jack pine rooted cuttings planted on sandy soil where wind throw may become a problem as tree size increases.
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Li, Lin, Shuangchao Wang, Xiufen Yang, Frederic Francis, and Dewen Qiu. "Protein Elicitor PeaT1 Efficiently Controlled Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus in Wheat." Agriculture 9, no. 9 (2019): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9090193.
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Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), transmitted by the wheat aphid, generates serious wheat yellow dwarf disease and causes great losses in agriculture. Induced resistance has attracted great attention over recent years as a biological method to control plant pathogens and herbivores. Protein elicitor PeaT1 induces defense response in plants against fungi, viruses, and aphids. In this study, wheat seeds and seedlings were soaked and sprayed with 30 μg/mL PeaT1, respectively. Then seedlings were inoculated with BYDV by viruliferous Schizaphis graminum to detect the control efficiency of PeaT1-induced resistance against BYDV. The control efficiency was over 30% on the 14th and 21st days after the inoculation access period. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR) tests showed that there was less mRNA from the BYDV coat protein in PeaT1-treated wheat seedlings than in the control group. Electrical penetration graph (EPG) tests showed that virus transmission vector S.graminum took a longer time to find probe and feeding sites on PeaT1-treated wheat seedlings. Additionally, PeaT1-treated wheat seedlings gained higher plant height and more chlorophyll a&b. These results showed that PeaT1 efficiently controlled BYDV by inhibiting BYDV proliferation, reducing the virus transmission ability of S. graminum and alleviating the symptoms of dwarfism and yellow colouring caused by BYDV. This study provided a new integrated way to control BYDV biologically.
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Reddy, B. B., B. C. Ghosh, and M. D. Reddy. "Effect of Transplanting Date and Seedling Age on Stand Establishment and Grain Yield of Rice in Rainfed Lowland (Intermediate Deep-Water) Conditions." Experimental Agriculture 23, no. 2 (1987): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700016999.
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SummaryWater depth at or shortly after planting is critical for the establishment and subsequent tolerance of excess water in rice. A crop transplanted early in the season produced twice as much grain as a later planted crop. A semi-dwarf variety (CR 1018) and a taller variety (CR 1030) performed similarly after early transplanting, but the tall variety performed better when planted late under excess water. Seedling age did not greatly alter the yields when crops were transplanted early, but after late planting 45-day-old seedlings were best.
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Yang, Xiaohua, Susan K. Brown, and Peter J. Davies. "The Content and In Vivo Metabolism of Gibberellin in Apple Vegetative Tissues." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 138, no. 3 (2013): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.138.3.173.
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Despite the demonstrated importance of gibberellins (GAs) as regulators of fruit tree stature, information on their in vivo metabolism in apple vegetative tissues is still lacking. To determine whether the GA content and metabolism differs between dwarf and standard phenotypes and the influence of rootstocks, [14C]GA12, a common precursor of all GAs in higher plants, was applied to vigorously growing apple (Malus ×domestica) shoots collected from the scion cultivar Redcort on MM.106, a growth-promoting rootstock, and dwarf and standard seedlings on their own roots from progeny 806 (a cross between a breeding selection with reduced stature and an advanced breeding selection with a standard tree form). Twenty-one metabolites were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and used as tracers for the purification of endogenous GAs. The existence of endogenous and [2H]-labeled GA12, GA15, GA53, GA44, GA19, GA20, and GA3 was demonstrated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS); GA20 was the major GA present, with slightly less GA19 and GA44, and with GA3 present at approximately one-third the level of GA20. Despite specific searching, neither GA4, GA7, GA1, nor GA29 was found, showing that [14C]GA12 is metabolized mainly through the 13-hydroxylation pathway and that GA3 is a bioactive GA in apple vegetative tissues. The invigorating rootstock led to a slow GA metabolic rate in ‘Redcort’. For self-rooted plants, the same GAs were identified in dwarf and standard seedlings from progeny 806, although standard plants metabolized at twice the speed of dwarf plants. Young branches of dwarf 806 plants treated with GA3 were one-third longer with more nodes but similar in internode length. We conclude that the dwarf phenotype in progeny 806 is not caused by a lack of certain GAs in the GA biosynthesis pathway downstream of GA12.
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Cheng, Frank Suozhan, and Mikeal L. Roose. "Origin and Inheritance of Dwarfing by the Citrus Rootstock Poncirus trifoliata `Flying Dragon'." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 2 (1995): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.2.286.
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`Flying Dragon' Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf. is a dwarfing rootstock for citrus. Inheritance of dwarfing ability was studied in a population of open-pollinated seedlings of `Flying Dragon'. Molecular marker genotypes suggest that all seedlings originated from selfing. Progeny seedlings were budded with `Cutter Valencia' orange and planted in the field to evaluate the dwarfing effect of the seedling rootstock. At 5 years after planting, rankit analysis of the frequency distributions of trunk cross-sectional area and canopy volume suggested the presence of two overlapping distributions of 34 dwarf trees and 7 nondwarf. This ratio is consistent with inheritance of rootstock dwarfing as a single dominant gene for which `Flying Dragon' is heterozygous. Two morphological characteristics of `Flying Dragon', curved thorns and twisted trunk growth, were closely linked to, or pleiotropic effects of, the dwarfing gene. Bulked segregant analysis was used to identify three RAPD markers linked to the dwarfing gene. `Flying Dragon' was identical to nondwarfing cultivars of trifoliate orange at 40 homozygous and heterozygous isozyme and RFLP markers; therefore, it is likely that `Flying Dragon' originated as a mutant of a nondwarfing genotype and has not undergone sexual recombination since this event.
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Liang, Fa Hui, Jing Hui Yang, Jian Ke Li, et al. "Different Rootstocks and Physiological and Biochemical Change of SUM Cherry in Greenhouse Environment." Advanced Materials Research 886 (January 2014): 304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.886.304.
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To understand the effects of different rootstocks on the growth of sweet cherry in greenhouse environment, The change of physiological and biochemical indexes of SUM variety grafted on dwarf stock (gisela 5) and the vigorous stock (mahaleb) was studied with biennial seedlings cultivated in greenhouse of north China. The results showed that dwarf stocks could increase content of Malonaldehyde (MDA), proline (PRO), activity of Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and decreased the membrane relative permeability in the leaves of SUM compared with vigorous rootstocks. So the dwarf stocks could increase the resistance of plants. The vigorous stock could decrease content of MDA, but the activity of Peroxidase (POD) was same in the leaves of SUM grafted on both of rootstocks. So, the dwarf rootstock should be better than vigorous stock on increasing resistance or drought and salt tolerance of the cherry varieties SUM.
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Pereira, Lucas Medeiros, Gabriel Mascarenhas Maciel, Ana Carolina Silva Siquieroli, et al. "Introgression of the Self-Pruning Gene into Dwarf Tomatoes to Obtain Salad-Type Determinate Growth Lines." Plants 13, no. 11 (2024): 1522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13111522.
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The use of dwarf plants in tomato breeding has provided several advantages. However, there are no identified dwarf plants (dd) containing the self-pruning habit (spsp). The aim of this work was to obtain future generations, characterize the germplasm, and select potential dwarf plants with a determinate growth habit to obtain Salad-type lines. The work was started by carrying out hybridization, followed by the first, second, and third backcrosses. Once F2BC3 seeds became available, the introgression of the self-pruning gene (spsp) into dwarf plants (dd) began. Three strains of normal architecture and a determinate growth habit were hybridized with two strains of dwarf size and an indeterminate growth habit, thus yielding four hybrids. Additionally, donor genotype UFU MC TOM1, the commercial cultivar Santa Clara, and the wild accession Solanum pennellii were used in the experiment. Agronomic traits, fruit quality, metabolomics, and acylsugars content were evaluated, and dwarf plants with a determinate growth habit were selected. Hybrid 3 exhibited the highest yields. Visual differences between determinate and indeterminate dwarf plant seedlings were observed. It is suggested to carry out five self-pollinations of the best dwarf plant determined and subsequent hybridization with homozygous lines of normal plant architecture and determinate growth habit to obtain hybrids.
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Azevedo, Alinne Oliveira Nunes, Carlos Diego de Oliveira Azevedo, Pedro Henrique Araújo Diniz Santos, et al. "Selection of legitimate dwarf coconut hybrid seedlings using DNA fingerprinting." Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 18, no. 4 (2018): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-70332018v18n4a60.
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Normuratov, I. T. "IMPROVEMENT OF CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY FOR PEAR SEEDLINGS ON DWARF ROOTSTOCKS." Agrarian science 319, no. 10 (2018): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2018-319-10-45-46.
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Fujioka, Shozo, Hisakazu Yamane, Clive R. Spray, et al. "Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses of Gibberellins in Vegetative Shoots of Normal, dwarf-1, dwarf-2, dwarf-3, and dwarf-5 Seedlings of Zea mays L." Plant Physiology 88, no. 4 (1988): 1367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.88.4.1367.
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Gagnon, Serge, and Blanche Dansereau. "Effects of Chlormequat Chloride Rate on Growth and Development of Several Aster Cultivars." HortScience 30, no. 4 (1995): 846B—846. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.846b.
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Our purpose was to determine growth regulators rate effects on growth and development of aster Callistephus chinensis. During Spring 1993 and 1994, six aster cultivars were sown into 200-unit plug trays containing Pro-Mix PGX. Seedlings were transplanted into 10-cm pots containing Pro-Mix. Two weeks after transplanting, seedlings were sprayed with chlormequat chloride (CCC) at 750 or 1500 ppm and were compared to nontreated plants. A second application was applied 2 weeks later. Growth and development of asters were affected differently depending on cultivars and experimental season. During Spring 1994, a CCC treatment of 750 and 1500 ppm significantly reduced height and width of Dwarf Carpet Mix and Dwarf Spider Mix without affecting the number of flowers and total production time compared to nontreated plants. Growth regulator treatments had no effect on height and width of `Milady Mix' and `Starlight Rose'. However, the 750 ppm CCC treatment reduced the number of flowers produced by these two cultivars. Results obtained in 1993 also are presented.
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Doughty, S. C., E. N. O’Rourke, E. P. Barrios, and R. P. Mowers. "Comparison of Three Slow-release Fertilizers in the Production of Seedling Dwarf Date Palm." HortScience 20, no. 6 (1985): 1088–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.20.6.1088.
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Abstract Phoenix roebelenii O’Brian palm seedlings were potted in Metro Mix 500, and 3 groups of 25 plants each were fertilized with 18–2.6–10 (8- to 9-month release), 19–2.6–10 (3- to 4 month release) Osmocote, and 21–2.6–10 (6-month release) Sulfur Kote. Control pots with and without plants were either fertilized or not fertilized. Seedling palms were greenhouse grown for 23 weeks at temperatures ranging from 18° to 41 °C. Fertilizer type had no significant effect on leaf number or length, total dry weight or root dry weight. Plants which received Osmocote formulations showed higher foliage dry weights than plants which received Sulfur Kote. Conductivity of leachate (EC = mmhos/cm2) from pots fertilized with slow-released materials generally increased with no indication that release rate of nutrients had peaked.
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Stephens, Loren C. "Ethidium Bromide-induced Mutations from Inflorescence Cultures of Indiangrass." HortScience 44, no. 5 (2009): 1215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.5.1215.
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Immature inflorescences of a Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash selection were cultured on CCm medium with 5 mg·L−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 1 mg·L−1 N6-benzyladenine (BA) for 5 weeks. Callused inflorescence cultures were placed on CCm medium with 1 mg·L−1 BA (CCmB1) and 0 or 250 mg·L−1 ethidium bromide (EtBr) for 24 h. Cultures were transferred to CCmB1 without EtBr for shoot regeneration and then to CCm without plant growth regulators for rooting. Rooted shoots were transferred to soil under greenhouse conditions and then to the field. Fifteen putative M1 mutants with atypical phenotypes were detected among 71 EtBr-treated regenerants. Two self-incompatible putative M1 mutants were progeny-tested by using a wild-type Indiangrass seedling as the pollen parent. M1 selection ISU06-35 was a dwarf mutant whose M2 testcross progeny segregated 1:1 tall:dwarf seedlings. M1 selection ISU06-56 was a red-flowered mutant whose M2 testcross progeny segregated 1:1 green-flowered:red-flowered seedlings. These results are consistent with both M1 mutants being dominant nuclear mutations.
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Dolmatov, Evgeny, and Semin Igor. "Dwarf varieties and rootstocks - the basis for creating intensive pear gardens in Central Russia." E3S Web of Conferences 254 (2021): 01035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125401035.
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The interim results of many years of work on the creation of pear varieties - genetic dwarfs and dwarf rootstocks of an intensive type with a high adaptive potential suitable for setting intensive gardens in the conditions of the Central region of Russia are presented. At the first stage in the creation of intensive pear varieties obtained from crossing of highly winter-resistant and disease-resistant donors of various genetic origins with donors of monogenic determined dwarfism, high winter-resistant dwarf donors with group resistance to diseases were obtained. Among the seedlings obtained, promising forms were noted – 1-4-38, 1-6-74, 1-6-79, 1-6-83, which have a number of economically useful traits that are valuable for further work in the direction of obtaining super-intensive pear varieties. Preliminary data on the assessment of common quince as an intensive pear rootstock are given. The high winter-hardiness of common quince plants in the conditions of the Orel region is shown, the possibility of selected forms to propagate well with green cuttings and provide a high yield of homogeneous planting material is determined. High indicators of seed productivity and rootstock yield were noted in comparison with green cuttings. The preliminary results of the assessment of common quince compatibility with some pear varieties in nursery are presented. The prospects of the apple-pear hybrid as an intermediary in incompatible scion-rootstock combinations with dwarf rootstocks of VNIISPK breeding are shown.
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Baker, F. A., and K. R. Knowles. "Case Study: 36 Years of Dwarf Mistletoe in a Regenerating Black Spruce Stand in Northern Minnesota." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 21, no. 3 (2004): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/21.3.150.
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Abstract Current practice in dwarf mistletoe infested black spruce stands calls for eradication of all trees taller than 5 ft. In a stand harvested 36 years ago, fewer than 1 tree per acre taller than 3 ft remained. Since that time, Arceuthobium pusillum has survived and spread to new areas of the stand. From 16 infected trees per acre, the population has increased to 173 infected trees per acre in 1998. As establishment of new seedlings declines, the proportion of infected trees will increase greatly. The projected spread of dwarf mistletoe, and the resulting mortality of black spruce during the remainder of the rotation will cause unacceptable yield losses. Eradication of all black spruce after harvesting is necessary to prevent serious losses from dwarf mistletoe infestation in the new stand. North. J. Appl. For. 21(3):150–153.
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Zhang, W., X. Tang, Z. Lei, Z. Ming, and B. Yang. "UTILIZATION OF ISOZYME FOR PRE-SELECTION OF DWARF TYPE APPLE SEEDLINGS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 317 (September 1992): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1992.317.4.
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Livingston, William H., and Robert A. Blanchette. "Eastern Dwarf Mistletoe Seed Storage, Germination, and Inoculation of Spruce Seedlings." Forest Science 32, no. 1 (1986): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/32.1.92.
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Abstract Eastern dwarf mistletoe seed used for inoculation of Picea mariana and P. glauca had better germination (i.e., appearance of a red radicle) and radicle growth when stored at subfreezing temperatures (- 10°C vs. + 4°C) and high humidity for at least 10-12 weeks, and such seed remained viable for at least 40 weeks. Usually 25 percent or less of the seeds had radicle growth longer than 1 min. In greenhouse inoculations, most spruce seedlings (57 of 61) became infected if the radicle made contact with the stem. Forest Sci. 32:92-96.
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Lovell, D. J., S. R. Parker, S. Baldwin, and B. A. Fraaije. "Peduncle Rot of Dwarf Wheat caused by Rhizoctonia cerealis." Plant Health Progress 4, no. 1 (2003): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2003-0717-01-hn.
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Sharp eyespot, caused by the soil-borne fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis Van der Hoeven (teleomorph: Ceratobasidium cereale D. Murray & L.L. Burpee), is a common disease of Graminaceae plants including wheat, barley, oats, and rye. The fungus is prevalent throughout the major wheat growing regions of the world and is sometimes associated with pre- and post-emergence damping off and shoot death of seedlings. Accepted for publication 16 June 2003. Published 17 July 2003.
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Yu, Bo, Laiping Wang, Dongdong Cui, Wensheng Gao, Xiaomin Xue, and Peixian Nie. "Effects of Fulvic Acid on Growth and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency in M9T337 Seedlings." Plants 12, no. 23 (2023): 3937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12233937.
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Both fulvic acid (FA) and nitrogen (N) play important roles in agricultural production in China. Plants typically show a higher nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) under FA application. However, the role of FA application in apple growth and NUE remains unclear. A hydroponic culture experiment was performed, and M9T337 seedlings (a dwarf apple rootstock) were used as the experimental subjects. The biomass, photosynthesis, accumulation, and distribution of photosynthates, N absorption and assimilation, and relative gene expression in the seedlings were examined after treatment with five different concentrations of FA (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 mg·L−1, represented by CK, FA1, FA2, FA3, FA4, respectively). The results showed that the seedling dry weight and 15NUE were enhanced by FA, and both were highest under the FA2 (the concentration of fulvic acid is 120 mg·L−1) treatment. Further analysis revealed that under the FA2 treatment, the root morphology was optimized, and the root activity was relatively high. Compared with CK (control, the concentration of fulvic acid is 0 mg·L−1), the FA2 treatment strengthened photosynthesis, elevated the key enzyme activities related to C metabolism, upregulated the gene expression of sugar transport proteins, and increased the root sorbitol and sucrose contents, which suggested that the FA2 treatment optimally affected the root growth and N absorption because it enhanced photosynthate synthesis and the leaf-to-root translocation of photoassimilates. The seedlings in the FA2 treatment group also showed a significantly higher NO3− influx rate and NRT (nitrate transporter) gene expression in the roots. Moreover, relatively high N metabolism-related enzyme activities in the leaves and roots were also observed under the FA2 treatment. The isotope labeling results showed that the optimal FA2 supply not only promoted seedling 15N absorption but also optimized the distribution of C and N in the seedlings. These results suggested that an optimal FA supply (120 mg·L−1) enhanced seedling NUE by strengthening photoassimilate synthesis and transport from leaves to roots, regulating N absorption, assimilation, and distribution.
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Brovko, F. M., D. F. Brovko, O. F. Brovko, and V. Yu Yukhnovskyi. "Productivity of seedlings of Scots pine on alluvial sands of natural and man-made origin." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 3 (2021): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2021-3/088.
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Purpose. To find out quantitative physical and water indicators for which there are significant changes in forest vegetation properties in alluvial sands, as well as to trace their impact on the formation of pine seedling root systems and the accumulation of aboveground phytomass in their plantations. Methodology. The chemical properties of sandy soils were determined taking into account the current requirements of ISO, and their physical and water properties using volumetric cylinders, followed by the calculation of their density, porosity, as well as the coefficients of water content and aeration. The root population of the upper meter layer of sands was determined by the method of monoliths, and plant productivity was assessed by phytomass of medium model trees (7-year-old seedlings, plots 14) and by biometric indicators (22-year-old seedlings, plots 59). Findings. It was found that on alluvial sands with a density of 1.501.66 g × cm-3 in their upper meter thickness, 7-year-old seedlings of Scots pine form a superficial root system (1341.8 g × m-2), which provides accumulation of 2558 kg × ha-1 of aboveground phytomass in seedlings. As the density of sands increases, the production of seedling phytomass decreases. In the case of an increase in density by 14% (1.521.72 g × cm-3), there is a decrease in the mass of roots, in a meter-thick layer of sand (by 53.4%) and aboveground phytomass (by 36%). An increase in the density of sands by 510% with its maximum values (1.741.79 g × cm-3) in a 1030 cm layer causes a decrease in the mass of pine roots by 64.1%. The roots of pine seedlings, for such a density of sand, are not able to inhabit the inter-row space, as indicated by their content in the upper 20-cm layer of sand (2% of the mass of small roots recorded in a one-meter thickness). The phytomass of aboveground organs decreased by 81%, and the seedlings themselves were marked by dwarf growth (were grown by V class of productivity). On sands covered with humus mass of zonal soils, the one meter thickness contained fewer (by 51.4%) pine roots (482.8 g × m-2) than on the control. The share of small roots was smaller (by 61.5%) and that of coarse roots was higher (by 21.5%). Losses of aboveground phytomass per unit area in pine seedlings growing under such conditions can reach 31%, due to the compaction of sands at a depth of 2550 cm (1.671.72 g × cm-3) when they are covered by humus mass and row spacing are overgrown with herbaceous plants (root mass in 60-cm profile 3147 g × m-2) in the phase of their individual growth. Originality. Quantitative indicators of density, porosity and coefficients of water content and aeration of alluvial sands of natural and man-made origin are shown for which the seedlings of Scots pine feature delay in the formation of full-fledged root systems of the surface type, which is reflected in a decrease in the productivity of pine plantations cultivated on the sands, up to the visual manifestation of their dwarf growth. Practical value. The quantitative indicators of their physical and water properties obtained for alluvial sands explain the changes occurring in the structure of the root systems of Scots pine seedlings and the productivity of their aboveground organs. Maintaining the density of sands in the range of 1.501.66 g × cm-3 will allow growing pine seedlings on sands without covering their surface with humus mass, and no-till pre-planting loosening of sands in the rows of future crops allows ensuring the cultivation of multifunctional pine plantations.
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Savina, Ol'ga, Leonid Il'ichev, Antonina Mecheslavovna Savina, Natal'ya Vladimirovna Baydova, and Sergey Pentegov. "GROWING A COLUMNAR APPLE TREE ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROOTSTOCKS." Bulletin of KSAU, no. 12 (January 27, 2025): 58–66. https://doi.org/10.36718/1819-4036-2023-12-58-66.
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The purpose of research is to study the influence of different types of rootstocks on the processes of growth, development and fruiting of columnar apple trees. The work was carried out in 2019–2022 as part of the municipal assignment for the implementation of the project “Testing technology for growing columnar apple trees in the Ryazan Region” at the training and experimental site of the Ryazan city station for young naturalists on gray forest soil with an average level of fertility. Seedlings of a vigorous rootstock were propagated in 2019 by seed method from apple seeds of the Antonovka variety; to obtain clonal rootstocks, standard forms of rootstocks were used: № 54118 (medium-sized) and M9 (dwarf). In the spring of 2020, the columnar apple variety Moskovskoe Ozherelie was grafted onto these types of rootstocks using the copulation method. In September 2020, grafted seedlings of each species, uniform in height and shoot diameter, were selected and planted from the nursery to the experimental plot. Each option included six plants grafted on one type of rootstock, planted in rows according to a pattern of 80 × 200. Observations of the growth and development of grafted apple tree seedlings were carried out for three years, noting the survival rate of the grafts, the condition of the upper bud of the main stem, the growth of lateral branches on the central shoot, and the appearance of fruits in the seedlings. Biometric measurements were carried out in September on all available plants, measuring the height of the plant, the number of lateral branches, and the number of fruits. It has been established that a columnar apple tree variety grafted on a dwarf rootstock has less growth of the central shoot and begins to bear fruit earlier, in contrast to the same variety grafted on medium-sized and tall rootstocks. A columnar variety grafted on tall and medium-sized rootstocks begins to form lateral shoots from the third year of vegetation, while the same variety grafted on a dwarf rootstock does not form lateral branching unless the apical bud of the shoot is damaged.
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Thanuja, G., Nagaraja, N. R., Vishnuvardhana, Ravi Bhat, Maruti Prasad, B. N., and Ramesh, S. V. "Investigating the Impact of Zinc on Chlorophyll Content and Leaf Area in Arecanut Seedlings." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 12 (2023): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i123662.
Full textAbstract:
A sand culture experiment was carried out at ICAR-CPCRI, Regional Station, Vittal in the year 2021, to evaluate the impact of different concentrations of Zinc (Zn) on chlorophyll content and leaf area in arecanut seedlings. Eight varieties of arecanut seedlings (Mangala, Swarnamangala, Madhuramangala, Shatamangala, South Kanara local (S K local), Thirthahalli, Sirsi arecanut selection -1 (SAS -1), Hirehalli dwarf) were cultivated in a naturally ventilated glasshouse using sand culture provided with 0.031, 0.093 and 0.156 ppm of Zn. After six months of growth, the seedlings were assessed for chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll content, and total leaf area. The results indicated that the chlorophyll content and total leaf area of arecanut seedlings were significantly influenced by different varieties and varying levels of zinc supplementation. Maximum values for both chlorophyll content and total leaf area were observed at a Zn concentration of 0.093 ppm (Z2 level). This study suggests that among the different levels of Zn, a concentration of 0.093 ppm (medium level) is optimal for promoting the growth of arecanut seedlings.
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LEONOVICH, I. S., and N. G. KAPICHNIKOVA. "REALIZATION OF GENETIC POTENTIAL AND DURATION OF THE PRODUCTION PHASE OF APPLE TREE VARIETIES IN INTENSIVE PLANTATIONS." Fruit-Growing 34 (August 8, 2022): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47612/0134-9759-2022-34-18-23.
Full textAbstract:
Studies to determine the realization of the genetic potential and the duration of the productive phase of apple Alesya and
 Vesyalina varieties on two clonal rootstocks of different intensity of growth with two tree placement pattern were carried out
 in 2008–2021 in the garden of the Department of Fruit Growing Technology of RUE “Institute of Fruit Growing”, planted in the spring of 2006 with one-year-old seedlings. The productivity potential is more fully revealed in the variety Alesya on a dwarf rootstock 62-396 with a planting pattern of 4.0 × 1.5 m, in the variety Vesyalina on a semi-dwarf rootstock 54–118 with a planting pattern of 4.0 × 2.0 m. Relatively high productivity rate of the Alesya variety was also noted on the semi-dwarf rootstock 54–118 with a planting pattern of 4.0 × 2.0 m. We recommend these designs of apple plantations for laying and growing intensive orchards in the Republic of Belarus. The standard lifespan of apple plantations on a semi-dwarf (medium) rootstock can be reduced to 12 years, as well as for apple plantations on a dwarf rootstock. Fast depreciation with high yields allows for a faster replacement of orchards, and therefore varieties and methods of agricultural practices.
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Hwang, Ok Jin, and Kyoungwhan Back. "Suppression of Rice Cryptochrome 1b Decreases Both Melatonin and Expression of Brassinosteroid Biosynthetic Genes Resulting in Salt Tolerance." Molecules 26, no. 4 (2021): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041075.
Full textAbstract:
We investigated the relationship between the blue-light photoreceptor cryptochrome (CRY) and melatonin biosynthesis by generating RNA interference (RNAi) transgenic rice plants that suppress the cryptochrome 1b gene (CRY1b). The resulting CRY1b RNAi rice lines expressed less CRY1b mRNA, but not CRY1a or CRY2 mRNA, suggesting that the suppression is specific to CRY1b. The growth of CRY1b RNAi rice seedlings was enhanced under blue light compared to wild-type growth, providing phenotypic evidence for impaired CRY function. When these CRY1b RNAi rice plants were challenged with cadmium to induce melatonin, wild-type plants produced 100 ng/g fresh weight (FW) melatonin, whereas CRY1b RNAi lines produced 60 ng/g FW melatonin on average, indicating that melatonin biosynthesis requires the CRY photoreceptor. Due to possible feedback regulation, the expression of melatonin biosynthesis genes such as T5H, SNAT1, SNAT2, and COMT was elevated in the CRY1b RNAi lines compared to the wild-type plants. In addition, laminar angles decreased in the CRY1b RNAi lines via the suppression of brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis genes such as DWARF. The main cause of the BR decrease in the CRY1b RNAi lines seems to be the suppression of CRY rather than decreased melatonin because the melatonin decrease suppressed DWARF4 rather than DWARF.
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Wanner, James L., and Robert O. Tinnin. "Some effects of infection by Arceuthobiumamericanum on the population dynamics of Pinuscontorta in Oregon." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 6 (1989): 736–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-113.
Full textAbstract:
We examined a stand of Pinuscontorta var. murrayana (Grev. and Balf.) Engelm. having trees ranging in level of infection by Arceuthobiumamericanum Nutt. ex Engelm. from none to heavy (dwarf mistletoe rating 0–6). The following varied inversely with the level of infection in one of two years of sampling: cone production, cone length, seed mass, and radial growth at breast height. The following not measured more than once, but also varied inversely with the level of infection: pollen production, stem volume, survival of trees older than 45 years, and soil pH. Varying directly with the level of infection were 1st-year seedling density, survival of 1-year-old-seedlings, survival of 26- to 45-year-old trees, soil organic matter, abundance of litter, and soil calcium. We found that total basal area was similar in all study plots, regardless of the level of infection. These data are consistent with suggestions of reduced carbohydrate reserves within the trees as a result of infection, improved conditions for seedling survival in heavily infected stands, and freed resources in heavily infected stands (due to death of mature trees), leading to an increased population density of seedlings and saplings. We suggest that in the stand we studied, the parasite promotes an environment (through modification of the host) that favors regeneration of the host and thereby of itself.
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Ocokoljic, Mirjana, and Nebojsa Anastasijevic. "Variability of half-sib progeny properties as the base of Moesian beech (Fagus moesiaca (Maly) Czeczott) breeding." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 90 (2004): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0490129o.
Full textAbstract:
Based on the analysis of several morphological features and phenotype characteristics of seedlings in the juvenile test with 10 half-sib lines of Moesian beech (Fagus moesiaca (Maly) Czeczott), this paper gives the guidelines for further breeding and production of planting material for urban coenoses and the establishment of special purpose plantations of this species. The comparative analysis enabled the identification of the extreme planting material for further breeding programs aiming at dwarf varieties the selection of seedlings for tree rows, as well as the selection of planting material of special phenotype characteristics, which can be used as the initial material for the synthesis of the new varieties of Moesian beech.
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Scorza, Ralph, Li Zailong, G. W. Lightner, and Lenard E. Gilreath. "Dry Matter Distribution and Responses to Pruning Within a Population of Standard, Semidwarf, Compact, and Dwarf Peach Seedlings." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 111, no. 6 (1986): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.111.6.993.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In the article “Dry Matter Distribution and Responses to Pruning Within a Population of Standard, Semidwarf, Compact, and Dwarf Peach Seedlings”, by Ralph Scorza, Li Zailong, G.W. Lightner, and Lenard E. Gilreath (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 111:541–545, July 1986), Table 2, under the “Variable” column, which reads “Avg length of shoots (cm)”, should read “Avg length of shoots (mm)”.
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Lima, Geovani S. de, Jailson B. da Silva, Leandro de P. Souza, Reginaldo G. Nobre, Lauriane A. dos A. Soares, and Hans R. Gheyi. "Tolerance of precocious dwarf cashew clones to salt stress during rootstock formation stage." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 24, no. 7 (2020): 474–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v24n7p474-481.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the tolerance of precocious dwarf cashew clones to irrigation with waters of different salinity levels during rootstock formation. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, arranged in a 5 x 3 factorial scheme, corresponding to five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (0.4; 1.2; 2.0; 2.8 and 3.6 dS m-1) and three clones of precocious dwarf cashew (Faga 11, Embrapa 51, CCP 76), with three replicates. Water salinity above 0.4 dS m-1 inhibited chlorophyll synthesis and growth, but led to cashew seedlings with the Dickson Quality Index (DQI) higher than the acceptable limit. Based on the relative yield of the total dry mass, the clones Faga 11, Embrapa 51 and CCP 76, at the highest salinity level studied, were classified as moderately sensitive, sensitive and moderately tolerant, respectively. There was interaction between water salinity and precocious dwarf cashew clones for chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content and DQI at 75 days after sowing.