Academic literature on the topic 'Dwarfism in plants'

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Journal articles on the topic "Dwarfism in plants"

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Smith, MK, and RA Drew. "Growth and yield characteristics of dwarf off-types recovered from tissue-cultured bananas." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 4 (1990): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900575.

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Dwarf off-types recovered from a tissue cultured line of banana cultivar New Guinea Cavendish (Mum sp., AAA Group, Cavendish subgroup) were used to quantify some of the changes associated with dwarfism, the most common off-type associated with tissue-cultured Cavendish bananas, and to determine the relative stability of the trait. The off-types were significantly (P<0.01) shorter than true-to-type plants and retained their dwarf stature over 5 generations. The dwarfs were characterised by small fruit with closer packing of the hands on the bunch. Choking, when the bunch fails to emerge full
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Vilaine, Françoise, Jacques Rembur, Dominique Chriqui, and Mark Tepfer. "Modified Development in Transgenic Tobacco Plants Expressing a rolA∷GUS Translational Fusion and Subcellular Localization of the Fusion Protein." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 11, no. 9 (1998): 855–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1998.11.9.855.

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The rolA gene is transferred naturally by Agrobacterium rhizogenes to the genome of host plants, where it induces dramatic changes in development of transformed plants, including dwarfism and leaf wrinkling. The predicted translation product of the rolA gene is a small (11.4 kDa), basic (pI = 11.2) protein, which has no clearly significant similarity to sequences in the data bases. We have introduced into the tobacco genome a gene encoding a rolA∷GUS fusion protein. Expression of this gene led to synthesis of an RNA and a protein of expected size, and the transformed plants exhibited the dwarf
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Damasco, OP, ID Godwin, MK Smith, and SW Adkins. "Gibberellic acid detection of dwarf offtypes in micropropagated Cavendish bananas." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 2 (1996): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960237.

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Detection of dwarf offtypes produced by micropropagation of Cavendish bananas (Musa spp.) cultivars New Guinea Cavendish and Williams was achieved by spraying gibberellic acid (GA3) solution (289 pmol/L) onto deflasked plants and measuring various plantlet responses. The most useful identification criterion was elongation of the sheath of the first leaf to form after GA3 application. Elongation of this structure was about 2-fold greater in normal plants than observed in dwarfs. Similar measurements taken earlier during in vitro culture or later during plant establishment in soil were not as us
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Tokovenko, I. P., H. B. Huliaieva, L. A. Pasichnyk, and V. P. Patyka. "The Effect of Mono- and Mixed Phytoplasma and Bacterial Infections on Galega orientalis L. Plants." Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 86, no. 5 (2024): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj86.05.047.

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In recent years, in regions of intensive agriculture, due to unfavorable agro-ecological conditions, mixed infections have become a serious threat to the production of high-quality crop products, in particular, Galega orientalis L. Objective. To investigate the effect of mono- and mixed phytoplasma and bacterial infection on Galega orientalis L. plants. Methods. Plants of Galega orientalis L. were inoculated with phytoplasma strains: A. laidlawii var. granulum 118 ‒ the causative agent of pale green dwarfism of wheat; A. laidlawii 101 and A. laidlawii 178 ‒ pathogens of tomato trunk, and Pseud
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Phinney, B. O. "Gibberellin A1 dwarfism and shoot elongation in higher plants." Biologia Plantarum 27, no. 2-3 (1985): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02902157.

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Lu, Yang, Shuangxia Luo, Qiang Li, et al. "Phenotypic Characterization and Differential Gene Expression Analysis Reveal That Dwarf Mutant dwf Dwarfism Is Associated with Gibberellin in Eggplant." Horticulturae 7, no. 5 (2021): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7050114.

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Dwarfism is a desirable trait in eggplant breeding, as it confers higher lodging resistance and allows simplified management and harvest. However, a few dwarf mutants have been reported, and the molecular mechanism underlying dwarfism in eggplant is completely unknown. Here, we report a dwarf mutant (dwf) isolated from an ethyl methyl sulfonate (EMS)-induced mutant library. The hypocotyl length, plant height, and length of internode cells of dwf were significantly decreased compared to those of the wild-type parent ‘14-345’ (WT). Differential gene expression analysis revealed that GA-related g
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Korner, C., Menendez-Riedl S. Pelaez, and PCL John. "Why Are Bonsai Plants Small? A Consideration of Cell Size." Functional Plant Biology 16, no. 5 (1989): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9890443.

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Size determinants of organisms are still a great puzzle. Analysis of dwarfs or giants within a certain taxon is a promising tool for a functional understanding of size control. Bonsai cultivation techniques lead to the most extreme forms of environmentally induced plant dwarfism. It is shown that no such changes take place at the level of cell size of leaves. Leaves of four out of six species of Bonsai had even bigger cells than leaves of normal trees, which is similar to what was observed in genetically dwarf plants from high altitudes. These results illustrate the insignificance of intraspec
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Carvalho, Waleska S. G. de, Cláudia S. Marinho, Mayara B. de S. Arantes, Glaziele Campbell, Bruno D. Amaral, and Maura Da Cunha. "Agronomic and Anatomical Indicators of Dwarfism and Graft Incompatibility in Citrus Plants." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 9 (2018): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n9p263.

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Poncirus trifoliata var. monstrosa (T. Ito) Swingle is a rootstock used in Brazilian citriculture for its potential to induce dwarfism and the viability of densified crops. Its recommendation is still restricted due to lack of research on the performance and compatibility of different types of scion under specific conditions of soil and climate. The aim of this study was to correlate plant size and productive efficiency with anatomical indicators of dwarfism or graft incompatibility between citrus scion cultivars and the ‘Flying Dragon’ trifoliate orange (FD) and ‘Rangpur Lime’ (RL) as rootsto
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Knott, D. R. "The mode of inheritance of a type of dwarfism in common wheat." Genome 32, no. 5 (1989): 932–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-533.

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A type of dwarfism found in crosses involving the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Webster and a stem rust (Puccinia graminis tritici Erik. &Henn.) susceptible line, LMPG, proved to be due to a dominant gene from cv. Webster and a recessive gene from LMPG. The dominant gene is closely linked to the gene Sr30, which conditions stem rust resistance in cv. Webster and is on chromosome 5D. The dwarf plants have short, dark green, stiff leaves and rarely develop more than two leaves before dying.Key words: dwarfism, Triticum aestivum, Puccinia graminis tritici, stem rust.
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Christensen, B., S. Sriskandarajah, R. Müller, and M. Serek. "QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS BY INTRODUCING DWARFISM INTO KALANCHOE BLOSSFELDIANA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 941 (January 2012): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2012.941.7.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dwarfism in plants"

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Ouzounis, Theoharis. "Storage nitrogen manipulations in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) on dwarfing rootstocks." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.

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Cooper, Curtis Steven. "Meteorologies of Brown Dwarfs and Extrasolar Giant Planets." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195544.

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This dissertation explores the consequences of atmospheric dynamics for observations of substellar mass objects (SMOs). Discussed first is the growth of cloud particles of various compositions in brown dwarfs of different surface gravities and effective temperatures. The structure of these objects is calculated with a one-dimensional radiative transfer model. To determine particle sizes, the timescales for microphysical growth processes, including nucleation, coagulation, and coalescence, are compared to the timescale for gravitational sedimentation. The model also allows for sustained uplifti
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Gallardo, José. "Physics of low mass stars, brown dwarfs and extrasolar planets." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENSL0412.

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Rodriguez-Barrera, Maria Isabel. "Ionization in atmospheres of brown dwarfs and giant gas planets." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11363.

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Recent observations of ultra-cool objects suggest that the gas in their uppermost atmospheres is heated, ionised and magnetised to levels that radio and X-ray emission is possible. The aim of this work is to identify which low mass objects are most susceptible to plasma and magnetic processes by the effect of thermal ionisation and Lyman continuum photoionisation from the irradiation of external sources in different environments. I focus my work on very low mass, ultra-cool objects (late M-dwarfs, brown dwarfs and giant gas planets: T[sub]eff = 1000 . . . 3000 K) to analyse the electrostatic a
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Tan, Xianyu, and Adam P. Showman. "Effects of Latent Heating on Atmospheres of Brown Dwarfs and Directly Imaged Planets." IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624643.

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The growing number of observations of brown dwarfs (BDs) has provided evidence for strong atmospheric circulation on these objects. Directly imaged planets share similar observations and can be viewed as low-gravity versions of BDs. Vigorous condensate cycles of chemical species in their atmospheres are inferred by observations and theoretical studies, and latent heating associated with condensation is expected to be important in shaping atmospheric circulation and influencing cloud patchiness. We present a qualitative description of the mechanisms by which condensational latent heating influe
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Amirsadeghi, Sasan. "Phenotypic analysis of plant dwarfing induced by overexpression of a tobacco Myb gene." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29807.

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The tobacco NtmybAS1 gene encodes a novel anther-specific member of the Myb family of transcription factors. Overexpression of NtmybAS1 driven by the CaMV35S promoter in tobacco resulted in dramatic alterations in plant architecture leading to a semi-dominant dwarf phenotype. Northern blot analysis demonstrated a direct relationship between the severity of dwarf phenotype and the level of NtmybAS1 transcripts, which clearly indicated that the NtmybAS1-induced dwarfing is gene dosage dependent. Analysis of cell morphology demonstrated that a severe reduction of cell elongation in hypocotyls was
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Lindgren, Sara. "Metallicity determination of M dwarfs." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Observationell astrofysik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-332102.

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M dwarfs constitute around 70% of all stars in the local Galaxy. Their multitude together with their long main-sequence lifetimes make them important for studies of global properties of the Galaxy such as the initial mass function or the structure and kinematics of stellar populations. In addition, the exoplanet community is showing an increasing interest for those small, cold stars. However, very few M dwarfs are well characterized, and in the case of exoplanetary systems the stellar parameters have a direct influence on the derived planet properties. Stellar parameters of M dwarfs are diffic
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Biller, Beth A., Johanna Vos, Esther Buenzli, et al. "Simultaneous Multiwavelength Variability Characterization of the Free-floating Planetary-mass Object PSO J318.5−22." IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/627034.

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We present simultaneous Hubble Space Telescope (HST) WFC3+Spitzer IRAC variability monitoring for the highly variable young (similar to 20 Myr) planetary-mass object PSO J318.5-22. Our simultaneous HST + Spitzer observations covered approximately two rotation periods with Spitzer and most of a rotation period with the HST. We derive a period of 8.6. +/-. 0.1 hr from the Spitzer light curve. Combining this period with the measuredvsinifor this object, we find an inclination of 56 degrees.2. +/-. 8 degrees.1. We measure peak-to-trough variability amplitudes of 3.4%. +/-. 0.1% for Spitzer Channel
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Hodosán, Gabriella. "Lightning on exoplanets and brown dwarfs." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12079.

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Lightning is an important electrical phenomenon, known to exist in several Solar System planets. Amongst others, it carries information on convection and cloud formation, and may be important for pre-biotic chemistry. Exoplanets and brown dwarfs have been shown to host environments appropriate for the initiation of lightning discharges. In this PhD project, I aim to determine if lightning on exoplanets and brown dwarfs can be more energetic than it is known from Solar System planets, what are the most promising signatures to look for, and if these "exo-lightning" signatures can be detected fro
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Pinilla, P., L. H. Quiroga-Nuñez, M. Benisty, et al. "Millimeter Spectral Indices and Dust Trapping By Planets in Brown Dwarf Disks." IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625749.

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Disks around brown dwarfs (BDs) are excellent laboratories to study the first steps of planet formation in cold and low-mass disk conditions. The radial-drift velocities of dust particles in BD disks higher than in disks around more massive stars. Therefore, BD disks are expected to be more depleted in millimeter-sized grains compared to disks around T Tauri or Herbig Ae/Be stars. However, recent millimeter observations of BD disks revealed low millimeter spectral indices, indicating the presence of large grains in these disks and challenging models of dust evolution. We present 3 mm photometr
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Books on the topic "Dwarfism in plants"

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Possible observational criteria for distinguishing brown dwarfs from planets. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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Black, David C. Possible observational criteria for distinguishing brown dwarfs from planets. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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R, Rebolo, Martin Eduardo L, and Zapatero Osorio Maria Rosa, eds. Brown dwarfs and extrasolar planets: Proceedings of a workshop held in Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain, 17-21 March 1997. Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998.

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1971-, Boos Ben. Fantasy: An artist's realm. Candlewick Press, 2010.

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Pedretti, Ricardo. Agronomic performance of six winter wheat dwarfing sources when crossed to isogenic lines for Norin 10 Rht loci. 1987.

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Baltazar, Baltazar. Possible association between dwarfing genes Rht₁ and Rht₂ and the reaction to Septoria tritici blotch in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell). 1987.

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MARTIN. Lithium Stars Brown Dwarfs Planets Inthb. Institute of Physics Publishing, 2022.

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Kortenkamp, Steve. Dwarf Planets. Capstone, 2010.

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Physics of Low-Mass Stars, Brown Dwarfs and Gaseous Planets. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 2021.

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ha-Zemanim ha-metim: Dead times of the dwarfs. Karmel, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Dwarfism in plants"

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Burleigh, Matt, Fraser Clarke, and Simon Hodgkin. "Imaging Planets Around White Dwarfs." In White Dwarfs. Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0215-8_97.

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Reid, I. Neill. "Brown Dwarfs." In Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems. Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5615-1_7.

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Di Stefano, Rosanne. "Planets Orbiting White Dwarfs." In White Dwarf Atmospheres and Circumstellar Environments. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527636570.ch4.

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Mullally, F., A. Mukadam, D. E. Winget, R. E. Nather, and S. O. Kepler. "The Search for Planets Around Pulsating White Dwarf Stars." In White Dwarfs. Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0215-8_99.

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Stevenson, David S. "The Formation of Stars and Planets at the Bottom of the Main Sequence." In Red Dwarfs. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25550-3_1.

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North, Gerald. "Brown Dwarfs and Extra-Solar Planets." In Astronomy in Depth. Springer London, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-426-5_17.

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North, Gerald. "Brown Dwarfs and Extra-solar Planets." In Astronomy Explained. Springer London, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0901-3_19.

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Reipurth, Bo. "The Formation of Brown Dwarfs." In The Origin of Stars and Planets: The VLT View. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/10856518_14.

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Reipurth, Bo. "The Formation of Brown Dwarfs." In The Origins of Stars and Planets: The VLT View. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-40277-1_14.

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Kumar, Shiv S. "Very Low Mass Stars, Black Dwarfs and Planets." In Planetary Systems: Formation, Evolution, and Detection. Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1154-6_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Dwarfism in plants"

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Zúñiga-Fernández, Sebastián, Michaël Gillon, Peter P. Pedersen, et al. "SPECULOOS: five years hunting terrestrial planets around ultra-cool dwarfs." In Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes X, edited by Heather K. Marshall, Jason Spyromilio, and Tomonori Usuda. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3020550.

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Petrova, A. D. "VIRAL AND NEMATODE INFECTIONS IN PLANTINGS OF THE GARDEN STRAWBERRY." In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. VNIIP – FSC VIEV, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6050437-8-2.2024.25.316-321.

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Protecting strawberries from various diseases and phytoparasites plays an important role in providing high yields. Ditylenchiasis caused by the stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kuhn, 1857, Filipjev, 1936) is a wide-spread and highly dangerous disease with the greatest economic impact worldwide. The disease is common in industrial gardens, on farms and subsidiary farms. The stem nematode being a serious pest reduces strawberry yield by almost 3-5 times. Berries become small and ugly on damaged plants and their sugar content decreases. The plant reproductive capacity decreases by 6-10 times. T
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Zotova, L., A. Zhumalin, A. Gajimuradova, I. Zhirnova, F. Abdulloyеv, and A. Nuralov. "USING OF RHT (-B1A, -B1B, D1A, D1B) SEMI-DWARFISM GENES AND COARSE-GRAINED TAGW8-B1A, TAGS 5-3A GENES FOR INCREASING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SPRING WHEAT." In X Международная конференция молодых ученых: биоинформатиков, биотехнологов, биофизиков, вирусологов и молекулярных биологов — 2023. Novosibirsk State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1526-1-323.

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To speed up the selection process of hybrids and the selection of parental forms for crosses, it is important to pay attention to both the phenotypic and genetic potential of plants. In order to increase yields by selecting optimal parameters for wheat selection based on short-stemmed and coarse-grained characteristics in a dry climate, we studied the genes of the “green revolution” group Rht and coarse-grained TaGW, TaGS, and carried out a correlation analysis between the genetic potential of wheat varieties and hybrids and their phenotypic manifestation in drought conditions. The results of
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"Genes determining dwarfism of watermelon Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Novosibirsk ICG SB RAS 2021, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2021-194.

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"Monitoring of Viruses Associated with Yellow Dwarfing Symptoms in Volunteer Barley (H. vulgare) from Minnesota Utilizing High-Throughput Sequencing." In Plant Health 2024. American Phytopathological Society, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/aps-ph24-087.

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"Improved marker for the Rht-B1p dwarfing allele in wheat." In Current Challenges in Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk State University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/icg-plantgen2019-61.

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Маковей, Милания, та Анатолий Ганя. "Разнородность мутантной коллекции томата по типу роста и габитусу растений". У VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.61.

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The article presents the results of studying a mutant collection of tomato by the nature of the man-ifestation of such economically valuable traits as the type of growth and habit of plants. Shown high dif-ferentiation between mutants samples, 6 varieties were identified by the type of plant growth: 1. indeter-minate (32.2%), 2. semi-determinant (10.4%), 3. determinant (33.6%), 4. super-determinant (15.6%), 5. dwarfs (21.7%), and 6. columnar (0.008%). Indeterminate and determinant types are subdivided into subtypes: a) indeterminate ordinary and indeter-minate standard; b) determinant ordinary
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"Phenotypic effects of the Rht-17 dwarfing gene in spring wheat under two climatic conditions." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2019-036.

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Сидоров, Л. А., Н. А. Милюкова, and А. С. Пырсиков. "ANALYSIS OF THE SUNFLOWER COLLECTION FOR THE Pl6 LOCUS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE RESISTANCE OF HELIANTHUS ANNUUS TO DOWY POWDERY DEW." In Биотехнология в растениеводстве, животноводстве и сельскохозяйственной микробиологии. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.48397/arriab.2021.21.xxi.027.

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Ложная мучнистая роса подсолнечника (ЛМР) - это заболевание растения, которое вызывается возбудителем Plasmopara halstedii (Farl.) из порядка Peronosporales, который принадлежит к оомицетам. Является облигатным паразитом, образует в органах растения толстую ветвящуюся границу диаметром 6-9 мкм с зернистым бесцеветным или желтоватым содержимым. Источниками первичной инфекции являются ооспоры, которые сохраняются в почве до 10 лет; источником вторичной инфекции являются зооспоры. Проявляется одновременно, как и системно, так и локально. Симптомами заболевания являются белый налёт на нижней сторо
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Sandler, David, Steven Stahl, and Roger Angel. "Searching for Brown Dwarfs and Extra-Solar Planets from the Ground Using Adaptive Optics." In Adaptive Optics. Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/adop.1996.athc.29.

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The adaptive optics system under development for the new 6.5 m MMT, using an adaptive secondary mirror, will allow direct detection of cool brown dwarfs much closer in than Gliese 229B. An advanced system with 10,000 actuators will allow direct detection of Jupiter-like planets around bright stars within 10 pc. Requirements and detection limits will be discussed.
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Reports on the topic "Dwarfism in plants"

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Cohen, Yuval, Christopher A. Cullis, and Uri Lavi. Molecular Analyses of Soma-clonal Variation in Date Palm and Banana for Early Identification and Control of Off-types Generation. United States Department of Agriculture, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592124.bard.

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Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is the major fruit tree grown in arid areas in the Middle East and North Africa. In the last century, dates were introduced to new regions including the USA. Date palms are traditionally propagated through offshoots. Expansion of modern date palm groves led to the development of Tissue Culture propagation methods that generate a large number of homogenous plants, have no seasonal effect on plant source and provide tools to fight the expansion of date pests and diseases. The disadvantage of this procedure is the occurrence of off-type trees which differ from t
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Cohen, Shabtai, Melvin Tyree, Amos Naor, Alan N. Lakso, Terence L. Robinson, and Yehezkiel Cohen. Influence of hydraulic properties of rootstocks and the rootstock-scion graft on water use and productivity of apple trees. United States Department of Agriculture, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7587219.bard.

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This one year exploratory project investigated hydraulic architecture of apple dwarfing rootstocks. The hypothesis was that hydraulic conductance is correlated with rootstock vigor. A previous study of trees on three rootstocks in Israel showed that dwarfed trees used less water than un-dwarfed trees. Analysis showed that if the tree maintains leaf water potentials above minimum values, then this implies that the dwarfed trees have lower leaf conductance, which may also be the cause of dwarfing. The current project studied small 2-year old unworked rootstock trees, and full sized trees bearing
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McMillan, S. S., S. M. Ammons, and D. Pham. Towards the Best Parallaxes and a Limit on the Giant Planet Occurrence Rate for Nearby T Brown Dwarfs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1643755.

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