Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dynamique de population'
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Bichet, Hervé. "L'Ecureuil commun (Sciurus vulgaris) : dynamique de population." Toulouse 3, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985TOU34012.
Full textAlbis, Hippolyte d'. "De la population dans la dynamique de l'économie." Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010038.
Full textDecelière, Grégory. "Dynamique des éléments transposables dans une population structurée." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10252.
Full textInan, Ceren. "Dynamique démographique de la population active occupée en France." Phd thesis, Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux IV, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00814734.
Full textCAZOULAT, RENAUD. "Modelisation et simulation de la dynamique d'une population d'agents." Caen, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996CAEN2001.
Full textSantostasi, Nina. "Modélisation de la dynamique de population en présence d'hybridation." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG017.
Full textHybridization is the interbreeding of individuals from distinct populations. Anthropogenic hybridization is a significant threat that can cause species’ extinction. It is therefore fundamental to assess this threat and evaluate the effectiveness of management actions in an adaptive management loop. We developed demographic estimation and projection models to answer to these questions and showed their application.In the first chapter we: 1) developed a model to estimate prevalence in free‐ranging populations 2) carried out a simulation study to i) evaluate model performance, ii) compare it to naive quantifications of prevalence and iii) assess the accuracy of model-based estimates of prevalence under different sampling scenarios. The main results from this chapter were that i) the prevalence of hybrids could be estimated ii) model‐based prevalence consistently had better performance than naive prevalence in the presence of differential detectability and assignment probability and was unbiased for sampling scenarios with high detectability. Our results underline the importance of a model‐based approach to obtain unbiased estimates of prevalence of different population segments.In the second chapter we adopted targeted non-invasive genetic sampling and the capture-recapture estimation model developed in Chapter 1 to estimate the prevalence of wolf-dog hybrids in a local, protected wolf population in the northern Apennines, Italy. We discuss the results in the light of previous assessment of prevalence of wolf x dog admixed individuals in Western Europe and we illustrate the implications of the results for wolf conservation and for the management of wolf x dog hybridization in human-dominated landscapes. In particular, we estimated 64-78% recent hybrids occurring in 6 out of the 7 surveyed packs. Our findings underline that in human-modified landscapes wolf-dog hybridization may raise to unexpected levels if left unmanaged, and that reproductive barriers or dilution of dog genes through backcrossing should not be expected, per se, to prevent occurrence and the spread of introgression.In the third chapter we present a new matrix population model to project population dynamics of animal populations in presence of hybridization. We apply the model to two real-world case studies of terrestrial (wolf x dog) and marine mammal species (common dolphin Delphinus delphis x striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba). Our projections highlighted that i) hybridization leads to genomic extinction in the absence of reproductive isolation, ii) rare or depleted species are particularly vulnerable to genomic extinction, iii) genomic extinction depends mainly on demographic parameters of parental species, iiii) maintaining healthy and abundant populations prevents genomic extinction.In the fourth chapter we built an individual based model describing the life cycle of the gray wolf by contemplating social dynamics traits linked to hybridization rates. We applied this model to investigate the hybridization dynamics of wolves in a study population the Northern Apennines, Italy, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of different management scenarios aimed to reduce the abundance of admixed individuals during a ten-generation time. We showed that in presence of continuative immigration of admixed individuals any management action proved ineffective. In presence of immigration by pure wolves all management actions produced a decrease in prevalence, although their relative effectiveness changed depending on the mating choice scenario. In all the simulated scenarios, the impact of hybridization is predicted to extend at broad scales as large numbers of admixed dispersers are produced. Moreover, we identified demographic and social processes that need to be further investigated to more accurately project the outcomes of management alternatives
Labbé, Morgane. "Dynamique politique des populations à différentes échelles européennes." Paris, EHESS, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995EHES0021.
Full textSeparated during four decades by their political system, western and eastern european countries are also divided by their demographic system. Population closely related in the past by the culture share today more features with their political counterparts. The evolution of marriage, natality and mortality was studied at the level of every country. In order to understand the political influence we interested in the different ways of the sanitary 8relief at the level of the most disadvantaged regions (portugal compared to yougoslavie). The monopoly devoted to the institutional form by the socialist states makes the pratical experiences sensitive to the political environment. The demographic evolution of a population in crisis, kosovo, was analysed in this purpose. Compared with the muslim community of thrace in greece, it shows that problems of minority differ also between east and west. At an another level, the state level, we carry out a research on the possible division created by a political frontier through culturally united populations in north of france and south of belgium. It appears that industry shapes the demographic attitudes in this region. This influence was related to the very developped social system of the large factories. The similarities with the socialist system allow us to understand the uniqueness of their political nature. The national differences turn out to be different as well, and refer to the states interventions. The failure of the belgium state can be explained by its low legitility because of the cultural division between flemish and walloon. Compared to the eastern and western division, the population dynamic is reversed: cultural differences lead to political division
Jourdan, Virginie. "Pauvreté de la population active en France : Définitions, caractéristiques, dynamique." Phd thesis, Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux IV, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00458350.
Full textJourdan, Viriginie. "Pauvreté de la population active en France : définitions, caractéristiques, dynamique." Bordeaux 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR40061.
Full textIn France, in 2005, the poverty rate rose at 9. 6 % of the active population according to the Insee's definition of the relative poverty, i. E. 2. 6 millions of poor active persons. The poverty rate informs rightly the proportion of poor active persons at a given date, but doesn't inform about the active population inflows into the poverty and outflows outside the poverty. Demographic analysis tools allow bringing a longitudinal analysis of these phenomena. Throughout this work, we will answer to the following two questions : - among the active persons having lived, during the same period, the inflow into the poverty, what is the proportion of those which have left the poverty ? - among the active persons having lived, during the same period, the outflow outside the poverty, what is the proportion of those which have entered again into the poverty ? In fact, the relative poverty definition measure a change into the household's position on the incomes scale, and not a real change regarding the standard of living. In that case, the absolute poverty definition which we suggest seems more appropriate for a longitudinal study about the poverty. 7 persons per 10 actually work among the poor active persons. Even if employment protects against poverty, it's not a sufficient protection. The family situation is also a factor to take in account. Eventually, risks of outflows outside the poverty and risks of inflows into the poverty depend of the active person's individual characteristics but also modify outflow when the active person knows a favourable of unfavourable change regarding his/her situation in the labour market or family situation
Sautour, Benoît. "Populations zooplanctoniques dans le bassin de Marennes-Oléron : dynamique de population, nutrition et production de copépodes dominants." Bordeaux 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR10597.
Full textPoggiale, Jean-Christophe. "Applications des variétés invariantes a l'hétérogénéité en dynamique des populations." Dijon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994DIJOS058.
Full textHuet, Sylvie. "Modèles individu-centrés de systèmes sociaux : micro-modèles hybrides inspirés des données simulant le développement rural ; dynamiques collectives de filtrage et / ou de rejet des messages." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00856248.
Full textDupont, Pierre-Philippe. "Dynamique de population du doré jaune (Sander vitreus) du Lac Mistassini." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24139/24139.pdf.
Full textPettorelli, Nathalie. "Variabilité individuelle et dynamique de population : importance de la composante spatiale." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10131.
Full textRasiulis, Alexandre. "Survie et dynamique de population des caribous migrateurs du Québec-Labrador." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26075.
Full textInformation on how demographic parameters such as survival and reproduction vary over time is central to understanding populationdynamics. We estimated annual survival of more than 700 marked migratory caribou in two herds in Quebec-Labrador between 1991 and 2012. In addition, we tested the effect of radio collarmass on adult femalesurvival. Our results demonstrate that when bodycondition is low, a heavy collar can reduce survival byapproximately 18% compared to a light collar. Subsequently, we developed a demographic model to estimate annual population size. We used this effective and relatively inexpensive technique to correct one aerial census with high uncertainty and confirm recent aerial censuses. Finally, we demonstrate the importance of long-term monitoring of marked individuals.
Catanzano, Joseph. "L'analyse d'une dynamique démographique : le cas d'un arrière-pays méditerranéen." Montpellier 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON10022.
Full text1982 : the first results of the census of the french population are published. They confirm some hypothesis already present in the french territory. They suggest at the same time more surprising reversals. The demographic renewal in the back country in the mediterranean areas is one of these reversals. From the demographic statement which shows -in evidence- the essential roles of this migratory movement - is an effort ot analyse the proposal of mobility. At first, the study of economic theories show the necessity of an inquiry to under- stand the mecanism of those migrations : a thousand of households have been inquired in the back area of the mediterranean facade. Through those inquiries we will be able to analyse the professionnal and geographical mobilities and beyond to under- stand the motivations at their origins. After the approach of the qualitatives factors includes in the whole mobilities, we shall propose an analysis of the particular attitudes and analysis of the plan- ning country responsables'initiatives. Are they conscious of the reals motivations which justified these mobility or are they inspired by few rationals logics of migrations as the neo-classical theory ?
Champagnon, Jocelyn. "Conséquences des introductions d’individus dans les populations exploitées : l’exemple du Canard Colvert Anas platyrhynchos." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20147/document.
Full textThe consequences of releasing captive-reared game animals into the wild have received little attention, despite their potential impact for receiving populations in terms of demography, behaviour, morphometrics, genetics and pathogens. The present study considers Mallards Anas platyrhynchos released for hunting purposes, an increasing practice in Europe over the last 30 years. Because of domestication process in game farm facilities, our study shows high natural mortality of these ducks once released compared to wild Mallards, in addition to high vulnerability to hunting. A clear genetic differentiation allows discrimination of released and wild Mallards. Hybridization with wild Mallards exists, but did not result into significant introgression. Generally, genetic as well as demographic contributions of captive-bred birds to the natural population were low, but a morphological modification associated with releases was recorded over 30 years in natural population. Ecological consequences of the releases for the wild population seem to be limited, but caution should be maintained on the possible transmission of pathogens (occasionally high prevalence of avian Influenza A in some breeding facilities) and the genetic risks associated with long-term releases
Servanty, Sabrina. "Dynamique d'une population chassée de sangliers (Sus scrofa scrofa) en milieu forestier." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10128.
Full textAmong Ungulates, the wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) is characterised by a mixture of particular life history traits which associate a high fecundity and an early age at first reproduction with a large body size and a potential long life expectancy. Moreover, unlike most ungulates which are rather strict herbivores, the wild boar is an omnivore. This uncommon life-history strategy is associated with an increase in population size. Indeed, in Europe, wild boar populations are currently still growing and cause some socio-economical problems due to the damage that wild boars generate to the human activities. Hence the understanding of the factors primarily involved in this increase in population size as well as the modelling of population dynamics is now essential to better manage wild boar populations. This work rely on a long term data set (25 years) of a hunted wild boar population in the eastern part of France (Haute-Marne). The analyses of maternal allocation in reproduction highlighted that in utero, the sex ratio decreased as litter size increased. Sex ratio was male-biased for litter size up to 6 and then became female-biased in larger litters. Producing large female-biased litters may be an adaptive adjustment to avoid strong sibling competition during lactation and therefore to maximise the number of recruited offspring. The threshold weight above which females can reproduce is around 28 kg live weight but once females become sexually mature, they will reproduce every year. However, the onset of oestrus may be delayed according to the available resources and vary year-to-year. Natural mortality was disentangled from hunting mortality by using Capture-Recapture multi-states models. Males’ survival did not vary yearly but did vary with age-classes and the probability to be hunted increased with age up to around 70%. Females’ survival did vary yearly and also differed between age-classes with the yearly survival probability of females younger than one-year old being smaller than that of older females. Compared to other large mammals, adult females’ survival was lower and more variable over time possibly because of higher reproductive investment, especially in young adults. Those demographic characteristics reveal that wild boars could not be managed like other ungulate species. So, we developed a new modelling approach and retained a sex-specific body mass-dependent model to assist managers. In this way, managers have the possibility to directly test the outcome of the model by comparing observed and expected distributions of wild boars killed by hunters among sex- and body mass-specific classes. They can assess the performance of a given hunting rule and simulate the respective efficiency of management scenarios
Viossat, Yannick. "Equilibres carrélés, jeux d'évolution et dynamique de populations." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002313.
Full textBaron, Jean-Pierre. "Démographie et dynamique d'une population française de Vipera ursinii ursinii (Bonaparte, 1835)." Paris, EPHE, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997EPHE3010.
Full textBekkal, Brikci Fadia. "Modélisation du cycle cellulaire et couplage avec la dynamique de population cellulaire." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066042.
Full textBriand, Cédric. "Dynamique de population et de migration des civelles en estuaire de vilaine." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSARH076.
Full textThis thesis analyzes ten years of data concerning the migration and the exploitation of glass eel in the Vilaine river estuary. The development of methods shows that the environmental conditions have little influence on daily total catches in this estuary, except for water temperatures <6°C that stop eel activities, and a m ondulator effect of tides. Specific methods of marking-recaptures allow to obtain estimations of the estuarine stock after the end of the fishing season. The different ways how the glass-eels react depend on where they come from (eel pass facilities or estuary). This results leads to propose a model in which two behavioural fractions are distinguished within the estuary : glass eel usigin ongly selective tidal stream transport and active migrants (displaying a stronger rheotactic behaviour). The active fraction only happens after a dealy allowing for the transition of behaviour. One demonstrated the temperature and salinity effects on the dynamics of pigmentation of elvers, these factors are integrated into a model allowing to predict the evolution of pigmentation from the stage VB to he stage VIA3
Gaidet, Nicolas. "Étude de la dynamique des populations d'ongulés en zone tropicale : contribution du modèle d'une population exploitée d'impalas (Aepyceros melampus)." Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10100.
Full textKlutsch, Alexis Freire Ferrero Rubens. "Caractérisation physique et cinématique de la population d'étoiles actives en rayons X au voisinage solaire." Strasbourg : Université de Strasbourg, 2009. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/1064/01/KLUTSCH_Alexis_2008.pdf.
Full textHillcoat-Nalletamby, Sarah. "La dynamique des pratiques contraceptives à l'île Maurice : changements récents." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05H050.
Full textDuring the past twenty years, changes in contraceptive practices have arisen in Mauritius : a drop in prevalence levels and in the number of regular users; an increase in contraceptive drop-out rates. Our objective has been two-fold : to analyse the degree and type change at the macro-level of the total population; furthermore, to study the socio-culture al factors influencing practices, as observed at the micro-level of the community. We conclude that the changes observed are not, as might be considered, the indication of a growing resistance to contraception. We suggest that both the continuity and forms of such practices are influenced by the "interference" between three types of factors : cycles of investment in population policy influencing the supply of services; the problems posed for access to family planning services by poor living conditions : the influence upon contraceptive practices of individual and group values and attitudes concerning birth control
Massarin, Sandrine. "Etude des effets de l'uranium sur le budget énergétique et la dynamique de population de Daphnia magma." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX22134/document.
Full textThis work aimed to study effects of uranium on energy budget and population dynamicsin Daphnia magna a representative microcrustacean of freshwater ecosystems. An experimentalstudy of uranium toxicity on physiology (nutrition, respiration) and life history (survival, growthand reproduction) of D. magna was carried out, based on exposures over one, two or threesuccessive generations (F0, F1 and F2) started with neonates from 1st or 5th brood, at 0, 10, 25and 75 μgU.L-1. Results showed that toxic effects increased across generations (partially due todaphnid exposure during embryogenesis) and that individuals from 1st brood were moresensitive than individuals from 5th brood. Significant reductions in assimilation rates, measuredusing a radiotracing method with 14C-labelled food, allowed us to identify an effect onassimilation as the mode of action for uranium, in agreement with important damages in theintegrity of intestinal epithelium observed by optic microscopy. Integrating results in a dynamicenergy budget model (DEBtox) yielded estimated no effect concentrations (NEC) of 9.37, 8.21and 2.31 μgU.L-1 above which organism functions were altered in generations F0, F1 and F2,respectively. Combining DEBtox with matrix models allowed us to extrapolate consequences onasymptotic population growth rate (λ), a relevant endpoint in an ecological context. Simulationspredicted an increase in uranium impact across generations with reduction of λ in F0 andpopulation extinctions at 51-59 μgU.L-1 in F1 and 39-41 μgU.L-1 in F2. Simulations emphasizedthe importance of considering the most sensitive individuals while determining populationresponse
Marrec, Ronan. "Étude multi-échelle des déterminants des patrons de structuration et de dynamique spatiale de populations de coléoptères carabiques dans les agroécosystèmes." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT2302/document.
Full textCarabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) play an important role in agriculture as natural enemies of pests. The development and application of practical techniques for managing their populations is a central challenge for sustainable agriculture and depends on detailed knowledge of the ecology of individual species. However, this information is relatively scant for even the most common species of interest in agricultural landscapes. Both agricultural practices and landscape structure have been shown to affect carabid distribution and abundance. In particular, crop rotation and associated mechanical practices affect arthropod abundance either directly, through mortality and emigration, or indirectly, by affecting local microhabitat conditions. Consequently, distribution shifts are expected to occur in response to the temporal instability of annual crops.The aim of this study was to determine (i) factors which structure populations of dominant carabid beetles over agricultural landscapes and (ii) their spatial and temporal scales of influence, in order to infer individual and population processes involved in species maintain, in response to agroecosystems' spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Surveys were conducted in three agricultural areas of western France contrasted in their degree of agricultural intensification, using both pitfall and emergence traps located within fields of the dominant crops and their immediate environment (field margins). At the field scale, we found that: (i) the studied carabid species used crop and non-crop habitats differently during the reproductive period and while overwintering and exhibited different strategies of habitat use; (ii) carabids were more active-abundant within oilseed rape fields than in other types of habitats; (iii) important distribution shifts were observed among habitat patches depending on habitat type and season.At the landscape scale, we found that: (i) landscape composition in both the current and previous years influenced carabid activity-density and distribution at different spatial scales; (ii) non-monotonous landscape effects on carabids were observed, which indicate the importance of considering contrasted landscapes to correctly explore the effect of landscape variables; (iii) Poecilus cupreus populations were structured spatially and genetically at very large spatial scales; (iv) male-biased dispersal was suggested in this species.Overall, results suggest that inter-field movements and active habitat selection rather than differences in survival rates determine distribution and abundance dynamics of dominant carabid species in agricultural landscapes. In addition, data suggest that redistributions mainly occur before overwintering likely in response to autumn cultural practices. High dispersal abilities are key traits for species maintain in highly instable environments, such as agricultural landscapes, and are highly selected in carabid species communities
Kaakai, Sarah. "Nouveaux paradigmes en dynamique de populations hétérogènes : modélisation trajectorielle, agrégation, et données empiriques." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066553/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with the probabilistic modeling of heterogeneity in human populations and of its impact on longevity. Over the past few years, numerous studies have shown a significant increase in geographical and socioeconomic inequalities in mortality. New issues have emerged from this paradigm shift that traditional demographic models are not able solve, and whose formalization requires a careful analysis of the data, in a multidisciplinary environment. Using the framework of population dynamics, this thesis aims at illustrating this complexity according to different points of view: We explore the link between heterogeneity and non-linearity in the presence of composition changes in the population, from a mathematical modeling viewpoint. The population dynamics, called Birth Death Swap, is built as the solution of a stochastic equation driven by a Poisson measure, using a more general pathwise comparison result. When swaps occur at a faster rate than demographic events, an averaging result is obtained by stable convergence and comparison. In particular, the aggregated population converges towards a nonlinear dynamic. In the second part, the impact of heterogeneity on aggregate mortality is studied from an empirical viewpoint, using English population data structured by age and socioeconomic circumstances. Based on numerical simulations, we show how a cause of death reduction could be compensated in presence of heterogeneity. The last point of view is an interdisciplinary survey on the determinants of longevity, accompanied by an analysis on the evolution of tools to analyze it and on new modeling issues in the face of this paradigm shift
Cailly, Priscilla. "Modélisation de la dynamique spatio-temporelle d'une population de moustiques, sources de nuisances vecteurs et d'agents pathogènes." Nantes, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, 2011. https://doc-veto.oniris-nantes.fr/GED_CHN/193066891124/These_Priscilla_CAILLY_2011.pdf.
Full textGenevois-Malherbe, Paskall. "Les majeurs protégés en France : dénombrement, caractéristiques et dynamique d'une sous-population méconnue." Phd thesis, Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux IV, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00718644.
Full textHardenberg, Achaz Graf von. "Sénescence, sélection sexuelle et dynamique de population du bouquetin des Alpes (Capra Ibex)." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2005. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5049.
Full textCanonne, Coline. "Impact des changements globaux sur la dynamique de population des galliformes de montagne." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03177344.
Full textMountains are reservoirs of biodiversity whose strong altitudinal gradients over short distances are associated with strong spatial heterogeneity of local environmental conditions. While biodiversity has so far been rather well preserved in mountains due to poor accessibility, predictions of ongoing climate change suggest even more rapid and marked effects in mountains than in plains. My main objective is to understand how global change are impacting the population dynamics of mountain galliformes. My work has shown (1) a strong heterogeneity of demographic strategies between populations of rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) (2) that black grouse populations (Tetrao tetrix) show spatially very heterogeneous trends, influenced by local conditions (3) that for such species that are difficult to count and show strong spatial and interannual variability it is necessary to rely on long-term monitoring to reach a satifactory statistical power to detect a decline
Malherbe, Paskall Alice Cathy Marie. "Les majeurs protégés en France : dénombrement, caractéristiques et dynamique d’une sous-population méconnue." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40010/document.
Full textThe sub-population of wards in France has changed significantly, both in size and composition, sinceLaw no. 68-5 of 3 January 1968 on incapacitated adults came into force. However, a lack a statisticaldata means it is still badly known. To improve our knowledge of the sub-population of wards, ademographic analysis of its dynamics was conducted. The purpose was to fill knowledge gaps relatingto the existing population of vulnerable adults under guardianship (e.g. number, sex, age) and to thecharacteristics of the court orders establishing, amending or ending guardianship (e.g. frequency,flows). Thanks to a multi-source approach the study identifies what derives from the changes inbehaviour relating to the establishment of guardianship and from the changes undergone by the Frenchpopulation in terms of age structure and health. The study highlights a strong but changing relationshipbetween the type of guardianship and the characteristics of individual wards. The study may also serveas a starting point for further analysis of the sub-population of wards following recent changes in thelaw
Dedryver, Charles. "Biologie, écologie et dynamique de population des pucerons des céréales en climat océanique." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376043303.
Full textVlieghe, Mélody. "Agrégation et rupture de flocs sous contraintes turbulentes : dynamique des propriétés morphologiques." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/12114/1/vlieghe.pdf.
Full textAlvarez, Sanchez Luis Javier. "Dynamique de propagation de bactériophages." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066180.
Full textWe have developed a study focused on the viral propagation of the lambda bacteriophage. With the purpose of a detailed characterization of the dynamics of the spread of infection during the formation of plaques, we have constructed a bacteriophage lambda carrying a fluorescent fusion between the minor protein of the capsid GpD and the Enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein (EYFP). The next step has been to perform the preliminary characterisation of the properties of this new fluorescent virus including measurements of its diffusion coefficient on a plaque using the technique called FRAPP. Subsequently we have measured the dynamic of the phage population profiles in time within the plaque using time-lapse videomicroscopy. Supplementary experiments have been done in order to characterize the bacterial growth in Petri dishes on an agar substrate. The results have been compared to previous experiments and theoretical works performed in order to describe the propagation of the T7 bacteriophage. Finally, we have performed complementary numerical simulations that are in qualitative agreement with the experimental results
Pigeon, Gabriel. "De l’individu à la population : dynamique éco-évolutive et effets cohorte chez le mouflon d’Amérique." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11012.
Full textBarbu, Corentin. "Dynamique de population et contrôle des vecteurs non domiciliés de la maladie de Chagas." Phd thesis, Université de Perpignan, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00495619.
Full textRebiere, Nicolas. "Les surendettés. Définition, caractéristiques et dynamique de la sous-population : application au cas français." Phd thesis, Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux IV, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00178127.
Full textAprès avoir conceptualisé le surendettement, on a estimé, à partir de l'analyse de 3 enquêtes INSEE et de dossiers de surendettement, le stock de surendettés (1 à 2 millions de ménages selon le degré de difficultés rencontrées), étudié les caractéristiques des individus et analysé la dynamique du processus, entrées et sorties fréquentes du surendettement (3 millions de français ont ainsi été surendettés plus de 3 années entre 1994 et 2001).
Au total, au moins 30% des jeunes pourraient connaître un jour des difficultés financières, c'est dire le coût social d'un tel phénomène.
Barbu-Covantes, Corentin. "Dynamique de population et contrôle des vecteurs non domiciliés de la maladie de Chagas." Perpignan, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PERP1000.
Full textChagas disease is a human and animal parasitic disease of Latin America. The parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, is widespread in wild fauna populations and the disease is transmitted to man by insects of the Triatominae family, since men arrived in Latin America. Since the 1980‘s, large actions of prevention have been implemented to eliminate vectors inhabiting houses (domiciliated vectors). Although these initiatives have, overall, a resounding success, non-domiciliated vectors continue to spread the disease in several regions and generate significant prevalence in man. After assessing the presence and importance of different species of non-domiciliated vectors across the continent, a modeling approach was developed to refine our understanding of their populations and evaluate the potential of control methods. The confrontation between model and large data sets allowed the identification of key parameters of reproduction and migration of the vectors in the region of Yucatan, Mexico. These results were used to estimate several methods of control at the house level, the village level and then consider optimizing costs and benefits of vector control at a regional level in the Yucatan Peninsula. Although the proposed approach should be further strengthened, the results allow us to propose a general methodology for establishing priorities for research and treatment, relying heavily on the tools developed here: taxonomy mapping and optimization of vector control
MULNET, DIDIER. "Cycle de vie et dynamique d'une population de leucorrhinia dubia en haute auvergne (france)." Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066677.
Full textLafaye, Thierry. "Etude mathématique et numérique de problèmes de dynamique de population avec structuration en âge." Bordeaux 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR10505.
Full textDrouin, Nicolas. "Dynamique capacitaire et développement du projet : étude des processus identitaires chez une population étudiante." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MON30068.
Full textDynamic of Capabilities and Project Development: Study of Identity Processes in a Student Population
Aldamman, Lama. "Rôle des copépodes dans le réseau trophique pélagique : dynamique de population de Temora stylifera." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066004.
Full textMiguet, Paul. "Influence de l’hétérogénéité du paysage sur la distribution et la dynamique des populations." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20152.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to understand how landscape heterogeneity (i.e. composition, configuration and temporal dynamics) affects populations, especially in farmlands, highly structured by the crop mosaic and rotations. We answer this question theoretically (simulating population dynamics in landscapes with controlled spatial and temporal properties) and empirically (analysing habitat selection by the farmland bird community).We found that landscape composition, configuration and temporal dynamics were all important to explain population dynamics and that the response to landscape heterogeneity depended on species traits (growth rate, dispersal, scale of response to the landscape). The analyse of farmland birds data revealed that crop composition influenced habitat selection for some species, but did not reveal a significant effect of crop configuration on birds. A finer analyse on Skylark showed a positive effect of crop diversity at the territory scale explained by a functional complementation among crops. It suggested that small fields and crop well mixed in the landscape would be beneficial for this species. The effect of spatial and temporal crop heterogeneity should be studied in depth at the right scale on many taxa. A good understanding of the effect of the cultivated matrix on processes would allow us to predict the change in populations when modifying the landscape and would offer new opportunities to manage biodiversity
Chaumot, Arnaud. "Écotoxicologie et modélisation spatiale en dynamique de population : exemple d'une population de truites exposée à une pollution dans un réseau de rivières." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10066.
Full textRascle, Pauline. "Biologie et écologie d'une population isolée : exemple d'Eryngium viviparum et perspectives pour sa conservation en France." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0075/document.
Full textThe geographical isolation is an important threat for the long term preservation of populations. It is crucial to understand how the viability of populations is affected in such context, in particular to define conservation priorities. Eryngium viviparum J.Gay (Apiaceae) is one of the most endangered plant in Europe, with a fragmented distribution between the NW of the Iberian peninsula and Brittany. ln France, the species is maintained only on a single locality, after the destruction of its habitat by human activities during 1980s. Despite a conservation program and an attentive management within a protected area, the strong isolation experimented by this population bring up questions about its long-term viability. In this context, through a multidisciplinary approach, this thesis aims to improve the biological and ecological knowledge of E. viviparum, and more particularly within its last French population. This thesis is organized according three main axes : (1) The study of large-scale E. viviparum ecological amplitude, and the characterization of its fine scale ecological preferences within the last french population. (2) The viability evaluation of the isolated population according to its demographic modalities, and to its genetic structure in comparison with Iberian populations. (3) The experiment of its reintroduction modalities in France.The results of this study will contribute to define the long-term conservation priorities of E. viviparum in France. Finally, the case of E. viviparum is a good model to study the effect of the isolation on an isolated population dynamic, and to apply adapted conservation for species in a similar context
Dang, Cécile. "Dynamique des populations de palourdes japonaises (Ruditapes philippinarum) dans le bassin d'Arcachon : conséquences sur la gestion des populations exploitées." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13793/document.
Full textThe Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) was introduced into Arcachon Bay at the beginning of the 1980s for aquaculture purposes. It rapidly naturalized in all intertidal flats of the lagoon. Nowadays, Arcachon Bay ranks at the first French place in terms of exploitable stock. However, recent stock assessments have shown an unbalance size structure with a deficit in juvenile and adult clams (> 38 mm shell length). These alarming patterns asked many questions on the sustainability of Manila clam populations within Arcachon Bay and have motivated the present thesis. This study aimed to better understand the population dynamics of this species and also some factors controlling this dynamic. The final objective was to improve the Manila clam fishing management with a model raised with results of the study. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters (K and L8) were both determined by a field survey of populations and by a tagged-recapture experiment during two years. Growth appeared slow with a homogeneous K within the bay and different L8 according to the sites. This study also evidenced a normal natural mortality and an inefficient reproduction (low condition index, low recruitment). Among the factors that could explain these dynamics, different pathogens were monitored during two years: digenean trematodes, brown ring disease and perkinsosis. Moreover, an emergent pathology (brown muscle disease, BMD) has been discovered. Only perkinsosis and BMD revealed high prevalences and intensities. Perkinsosis induced mitigated effects on growth whereas BMD-infected clams rise to the surface of the sediment and died. Trophic sources were also important to explain growth and were studied with carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. This study displayed a heterogeneous repartition of Manila clam trophic sources within the bay and a phytoplankton dominated diet. The proportion of ingested phytoplankton was correlated with L8. Growth and mortality parameters were integrated in a management model. If no new management measures were taken, the clam stock will continue to decrease. Different management situations have been simulated and new measures have been adopted by administrator organisms
Awad, Lara. "Dynamique des forêts de sapin de Cilicie au Liban et changements globaux : apports des analyses palynologiques et génétiques." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20087/document.
Full textThe Lebanon is a country that constitutes a crossroads of civilizations. Back in the time of pharaohs, fir forests in Lebanon were exploited, particularly for the timber trade. Lebanon, known for its cedar, has another emblematic species, the Cilician fir, whose forests are in majority unprotected. Historically, the fir was used during the ancient Egyptian New Kingdom rule over Phoenicia for the construction of temples and ships. Notably, it represented a sign of power of the pharaoh, forming the sacred barque of Amun. Similarly, this tree was cut from Lebanon to build the temple of Jerusalem, as well as for making instruments of music and war. The fragmentation of the fir populations in Lebanon is not ancient but their low divergence, however, is marked by a Northeastern Ridge including 11 populations and a Southwestern Ridge including 4 populations that seem to be the result of two consecutive or simultaneous demographic processes during the history of fir in Lebanon. The first is a phenomenon of altitudinal migration in response to changes in the environment or climate. The reconstruction of the past dynamics of fir in Lebanon showed that it has undergone significant fluctuations in size, since the Late Glacial, 14,000 years ago. In particular, the tree has experienced periods of absence from the pollen record that could be related to anthropogenic habitat fragmentation or to local extinctions or contraction of the range of distribution. Similarly, there have been periods of expansion especially during periods of drought in the climate, at 4090 cal. BP, at 5010 cal. BP and between 7800 and 8090 cal. BP. The private allelic richness in the Northeastern Ridge indicated the presence of multiple glacial microrefugia of low and high elevations, as well as suture zones issues from recolonization. In the Southwestern Ridge, postglacial altitudinal recolonization from single microrefugial population is moslty probable. The second phenomenon is related to an asymmetric Northeast-Southwest migration from genetically diverse populations towards marginal and less genetically diverse populations. This process, which seems to be the result of the small size of the target populations, could help delay the extinction of marginal populations, locally threatened. The outperformance of migration over genetic drift and the dispersal over long distances of 15 to 20 km constitute the mediating effects of these demographic processes. The footprint of these population dynamics is a historic reduction in the effective population size on the long-term rather than on the short term, and weak genetic diversity and allelic richness. This genetic diversity seems to be shaped by anthropogenic effects as well as by changes in the environment or climate. In situ and ex situ conservation of fir populations in Lebanon is necessary to preserve their historical and genetic heritage
Hustin, Lucie. "Quantifying Haematopoietic Cell Dynamics." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPSLS065.
Full textHaematopoiesis generates billions of mature blood cells daily. Over the years researchers focussed on studying this dynamic system and its underlying structure by characterising haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) function, its niche as well as its various differentiation lineages. While dynamics of mature cell production and HSPC turnover is extensively studied, less is known about the overall kinetic of cell production from HSPC to mature cells in health and diseases, in particular quantitative information are lacking.This sparsity in quantitative studies of the complete haematopoietic system can be explained by a lack of experimental tools as well as the challenge of establishing collaborations between labs with different expertise, such as haematology, immunology and theoretical labs in this context. Most studies often focussed either on the “top” or the “bottom” of the tree, or on models independent of experimental data. Overall, with the complexity of the system, the required theoretical knowledge and the paucity of experimental setups, undertaking such quantitative studies still remains challenging.The aim of this PhD is therefore to focus on quantitative questions about the haematopoietic tree kinetics combining both experimental and theoretical work. First of all, we will quantitatively review the hematopoietic system and derive quantities linked to haematopoiesis dynamics using published data. This work will 1) ease our understanding of this dynamic system and 2) provide a database of numbers to be used in future mathematical models. Second of all, we will use the current tools available such as cell tracer dyes, to describe the early differentiation fates of HSPCs and its link to cell division. Finally, we aim to develop a new experimental tool to quantify cell division, one of the major variables that is lacking to complete our quantitative understanding of haematopoiesis dynamics, and use it to study the average division of a cell population over time and fate decisions. In providing several quantifications of hematopoietic cell kinetics, this thesis aims to pave the way toward a more global and dynamical understanding of the cell fate landscape in hematopoiesis