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1
R, Kump Lee, ed. Mathematical modeling of Earth's dynamical systems: A primer. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2011.
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2
Jeans, James. Problems of cosmology and stellar dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
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3
Arbic, Brian K. Generation of mid-ocean eddies: The local baroclinic instability hypothesis. Cambridge, Mass: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000.
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Arbic, Brian K. Generation of mid-ocean eddies: The local baroclinic instability hypothesis. Cambridge, Mass: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000.
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Schiff, Maurice. North-south technology diffusion, regional integration, and the dynamics of the "natural trading partners" hypothesis. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2004.
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6
Traveset, Anna, and David M. Richardson, eds. Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0000.
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Abstract This book contains 23 chapters divided into seven parts. Part I reviews the key hypotheses in invasion ecology that invoke biotic interactions to explain aspects of plant invasion dynamics; and reviews models, theories and hypotheses on how invasion performance and impact of introduced species in recipient ecosystems can be conjectured according to biotic interactions between native and non-native species. Part II deals with positive and negative interactions in the soil. Part III discusses mutualistic interactions that promote plant invasions. Part IV describes antagonistic interactions that hinder plant invasions, while part V presents the consequences of plant invasions for biotic interactions among native species. In part VI, novel techniques and experimental approaches in the study of plant invasions are shown. In the last part, biotic interactions and the management of ecosystems invaded by non-native plants are discussed.
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PISRS 2011 International Conference on Analysis, Fractal Geometry, Dynamical Systems and Economics (2011 Messina, Italy). Fractal geometry and dynamical systems in pure and applied mathematics. Edited by Carfi David 1971-, Lapidus, Michel L. (Michel Laurent), 1956-, Pearse, Erin P. J., 1975-, Van Frankenhuysen Machiel 1967-, and Mandelbrot Benoit B. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2013.
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Simion, Samuela. Marco Polo, Il Devisement dou monde nella redazione veneziana V (cod. Hamilton 424 della Staatsbibliothek di Berlino). Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-321-2.
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The volume contains the commented edition of the Devisement dou monde based on the Berlin Staatsbibliothek - Preußischer Kulturbesitz Codex, Hamilton 424. The Hamilton 424 Codex, transcribed in Venice in the second half of the fifteenth century, contains the translation of a Latin model (whose features can be partially reconstructed virtually starting from some translation errors) and is the only known witness of V. Due to its characteristics, V represents a crucial point in the definition of the transmission dynamics of Polo’s book: its readings are confirmed, often in a broader form, by the Latin version known as Z. V strengthens the hypothesis that, after returning to Venice, Marco Polo modified the text written with Rustichello da Pisa in Genoa. Actually, version V represents the first step of this long process of rewriting, which probably occurred in several phases. This volume includes an introduction, the text edition, a textual commentary, as well as an index. A second and forthcoming volume will contain the linguistic analysis and glossary.
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Kump, Lee, and Rudy Slingerland. Mathematical Modeling of Earth's Dynamical Systems: A Primer. Princeton University Press, 2011.
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10
Kump, Lee, and Rudy Slingerland. Mathematical Modeling of Earth's Dynamical Systems: A Primer. Princeton University Press, 2011.
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11
Silberstein, Michael, W. M. Stuckey, and Timothy McDevitt. Resolving Puzzles, Problems, and Paradoxes from General Relativity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807087.003.0004.
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The main thread of chapter 3 introduces general relativity (GR), Big Bang cosmology, and closed timelike curves, showing how the ant’s-eye view leads to the puzzle of the creation of the universe, the horizon problem, the flatness problem, the low entropy problem, and the paradoxes of closed time-like curves. All these puzzles, problems, and paradoxes of the dynamical universe are resolved using the God’s-eye view of the adynamical block universe. Accordingly, Einstein’s equations of GR are not understood dynamically, but rather adynamically, that is, as a global self-consistency constraint between the spacetime metric and stress–energy tensor throughout the spacetime manifold. This is “spatiotemporal ontological contextuality” as applied to GR. The philosophical nuances such as the status of the block universe argument in GR and debates about the Past Hypothesis have been placed in Philosophy of Physics for Chapter 3. The associated formalism and computations are in Foundational Physics for Chapter 3.
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Gallagher, Shaun. Variations on Embodied Cognition. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794325.003.0002.
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This chapter maps out a range of embodied cognition (EC) theories, starting with ‘weak EC’, which focuses on body-formatted representations and the neural reuse hypothesis, and remains close to traditional cognitivist conceptions of the mind. This approach to EC is then contrasted to functionalist proposals for extended mind, to a biological model of EC, and finally to enactivist proposals. Each section includes discussions of the empirical evidence for these approaches. The chapter concludes by arguing that weak EC’s representationalist conception of brain function is not compatible with the more radical conceptions of EC, which suggest that we rethink how the brain works within a dynamical brain–body–environment system.
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M. Agius, Lawrence, ed. Hypotheses & Dynamics in the Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Disorders. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97816080503211090101.
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Peterson, David Walter. Hypothesis, estimation, and validation of dynamic social models: Energy demand modeling. 1988.
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15
Abu Bakar, Nor'Aznin. Currency crisis in four Asian countries: The insolvency model approach. UUM Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9789672064039.
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The book deals with the 1997 Asian currency crisis and analyses the causes and consequences of the crisis.The two hypotheses, fundamental and panic/herd behavior hypotheses, which are often viewed as competing, are also examined. The first hypothesis states that fundamental imbalances triggered the Asian currency and financial crisis in 1997.The crisis occurred because the economies had deteriorating current accounts, a slow down in growth rates and short-term debt approaching a dangerous level; while the second hypothesis states that sudden shifts in market expectations and confidence were the cause of the initial financial turmoil.When the crisis erupted, it caused panic among domestic and foreign investors. The main focus of this book is to evaluate these two approaches and to examine whether there was evidence of insolvency prior to the crisis in four Asian countries namely Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines. A solvency index, originally popularized by Cohen, is calculated for each country.An analysis of the trade sector is undertaken in which the dynamic OLS is employed. Subsequently, the price elasticities obtained from the export demand model together with the GDP supply elasticity are used to calculate the index. From the analysis, it appears that all countries were solvent prior to the crisis where the percentage of actual debt service paid (in 1997) was greater than the percentage that must be paid to be solvent. This suggests that further external credit could have solved the problem, as it was a matter of short-term liquidity difficulties and panic, rather than insolvency.
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Wang, Yanling, and Maurice Schiff. North-South Technology Diffusion, Regional Integration, and the Dynamics of the “Natural Trading Partners” Hypothesis. The World Bank, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3434.
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Palmeri, Thomas J., Jeffrey D. Schall, and Gordon D. Logan. Neurocognitive Modeling of Perceptual Decision Making. Edited by Jerome R. Busemeyer, Zheng Wang, James T. Townsend, and Ami Eidels. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199957996.013.15.
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Mathematical psychology and systems neuroscience have converged on stochastic accumulator models to explain decision making. We examined saccade decisions in monkeys while neurophysiological recordings were made within their frontal eye field. Accumulator models were tested on how well they fit response probabilities and distributions of response times to make saccades. We connected these models with neurophysiology. To test the hypothesis that visually responsive neurons represented perceptual evidence driving accumulation, we replaced perceptual processing time and drift rate parameters with recorded neurophysiology from those neurons. To test the hypothesis that movement related neurons instantiated the accumulator, we compared measures of neural dynamics with predicted measures of accumulator dynamics. Thus, neurophysiology both provides a constraint on model assumptions and data for model selection. We highlight a gated accumulator model that accounts for saccade behavior during visual search, predicts neurophysiology during search, and provides insights into the locus of cognitive control over decisions.
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Wendling, Fabrice, and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Dynamics of EEGs as Signals of Neuronal Populations. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0003.
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This chapter gives an overview of approaches used to understand the generation of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals using computational models. The basic concept is that appropriate modeling of neuronal networks, based on relevant anatomical and physiological data, allows researchers to test hypotheses about the nature of EEG signals. Here these models are considered at different levels of complexity. The first level is based on single cell biophysical properties anchored in classic Hodgkin-Huxley theory. The second level emphasizes on detailed neuronal networks and their role in generating different kinds of EEG oscillations. At the third level are models derived from the Wilson-Cowan approach, which constitutes the backbone of neural mass models. Another part of the chapter is dedicated to models of epileptiform activities. Finally, the themes of nonlinear dynamic systems and topological models in EEG generation are discussed.
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Epstein, Joshua M. Future Research and Conclusions. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691158884.003.0005.
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This part offers some ideas for future research and applications of Agent_Zero. It first considers Agent_Zero's numerical cartography before discussing its affective, cognitive, and social components. It then examines the feasibility of increasing the modeling resolution, scaling up the space and the agent population, and the model's contribution to empiricism. It also reviews some of the testable hypotheses advanced by Agent_Zero and various model interpretations relating to civil violence, economics, health behavior, psychology, jury dynamics, the formation and dynamics of networks, mutual escalation dynamics, and birth and intergenerational transmission. This part ends by presenting the book's overall conclusions and emphasizing the importance of Agent_Zero in establishing neurocognitive foundations for generative social science.
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Huffaker, Ray, Marco Bittelli, and Rodolfo Rosa. Data Preprocessing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782933.003.0006.
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Successful reconstruction of a shadow attractor provides preliminary empirical evidence that a signal isolated from observed time series data may be generated by deterministic dynamics. However, because we cannot reasonably expect signal processing to purge the signal of all noise in practice, and because noisy linear behavior can be visually indistinguishable from nonlinear behavior, the possibility remains that noticeable regularity detected in a shadow attractor may be fortuitously reconstructed from data generated by a linear-stochastic process. This chapter investigates how we can test this null hypothesis using surrogate data testing. The combination of a noticeably regular shadow attractor, along with strong statistical rejection of fortuitous regularity, increases the probability that observed data are generated by deterministic real-world dynamics.
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Monaco, Claudia, and Esther Lutgens. Atherosclerosis—a short history. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755777.003.0010.
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The pathogenesis of human atherosclerotic lesions has long been debated and is still evolving nowadays. First conceptualized as chronically evolving degenerative disease initiating in the mother’s womb, then increasingly accepted as a dynamic process causing severe acute complications that jeopardize the blood flow to the heart. Evolution of the hypothesis mirrored the progress of cellular and molecular biology, leading to progressive broadening of the understanding of cell types and molecules involved in atherogenesis. This chapter describes the current histopathological view on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and touches on a historical perspective weaving in the fundamental discoveries that still influence the perception of this disease in humans.
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Kalitzin, Stiliyan, and Fernando Lopes da Silva. EEG-Based Anticipation and Control of Seizures. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0023.
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Early seizure-prediction paradigms were based on detecting electroencephalographic (EEG) features, but recent approaches are based on dynamic systems theory. Methods that attempted to detect predictive features during the preictal period proved difficult to validate in practice. Brain systems can display bistability (both normal and epileptic states can coexist), and the transitions between states may be initiated by external or internal dynamic factors. In the former case prediction is impossible, but in the latter case prediction is conceivable, leading to the hypothesis that as seizure onset approaches, the excitability of the underlying neuronal networks tends to increase. This assumption is being explored using not only the ongoing EEG but also active probes, applying appropriate stimuli to brain areas to estimate the excitability of the neuronal populations. Experimental results support this assumption, suggesting that it may be possible to develop paradigms to estimate the risk of an impending transition to an epileptic state.
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Dzanku, Fred Mawunyo, and Daniel B. Sarpong. Spatial and Gendered Linkages Between Non-Farm Diversification and Farm Productivity in Ghana. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799283.003.0009.
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This chapter uses both household panel and cross-sectional data to examine the relationship between non-farm diversification and farm labour productivity; is asks whether the gender of the diversifier matters for the relationship. The full sample results provide no evidence that non-farm earning has any effect on farm labour productivity. Region-specific nuances exist, however. The chapter finds that increasing non-farm earnings reduces average farm productivity in poor regions but not in rich regions. The data also provide support for the hypothesis that the gender of the non-farm diversifier matters. Even so, there are spatial nuances: in agro-ecologically more dynamic regions, farm labour productivity is significantly decreasing with women’s non-farm earnings but increasing with men’s, whereas in less dynamic regions only men’s non-farm earnings exert a significant negative effect on farm labour productivity. The chapter concludes that the relationship between non-farm diversification and farm labour productivity is context-specific.
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Hodin, Jason, Matthew C. Ferner, Andreas Heyland, and Brian Gaylord, eds. I Feel That! Fluid Dynamics and Sensory Aspects of Larval Settlement across Scales. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0013.
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A commonality among oceanic life cycles is a process known as settlement, where dispersing propagules transition to the sea floor. For many marine invertebrates, this transition is irreversible, and therefore involves a crucial decision-making process through which larvae evaluate their juvenile habitat-to-be. In this chapter, we consider aspects of the external environment that could influence successful settlement. Specifically, we discuss water flow across scales, and how larvae can engage behaviors to influence where ocean currents take them, and enhance the likelihood of their being carried toward suitable settlement locations. Next, we consider what senses larvae utilize to evaluate their external environment and properly time such behavioral modifications, and settlement generally. We hypothesize that larvae integrate these various external cues in a hierarchical fashion, with differing arrangements being employed across ontogeny and among species. We conclude with a brief discussion of the future promises of larval biology, ecology, and evolution.
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Zeitlin, Vladimir. Rotating Shallow-Water model with Horizontal Density and/or Temperature Gradients. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804338.003.0014.
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The derivation of rotating shallow-water equations by vertical averaging and columnar motion hypothesis is repeated without supposing horizontal homogeneity of density/potential temperature. The so-called thermal rotating shallow-water model arises as the result. The model turns to be equivalent to gas dynamics with a specific equation of state. It is shown that it possesses Hamiltonian structure and can be derived from a variational principle. Its solution at low Rossby numbers should obey the thermo-geostrophic equilibrium, replacing the standard geostrophic equilibrium. The wave spectrum of the model is analysed, and the appearance of a whole new class of vortex instabilities of convective type, resembling asymmetric centrifugal instability and leading to a strong mixing at nonlinear stage, is demonstrated.
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Manuel, Peter. Concluding Perspectives. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038815.003.0006.
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This concluding chapter presents some hypotheses and conclusions about Bhojpuri diasporic dynamics, broader implications for diaspora studies in general, the relation of music genres like tassa to Afrocreole culture, and the implications of this relationship for our understanding of the phenomenon of Caribbean creolization. It suggests that Indo-Caribbean culture, including music culture, can be seen as an ongoing dialectic product of three primary cultural realms—the transplanted but deeply local Bhojpuri little tradition, the imported North Indian great traditions (whether of visiting godmen or Bollywood blockbusters), and Afrocreole culture. The relation between the local Bhojpuri little tradition and the imported Indian great traditions is complex and in some ways competitive. While some cultural activists do lament the hegemony of imported filmsong over local music, others seem to feel that both Bhojpuri traditional songs and Bollywood fare can comfortably coexist.
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Monge, Peter R., and Noshir Contractor. Theories of Communication Networks. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195160369.001.0001.
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To date, most network research contains one or more of five major problems. First, it tends to be atheoretical, ignoring the various social theories that contain network implications. Second, it explores single levels of analysis rather than the multiple levels out of which most networks are comprised. Third, network analysis has employed very little the insights from contemporary complex systems analysis and computer simulations. Foruth, it typically uses descriptive rather than inferential statistics, thus robbing it of the ability to make claims about the larger universe of networks. Finally, almost all the research is static and cross-sectional rather than dynamic. Theories of Communication Networks presents solutions to all five problems. The authors develop a multitheoretical model that relates different social science theories with different network properties. This model is multilevel, providing a network decomposition that applies the various social theories to all network levels: individuals, dyads, triples, groups, and the entire network. The book then establishes a model from the perspective of complex adaptive systems and demonstrates how to use Blanche, an agent-based network computer simulation environment, to generate and test network theories and hypotheses. It presents recent developments in network statistical analysis, the p* family, which provides a basis for valid multilevel statistical inferences regarding networks. Finally, it shows how to relate communication networks to other networks, thus providing the basis in conjunction with computer simulations to study the emergence of dynamic organizational networks.
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Franco, Chiara de. The Media and Postmodern Conflict. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.339.
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Contemporary conflicts and warfare are invariably connected to some recurrent elements: globalization; the decline of the State; the emergence of transnational relations, both cultural and economic; late capitalism; post-industrialism; the end of ideologies and metaphysics; and the rise of the “society of spectacle” and the information age. These elements are all generally recognized as being the distinctive characteristics of postmodernity. The media plays an important role in understanding conflict dynamics and in illuminating some characteristics of postmodern conflict. The literature on the relationship between the media and conflict develops concepts and theories which are essential for understanding the role of the media in the evolution and conduct of contemporary conflicts. This literature focuses on two different aspects: firstly, the specific activities of the mass media, i.e. the media coverage of conflicts, and secondly, the interaction between the media and the political and military decision-making processes. Following either the powerful media paradigm or the limited effects hypothesis, these works develop in the same period very different concepts like propaganda and the CNN effect. It is important to keep in mind that these concepts are the result of an attempt to clarify the existing conceptualization of the role of the media in present conflicts and do not represent consolidated categories as such.
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Jacobsen, Dean, and Olivier Dangles. Ecology of High Altitude Waters. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736868.001.0001.
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This book brings together current knowledge on patterns and processes in the ecology of streams, lakes, and wetlands situated at more than 3000 m above sea level. The alpine headwaters of the large Asian rivers and Lake Titicaca are both well-known and iconic examples. High altitude waters include more than these systems—they are both numerous and cover many habitat types, organisms, and specializations. The book provides an overview of the variety of aquatic ecosystems and habitats, their environmental features, prominent species, and their functional adaptations to the harsh aquatic environmental conditions through to global diversity patterns along altitudinal gradients, community dynamics, species interactions and dispersal, trophic relations, and energy flows. High altitude waters are ideal systems to address a broad range of topical themes in ecology because patterns and processes are both diverse and singular. The book highlights how key concepts in ecology (e.g. the stress gradient hypothesis, the biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationship) could find relevant study models in high altitude waters. The usual perception of pristine mountain waters is far from true, particularly in the case of high altitude waters at low latitudes where human population density is often high, and local communities live in intimate contact with, utilize, influence, and exploit these aquatic systems. Climate change effects, extinction risks of mountain populations due to vanishing glaciers, multiple human impacts, management, and conservation are also treated thoroughly. The book is richly illustrated with diagrams and numerous pictures of these poorly known systems and species.
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Mashhoon, Bahram. Nonlocal Gravity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803805.001.0001.
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A postulate of locality permeates through the special and general theories of relativity. First, Lorentz invariance is extended in a pointwise manner to actual, namely, accelerated observers in Minkowski spacetime. This hypothesis of locality is then employed crucially in Einstein’s local principle of equivalence to render observers pointwise inertial in a gravitational field. Field measurements are intrinsically nonlocal, however. To go beyond the locality postulate in Minkowski spacetime, the past history of the accelerated observer must be taken into account in accordance with the Bohr-Rosenfeld principle. The observer in general carries the memory of its past acceleration. The deep connection between inertia and gravitation suggests that gravity could be nonlocal as well and in nonlocal gravity the fading gravitational memory of past events must then be taken into account. Along this line of thought, a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein’s theory of gravitation has recently been developed. In this nonlocal gravity (NLG) theory, the gravitational field is local, but satisfies a partial integro-differential field equation. A significant observational consequence of this theory is that the nonlocal aspect of gravity appears to simulate dark matter. The implications of NLG are explored in this book for gravitational lensing, gravitational radiation, the gravitational physics of the Solar System and the internal dynamics of nearby galaxies as well as clusters of galaxies. This approach is extended to nonlocal Newtonian cosmology, where the attraction of gravity fades with the expansion of the universe. Thus far only some of the consequences of NLG have been compared with observation.
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Covic, Adrian, Mugurel Apetrii, Luminita Voroneanu, and David J. Goldsmith. Vascular calcification. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0120_update_001.
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Vascular calcification (VC) is a common feature of patients with advanced CKD and it could be, at least in part, the cause of increased cardiovascular mortality in these patients. From a morphologic point of view, there are at least two types of pathologic calcium phosphate deposition in the arterial wall—namely, intima calcification (mostly associated with atherosclerotic plaques) and media calcification (associated with stiffening of the vasculature, resulting in significantly adverse cardiovascular outcomes). Although VC was viewed initially as a passive phenomenon, it appears to be a cell-mediated, dynamic, and actively regulated process that closely resembles the formation of normal bone tissue, as discovered recently. VC seems to be the result of the dysregulation of the equilibrium between promoters and inhibitors. The determinants are mostly represented by altered calcium and phosphorus metabolism, secondary hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D excess, high fibroblast growth factor 23, and high levels of indoxyl sulphate or leptin; meanwhile, the inhibitors are vitamin K, fetuin A, matrix G1a protein, osteoprotegerin, and pyrophosphate. A number of non-invasive imaging techniques are available to investigate cardiac and vascular calcification: plain X-rays, to identify macroscopic calcifications of the aorta and peripheral arteries; two-dimensional ultrasound for investigating the calcification of carotid arteries, femoral arteries, and aorta; echocardiography, for assessment of valvular calcification; and, of course, computed tomography technologies, which constitute the gold standard for quantification of coronary artery and aorta calcification. All these methods have a series of advantages and limitations. The treatment/ prevention of VC is currently mostly around calcium-mineral bone disease interventions, and unproven. There are interesting hypotheses around vitamin K, Magnesium, sodium thiosulphate and other potential agents.
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Buzsáki, György. The Brain from Inside Out. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190905385.001.0001.
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The Brain from Inside Out takes a critical look at contemporary brain research and reminds us that theoretical framework does matter. Current technology-driven neuroscience is still largely fueled by an empiricist philosophy assuming that the brain’s goal is to perceive, represent the world, and learn the truth. An inevitable consequence of this framework is the assumption of a decision-making homunculus wedged between our perception and actions. In contrast, The Brain from Inside Out advocates that the brain’s fundamental function is to induce actions and predict the consequences of those actions to support the survival and prosperity of the brain’s host. Brains constantly test their hypotheses by producing actions rather than searching for the veridical objective world. Only actions can provide a second opinion about the relevance of the sensory inputs and provide meaning for and interpretation of those inputs. In this inside-out framework, it is not sensations that teach the brain and build up its circuits. Instead, the brain comes with a preconfigured and self-organized dynamics that constrains how it acts and views the world. Both its anatomical and physiological organizations are characterized by an enormous diversity which spans several orders of magnitude. The two ends of this continuous landscape give rise to apparently distinct qualitative features. A small core of strongly interconnected, highly active neurons provides fast and “good-enough” answers in needy situations by generalizations, whereas detailed and precise solutions rely on the contribution of the more isolated and sluggish majority. In this non-egalitarian organization, preexisting nonsense brain patterns become meaningful through action-based experience. The inside-out framework offers an alternative strategy to investigate how brain operations give rise to our cognitive faculties, as opposed to the outside-in approach that explores how our preconceived ideas map onto brain structures.