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Journal articles on the topic 'Dye-sensitized solar cells ; Electrolytes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Iftikhar, Haider, Gabriela Gava Sonai, Syed Ghufran Hashmi, Ana Flávia Nogueira, and Peter David Lund. "Progress on Electrolytes Development in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Materials 12, no. 12 (June 21, 2019): 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12121998.

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Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been intensely researched for more than two decades. Electrolyte formulations are one of the bottlenecks to their successful commercialization, since these result in trade-offs between the photovoltaic performance and long-term performance stability. The corrosive nature of the redox shuttles in the electrolytes is an additional limitation for industrial-scale production of DSSCs, especially with low cost metallic electrodes. Numerous electrolyte formulations have been developed and tested in various DSSC configurations to address the aforementioned challenges. Here, we comprehensively review the progress on the development and application of electrolytes for DSSCs. We particularly focus on the improvements that have been made in different types of electrolytes, which result in enhanced photovoltaic performance and long-term device stability of DSSCs. Several recently introduced electrolyte materials are reviewed, and the role of electrolytes in different DSSC device designs is critically assessed. To sum up, we provide an overview of recent trends in research on electrolytes for DSSCs and highlight the advantages and limitations of recently reported novel electrolyte compositions for producing low-cost and industrially scalable solar cell technology.

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2

Wu, Jihuai, Zhang Lan, Jianming Lin, Miaoliang Huang, Yunfang Huang, Leqing Fan, and Genggeng Luo. "Electrolytes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Chemical Reviews 115, no. 5 (January 28, 2015): 2136–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr400675m.

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3

Wang, Gui Qiang, Liang Wang, and Shu Ping Zhuo. "Enhancing the Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by Incorporating Mesoporous Carbon in Polymer Gel Electrolyte." Materials Science Forum 685 (June 2011): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.685.44.

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Mesoporous carbon (MC) materials with surface area of 400 m2g-1were prepared and incorporated into the polymer gel electrolyte comprising of polyvinylidene fluoride and 1-methyl-3-hexylimidazolium iodide to fabricate the composite gel electrolytes. The photovoltaic performance of the quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells was improved through incorporating MC into electrolyte. The dye-sensitized solar cell with composite gel electrolyte containing 3 wt% MC achieved the best photovoltaic performance, and the corresponding open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density, fill factor and overall conversion efficiency were 0.59V, 13.22 mAcm-2, 0.66 and 5.15%, respectively. The stability of dye-sensitized solar cells with composite gel electrolyte was far superior to the cell with organic liquid electrolyte.

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4

Kim, Jihun, Horim Lee, Dong Young Kim, Sehyun Kim, and Yongsok Seo. "Cobalt-Based Electrolytes for Efficient Flexible Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." MRS Advances 4, no. 08 (2019): 481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.126.

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AbstractWe have developed new flexible dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) comprising organic dye (JH-1), cobalt redox electrolyte and hierarchically structured TiO2 (HS-TiO2) photoelectrode prepared using an electrostatic spray method. The performance of JH-1 sensitized flexible DSSC with a cobalt redox electrolyte was compared with those of N719-based DSSC and DSSC with I-/ I3- redox electrolyte. As a result, JH-1 sensitized flexible DSSC with [Co(Ⅲ/Ⅱ)(bpy-pz)3](PF6)3/2 redox system exhibited a high photocurrent density of 9.17 mA cm-2, an open circuit voltage of 0.953 V, a fill factor of 0.70, and a power conversion efficiency of 6.12% under 1 sun illumination (100 mW cm-2). The incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency was measured to explain the photocurrent generation difference by different dyes and electrolytes. The electron recombination lifetime of cells was measured by intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy. Mass transport in DSSCs employing cobalt redox electrolytes was also investigated by the photocurrent transient measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis.

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5

Jawad, Mohammed Kadhim. "Polymer electrolytes based PAN for dye-sensitized solar cells." Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 15, no. 33 (January 8, 2019): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v15i33.150.

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Solar cells has been assembly with electrolytes including I−/I−3 redox duality employ polyacrylonitrile (PAN), ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), with double iodide salts of tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) and Lithium iodide (LiI) and iodine (I2) were thoughtful for enhancing the efficiency of the solar cells. The rendering of the solar cells has been examining by alteration the weight ratio of the salts in the electrolyte. The solar cell with electrolyte comprises (60% wt. TBAI/40% wt. LiI (+I2)) display elevated efficiency of 5.189% under 1000 W/m2 light intensity. While the solar cell with electrolyte comprises (60% wt. LiI/40% wt. TBAI (+I2)) display a lower efficiency of 3.189%. The conductivity raises with the raising TBAI salt weight ratio and attains the maximum value of 1.7×10−3 S. cm−1 at room temperature with 60% wt. TBAI, and the lower value of ionic conductivity of 5.27×10−4 S. cm−1 for electrolyte with 40% wt. TBAI. The results display that the conductivity rises with rising temperature. This may be attributed to the extending of the polymer and thereby output the free volume. The alteration in ionic conductivity with temperature obeys the Arrhenius type thermally activated process. The differences in activation energy mightily backup the alteration in the electrical conductivity.

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6

Yu, Ze, Nick Vlachopoulos, Mikhail Gorlov, and Lars Kloo. "Liquid electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells." Dalton Transactions 40, no. 40 (2011): 10289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1dt11023c.

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7

FANG, Shibi. "POLYMER ELECTROLYTES FOR DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS." Acta Polymerica Sinica 008, no. 6 (September 15, 2008): 507–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1105.2008.00507.

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8

Rokesh, Karuppannan, Sambandam Anandan, and Kandasamy Jothivenkatachalam. "Polymer Electrolytes in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells." Materials Focus 4, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 262–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mat.2015.1259.

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9

Cassone, Giuseppe, Giuseppe Calogero, Jiri Sponer, and Franz Saija. "Mobilities of iodide anions in aqueous solutions for applications in natural dye-sensitized solar cells." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 18 (2018): 13038–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp01155a.

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Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) composed of aqueous electrolytes represent an environmentally friendly, low-cost, and concrete alternative to standard DSSCs and typical solar cells. A joint experimental/computational study revealed the microscopic details behind the conduction properties of iodide anions in aqueous dye-sensitized solar cells.

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10

Liu, I.-Ping, Wei-Ning Hung, Hsisheng Teng, Shanmugam Venkatesan, Jian-Ci Lin, and Yuh-Lang Lee. "High-performance printable electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 19 (2017): 9190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta01341h.

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11

Kim, Ji-Hye, Sung-Yoon Park, Dong-Hyuk Lim, So-Young Lim, Jonghoon Choi, and Hyung-Jun Koo. "Eco-Friendly Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Water-Electrolytes and Chlorophyll." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 2150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092150.

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Organic solvents used for electrolytes of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are generally not only toxic and explosive but also prone to leakage due to volatility and low surface tension. The representative dyes of DSSCs are ruthenium-complex molecules, which are expensive and require a complicated synthesis process. In this paper, the eco-friendly DSSCs were presented based on water-based electrolytes and a commercially available organic dye. The effect of aging time after the device fabrication and the electrolyte composition on the photovoltaic performance of the eco-friendly DSSCs were investigated. Plasma treatment of TiO2 was adopted to improve the dye adsorption as well as the wettability of the water-based electrolytes on TiO2. It turned out that the plasma treatment was an effective way of improving the photovoltaic performance of the eco-friendly DSSCs by increasing the efficiency by 3.4 times. For more eco-friendly DSSCs, the organic-synthetic dye was replaced by chlorophyll extracted from spinach. With the plasma treatment, the efficiency of the eco-friendly DSSCs based on water-electrolytes and chlorophyll was comparable to those of the previously reported chlorophyll-based DSSCs with non-aqueous electrolytes.

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12

Law, ChunHung, Shehan C. Pathirana, Xaioe Li, Assaf Y. Anderson, Piers R. F. Barnes, Andrea Listorti, Tarek H. Ghaddar, and Brian C. O′Regan. "Water-Based Electrolytes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Advanced Materials 22, no. 40 (August 27, 2010): 4505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201001703.

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13

Gorlov, Mikhail, and Lars Kloo. "Ionic liquid electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells." Dalton Transactions, no. 20 (2008): 2655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b716419j.

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14

Seesad, W., U. Tipparach, N. Kodtharin, and S. Wuttiprom. "Developing dye sensitized solar cells with polymer electrolytes." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 901 (September 2017): 012155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/901/1/012155.

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15

Lu, JianFeng, Jie Bai, XiaoBao Xu, ZhiHong Li, Kun Cao, Jin Cui, and MingKui Wang. "Alternate redox electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells." Chinese Science Bulletin 57, no. 32 (November 2012): 4131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5409-3.

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16

Park, Dong-Won, Kyung-Hee Park, Jae-Wook Lee, Kyung-Jun Hwang, and Yong-Kook Choi. "Hydrochloric Acid Treatment of TiO2 Electrode for Quasi-Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 3722–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.005.

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Quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell was fabricated by sandwiched polymer electrolyte containing liquid electrolytes between the dye-sensitized TiO2 electrode and a Pt electrode. The influence of hydrochloric acid treatment of TiO2 photoelectrode on the photoelectronic performance was investigated. Quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell showed better photoelectronic performance when the TiO2 electrode was treated with hydrochloric acid than that without treatment. The short-circuit current density (Jsc), the open-circuit voltage (Voc), and a conversion efficiency obtained for an incident light intensity of 100 mW m−2 were 6.49 mA cm−2, 0.76 V and 4.1%, respectively. It was found that the hydrochloric acid treatment of TiO2 electrode increased the short-circuit current density and cell efficiency.

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17

Park, Dong-Won, Kyung-Hee Park, Jae-Wook Lee, Kyung-Jun Hwang, and Yong-Kook Choi. "Hydrochloric Acid Treatment of TiO2 Electrode for Quasi-Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 3722–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.18059.

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Quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell was fabricated by sandwiched polymer electrolyte containing liquid electrolytes between the dye-sensitized TiO2 electrode and a Pt electrode. The influence of hydrochloric acid treatment of TiO2 photoelectrode on the photoelectronic performance was investigated. Quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell showed better photoelectronic performance when the TiO2 electrode was treated with hydrochloric acid than that without treatment. The short-circuit current density (Jsc), the open-circuit voltage (Voc), and a conversion efficiency obtained for an incident light intensity of 100 mW m−2 were 6.49 mA cm−2, 0.76 V and 4.1%, respectively. It was found that the hydrochloric acid treatment of TiO2 electrode increased the short-circuit current density and cell efficiency.

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18

Bhambhani, Pooja. "Quantum Dot-sensitized Solar Cells: A Review." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v7i1.841.

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Quantum dot-sensitized solar cell (QDSSC) has an analogous structure and working principle to the dye sensitizer solar cell (DSSC). It has drawn great attention due to its unique features, like multiple exciton generation (MEG), simple fabrication and low cost. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of QDSSC is lower than that of DSSC. To increase the PCE of QDSSC, it is required to develop new types of working electrodes, sensitizers, counter electrodes and electrolytes. This review highlights recent developments in QDSSCs and their key components, including the photoanode, sensitizer, electrolyte and counter electrode.

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19

Wanninayake, W. M. N. M. B., K. Premaratne, and R. M. G. Rajapakse. "High Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Synthesized SnO2 Nanoparticles." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5203068.

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In this study, SnO2 semiconductor nanoparticles were synthesized for DSC applications via acid route using tin(ii) chloride as a starting material and hydrothermal method through the use of tin(iv) chloride. Powder X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the formation of the rutile phase of SnO2 with nanoranged particle sizes. A quasi-solid-state electrolyte was employed instead of a conventional liquid electrolyte in order to overcome the practical limitations such as electrolyte leakage, solvent evaporation, and sealing imperfections associated with liquid electrolytes. The gel electrolytes were prepared incorporating lithium iodide (LiI) and tetrapropylammonium iodide (Pr4N+I−) salts, separately, into the mixture which contains polyacrylonitrile as a polymer, propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate as plasticizers, iodide/triiodide as the redox couple, acetonitrile as the solvent, and 4-tertiary butylpyridine as an electrolyte additive. In order to overcome the recombination problem associated with the SnO2 due to its higher electron mobility, ultrathin layer of CaCO3 coating was used to cover the surface recombination sites of SnO2 nanoparticles. Maximum energy conversion efficiency of 5.04% is obtained for the device containing gel electrolyte incorporating LiI as the salt. For the same gel electrolyte, the ionic conductivity and the diffusion coefficient of the triiodide ions are 4.70 × 10−3 S cm−1 and 4.31 × 10−7 cm2 s−1, respectively.

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20

Wu, Jihuai, Zhang Lan, Sanchun Hao, Pingjiang Li, Jianming Lin, Miaoliang Huang, Leqing Fang, and Yunfang Huang. "Progress on the electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells." Pure and Applied Chemistry 80, no. 11 (January 1, 2008): 2241–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200880112241.

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Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have aroused intense interest over the past decade owing to their low cost and simple preparation procedures. Much effort has been devoted to the study of electrolytes that enable light-to-electrical power conversion for DSSC applications. This review focuses on recent progress in the field of liquid, solid-state, and quasi-solid-state electrolytes for DSSCs. It is believed that quasi-solid-state electrolytes, especially those utilizing thermosetting gels, are particularly applicable for fabricating high photoelectric performance and long-term stability of DSSCs in practical applications.

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21

Wantawee, S., S. Saenthaweesuk, Supakorn Pukird, T. Saipin, and Udom Tipparach. "Performance and Stability of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Quasi-Solid State Electrolytes Base on N-Methyl-Quinoline Iodide." Advanced Materials Research 93-94 (January 2010): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.93-94.194.

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We have fabricated dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with quasi-solid state electrolytes base on N-methyl-quinoline iodide and studied the performance and stability of the cells at different temperatures. The quasi-solid state electrolytes were prepared from polymer gel electrolyte based on N-methyl-quinoline iodide and iodine. Pure-anatase nanocrystalline TiO2 films with absorption of standard N719 dye were employed as working electrodes. The maximum efficiency of the solar cells was 4.5 % under incident light of 100 mW/cm2. The cells also showed excellent stability for several months under irradiation of sunlight. The ionic conductivity of the electrolytes and the performance of the cells at different temperatures were presented.

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22

Yusuf, S. N. F., M. F. Aziz, H. C. Hassan, T. M. W. J. Bandara, B. E. Mellander, M. A. Careem, and A. K. Arof. "Phthaloylchitosan-Based Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Journal of Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/783023.

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Phthaloylchitosan-based gel polymer electrolytes were prepared with tetrapropylammonium iodide, Pr4NI, as the salt and optimized for conductivity. The electrolyte with the composition of 15.7 wt.% phthaloylchitosan, 31.7 wt.% ethylene carbonate (EC), 3.17 wt.% propylene carbonate (PC), 19.0 wt.% of Pr4NI, and 1.9 wt.% iodine exhibits the highest room temperature ionic conductivity of 5.27 × 10−3 S cm−1. The dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) fabricated with this electrolyte exhibits an efficiency of 3.5% withJSCof 7.38 mA cm−2,VOCof 0.72 V, and fill factor of 0.66. When various amounts of lithium iodide (LiI) were added to the optimized gel electrolyte, the overall conductivity is observed to decrease. However, the efficiency of the DSSC increases to a maximum value of 3.71% when salt ratio of Pr4NI : LiI is 2 : 1. This cell hasJSC,VOCand fill factor of 7.25 mA cm−2, 0.77 V and 0.67, respectively.

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23

Nguyen, De, Tuan Van Huynh, Vinh Son Nguyen, Phuong-Lien Doan Cao, Hai Truong Nguyen, Tzu-Chien Wei, Phuong Hoang Tran, and Phuong Tuyet Nguyen. "Choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents as effective electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells." RSC Advances 11, no. 35 (2021): 21560–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra03273a.

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24

Jin, Li Guo, Shuo Wang, and Hong Jie Wang. "Study on Photoelectric Properties of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Thixotropy Electrolyte." Applied Mechanics and Materials 618 (August 2014): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.618.19.

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A series of experiments have been carried out to study on the efficiencies in solar energy materials and solar cells. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are good examples of where the quality of the nanomaterials and their interfacial properties are important to device performance. In this report, Nanometer TiO2sol for coating film was prepared by cooperating hydrothermal colloidal sol with organic polymer dispersing agent (PVA). Nanocrystalline TiO2porous films were prepared by using electro-hydrodynamic technique (EHD). The results show the films prepared by EHD technique have multilevel hierarchical structure, therefore, better optical scattering properties. Different constituent quasi-solid electrolytes with blood mimetic thixotropy were prepared by cooperating ionic liquid electrolyte with nanometer TiO2colloidal sol synthetized by sol-gel method. The resulting Quasi-Solid-State dye-sensitized solar cells consist of nanoporous TiO2Film and the dye N3, show conversion efficiencies up to 3.7 percent (8. 51 percent with a mask).

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25

Hongli, An, Xue Bofei, Li Dongmei, Meng Qingbo, and Guo Lin. "Electrolytes in solid-state dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells*." Progress in Natural Science 16, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 679–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10020070612330053.

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26

Nath, Narayan Chandra Deb, and Jae-Joon Lee. "Binary redox electrolytes used in dye-sensitized solar cells." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 78 (October 2019): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2019.05.018.

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27

Kong, Fan-Tai, Song-Yuan Dai, and Kong-Jia Wang. "Review of Recent Progress in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Advances in OptoElectronics 2007 (August 29, 2007): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/75384.

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We introduced the structure and the principle of dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC). The latest results about the critical technology and the industrialization research on dye-sensitized solar cells were reviewed. The development of key components, including nanoporous semiconductor films, dye sensitizers, redox electrolyte, counter electrode, and conducting substrate in dye-sensitized solar cells was reviewed in detail. The developing progress and prospect of dye-sensitized solar cells from small cells in the laboratory to industrialization large-scale production were reviewed. At last, the future development of DSC was prospective for the tendency of dye-sensitized solar cells.

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28

Lodermeyer, Fabian, Rubén D. Costa, Rubén Casillas, Florian T. U. Kohler, Peter Wasserscheid, Maurizio Prato, and Dirk M. Guldi. "Carbon nanohorn-based electrolyte for dye-sensitized solar cells." Energy & Environmental Science 8, no. 1 (2015): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ee02037e.

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29

Anggraini, Putri Nur, Erlyta Septa Rosa, Natalita Maulani Nursam, Rico Fernado Sinaga, and Shobih Shobih. "Modifications of Liquid Electrolyte for Monolithic Dye-sensitized Solar Cells." Jurnal Elektronika dan Telekomunikasi 21, no. 1 (August 31, 2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jet.v21.35-40.

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Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) has been well known as a highly competitive photovoltaic technology owing to its interesting characteristics, such as, low-cost, simple, and convenient to modify both chemically and physically. One way to reduce the production cost of DSSCs is to conduct a structural modification in the form of a monolithic structure by using a single conductive substrate to accommodate both photoelectrode and counter electrode. However, the photovoltaic performance of monolithic DSSCs is typically still lacking compared to its conventional DSSCs counterparts that uses sandwich structure. One of the crucial factors that determine the photovoltaic performance of a monolithic DSSC is its electrolyte. In this work, the performance of monolithic DSSCs were studied through modifications of the electrolyte component. Two types of commercial liquid electrolytes that have different chemical properties were used and combined into various compositions, and the resulting DSSCs performances were compared. The stability of the monolithic cells was also monitored by measuring the cells repeatedly under the same condition. The result showed that during the first measurement the highest performance with a power conversion efficiency of 1.69% was achieved by the cell with a higher viscosity electrolyte. Meanwhile, the most stable performance is shown by the cell containing lower viscosity electrolyte, which achieved an efficiency of 0.66% that measured on day 35.

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Senthil, R. A., J. Theerthagiri, and J. Madhavan. "Hematite Fe₂O₃ Nanoparticles Incorporated Polyvinyl Alcohol Based Polymer Electrolytes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Materials Science Forum 832 (November 2015): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.832.72.

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Influence of hematite iron oxide nanoparticles (α-Fe2O3 NPs) on ionic conductivity of polyvinyl alcohol/KI/I2 (PVA/KI/I2) polymer electrolytes was investigated in this work. The pure and different weight percentage (wt %) ratios (2, 3, 4 and 5 % with respect to PVA) of α-Fe2O3 NPs incorporated PVA/KI/I2 polymer electrolyte films were prepared by solution casting method using DMSO as solvent. The prepared polymer electrolyte films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and alternating current (AC)-impedance analysis. The AC-impedance studies revealed a significant increase in the ionic conductivity of α-Fe2O3 NPs incorporated PVA/KI/I2 polymer electrolytes than compared to pure PVA/KI/I2. This incorporated polymer electrolytes reduces the crystallinity of the polymer and enhance the mobility of I-/I3- redox couple, thereby increasing the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes. The highest ionic conductivity of 1.167 × 10-4 Scm-1 was observed for 4 wt % of α-Fe2O3 NPs incorporated PVA/KI/I2 polymer electrolyte. Also, the dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) fabricated with this electrolyte showed an enhanced power conversion efficiency of 3.62 % than that of pure PVA/KI/I2 electrolyte (1.51 %). Thus, the synthesized α-Fe2O3 NPs added polymer electrolyte can be serve as a suitable material for dye sensitized solar cell application studies.

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Taya, Soichiro, Shota Kuwahara, Qing Shen, Taro Toyoda, and Kenji Katayama. "Role of lithium and co-existing cations in electrolyte to improve performance of dye-sensitized solar cells." RSC Adv. 4, no. 41 (2014): 21517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra02309a.

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32

Moudam, Omar, and Silvia Villarroya-Lidon. "High-Efficiency Glass and Printable Flexible Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Water-Based Electrolytes." Journal of Solar Energy 2014 (August 13, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/426785.

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The performance of a flexible and glass dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) with water-based electrolyte solutions is described. High concentrations of alkylamidazoliums were used to overcome the deleterious effect of water and, based on this variable, pure water-based electrolyte DSSCs were tested displaying the highest recorded efficiency so far of 3.45% and 6% for flexible and glass cells, respectively, under a simulated air mass 1.5 solar spectrum illumination at 100 mWcm−2. An improvement in the Jsc with high water content and the positive impact of GuSCN on the enhancement of the performance of pure water-based electrolytes were also observed.

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33

Wanninayake, W. M. N. M. B., K. Premaratne, and R. M. G. R. Rajapakse. "Enhancing Performance of SnO2-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using ZnO Passivation Layer." International Journal of Photoenergy 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9087478.

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Although liquid electrolyte based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) have shown higher photovoltaic performance in their class, they still suffer from some practical limitations such as solvent evaporation, leakage, and sealing imperfections. These problems can be circumvented to a certain extent by replacing the liquid electrolytes with quasi-solid-state electrolytes. Even though SnO2shows high election mobility when compared to the semiconductor material commonly used in DSCs, the cell performance of SnO2-based DSCs is considerably low due to high electron recombination. This recombination effect can be reduced through the use of ultrathin coating layer of ZnO on SnO2nanoparticles surface. ZnO-based DSCs also showed lower performance due to its amphoteric nature which help dissolve in slightly acidic dye solution. In this study, the effect of the composite SnO2/ZnO system was investigated. SnO2/ZnO composite DSCs showed 100% and 38% increase of efficiency compared to the pure SnO2-based and ZnO-based devices, respectively, with the gel electrolyte consisting of LiI salt.

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34

Bandara, T. M. W. J., L. Ajith DeSilva, K. Vignarooban, S. L. N. Senavirathna, and R. Luminda Kulasiri. "The Voltammetric Hysteresis Behavior and Potential Scan Rate Dependence of a Dye Sensitized Solar Cells." MRS Advances 4, no. 15 (2019): 865–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.51.

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ABSTRACTThe voltammetric hysteresis visible in current density versus solar cell potential (J-V) curves is a serious concern because it is known that the performance of Dye-sensitized Solar Cells (DSCs) depends on the direction of the potential and the rate of scan. J-V characteristics of gel electrolyte based DSCs were obtained by varying the scan rate from 0.01 to 0.1 V s-1 and the direction from forward bias to reverse bias and reverse bias to forward bias. Three electrolytes were tested, two of them were 100% single salt electrolytes of KI and Hex4NI, and the other was a mixed salt electrolyte containing KI (75%) and Hex4NI (25%). DSC containing mixed salts electrolyte exhibited higher efficiency than single salt electrolytes. The energy conversion efficiency with mixed salts increased from 5.9 to 6.4% with the increase of the scan rate from 0.01 to 0.1 V s-1, when the scanning was conducted from forward bias to reverse bias direction. However, when the scanning was carried out with revised polarity a drop of the efficiency was observed with increasing rate of potential scan. Present work emphasizes the importance of reporting the rate and direction of potential scan along with solar cell performance parameters.

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Apostolopoulou, Andigoni, Antonis Margalias, and Elias Stathatos. "Functional quasi-solid-state electrolytes for dye sensitized solar cells prepared by amine alkylation reactions." RSC Advances 5, no. 72 (2015): 58307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra08744a.

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Yang, Yan, Jie Tao, Xin Jin, and Qi Qin. "New Microporous Polymer Electrolyte Based on Polysiloxane Grafted with Imidazolium Iodide Moieties for DSSC." International Journal of Photoenergy 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/405738.

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Two types of polysiloxane grafted with different ratio of imidazolium iodide moieties (IL-) have been synthesized to develop a micro-porous polymer electrolyte for quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. The samples were characterized by , FT-IR spectrum, XRD, TEM and SEM, respectively. Moreover, the ionic conductivity of the electrolytes was measured by electrochemical workstation. Nanostructured polysiloxane containing imidazolium iodide showed excellent compatibility with organic solvent and polymer matrix for its ionic liquid characteristics. Increasing the proportion of imidazolium iodide moieties in polysiloxane improved the electrochemical behavior of the gel polymer electrolyte. A dye-sensitized solar cell with gel polymer electrolyte yielded an open-circuit voltage of 0.70 V, short-circuit current of 11.19 mA , and the conversion efficiency of 3.61% at 1 sun illumination.

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Lin, Yuan, Maio Wang, and Xu Rui Xiao. "Investigation of PEO-Imidazole Ionic Liquid Oligomer and Polymer Electrolytes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Key Engineering Materials 451 (November 2010): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.451.41.

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Ionic liquid oligomer, 1-oligo(ethyleneoxide)-3-methylimidazolium salt (PEO(X)MIm) and Ionic liquid polymer, poly(1-oligo (ethylene glycol) methacrylate-3-methylimidazolium) salt (P(MOEMIm)) prepared by incorporating imidazolium ionic liquid with PEO oligomer and polymer were investigated as electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Ionic liquid electrolytes were composed of LiI, I2, and PEO(X)MImCl or the mixture of 1-hexyl-3-methylidazolium iodide (HMImI), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMImBF4) and PEO(X)MImCl. Quasi-solid-state electrolytes were prepared by employing the imidazole polymers P(MOEMImCl) to solidify the liquid electrolyte containing lithium iodide, iodine and ethylene carbonate (EC)/propylene carbonate (PC) mixed solvent. Ionic liquid based quasi-solid state electrolytes were prepared by solidifying the ionic liquid electrolytes containing HMImI or a binary mixture of HMImI and EMImBF4 with an ionic liquid polymer P(MOEMImCl), respectively. The influences of PEO molecular weight, polymer content, addition of alkyl ionic liquid and various anions of the ionic liquid oligomers and polymer on the ionic conductivity, apparent diffusion coefficient of the redox species in the electrolytes and the performance of solar cells were examined. The influences on the kinetic behaviors of dye regeneration and triiodide reduction reactions taken place at nanocrystalline TiO2 electrode and Pt counter-electrode, respectively, were also studied by cyclic-voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. By using ternary ionic liquid electrolyte containing 1M lithium iodide and 0.5M iodine in the ionic liquid of the ionic liquid mixture of PEO(X)MImCl), HMImI and EMImBF4, quasi-solid-state electrolytes and ionic liquid based quasi-solid state electrolytes the photoelectron conversion efficiency of DSCs is 7.89%, 7.6% and 6.1%, respectively(AM 1.5, 100mWcm−2). These results show the potential application of PEO based ionic liquid in SCs.

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Abu Talip, Ruwaida Asyikin, Wan Zaireen Nisa Yahya, and Mohamad Azmi Bustam. "Ionic Liquids Roles and Perspectives in Electrolyte for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 15, 2020): 7598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187598.

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Exploration of renewable energy, such as solar energy, is imminent not only to cater to the escalating energy demand but also to address the uprising environmental issues due to heavy usage of non-renewable fossil fuel. The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) which are considered as the third-generation solar cells, have a huge potential to be commercialized due to their low cost, simplicity in fabrication, and promising photon-to-electrical energy conversion efficiency. Nevertheless, a high cell efficiency can only be achieved when an organic solvent is incorporated into the formulation of the electrolyte, which is prone to evaporation and leakage. As a result, DSSCs become unsuitable for long-run usage due to thermal instability in the electrolyte. The early intention of incorporating ionic liquids (ILs) into the electrolyte was to curb the abovementioned problem and to enable the DSSCs to function as a sustainable energy device. As such, this article briefly reviews how ILs have been incorporated into the electrolyte formulation and the extent of how the ILs can affect the cell efficiency in various electrolyte states. The role of the ILs in a range of electrolytes is also highlighted. This sheds light on the true purpose of introducing ILs into DSSC electrolyte, which is to enhance the ionicity of the electrolyte.

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Xu, Fang, Thomas T. Testoff, Lichang Wang, and Xueqin Zhou. "Cause, Regulation and Utilization of Dye Aggregation in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Molecules 25, no. 19 (September 29, 2020): 4478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194478.

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As an important member of third generation solar cell, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have the advantages of being low cost, having an easy fabrication process, utilizing rich raw materials and a high-power conversion efficiency (PCE), prompting nearly three decades as a research hotspot. Recently, increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of DSSCs has proven troublesome. Sensitizers, as the most important part, are no longer limited to molecular engineering, and the regulation of dye aggregation has become a widely held concern, especially in liquid DSSCs. This review first presents the operational mechanism of liquid and solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells, including the influencing factors of various parameters on device efficiency. Secondly, the mechanism of dye aggregation was explained by molecular exciton theory, and the influence of various factors on dye aggregation was summarized. We focused on a review of several methods for regulating dye aggregation in liquid and solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells, and the advantages and disadvantages of these methods were analyzed. In addition, the important application of quantum computational chemistry in the study of dye aggregation was introduced. Finally, an outlook was proposed that utilizing the advantages of dye aggregation by combining molecular engineering with dye aggregation regulation is a research direction to improve the performance of liquid DSSCs in the future. For solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (ssDSSCs), the effects of solid electrolytes also need to be taken into account.

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Venkatesan, Shanmuganathan, I. Ping Liu, Jian-Ci Lin, Ming-Hsiang Tsai, Hsisheng Teng, and Yuh-Lang Lee. "Highly efficient quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells using polyethylene oxide (PEO) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based printable electrolytes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 21 (2018): 10085–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta01729h.

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Jennings, James R., and Qing Wang. "Charge Transport and Interfacial Charge Transfer in Dye-Sensitized Nanoporous Semiconductor Electrode Systems." Key Engineering Materials 451 (November 2010): 97–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.451.97.

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General characteristics of dye-sensitized nanoporous semiconductor electrode systems are summarized, with a particular emphasis on dye-sensitized solar cells. Properties of these electrode systems which distinguish them from conventional bulk semiconductor electrodes are highlighted. Current understanding of electron transport in dye-sensitized solar cells, in terms of the diffusion and multiple trapping models, is reviewed. Alternative transport and recombination theories are also briefly reviewed. Electron transfer at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface in dye-sensitized solar cells is reviewed and recent experimental results obtained by the authors are highlighted. As applicable, common techniques for characterization of electron transport and transfer in dye-sensitized solar cells are described, with reference to case studies where the electron diffusion length in dye-sensitized solar cells has been estimated. The steady-state aspects of the dye-regeneration process are also reviewed, together with the cross-surface percolation of holes in the dye monolayer and the finite-length diffusion of redox species in the electrolyte.

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Bettucci, Ottavia, Valeria Saavedra Becerril, T. M. W. J. Bandara, Maurizio Furlani, Maria Abrahamsson, Bengt-Erik Mellander, and Lorenzo Zani. "Organic dye-sensitized solar cells containing alkaline iodide-based gel polymer electrolytes: influence of cation size." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 2 (2018): 1276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp07544h.

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Effect of cation size on the performances of dye-sensitized solar cells containing alkaline iodide-based gel electrolytes in combination with an organic dye was evaluated for the first time using a multidisciplinary approach.

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Watson, Trystan, Gavin Reynolds, David Wragg, Geraint Williams, and David Worsley. "Corrosion Monitoring of Flexible Metallic Substrates for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." International Journal of Photoenergy 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/791438.

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Two techniques for monitoring corrosion within a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) system are presented, which enable continuous, high sensitivity, in situ measurement of electrolyte breakdown associated with DSCs fabricated on metals. The first method uses UV/Vis reflectance spectrophotometry in conjunction with encapsulation cells, which incorporate a 25 μm thick electrolyte layer, to provide highly resolved triiodide absorption data. The second method uses digital image capture to extract colour intensity data. Whilst the two methods provide very similar kinetic data on corrosion, the photographic method has the advantage that it can be used to image multiple samples in large arrays for rapid screening and is also relatively low cost. This work shows that the triiodide electrolyte attacks most metals that might be used for structural applications. Even a corrosion resistant metal, such as aluminium, can be induced to corrode through surface abrasion. This result should be set in the context with the finding reported here that certain nitrogen containing heterocyclics used in the electrolyte to enhance performance also act as corrosion inhibitors with significant stabilization for metals such as iron. These new techniques will be important tools to help develop corrosion resistant metal surfaces and corrosion inhibiting electrolytes for use in industrial scale devices.

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Song, Long, Qiang Luo, Fei Zhao, Yang Li, Hong Lin, Liangti Qu, and Zhipan Zhang. "Dually functional, N-doped porous graphene foams as counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, no. 39 (2014): 21820–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp03443k.

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45

Bella, F., S. Galliano, M. Falco, G. Viscardi, C. Barolo, M. Grätzel, and C. Gerbaldi. "Unveiling iodine-based electrolytes chemistry in aqueous dye-sensitized solar cells." Chemical Science 7, no. 8 (2016): 4880–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sc01145d.

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The chemistry behind the I⁻/I₃⁻redox couple is thoroughly investigated in 100% aqueous dye-sensitized solar cells, paving the way to this emerging green PV technology.

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Gabrielsson, Erik, Haining Tian, Susanna K. Eriksson, Jiajia Gao, Hong Chen, Fusheng Li, Johan Oscarsson, et al. "Dipicolinic acid: a strong anchoring group with tunable redox and spectral behavior for stable dye-sensitized solar cells." Chemical Communications 51, no. 18 (2015): 3858–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc06432a.

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47

Bakker, Tijmen M. A., Simon Mathew, and Joost N. H. Reek. "Lindqvist polyoxometalates as electrolytes in p-type dye sensitized solar cells." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 3, no. 1 (2019): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8se00495a.

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The development of new redox couples provides a clear strategy to improve power conversion efficiency (PCE) in p-type dye-sensitized solar cells (p-DSSCs) through enabling improvements in open-circuit voltage (V_OC).

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Szindler, Magdalena M. "Polymeric Electrolyte Thin Film for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Application." Solid State Phenomena 293 (July 2019): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.293.73.

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In this paper, the possibility of replacing liquid electrolyte in a dye sensitized solar cells with a thin film of conductive polymer material was investigated. Liquid electrolyte in the construction of dye sensitized solar cells leaks and evaporates and leads to corrosion of the electrode, which lowers the conversion efficiency of solar radiation to electricity. The research focuses on the appropriate doping of the PVDF-HFP polymer by potassium iodide to improve its electrical conductivity and the development of thin film deposition technology for use in solar cells. Changes in PVDF-HFP surface morphology were researched through increasing of the potassium iodide content measured by scanning electron microscope. The increased content of potassium iodide also led to increased electrical conductivity measured by the Keithley meter. In order to test the suitability of developed materials for application in the construction of photovoltaic cells, a series of dye-sensitized solar cells ITO/TiO2/dye/active layer/Al were prepared. The active layer is made from pure PVDF-HFP and doped with potassium iodide. As a reference solar cell, a standard dye sensitized solar cell with a liquid electrolyte and a counter electrode was also made. Keywords PVDF-HFP; Polyelectrolyte; Dye-sensitized solar cells

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Vaghasiya, Jayraj V., Dilip Krishna Nandakumar, Zhang Yaoxin, and Swee Ching Tan. "Low toxicity environmentally friendly single component aqueous organic ionic conductors for high efficiency photoelectrochemical solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 3 (2018): 1009–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta09557k.

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Yang, Ru-Yuan, Huang-Yu Chen, and Fu-Der Lai. "Performance Degradation of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Induced by Electrolytes." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/902146.

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We investigated the change of the electric characteristics in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) when the electrolyte has been injected and measured initially and lately for a period of time. It was found that the short-circuit current density decreased from 9.799 mA/cm2to 7.056 mA/cm2and the fill factor increased from 0.406 to 0.559 when the cell had stood for an hour, while the open-circuit photovoltage did not change due to fixed difference between the Fermi level of TiO2and the oxidation-reduction potential of electrolyte. The results can be explained by using the variation of the series resistance in the equivalent circuit of the DSSC.

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