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1

Dehghani, Kamran. "Static and dynamic strain aging in "Interstitial-free" steels." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0027/NQ50143.pdf.

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2

Cunningham, Sandra 1974. "Effect of substitutional elements on dynamic strain aging in steel." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29855.

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Distinct serrations had been observed on the stress-strain curves of various steels tested previously at high temperatures (950--1100°C) at McGill University. An explanation proposed for this behavior was that dynamic strain aging (DSA), caused by the presence of substitutional elements, was taking place. To investigate the possibility that the jerky flow was caused by an interaction between dislocations and substitutional elements, the conditions of temperature and strain rate under which serrated yielding had previously been observed were explored. In addition, some of the same material was utilized in the testing.
Much of the previous work on DSA in steel has focused on the effect of interstitials, namely, carbon and nitrogen, rather than that of substitutional elements. These studies have been conducted in the blue brittle region (i.e. 100--400°C), where the diffusivity of the interstitial elements is sufficiently rapid for them to keep up with the moving dislocations. However, for substitutional elements to obtain enough mobility to induce DSA, the temperature range must be significantly higher.
The effect of substitutional elements on DSA in steel was examined in torsion and, although numerous tests were formulated and carried out in an attempt to gather evidence for this phenomenon, no firm data for the occurrence of DSA were obtained. Further experiments and analysis will be required to gain a better understanding of the behavior of DSA at elevated temperatures, particularly for the case where dynamic recrystallization is taking place. A testing method might then be devised that could make the effect of DSA more evident.
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3

Cunningham, Sandra. "Effect of substitutional elements on dynamic strain aging in steel." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0017/MQ55019.pdf.

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4

Lobo, David. "Static and dynamic strain aging of 304 stainless steel at high temperatures." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31060.

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Distinct yield drops and serrations were observed on the stress-strain curves of a 304 type stainless steel when tested at high temperatures (850--1200ºC). A proposed explanation for the behavior is static strain aging (SSA) and dynamic strain aging (DSA), respectively, caused by the presence of substitutional elements.
Much of the previous work on this topic has been focused on the effects of interstitials, namely carbon and nitrogen, at lower temperatures (100--300ºC, depending on the strain rate). However, for substitutional elements to have the same effect, the temperature range must be significantly higher. To further investigate the likelihood that SSA and DSA are caused by substitutional elements, the domain (i.e. temperature and strain rate range) within which yield drops and serrated yielding are observed was studied.
The results of this investigation showed that the appearance of SSA is dependent upon the pass strain, interpass time and strain rate, whereas the presence of DSA serrations was strongly dependent upon strain rate. The disappearance of yield drops involves interpass times in excess of one second. This is hypothesized to result from the disappearance of the deformation vacancies and of the associated non-equilibrium segregation. The impurity element phosphorus was isolated as the most probable cause of the observed phenomenon. This is a result of its high diffusivity, combined with its high binding energy.
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5

Meng, Chenlu Verfasser], Günter [Akademischer Betreuer] Gottstein, and Gerhard [Akademischer Betreuer] [Hirt. "Dynamic strain aging of Al-Mg alloys after severe plastic deformation / Chenlu Meng ; Günter Gottstein, Gerhard Kurt Peter Hirt." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1171905556/34.

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6

Meng, Chenlu [Verfasser], Günter Akademischer Betreuer] Gottstein, and Gerhard [Akademischer Betreuer] [Hirt. "Dynamic strain aging of Al-Mg alloys after severe plastic deformation / Chenlu Meng ; Günter Gottstein, Gerhard Kurt Peter Hirt." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1171905556/34.

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7

Hooshmand, Mohammad Shahriar. "Atomic-scale modeling of twinning in titanium and other HCP alloys." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1566143337320934.

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8

Calmunger, Mattias. "Effect of temperature on mechanical response of austenitic materials." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Konstruktionsmaterial, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-73748.

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Global increase in energy consumption and global warming require more energy production but less CO2emission. Increase in efficiency of energy production is an effective way for this purpose. This can be reached by increasing boiler temperature and pressure in a biomass power plant. By increasing material temperature 50°C, the efficiency in biomass power plants can be increased significantly and the CO2emission can be greatly reduced. However, the materials used for future biomass power plants with higher temperature require improved properties. Austenitic stainless steels are used in most biomass power plants. In austenitic stainless steels a phenomenon called dynamic strain aging (DSA), can occur in the operating temperature range for biomass power plants. DSA is an effect of interaction between moving dislocations and solute atoms and occurs during deformation at certain temperatures. An investigation of DSA influences on ductility in austenitic stainless steels and nickel base alloys have been done. Tensile tests at room temperature up to 700°C and scanning electron microscope investigations have been used. Tensile tests revealed that ductility increases with increased temperature for some materials when for others the ductility decreases. This is, probably due to formation of twins. Increased stacking fault energy (SFE) gives increased amount of twins and high nickel content gives a higher SFE. Deformation mechanisms observed in the microstructure are glide bands (or deformations band), twins, dislocation cells and shear bands. Damage due to DSA can probably be related to intersection between glide bands or twins, see figure 6 a). Broken particles and voids are damage mechanisms observed in the microstructure.
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9

Wang, Huaidong. "Comportement mécanique et rupture des aciers au C-Mn en présence de vieillissement dynamique." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00704515.

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Le vieillissement dynamique se manifeste en particulier par le phénomène de Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC). Il se produit dans les aciers aux environs de 200°C pour des sollicitations quasi-statiques. Dans les aciers au C-Mn, il conduit à une chute de ductilité et de ténacité qui doit être prise en compte dans le dimensionnement des structures de sûreté. L'objectif de la thèse consiste à modéliser le comportement mécanique des aciers au C-Mn en tenant compte du vieillissement dynamique et à prédire leur rupture ductile en présence de ce phénomène. Le comportement mécanique du matériau étudié, un acier au C-Mn, a été caractérisé par des essais de traction simple. Le modèle KEMC implémenté dans le code de calculs par éléments finis Zébulon, a été identifié sur ces essais : l'effet de Portevin Le-Chatelier (PLC) a été correctement simulé sur les éprouvettes lisses, entaillées et CT. Nous avons montré l'importance des conditions aux limites dans la manifestation du PLC. Pour la rupture ductile, l'application du critère de Rice et Tracey (identifié à 20°C) sur les éprouvettes entaillées AE4 montre que la prise en compte du vieillissement dynamique dans le comportement ne suffit pas pour avoir une bonne prédiction de la rupture. Des études micromécaniques de croissance de cavité indiquent que les localisations de PLC peuvent favoriser la croissance et la coalescence de cavité. L'écrouissage apparent, qui dépend du durcissement par la déformation mais aussi du durcissement provenant du vieillissement dynamique, modifie la vitesse de croissance de cavité, mais pas le taux critique de croissance de cavité. On identifie une loi d'endommagement dont les paramètres dépendent de la température à partir des calculs micromécaniques. Le nouveau modèle donne une meilleure prédiction que le modèle de Rice et Tracey sur les éprouvettes entaillées AE4 et a permis de prédire un creux de ténacité sur les éprouvettes CT. Pour améliorer les prédictions, la loi d'endommagement doit dépendre de la vitesse de déformation.
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10

Belotteau, Jeanne. "Comportement et rupture d’un acier au C-Mn en présence de vieillissement sous déformation." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ECAP0002/document.

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Les aciers de construction au carbone manganèse (C-Mn) sont largement utilisés pour diverses applications mécaniques, et en particulier pour les tuyauteries de circuit secondaire des centrales nucléaires de type Réacteurs à Eau sous Pression (REP). La robustesse des composants des circuits sous pression des REP vis-à-vis de la fissuration doit être démontrée, tant au niveau de la conception que de l’exploitation. Les aciers au C-Mn sont sensibles au vieillissement sous déformation qui entraîne une chute importante de ductilité et de ténacité entre 150 et 350°C,températures de service des tuyauteries du circuit secondaire. Ce phénomène est dû à une interaction entre les atomes de solutés et les dislocations, et peut se traduire entre autres par une sensibilité négative de la contrainte à la vitesse de déformation, et des localisations de la déformation plastique (Lüders, Portevin – Le Chatelier). L’origine physique du vieillissement sous déformation a été beaucoup étudiée, surtout dans les métaux purs, en relation avec le phénomène Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC), mais son influence sur les propriétés mécaniques et notamment la rupture reste très controversée. L’objectif de la thèse est de modéliser le comportement et la rupture d’un acier au C-Mn dans un large domaine de température compris entre 20 et 350°C, en tenant compte des phénomènes de vieillissement sous déformation, et en particulier des localisations de déformation. Le comportement et la rupture de l’acier au C-Mn étudié ont été caractérisés expérimentalement dans le domaine 20-350°C à l’aide d’essais de traction sur éprouvettes lisses, sur éprouvettes axisymétriques entaillées, et d’essais de déchirure sur éprouvettes CT. Le modèle d’Estrin Kubin McCormick, prenant en compte le vieillissement sous déformation, a été identifié dans cette même gamme de température et la plupart des effets du vieillissement sous déformation ont pu être simulés numériquement : sensibilité négative de la contrainte d’écoulement à la vitesse de déformation, bandes de Lüders, effet PLC, modification des propriétés mécaniques de traction… Le modèle ainsi identifié a été appliqué à l’étude de la rupture d’éprouvettes lisses, entaillées et CT. La baisse de l’allongement réparti est bien décrite en traction sur éprouvettes lisses. Pour prévoir la rupture des éprouvettes entaillées, l’approche locale de la rupture a été appliquée (modèle de Rice et Tracey). Cette étude a donc permis de disposer d’un modèle prenant en compte le vieillissement sous déformation de 20°C à 350°C et décrivant les localisations de déformation plastique de type Lüdersou PLC, pour différentes géométries d’éprouvettes. Ce modèle a été utilisé pour simuler la rupture des aciers au C-Mn, suscitant ainsi une vision nouvelle pour comprendre la baisse de ductilité associée au vieillissement dynamique
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11

Venables, R. "Dynamic strain ageing and the fatigue behaviour of nimonic 901." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376646.

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12

Max, Bertrand. "Comportement mécanique et couplage mécanique-oxydation dans l'alliage 718 : effet des éléments en solution solide." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0063/document.

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L'alliage 718 est le superalliage le plus utilisé industriellement du fait de ses excellentes propriétés mécaniques, ainsi que de sa tenue à l'oxydation et à la corrosion dans une large gamme de températures et de modes de sollicitation. Néanmoins, cet alliage présente une sensibilité vis-àvis des phénomènes de corrosion sous contrainte et fissuration assistée par l'oxydation sous contrainte dans les gammes de température de service. Les mécanismes à l'origine de ce phénomène restent encore mal compris, cependant un lien entre le changement de mode de rupture et les domaines d'apparition d'instabilités de l'écoulement plastique est clairement établi. Au cours de cette étude nous avons étudié ce phénomène d'instabilités, effet Portevin Le Chatelier, de l'alliage 718 au cours d'essais de traction menés dans une large gamme de températures et de vitesses de déformation. Différents domaines d'instabilités ont pu être mis en évidence, dont les caractéristiques suggèrent l'interaction des dislocations avec des solutés de différentes natures : interstitiels aux plus basses températures, et substitutionnels pour les températures les plus élevées. Des essais de spectroscopie mécanique sur l'alliage 718 et des alliages de compositions voisines montrent un effet de la mobilité des atomes de molybdène au sein du matériau dans cette gamme de températures. Des essais dédiés à l'étude des phénomènes d'interaction entre plasticité et oxydation ont aussi été réalisés. Les résultats mettent en évidence un fort effet de vitesse sur les propriétés mécaniques de l'alliage 718 en atmosphère inerte et sur les caractéristiques de l'endommagement intergranulaire assisté par l'oxydation lors d'essais sous air laboratoire. La discussion engendrée par l'ensemble des résultats présentés permet d'émettre certaines hypothèses sur les couplages entre mécanismes de déformation et endommagement par l'oxydation à l'origine des phénomènes de fissuration observés
Alloy 718 is the superalloy the most widely used in industry due to its excellent mechanical properties, as well as oxidation and corrosion resistance in wide range of temperatures and solicitation modes. Nevertheless, it is a well-known fact that this alloy is sensitive to stress corrosion cracking and oxidation assisted cracking under loading in the range of temperatures met in service. Mechanisms explaining this phenomenon are not well understood: nevertheless, it is well established that a relation exists between a change in fracture mode and the apparition of plastic instabilities phenomenon. During this study, the instability phenomenon, Portevin-Le Chatelier effect, in alloy 718 was studied by tensile tests in wide ranges of temperatures and strain rates. Different domains of plastic instabilities have been evidenced. Their characteristics suggest the existence of interactions between dislocations and different types of solute elements: interstitials for lower temperatures and substitutionals for higher testing temperatures. Mechanical spectroscopy tests have been performed on alloy 718 and various alloys which composition is comparable to that of alloy 718. These tests prove the mobility of molybdenum atoms in the alloy in the studied temperature range. Specific tests have been performed to study interaction phenomenon between plasticity and oxidation. These results highlight the strong effect of plastic strain rate on both mechanical behavior and intergranular cracking in alloy 718. The subsequent discussion leads to propose hypothesis on coupling effects between deformation mechanisms and oxidation assisted embrittlement in the observed cracking processes
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13

Huang, Zhiyong. "Endommagement des aciers au C-Mn en fatigue oligocyclique et gigacyclique." Thesis, Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100088.

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Dans les générateurs de vapeur des centrales nucléaires à eau pressurisée, les tuyauteries sont soumises à des chargements thermique et mécanique, qui sont variables et divisés en deux régimes différents : la fatigue oligocyclique et la fatigue gigacyclique. Les aciers au carbone – manganèse, type A42, A48 et Tu48 (normes françaises) sont souvent utilisés dans de telles applications. Les propriétés du matériau manifestent certains caractères spéciaux en mécanique et métallurgie comme le vieillissement dynamique conduisant à une augmentation de la valeur de la contrainte maximale et une diminution de la ductilité à la température 200 ℃. Le comportement en fatigue oligocyclique et gigacyclique sont étudiés à température ambiante et 200 ℃. Des essais de fatigue cumulée ont été mis en oeuvre pour étudier l’effet du cumul de dommage combinant des cycles de fatigue oligocyclique suivis de cycles en fatigue gigacyclique. Tous les résultats sont analysés en utilisant la mécanique de l’endommagement des milieux continus et l’analyse microfractographique. Les cycles d’hystérésis en fatigue oligocyclique sont dus à la déformation plastique de durcissement cinématique, ils peuvent être décrits par sous le modèle d’Armstrong – Frederick ; le durcissement isotrope est utile pour prédire l’évolution de l’amplitude de contrainte. Mais avec l’augmentation de la déformation plastique accumulée, le dommage ne peut être négligé. Le modèle de Chaboche d’endommagement par fatigue est utilisé pour décrire l’évolution des dommages oligocyclique et il est étendu au régime gigacyclique. Un modèle de fatigue cumulée des dommages a été développé à partir du modèle de Chaboche et appliqué à l’estimation des dommages de fatigue pour décrire le comportement de l’évolution de la contrainte en fonction du nombre de cycles. En fatigue oligocyclique à la température de 200 ℃, l’acier A48 est sensible au phénomène de vieillissement dynamique et il apparaît un durcissement secondaire, qui peut être prédit par la théorie des dislocations et est simulé dans la thése. L’analyse des surfaces de rupture est effectuée par fractographie au Microscope Electronique à Balayage pour les essais en oligocyclique, gigacyclique et cumul. En fatigue oligocylique, la fissure est initiée en surface. En fatigue gigacyclique, certaines fissures sont initiées sur des inclusions situées à l’intérieur d’éprouvettes
In steam generators of nuclear power plants, typical pipes components are subjected to thermal and mechanical loading which are variable and divided into two different regimes: low cycle fatigue and gigacycle fatigue. Carbon-manganese steels A42, A48 and Tu48 steels (French standards) are often used in such applications. The material properties manifest some special characters in mechanics and metallurgy such as Dynamic Strain Aging, increasing UTS values in 200℃ temperature domain. The LCF and VHCF behaviors are investigated respectively by test method at room temperature and 200℃. The cumulative fatigue tests are implemented through referencing the load as prior LCF following gigacycle fatigue from the steam generator pipes thermal loads in order to obtain the performance of material under accumulated fatigue damage. All the test results are analyzed by using plastic mechanics, continuums damage mechanics and microscopic analysis. Hysteresis loops are due to plastic deformation in LCF which is the effect of kinematic hardening and they can be described by Armstrong – Frederick form models; the isotropy hardening is used to predict the evolution of stress amplitude in LCF. But with rising of accumulated plastic deformation, the damage can not be neglected. The Chaboche fatigue damage model is applied to describe the damage evolution of LCF and extended to VHCF regime. The cumulative fatigue damage model is extended from Chaboche model and applies to the estimation cumulative fatigue damage. The constitutive relationship and isotropy rule are coupled with fatigue damage model that can describe the whole fatigue behavior. In 200℃ for LCF, A48 is sensitive to dynamic strain aging and its secondary hardening behavior is important which can be predicted by dislocation theory and is simulated in the paper. The fractographic analysis is performed by SEM for LCF, VHCF and cumulative fatigue tests. The LCF crack is initiated in surface. Some of cracks of VHCF are given birth from the inclusions located at interior of sample
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14

Marchenko, Arina. "Analyse multi-échelles de la viscoplasticité à froid et de la rupture différée du titane en relation avec ses teneurs en hydrogène et oxygène." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0030/document.

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Le titane et ses alliages qui sont largement répandus dans l'industrie aéronautique, sont concernés par le fluage à température ambiante ce qui conduit à une réduction de la résistance et provoque le phénomène de rupture différée. Une partie des études montrent que ce comportement viscoplastique inhabituel à température ambiante est lié aux phénomènes d'interactions entre les dislocations et les atomes interstitiels comme l'hydrogène et l'oxygène, aussi appelés vieillissement statique et dynamique. Le but de cette étude à la fois expérimentale et numérique multi-échelle est de mieux comprendre les effets souvent antagonistes et en partie couplés de l'oxygène et de l'hydrogène en solution sur le comportement viscoplastique du titane non-allié de phase alpha. Dans un premier volet, un scénario du vieillissement statique et dynamique dans le titane non-allié de phase alpha est proposé. La présence du pic de traction est attribuée à la ségrégation des atomes interstitiels d'oxygène sur les dislocations coin de vecteur de Burgers . Dans le cas du vieillissement dynamique les instabilités observées, typiques de l'effet Portevin-Le Chatelier, sont associées à l'étalement du cœur non planaire des dislocations vis de vecteur de Burgers . Une loi de comportement prenant en compte les effets liés aux interactions entre dislocations et atomes en solution a été développée. Le modèle de Kubin-Estrin-McCormick qui permet de prendre en compte l'effet du vieillissement a été étendu au cas de la plasticité cristalline. Les simulations par éléments finis ont été réalisées sur des agrégats polycristallins avec différents nombres de grains. Ensuite, les essais de fissuration (ténacité et rupture différée) ont été réalisés sur les matériaux bruts, et chargés en hydrogène. Enfin, des simulations numériques de la rupture de ces éprouvettes ont été réalisées pour toutes les conditions expérimentales testées en utilisant le modèle de comportement mécanique macroscopique identifié. Un modèle de zone cohésive a été développé pour la simulation de la propagation des fissures
Widely used for aircraft or rocket engine manufacturing titanium and its alloys are prone to the room-temperature creep that leads to the phenomenon of sustained load subcritical crack growth. One of the major cause of such unusual viscoplastic behavior of titanium is the phenomena of static and dynamic strain aging which represents an interaction between dislocations and interstitial atoms of oxygen and hydrogen. The aim of the present experimental and numerical multiscale study is to investigate the influence of the interstitial hydrogen and oxygen on the viscoplastic behavior and the resistance to sustained load cracking in commercially pure titanium of phase alpha.In a first step, a scenario of static and dynamic strain aging was proposed. The presence of the stress peak was attributed to the segregation of interstitial atoms of oxygen on the edge dislocations. In case of dynamic strain aging, the observed instabilities, typical for the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect, were associated with the non-planar core of screw -type dislocations. The crystal plasticity was introduced into the phenomenological model in order to capture the strain aging phenomena and the anisotropy of the mechanical properties. The modeling approach for strain aging suggested by Kubin-Estrin-McCormick is based on the internal variable called the aging time which corresponds to the waiting time of a dislocation in a pinned state. Finite element simulations were then performed on the polycrystalline aggregates for different number of grains. At the next step, fracture toughness and sustained load cracking tests were performed on the material with different levels of hydrogen. Finally, numerical simulations of toughness and sustained load cracking tests using the identified viscoplastic model were carried out for all experimental conditions. A cohesive zone model was then introduced ahead of the crack tip to simulate crack propagation
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Pu, Xiaoxue. "Thermomechanical study of the gigacycle fatigue behavior of pure iron and carbon-manganese steels : influence of chemical composition and microstructure on damage and crack initiation mechanism." Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100051.

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Ce travail tente de mieux comprendre les dommages par fatigue dans les aciers à ferrite-perlite dans la fatigue à très grand nombre de cycles (VHCF). Les influences de deux paramètres, le pourcentage de phase perlite et le pourcentage d'atomes interstitiels libres dans une solution solide, sont étudiées pour comprendre les mécanismes de dissipation en fatigue à 20 kHz. Une thermographie infrarouge in situ est réalisée pour enregistrer les changements de température, tandis que des observations au microscope sont menées pour étudier le mécanisme de dissipation. Pour les matériaux de BCC, sous fortes amplitudes de contrainte, une augmentation soudaine de la température se produit sans initiation de fissure ni fracture. L’augmentation inévitable de la température jusqu’à des centaines de degrés aux fortes amplitudes de contrainte est principalement due à la mobilité des dislocations vis, qui est l’une des clés permettant d’expliquer le comportement en fatigue observée de la structure du BCC sous un chargement haute fréquence. Par conséquent, les PSB en surface et les micro-vides dans la matrice émergent en masse, accompagnant cette élévation abrupte de la température. Ces phénomènes sont considérés comme une transition du mécanisme de déformation du régime thermique au régime athermique. À faible amplitude, peu de PSB ou de rugosité de surface sont encore observés. Il a été constaté que les PSB sur le fer armco étaient susceptibles d’apparaître avant 1x107 cycles et que le seuil de PSB était inférieur à la limite de fatigue conventionnelle. La présence d'atomes interstitiels libres dans les aciers entraîne l'apparition d'une augmentation secondaire de la température dans la domain de la température stabilisée à 100-200 °C. Ce comportement semble être lié à l'interaction des dislocations coins avec des atomes interstitiels libres. De plus, on pense que le phénomène remarquable de durcissement-adoucissement-durcissement après l'élévation soudaine de la température jusqu'à plus de 300 °C est l'interaction de dislocations à vis multipliées et d'atomes interstitiels libres
This work attempts to a better understanding of the fatigue damage in ferrite-pearlite steels in the Very High Cycle Fatigue (VHCF) domain. The influences of two parameters, pearlite phase percentage and free interstitial atoms percentage in solid solution, are investigated to understand dissipative mechanisms under 20 kHz high frequency fatigue loading. In-situ infrared thermography is carried out to record the temperature changes, while fractography studies and microscope observations are conducted to investigate the dissipative mechanism on the surface of specimens.For body centered cubic (BCC) materials, under high stress amplitudes, a sudden increase of the temperature occurs without a crack initiation and fracture. The inevitable temperature increase up to hundreds of degrees at high stress amplitudes, is caused mainly by the screw dislocations mobility, which is the key to explaining the observed fatigue behavior and thermal response of BCC structure under high frequency loading. Therefore, PSBs on surface and micro-voids in matrix emerge massively, accompanying with this abrupt temperature increase. These phenomena are considered as transition of deformation mechanism from thermal regime to athermal regime. At low amplitudes, few PSBs or surface roughness are still observed on the specimen surface. Through the cycles of PSB appearance on armco-iron, it’s found that PSBs are inclined to appear before 1x10(7)cycles, and PSB threshold lies below the conventional fatigue limit. The increase of pearlite phase content weakens the temperature elevation, and strengthens the fatigue properties. The presence of free interstitial atoms in steels results in appearence of a secondary temperature increase in the stabilized temperature part (100-200 degree). This behavior seems to be related to the interaction of edge dislocations with free interstitial atoms. Moreover, the remarkable hardening-softening-hardening phenomenon after the sudden temperature elevation to above 300 degree is thought as the interaction of multiplicated screw dislocations and free interstitial atoms
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Nogueira, de Codes Rodrigo. "Vieillissements statique et dynamique et instabilités associées : expérimentation, modélisation et simulations numériques." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00846955.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier expérimentalement les phénomènes de vieillissement dus à la diffusion des atomes en solution dans les alliages d'aluminium et les instabilités qui leur sont associées comme le phénomène Portevin-Le Châtelier ou les bandes de Lüders et de proposer une modélisation de ces phénomènes dans le cadre de la thermodynamique des processus irréversibles. Une étude expérimentale détaillée est alors entreprise sur les alliages d'aluminium AA5083-H116 et AA5182-O. Le comportement du premier présente l'effet PLC de façon prononcée et les deux types d'instabilités sont observées simultanément pour le second. La corrélation d'images numériques et la thermographie infrarouge sont essentiellement employées pour détecter et caractériser les aspects spatiotemporels des instabilités observées. La déformation non homogène due à l'apparition et la propagation de bandes de localisation est mise en évidence. Ces bandes de déformation sont visualisées, permettant à leurs diverses caractéristiques (vitesse, orientation, largeur, vitesse de déformation à l'intérieur des bandes, augmentation de la température à l'intérieur des bandes) d'être mesurées sur des éprouvettes lisses (plates, cylindriques ou prismatiques). Dans le cas des éprouvettes plates, l'effet des épaisseurs de l'éprouvette a aussi été examiné. Les caractéristiques des bandes sont aussi analysées sur d'autres géométries d'éprouvette (entaillées avec divers types d'entailles) à des vitesses de déformation différentes pour exhiber leur morphologie en présence de chargements multiaxiaux. Des simulations non linéaires et tridimensionnelles ont été effectuées en utilisant le modèle de McCormick pour montrer comment la prise en compte des phénomènes de vieillissement, même partielle, permet de décrire les hétérogénéités et le mouvement des bandes de déformation ainsi que de prévoir leurs différentes caractéristiques. Enfin, en se basant sur les mécanismes physiques à la base des phénomènes de vieillissement et en soulignant les limites du modèle de McCormick, un modèle élasto-viscoplastique prenant en considération les phénomènes de vieillissement est proposé dans le cadre de la thermodynamique des processus irréversibles.
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17

Edwards, Ylva. "Influence of waxes on bitumen and asphalt concrete mixture performance." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Väg- och banteknik, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-553.

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This doctoral thesis consists of a literature review, presented in two papers, and another six papers describing experimental studies of the influence of different kinds of wax and polyphosporic acid on bitumen and asphalt concrete mixture properties. The literature review should give an extensive description of the field of knowledge concerning wax in bitumen. Effects of wax in crude oil, bitumen and asphalt concrete as well as test methods for studying these effects are described. Theories behind possible mechanisms are also discussed, and commercial wax as additive to bitumen for different purposes included. The experimental parts comprise laboratory studies involving totally five 160/220 penetration base bitumens from different sources, two isolated bitumen waxes, five commercial waxes and one polyphosphoric acid. Asphalt concrete slabs, containing base or modified bitumen were prepared and tested. Binder properties were evaluated using different types of laboratory equipment, such as dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), bending beam rheometer (BBR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), force ductilometer, as well as equipment for determining conventional parameters like penetration, softening point, viscosity, and Fraass breaking point. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC-FID) were used for chemical characterization. The binders were aged by means of the rolling thin film oven test (RTFOT) and pressure ageing vessel (PAV) in combination. Asphalt concrete properties were evaluated at low temperatures using the tensile strain restrained specimen test (TSRST) and creep test at -25°C. Dynamic creep testing was performed at 40°C, as well as complex modulus tests between 0 and 20°C. Binder test results indicated that the magnitude and type of effect on bitumen rheology depend on the bitumen itself, type of crystallizing fraction in the bitumen and/or type and amount of additive used. Bitumen composition was found to be of decisive importance. Adding polyethylene wax or polyphosphoric acid, especially to a non-waxy 160/220 penetration grade bitumen, showed no or positive effects on the rheological behaviour at low temperatures (decrease in stiffness) as well as medium and high temperatures (increase in complex modulus and decrease in phase angle). However, the corresponding positive effects could not be shown in dynamic creep testing (at 40°C) of asphalt concrete mixtures containing these modified binders. Adding FT-paraffin decreased the physical hardening index for all bitumens. Also polyethylene wax and montan wax showed this effect for some bitumens. Slack wax showed a large increasing effect on physical hardening, and polyphosphoric acid none or a minor negative effect. No correlation between physical hardening index (PHI) and wax content by DSC was found in this study, involving both natural bitumen wax and commercial wax. Addition of the commercial waxes used showed no or marginally positive influence on bitumen ageing properties for the bitumens and test conditions used. Comparing asphalt mixture test results to the corresponding binder test results, the effects on asphalt mixtures from adding commercial wax or polyphosphoric acid were less evident. Significant binder physical hardening by BBR could not be confirmed by TSRST.
QC 20101006
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18

Xu, Geng-Rong, and 許耿榮. "A study on dynamic strain aging of the Al-Si alloys." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10479867967259801067.

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19

Yu, C. F., and 游清帆. "Dynamic strain aging and internal friction of API 5L X65 steel and weldment." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62488506489736046350.

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碩士
國立海洋大學
機械與輪機工程學系
87
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to study the high temperature mechanical properties of the TMCP steel and its weldment under different strain rates and temperatures. Serrated flows in the stress-strain curves were observed between temperature range of 100℃ and 300℃. The reason was attributed to dynamic strain aging of the specimens as dislocations interacted with mainly interstitial solid solutions. The region of dynamic strain aging corresponded to the occurrence of negative strain rate sensitivity. The loss in ductility, the increment of the flow stress, the larger value of strain-hardening exponent and strength coefficient at a certain temperature and strain rate were characterized by the onset of dynamic strain aging. The anisotropic mechanical properties of steel were caused by the existence of the bend structure. Tensile testing has been carried out on API 5L X65 steel, and the serrated flow on stress-strain curve was observed during a temperature range from 100 ℃to 300℃, especially when a slow strain rate was used it indicates that dynamic strain aging occurred in tha temperature range. Besides the flow stress with temperature, the ductility decreased with temperature. Optical micrographs and transmissiom electron microscopy observation shows that dislocations were piled-up instead of tangling because dynamic strain aging, and the recrystallization and the carbide precipitation on the grain boundary were also appeared. Strain rate sensitivity has a negative value, the value of strain hardening exponent and the strength coefficient were varied with temperature. The calculated activation energy was 115.7KJ/mole, which suggested that the vacancy diffusion mechanism dominated the mechanical behavior of the dynamic strain aging. Two techniques were used to measure the internal friction of steels and its weldments of this investigation. One of this was the torsion pendulum, another was the free-free beam vibration technique. The results showed that no the Snoek Peak appeared on API 5L X65 received base metals and welded base metal. This phenomenon was caused by the microalloying niobium, vanadium and aluminum interacted with C and N. It resulted in the carbides and nitrides formation, and free C and N were exhausted. In the weld metal the appearance of Snoek Peak was due to the carbon and nitrogen interstitial atoms which came from the protective gas from electrode coating and electrode wire, dissolved into the welding pool. The Snoek peak appeared in the heat affect zone caused by the dissolved C, N, H, interstitial atoms in the welding pool diffused into the HAZ nearby the fusion line. The Snoek-Koster peak showed up in the received base metal, the heat affected zone and the welded received base metal was attributed to the interaction between dislocation and substitutional solute atoms.
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20

CHEN, JIN-XIU, and 陳錦修. "The effect of dynamic strain aging and dynamic precipitation on the high-temperature tensile properties of austenitic Fe-Mn-Al allyos." Thesis, 1990. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47552808157593741011.

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21

徐堅銘. "The influence of hard coarse particles on the dynamic strain ageing of aluminum alloys." Thesis, 1992. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76369049073026094236.

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22

Gopinath, K. "Tensile And Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior Of A Ni-Base Superalloy." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/631.

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Background and Objective: Nickel-base superalloys, strengthened by a high volume fraction of Ni3Al precipitates, have been the undisputed choice for turbine discs in gas turbines as they exhibit the best available combination of elevated temperature tensile strength and resistance to low cycle fatigue (LCF), which are essential for a disc alloy. Alloy 720LI is a wrought nickel-base superalloy developed for disc application and exhibit superior elevated temperature tensile strength and LCF properties. It is distinct from contemporary disc alloys because of its chemistry, (especially Ti, Al and interstitial (C and B) contents), processing and heat treatment. However, literature available in open domain to develop an understanding of these properties in alloy 720LI is rather limited. This study was taken up in this background with an objective of assessing the tensile and LCF properties exhibited by alloy 720LI within a temperature regime of interest and understand the structure-property correlations behind it. Tensile Behavior: The effect of temperature and strain rate on monotonic tensile properties were assessed at different temperature in the range of 25 – 750°C (0.67 Tm) at a strain rate of 10-4 s-1 and strain rate effects were explored in detail at 25, 400, 650 and 750°C at different strain rates between 10-5 s-1 and 10-1 s-1. Yield and ultimate tensile strength of the alloy remains unaffected by temperature till about 600°C (0.58Tm) and 500°C (0.51Tm), respectively, beyond which both decreased drastically. Negligible strain rate sensitivity exhibited by the alloy at 25 and 400°C indicated that flow stress is a strong function of strain hardening rather than strain rate hardening. However at 650 and 750°C, especially at low strain rates, strain rate sensitivity is relatively high. TEM studies revealed that heterogeneous planar slip involving shearing of precipitates by dislocation pairs was prevalent under strain rate insensitive conditions and more homogeneous slip was evident when flow stresses were strain rate sensitive. The planarity of slip is also considered responsible for the deviation in experimental data from the Ludwick–Hollomon power-law at low plastic strains in regimes insensitive to strain rate. Irrespective of strain rate sensitivity and degree of homogeneity of slip, fracture mode remained ductile at almost all the conditions studied. Dynamic Strain Ageing: Alloy 720LI exhibits jerky flow in monotonic tension at intermediate temperatures ranging from 250-475°C. After considering all known causes for serrated flow in materials, the instability in flow (Portevin-LeChatelier (PLC) effect) is considered attributable to dynamic strain ageing (DSA), arising from interactions between diffusing solute atoms and mobile dislocations during plastic flow. As the temperature range of DSA coincided with typical bore and web temperatures of turbine discs, its possible influence on tensile properties is considered in detail. No significant change in tensile strength, ductility, or work hardening is observed, due to DSA, with increase in temperature from smooth to serrated flow regime. However strain rate sensitivity, which is positive in smooth flow regime turned negative in the serrated flow regime. Analysis of serrated flow on the basis of critical plastic strain for onset of serrations revealed that in most of the temperature-strain rate regimes studied, alloy 720LI exhibits ‘inverse’ PLC effect which is a phenomenon that has not been fully understood in contrast to ‘normal’ PLC effect observed widely in dilute solid solutions. Other characteristics of serrated flow viz., stress decrement and strain increment between serrations are also analyzed to understand the mechanism of DSA. Though the activation energy determined using stress decrements suggest that carbon atoms could be responsible for locking of dislocations, based on its influence on mechanical properties and also on its temperature regime of existence, weak pinning of dislocations by substitutional solute atoms are considered responsible for DSA in alloy 720LI. LCF Behavior: LCF studies were carried out under fully reversed constant strain amplitude conditions at 25, 400 and 650°C with strain amplitudes ranging from 0.4-1.2%. Different cyclic stress responses observed depending on the imposed conditions are correlated to the substructures that evolved. Low level of dislocation activity and interactions observed in TEM is considered the reason behind stable cyclic stress response at low strain amplitudes at all temperatures. TEM studies also show that secondary γ’ precipitates that are degraded through repeated shearing are responsible for the continuous softening, observed after a short initial hardening phase, at higher strain amplitudes. Studies at 400°C show manifestation of DSA on LCF behavior at 400°C in the form increased cyclic hardening which tends to offset softening effects at higher strain amplitudes. Plastic strain dependence of fatigue lives exhibited bilinearity in Coffin-Manson plots at all temperatures. TEM substructures revealed that planar slip with deformation concentrated on slip bands is the major deformation mode under all the conditions examined. However, homogeneity of deformation increases with increase in strain and temperature. At 25°C, with increasing strain, increased homogeneity manifested in the form of increased number of slip bands. At 650°C, with increase in strain, increased dislocation activity in the inter-slip band regions lead to increased homogeneity. It is also seen that fine deformation twins that form at 650°C and low strain amplitudes play a role in aiding homogenization of deformation. Unlike other alloy systems where an environmental effect or a change in deformation mechanism leads to bilinearity in Coffin – Manson (CM) plots, our study shows that differences in distribution of slip is the reason behind bilinear CM plots. While the properties and behavior of alloy 720LI under monotonic and cyclic loading conditions over a range of temperatures could be rationalized on the basis of deformation substructures, the thesis opens up the door for further in-depth studies on deformation mechanisms in 720LI as well as other disc alloys of similar microstructure.
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