Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dynamique de la végétation – France – Préalpes (France)'
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Senn, Olivier. "Impact du pâturage ovin sur la végétation de parcours clôturés et fertilisés dans les Préalpes du Sud." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20299.
Full textVallauri, Daniel. "Dynamique de la restauration forestière des sustrats marneux avec Pinus nigra J. F Arnold ssp. Nigra dans le secteur haut-provençal : trajectoires dynamiques, avancement du processus de restauration et diagnostic sur l'intégrité fonctionnelle des écosystèmes recrées." Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30111.
Full textPulido, Avila Maria Guadalupe. "Conséquences de l’anthropisation sur la dynamique postglaciaire de la végétation dans le sud du Massif Central, France." Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX30014.
Full textThe postglacial vegetation history in the south of Massif Central (France) was reconstructed using a multidisciplinary palaecological approach with (pollen and geochemical analyses). The main objectives were to evaluate the impact of past human activities on the long-term vegetation dynamics and to retrace the land uses for two sectors: the Cévennes National Parc and the Regional Parc of Haut Languedoc. The study of several peatlands delivered a vegetation history since the Atlantic period. In the two studied sectors, human activities were identified since the Neolithic period and were mainly attributed to pastoral activities, whereas agriculture was very limited. Then, agro-pastoral activities and deforestation became more important, reaching a peak at the end of the Roman period at the Mont Lozère and at the beginning of the Middle Ages for two sectors. The deforestations during the Iron Age at Mont Lozère have principally affected beech while in the Regional Parc of Haut Languedoc beech seems not to be affected during this period. At Mont Lozère, metallurgical lead activities were attested by several archaeological proofs. Multidisciplinary approach (pollen and geochemical analyses) of the Narses Mortes peatland shows two periods of metallurgical activities: the known Medieval one and a second older period: the Gabales metallurgy (Iron Age), which has not been already identified by archaeology and this is the first evidence for this metallurgy activities. Deforestation linked to metallurgical activities principally affected the beech
Rodrigues, Stéphane. "Dynamique sédimentaire et végétation : évolution de chenaux fluviatiles en Loire moyenne (France)." Tours, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUR4016.
Full textHydrological and sedimentological investigations were carried out on a vegetated secondary channel of the Loire River (Bréhémont, France). Sediment dynamics is important in the upstream part of the channel while an asymmetrical behaviour is noted in the downstream part : sediment by-passing in the bare areas contrasts with particle retention in the vegetated parts. Locally, flow velocities, directions and sediment deposition are influenced by vegetation. Models of evolution are discussed. During moderate floods, reduced redistributions indicate poor sedimentary supply from the mean channel. During intense floods (1) high quantities of sediments delivered by the mean channel allows the feeding of riffles and bars, (2) vegetation bands influence flow velocities and directions. Deposition and retention of sediment are induced by these bands while erosion is important in their periphery. Accretion in the vegetated areas exerts a feedback control on flow and sediment transport
Saïd, Sonia. "Modélisation spatio-temporelle de la dynamique de la végétation dans l'aire naturelle du pin laricio en Corse." Corte, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CORT0001.
Full textThe landscapes of the French island of Corsica are the result of the grazing tradition which has always occupied a pivotal position in the island's economy. Furthermore, in the last fifty years, a reduction in the pressure from human activity has lead to changes in plant cover. This article intends to study the evolution of dynamic mechanisms during the secondary successions and the effect of changes in vegetation on plant diversity. Our study was based on a simultaneous study of 375 plots carried out between May and September from 1996 to 1998. We studied the floristic composition of each stage both qualitatively (life form, adaptive strategy and seed disperal mode) and quantitatively (species richness, equitability, Shannon index). The results show a change in species and environmental conditions, with a progressive move from heliophilic grassland and low shrub species with an S or SR strategy, anemochoric and with a high tolerance for soil quality to a final stage of dense forest composed of competitive (C or CS) zoochoric or barochoric phanerophytes. Moreover, the turning point in Corsica in terms of floristic diversity lies between 20 and 55 years after land abandonment. Successions are due to a series of rapid interactions. Thus, when a site is given reserve or protected area status, we need to take into account the fact that it will evolve according to the biological traits of the species. From a research point of view, we need to look at process diversity and the role of each of the species present during the successions
Dubois-Laurent, Jeanne-Marine. "Dynamique spatiale et temporelle de la végétation en France de 21000 cal BP à 2100." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20053.
Full textLanglade, Laurent-Roland. "Dynamique de colonisation de la végétation pionnière des bancs de galets en rivière." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30271.
Full textVezza, Alain. "La déprise rurale dans les pays de Ventoux : dynamique de la végétation en relation avec les sols." Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30061.
Full textBornette, Gudrun. "Analyse synchronique et diachronique du fonctionnement des anciens chenaux tressés du Rhône : effet des perturbations hydrauliques sur la dynamique de la végétation aquatique." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10300.
Full textSchwal, Brigitte. "Dynamique de la biodiversité végétale dans les paysages d'agriculture intensive : utilisation du sol, composition floristique, végétation et structures paysagères du Lauragais haut-garonnais (Sud-Ouest, France), XIXe-XXe siècle." Toulouse 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU20054.
Full textThe conservation of the biodiversity is now recognized like a priority measure to implement. However the factors responsible for its evolution are much less known. In this context, we study the factors responsible for the dynamics of the plant biodiversity, in the intensive farming landscapes of the "Lauragais haut-garonnais" (South-Western France), within a contemporary temporal framework. We carried out a multi-sites and multi-dates analysis which offer to understand the space organization of the components of the landscape mosaic, to propose bases for conservatory management. The study reveals a global reduction of the plant biodiversity, mainly under the influence of the degradation of the habitats (decrease and fragmentation) and the modern practices. However, prospects for conservatory management are still possible in these strongly anthropized landscapes
Pasche, Frédéric. "Dynamique et fonctionement des communautés végétales subalpines pyrénéennes." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30167.
Full textDynamics and leaf nitrogen resorption of Rhododendron ferrugineum, an evergreen species, were investigated in the subalpine level of the Pyrenees. This shrub invades meadows slowly by layering and seed recruitment. Leaf resorption takes place along the whole life span (18 at 25 month) and essentially during the first 16 month. During spring growth, the nitrogen requirements of young individuals are mainly supported by internal remobilisation, particularly from leaves. In older individuals, this remobilisation is weaker and depends on leaf life span, which could be determined by soil fertility. Mineral nitrogen uptake reveals complementarity of the interactions between the dominating species in meadows (Ericaceae/Poaceae). Together, these mechanisms can favour the establishment and development of Rhododendron in the subalpine plant community
Chauchard, Sandrine. "Dynamique d'une forêt de montagne méditerranéenne dans un monde changeant." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20224.
Full textIn the last millennia, traditional land-use (plant and animal husbandry) has shaped both Mediterranean and other European landscapes. Since the 19th century, land-use changes, notably in mountain areas, have led to the expansion of shrub and forest areas and the decrease of semi-natural open habitats and its diversity. Sustainable management of these former agricultural areas requires an historical understanding of the mechanisms influencing the expansion of forested areas to predict future vegetation pathways. This is why we focussed on the study of forest dynamics in the French Pre-Alps, most particularly in the Montagne du Malay (Var), where the military camp of Canjuers is located. Our approach combines analysis of i) local land-use history by means of textual archives; and ii) forest density, dynamics and diversity via dendrochronological analysis. We also analyse the potential role of domestic and wild ungulates to control forest expansion and to preserve grassland. Main results show that land-use played, and still plays, a major role on the dynamics, structure and diversity of present-day forested areas. Different former land-uses favoured local disappearance of certain species and/or overabundance of others thus leading to different forest composition. On the other hand, the timing and location of land abandonment led to different forest dynamics. Concerning management, present ungulate density in the study site does not allow controlling forest expansion. Other management practices should thus be considered
Mesléard, François. "Dynamique, après perturbations, de peuplements de deux Ericacées (Arbutus unedo L. Et Erica arborea L. ) en Corse." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20233.
Full textCorenblit, Dov. "Structure et dynamique du paysage fluvial : études des rétroactions entre processus hydro-géomorphologiques et dynamique de la végétation du Tech (Pyrénées orientales)." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30197.
Full textGuittonny, Marie. "Valorisation d'un compost de boues urbaines en garrigue pour le reboisement : comportement des jeunes arbres d'une plantation et modifications de la dynamique de la végétation naturelle après amendement." Aix-Marseille 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX11057.
Full textBonis, Anne. "Dynamique des communautés et mécanismes de coexistence des populations de macrophytes immergées en marais temporaires." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20048.
Full textAlard, Didier. "La Végétation pastorale de Normandie centrale. Phyto-écologie, agronomie et dynamique; conséquences pour la gestion d'un espace agricole en mutation." Rouen, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990ROUES019.
Full textCorradini, Pierre. "Implications architecturales et génétiques de la clonalité de Polytrichum commune Hedw. Dans les processus de recolonisation des landes armoricaines après incendie." Paris 6, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA066283.
Full textBricaud, Olivier. "Les peuplements lichéniques corticoles sciaphiles et foliicoles méditerranéens de la France méridionale." Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30061.
Full textMohammad, Esmaeili Majid. "Capacités de colonisation comparées d'espèces prairiales : implication pour la restauration de prairies." Rennes 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008REN1S034.
Full textWetlands are among the most threatened habitats in the world, due to anthropic perturbations. In particular, large surfaces of meadows have been ploughed and converted to croplands. In the Marais Poitevin, the Natura 2000 documents intends to reverse this trend and integrates the objective of restoring permanent grassland for former croplands. Those restored grassland will have to achieve both agronomic and biodiversity purposes. This thesis seeks to test the compatibility of these two objectives and is devoted to investigate their feasibility and limits. To this aims, sewing was realized with both target species of patrimonial interest and agronomic-valuable species. The first part of this thesis is devoted to the study of the capacities for spatial colonization of the target species, the dynamic of floristic diversity and the success of the restoration of meadow relatively to agronomic value according to the sowing mixture, integrating commercial species and grassland target species. The second part of this thesis is devoted to the study of the germinative capacity and colonization capacities of 6 native grasses species, sown in monoculture and in mixture. The third part of this thesis consists in a study on the capacity of colonization of clonals species in response to experimental defoliation treatments
Wintenberger, Coraline. "Dynamique fluviale et végétation pionnière à la Salicaceae en rivière sablo-graveleuse : études in et ex situ de la survie des semis durant les premiers stades de la succession biogéomorphologique en Loire Moyenne." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR4020/document.
Full textThe present study is focused on the three first stages: geomorphic, pioneer and biogeomorphic of the Fluvial Biogeomorphological Succession applied to a sandy-gravel bed lowland river: the Loire River (in its middle reaches). This work is based on both an in and ex situ approach. It analyses the recruitment and survival during their first stages of growth of two Salicaceae trees: Populus nigra L. and Salix alba L. developed on a non-migrating (forced) bar. The dynamics of this bar influences the survival potential of seedlings during floods. The seedlings adapt morphologically according to the sedimentary structure, and as a consequence, modify their survival potential. Three conceptual models detail: (i) the dynamics of a mid-channel forced bar during floods, (ii) the longitudinal evolution of the mortality of seedlings induced by the downstream fining of sediments, (iii) the sediment archiving and time needed to reach a pioneer island state from a non-migrating vegetated bar
Rameau, Jean-Claude. "Contribution phytoécologique et dynamique à l'étude des écosystèmes forestiers : applications aux forêts du nord-est de la France." Besançon, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BESA2016.
Full textMaillet, Jacques. "Constitution et dynamique des communautés de mauvaises herbes des vignes de France et des rizières de Camargue." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20045.
Full textAdama, Theophilus Zubairu. "Evaluation des différentes végétations pastorales fourragères utilisées par des ovins dans une région steppique du sud de la France : la Crau." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20285.
Full textStrasberg, Dominique. "Dynamique des forêts tropicales de l'île de La Réunion : processus d'invasions et de régénération sur les coulées volcaniques." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00954484.
Full textRousset, Olivier. "Dynamiques de régénération et interactions positives dans les successions végétales. Installation de "Buxus sempervirens L. " et "Quercus humilis Miller" sur les pelouses des Grands Causses gérées par le pâturage." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20128.
Full textStaentzel, Cybill. "Dynamique des communautés biologiques dans un contexte de restauration par injection sédimentaire et érosion maitrisée : cas du Vieux Rhin, France." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAH004/document.
Full textThe Rhine River has undergone major engineering works that led to severe alterations which helped to alter the biodiversity of the entire floodplain. Restoration actions have been initiated to give it back a part of its natural hydro morphological functioning. The thesis consisted in evaluating the effects of these restorations and in highlighting the mechanisms and processes involved in biocoenosis changes of the restored environments. The results also showed that the post-restoration biological community is not only defined by post-restoration physical changes but also by the discrete influence of external determinants of restoration such as biological invasions or the internal dynamics of the river. The transitional aspect of the benefits incurred has been identified as the main limit of the gravel augmentation, while the implementation of transverse artificial groynes in the controlled bank erosion has proved to be factors of sustainability of the ecological effects
Abou-Hamdan, Hussein. "Réponses des macrophytes de six cours d'eau méditerranéens à des perturbations naturelles et d'origine anthropique (sud-est de la France)." Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX30060.
Full textThis is the first study on this topic focusing on the aquatic plants growing in six coastal rivers of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur area. These rivers were selected because of their morphological and hydrological characteristics are typical of most of Mediterranean coastal rivers. Owing to the size and the specific characteristics of these rivers, it was necessary to find a method of analysis of macrophyte. A macrophyte inventory of the species was drawn up and biomass evaluated. The responses of the macrophytic communities subjected to different types of disturbances (anthropic and natural) were both analysed in terms of intra - and inter ecosystemic functioning and of great ecological concepts. The water quality was calculated by various indices used in France (SEQ-EAU, IBD, IBMR, IBGN) and the different values discussed
Aboucaya, Annie. "La flore des îles d'Hyères : étude des rapports phytogéographiques et biosystématiques avec les Maures et la Corse." Aix-Marseille 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX30028.
Full textSchwoertzig, Eugénie. "Contribution des corridors fluviaux à la dynamique de la biodiversité végétale urbaine." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAH005/document.
Full textUrban ecology, which has emerged over the last thirty years, focused in particular on studying thebiodiversity and on functioning of ecosystems in cities. This work explores urban riparian corridors and their rolein the dynamic of plant communities based on a gradient of urbanization. Indeed, riparian corridors provide astructural connection between the city and the countryside, and their conservation involves preciselyunderstanding their ecological functionality. The objectives of this work are to highlight the effect of the urbanization gradient on the composition and structure of plant communities along a river to determine whether the existence of urban riparian corridors effectivelycontributes to the colonization of adjacent areas. Two rivers, the Bruche and the Rhin Tortu - Ziegelwasser, arestudied in their most urban downstream part in the metropolitan area of Strasbourg, eastern France. [...]
Nofdianto, Nofdi. "Termes de gain et de perte relatifs à la dynamique du périphyton : étude expérimentale se référant au cas de la Garonne." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30255.
Full textGuillon, Sebastien. "Dynamique de la végétation alluviale côtière dans le Sud-Est de la France (bassins versants du Loup et de la Cagne, Alpes-Maritimes) au cours de la première moitié de l' Holocène." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01064064.
Full textYauschew-Raguenes, Nathalie. "Dynamique saisonnière de la végétation forestière (arbres et sous-bois) dans le massif des Landes : application de la télédétection optique au suivi des hétérogénéités à l'échelle régionale." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14702/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to assess the potential of the remote sensing data to monitor the seasonal dynamic of the forest vegetation (understory and tree canopy). The study has been carried out on the maritime pine forest in the Southwest of France. It is based on a 7-year time-series of the 10-day vegetation index PVI composite derived from satellite and on in situ leaf area measurements (LAI) of understory and tree story.At first, the in situ observations have been analysed. It shows that the understory vegetation is the main driver of the seasonal dynamic of the whole forest LAI (understory+tree story). Then, these informations have been compared with the time-series of remote sensed PVI . It appears that the spring phenology of the PVI informs directly about the LAI understory one.Finally, these results have been used at the regional scale and a regional map of the lande types has been produced. This study opens some new prospects about integration and spatialisation of water and carbon balance of forest ecosystems at regional scale
Albert, Cécile. "Variabilité fonctionnelle intraspécifique : quantification in situ et implications dans une vallée alpine." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00450219.
Full textDasnias, Philippe. "Successions végétales : synthèse bibliographique et dynamisme à l'ubac montagnard de la Moyenne Tarentaise (Savoie)." Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10047.
Full textAl-Samman, Winkel Noura. "Quelques mécanismes contribuant au comportement pionnier de trois espèces méditerranéennes pérennes : "Dorycnium pentaphyllum Scop.", "Euphorbia nicaensis All.", et "Aphyllantes monspeliensis L."." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20263.
Full textDoche, Bernard. "Déterminisme et expression cartographique des successions végétales : exemple de l'Aubrac montagnard (Massif Central français)." Grenoble 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986GRE10139.
Full textBattentier, Janet. "Gestion des espaces forestiers provençaux et ligures au Néolithique : approche anthracologique." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR2009.
Full textThe Liguro-Provençal region extends from the Northern Apennines to the Rhone River and from the Southern Alps to the Mediterranean Sea. In this region, the emergence and the development of agro-pastoral subsistence economies, at the beginning of the VIth mill. BCE, led to changes in pre-existing forest cover and in interactions between societies and the landscapes they exploited. This work specifies the modalities of these transformations through charcoal analyses of remains from 6 well-documented archaeological sites that were occupied from the end of the Mesolithic (Castelnovian) to the late Neolithic (6500-2000 cal. BCE), including la Font-aux-Pigeons (Châteauneuf-les-Martigues, Bouches-du-Rhône), l’abri Pendimoun (Castellar, Alpes-Maritimes), « RD 560/RD 28 déviation de St-Maximin » and « le Clos de Roques/Route de Barjols » (Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume, Var), la Grotte de Pertus II (Méailles, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence), Ponteau (Martigues, Bouches-du-Rhône) and Limon-Raspail (Bédoin, Vaucluse). These sites occupied a variety of environments ranging from the coast to regions reaching 1000 m a.s.l, and include occupations that were temporary to sub-permanent. As a result, this research has filled previously existing chronological, geographical and settlement pattern lacunae. Examination of a broad corpus of charcoal and pollen data (78 botanical sequences from archaeological and natural contexts) permits us to propose nuanced scenarios on landscape evolution and its relation to practices carried out across the Liguro-Provençal region.While vegetation dynamics seem relatively synchronous across this zone, their translation in terms of landscape is more variable. During the Castelnovian and Impressa (6500-5600/5400 cal. BCE) periods, our study reveals the predominance of forest taxa such as deciduous oak (Quercus deciduous), elm (Ulmus sp.), lime (Tilia sp.) and the expansion of fir (Abies sp.), which supports the importance of dense, diversified and sub-mature forests, on a broad altitudinal gradient. Open landscapes (evergreen taxa and light-demanding conifers) also prevailed in the lowlands and at high altitudes. These open landscapes appear to have been more attractive for settlement than fir forests, maybe because they are more favourable for the main subsistence activities of both groups (hunting, farming, pastoralism). From the mediterranean to alpine stages, there was a discreet rise in plant-types that are more competitive to the opening up of the canopy, and a decrease of taxa that are more sensitive to open conditions as a response to the first anthropogenic disturbances of the forest cover, from as early as the second half of the VIth mill. BCE. This trend increased with time as forests opened up and were replaced by more disturbance-adapted formations that grew in the form of coppices. This process unfolded in parallel with the diversification of territorial exploitation (lowland to upland) and of its woody resources. However, despite concordance between the development of the staged exploitation of the environment and anthropogenic pressures related to the expansion of agro-pastoral systems, the maintenance of deciduous oak forests in the hinterland is attested by charcoal sequences from sites such as Limon-Raspail and Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume until the late Neolithic. Thus, over the course of the Neolithic, the anthropogenic opening of the forest cover probably unfolded in the form of increasingly widespread thinning but which remained limited in space. These landscape transformations are characterized by a decline of forest cover and by a decrease of their diversity on the one hand, and by the rise and the diversification of taxa related to open landscapes on the other hand, highlighting the contribution of Neolithic practices to the genesis of the current vegetal landscape
Jourdain, Camille. "Action des crues sur la dynamique sédimentaire et végétale dans un lit de rivière à galets : l'Isère en Combe de Savoie." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAU002/document.
Full textMany rivers worldwide have seen vegetation establish within their beds throughout the 20th century. In the case of managed rivers, this trend is usually linked to direct geomorphological alterations (sediment mining, diking, etc.) as well as anthropic alterations of flow regime and sediment supply. These pressures have stabilized river beds, allowing vegetation to establish permanently. This vegetation increases the risk of flooding by decreasing flow velocities and increasing water levels. In addition, the associated reduction in availability of pioneer habitats characteristic of these stabilized environments typically degrades biodiversity. Managing hydrology in a way that would limit vegetation establishment on bars presents an interesting management option. In this context, our study was aimed at understanding the impacts of floods of varying magnitude on vegetation removal, as well as identifying and quantifying the underlying mechanisms. This work focused on the Isère River, a heavily managed gravel bed river located in the western French Alps.Vegetation removal was studied at the reach scale using hydrological data, aerial photographs, and topographic data available between 1996 and 2015. At the bar scale, field monitoring before and after floods from april 2014 to september 2015 allowed us to document the impact of floods on sediment mobility and vegetation. A 2D numerical model was used to document fine scale hydraulics.At the reach scale, we found a strong correlation between water volume flowing through the river channel and the amount of vegetation removal. Discharges with return intervals of less than one year seem to have an impact on vegetation removal. The main mechanism observed from aerial photographs was lateral erosion; surface processes were negligible in comparison. However, global vegetation removal was modest: since 1996, on average 3,4 % of vegetated area was removed annually. At the bar scale, our study period permitted monitoring of a series of high frequency floods (return interval < 1 year) and a 10-year food event. Only the largest flood partially removed pioneer vegetation from bars. Young vegetation removal occurred through four different mechanisms: 1) uprooting by surface scour > 20 cm, 2) burial under a thick layer of coarse sediments > 30 cm, 3) uprooting by a combination of surface scour and sediment deposition resulting in no net topographic change, and 4) lateral erosion of bars. Vegetation removal was always associated with significant sediment mobility.We conclude that on the Isere River a very important flood is required to remove vegetation by mobilizing bar surfaces. In contrast, high but not exceptional flows (return interval < 1 an) are capable of removing vegetation through lateral erosion. However, artificial floods alone are unlikely to maintain the full width of the channelized bed of the Isere River free of vegetation. In the future, vegetation removal needs to be studied in the context of alternate bar dynamics with or without vegetation. It seems necessary to consider sediment transport as well as hydrology to understand the overall dynamics of the bed
Dujardin, Gaylord. "Dynamique des communautés herbacées d'un coteau calcaire de Haute-Normandie : étude des mécanismes impliqués dans les processus de maintien et de remplacement des espèces végétales." Rouen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ROUES013.
Full textDuring the late 50s, the gradual abandonment of agro-pastoral practices in chalk hillsides initiated secondary succession dynamics which resulted in significant changes from the initial vegetation and led to structuring of a vegetation mosaic including herbaceous (short grasslands, tall grasslands and encroached grasslands) and woody communities (shrubs and forests). The present study aims at improving the knowledge of mechanisms responsible for the structuring and dynamics of herbaceous communities of a chalk hillside. To identify these mechanisms, taxonomic, comparative and functional approaches were used in field surveys and controlled conditions experiments. The first part of the thesis is devoted to the description of the herbaceous communities and analysis of successional dynamics. The main results reveal significant differences in structure, composition, diversity and species abundance between communities. The increase of social grasses and shrub encroachment are the two ecological mechanisms causing these changes. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the study of plant performance and their ability to respond to ecological changes in their local environment. The measurements of biological traits of dominant species identified phenotypic plasticity as an essential feature for their persistence during succession. Finally, the last part of this work proposes the characterization of nitrogen dynamics and water availability in different soils. These results highlighted the key role of water factor as an abiotic filter influencing the structuring of communities. Overall, the results obtained in this study clarify the mechanisms involved in the process of species persistence and replacement within the different communities, and provide new ground for the management and conservation of calcareous grasslands
Leroux, Jérôme. "Chenaux tidaux et dynamique des prés-salés en régime méga-tidal : approche multi-temporelle du siècle à l'événement de marée." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01005360.
Full textBrisset, Elodie. "Sensibilité des milieux de montagne aux forçages climatiques et anthropiques depuis 14 000 ans dans les Alpes du Sud : Approche multidisciplinaire (sédimentologie, géochimie, palynologie) et multi-sites (lac Petit, lac de Vens et lac d’Allos)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM3017.
Full textWithin the context of increasing demographic pressures and hazards related to climate change, the problems posed by landscape erosion have become particularly crucial. The current management of Mediterranean mountain environments, which are highly exposed to erosion hazards, needs to be supported by a thorough understanding of their susceptibility to these hazards and their long-term trajectories.A retrospective analysis of environmental trajectories has been conducted from the study of three lacustrine sedimentary archives in the Southern Alps (Lakes Petit, Vens and Allos). This multi-disciplinary study, based on sedimentology, geochemistry and palynology, has enabled characterization of the dynamics of erosion and changes in plant cover over the last 14,000 years.In Lakes Allos and Vens, the start of the Holocene is marked by the maturing of ecosystems, by chemical weathering of soils and by forest encroachment at higher altitudes. These environmental changes resulted in progressive ecosystem stabilization, followed by a bio-pedological optimum, and subsequently by more open landscapes, and then soil destabilization. These four successive phases have ben dated, respectively, at 12,000-8000 cal. BP, 8000-6000 cal. BP, 6000-1900 cal. BP, and 1900 cal. BP to Present. The last of these phases occurred earlier, at 4200 cal. BP, in Lake Petit.The triggering of soil erosion has systematically been hinged on periods of heavy precipitation affecting landscapes rendered vulnerable, by human societies, to the effects of such perturbations
Bodin, Jeanne. "Observed changes in mountain vegetation of the Alps during the XXth century - Role of climate and land-use changes." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00592144.
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