Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dynamique des populations exploitées'
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Devineau, Olivier. "Dynamique et gestion des populations exploitées : l'exemple de la Sarcelle d'hiver." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20021.
Full textThough it is acknowledged that human activities modify the environment, the impact of exploitation on populations remains poorly understood. This is the case for the Common Teal population (Anas crecca) in Europe, which seems stable despite high harvests. The analysis of capture-recapture data allows estimating the demographic parameters of this population, which we compare with estimates obtained from a better known North-American population, which is thus interesting for a comparison. We then use a comparative analysis of waterfowl survival to replace our estimates in an inter-specific context and to evaluate the impact of harvest on populations. The proportion of a population that can be sustainably harvested increases accordingly to the reproductive rate of the species. From this point of view, the common teal has a good capacity to tolerate exploitation. However, a demographic model combining available information indicates a strong decline of the population, whereas cencuses indicate that the population is at least stable. Another, spatialized, demographic model shows that a source-sink dynamics is plausible for this population. Some heavily harvested regions deemed to extinction could be maintained thanks to immigration from regions with lower harvests. Based on our results, we discuss some aspects of waterfowl management in Europe
Champagnon, Jocelyn. "Conséquences des introductions d’individus dans les populations exploitées : l’exemple du Canard Colvert Anas platyrhynchos." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20147/document.
Full textThe consequences of releasing captive-reared game animals into the wild have received little attention, despite their potential impact for receiving populations in terms of demography, behaviour, morphometrics, genetics and pathogens. The present study considers Mallards Anas platyrhynchos released for hunting purposes, an increasing practice in Europe over the last 30 years. Because of domestication process in game farm facilities, our study shows high natural mortality of these ducks once released compared to wild Mallards, in addition to high vulnerability to hunting. A clear genetic differentiation allows discrimination of released and wild Mallards. Hybridization with wild Mallards exists, but did not result into significant introgression. Generally, genetic as well as demographic contributions of captive-bred birds to the natural population were low, but a morphological modification associated with releases was recorded over 30 years in natural population. Ecological consequences of the releases for the wild population seem to be limited, but caution should be maintained on the possible transmission of pathogens (occasionally high prevalence of avian Influenza A in some breeding facilities) and the genetic risks associated with long-term releases
Dang, Cécile. "Dynamique des populations de palourdes japonaises (Ruditapes philippinarum) dans le bassin d'Arcachon : conséquences sur la gestion des populations exploitées." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13793/document.
Full textThe Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) was introduced into Arcachon Bay at the beginning of the 1980s for aquaculture purposes. It rapidly naturalized in all intertidal flats of the lagoon. Nowadays, Arcachon Bay ranks at the first French place in terms of exploitable stock. However, recent stock assessments have shown an unbalance size structure with a deficit in juvenile and adult clams (> 38 mm shell length). These alarming patterns asked many questions on the sustainability of Manila clam populations within Arcachon Bay and have motivated the present thesis. This study aimed to better understand the population dynamics of this species and also some factors controlling this dynamic. The final objective was to improve the Manila clam fishing management with a model raised with results of the study. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters (K and L8) were both determined by a field survey of populations and by a tagged-recapture experiment during two years. Growth appeared slow with a homogeneous K within the bay and different L8 according to the sites. This study also evidenced a normal natural mortality and an inefficient reproduction (low condition index, low recruitment). Among the factors that could explain these dynamics, different pathogens were monitored during two years: digenean trematodes, brown ring disease and perkinsosis. Moreover, an emergent pathology (brown muscle disease, BMD) has been discovered. Only perkinsosis and BMD revealed high prevalences and intensities. Perkinsosis induced mitigated effects on growth whereas BMD-infected clams rise to the surface of the sediment and died. Trophic sources were also important to explain growth and were studied with carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. This study displayed a heterogeneous repartition of Manila clam trophic sources within the bay and a phytoplankton dominated diet. The proportion of ingested phytoplankton was correlated with L8. Growth and mortality parameters were integrated in a management model. If no new management measures were taken, the clam stock will continue to decrease. Different management situations have been simulated and new measures have been adopted by administrator organisms
Verdoit-Jarraya, Marion. "Caractérisation et modélisation de la dynamique spatiale et saisonnière de populations démersales et benthiques exploitées de la Mer Celtique." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066596.
Full textMoguedet, Philippe. "Approche de la dynamique de stocks accessoires : le cas des lingues (Molva spp.) exploitées par la flotille industrielle lorientaise." Lille 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL10101.
Full textMichel, Claude. "Exploitation des poissons en milieu lagunaire méditerranéen : dynamique du peuplement ichtyologique de la lagune de Tunis et des populations exploitées." Perpignan, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PERP0017.
Full textCaranhac, Fanny. "Modélisation de la dynamique de populations piscicoles exploitées intégrant la variabilité individuelle de croissance : application aux corégones (Coregonus lavaretus) du lac d'Annecy." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10046.
Full textGaidet, Nicolas. "Étude de la dynamique des populations d'ongulés en zone tropicale : contribution du modèle d'une population exploitée d'impalas (Aepyceros melampus)." Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10100.
Full textPerodou, Jean-Bernard. "Dynamique de la population exploitée de vivaneau rouge (Lutjanus Purpureus) de Guyane : complémentarité des analyses globale et structurale." Lille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LIL10054.
Full textThiaw, Modou. "Dynamique des ressources halieutiques à durée de vie courte : cas des stocks de poulpe et de crevettes exploités au Sénégal." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NSARH079.
Full textSenegalese waters presented high fish productivity and stocks are exploited since more than about fifty year. Exploitation intensely increased over the last three decades, inducing ecological changes in the composition of marine populations. Some demersal stocks collapsed to the advantage of other species, characterized by shorter life, such as the octopus and shrimps. Today, these stocks are becoming major stakes of fishing. But short-lived species exhibit rapid and unstable dynamics, and their potential for production varies widely from year-to-year. So, their sustainable exploitation implies an adapted fisheries management, taking into account these specific dynamics. The main objective of the present PhD thesis was to understand the octopus and shrimps stocks’ dynamics, in order to improve the scientific bases of fisheries management plans
Gamelon, Marlène. "Evolutionary demography of exploited populations : the case of the wild boar Sus scrofa." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10253.
Full textWild boar (Sus scrofa) is an emblematic game species in Europe. As most ungulate populations in temperate areas, wild boar abundance and distribution has increased in most European countries over the last decades. The number of wild boar shot annually in France has increased from 36,429 in 1973 to 526,709 in 2011. This unique situation is common throughout Europe and has led to higher costs to agriculture because of damage to crops. Compensation for damage caused by wild boar in France rose from 2 to 18 million Euros between 1973 and 2001, a nearly tenfold increase. Controlling wild boar populations has thus become an important target for managers. Evaluating the vital rates that drive the population dynamics is necessary to improve our understanding of wild boar. But investigating the evolution of life history traits in wild boar is also required to improve our understanding of this species. As a consequence, controlling wild boar populations incorporating evolutionary considerations is essential to allow a sustainable management of this species. The time has thus come to better understand this species is an evolutionary demography context, taking advantage of a unique long-term monitoring of a heavily hunted wild boar population located in the Châteauvillain-Arc-en-barrois forest, France. First, from a demographic viewpoint, we provide a management tool to control population growth rate of wild boar population. Second, we put back the wild boar among mammals by focusing on inter-specific comparisons of life history tactics among mammals using recent developments in population dynamics. We found that wild boar exhibits a life history strategy close to small mammals such as squirrel rather than the life history strategy observed in similar-sized ungulates. Then, we found that, in response to changes in food availability, wild boar females are able to display different reproductive tactics to maximize the number of recruits at a given breeding event
Chauvet, Claude. "Exploitation des poissons en milieu lagunaire méditerranéen dynamique du peuplement ichtyologique de la lagune de Tunis et des populations exploitées par des bordigues (Muges, Loups, Daurades)." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37596643f.
Full textShin, Yunne. "Interactions trophiques et dynamiques des populations dans les écosystèmes marins exploités : approche par modélisation individus-centrée." Paris 7, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA077217.
Full textFolliot, Benjamin. "Dynamique des espèces exploitées : le cas du fuligule milouin (Aythya ferina) dans le Paléarctique." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG043.
Full textThe Common Pochard (Aythya ferina) is a regular diving duck species in the western Palearctic. However, a worrisome decline of its wintering population led to an up-listed IUCN status from “Least Concern” to “Vulnerable”. This species is still hunted in Europe despite this decline. Hence, one may wonder about the sustainability of its harvest. The aim of this work was to understand the population dynamics of this species, and the drivers of these mechanisms. For this purpose, we assessed the declining trend in northwestern Europe using the mid-january censuses. Then, we studied the migratory connectivity with the two others flyways, in order to better understand the origin of the decline. Finally, we assessed two main demographic parameters (survival rate and nesting success) and combined these into a matrix population model. This model allowed us to assess an asymptotic growth rate and to determine the key demographic parameters on which management actions should focus. The main results of this thesis indicate that the decrease in productivty in Europe and in Russia could have been the main reason of the decline. However, given the limited human action to improve Pochard productivity, only breeding habitat improvement could be considered. Such improvements could be easily considered in Europe, but not in Siberia, the main breeding region characterized by a large area and a strong geographic isolation. Survival rates were lower in France than in neighbouring countries, possibly owing to a greater hunting pressure. A more moderate hunting pressure could lead to higher survival rates, and a balanced growth rate. Setting up an adaptative harvest management scheme could help reaching defined management goals, by annually adapting hunting quotas to current knowledge and assessment of Pochard population size
Jacquet, Stéphan. "Dynamique des populations picoplanctoniques marines." Paris 6, 2000. http://hal.upmc.fr/tel-01116025.
Full textAgenès, Fabien. "Dynamique des populations lymphocytaires b." Paris 6, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA066009.
Full textMadec, Sten. "Hétérogénéité spatiale en dynamique des populations." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00600942.
Full textSandron, Frédéric. "Dynamique des populations dans les organisations." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994IEPP0032.
Full textSadhotomo, Bambang. "Bioécologie des principales espèces pélagiques exploitées en mer de Java." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20184.
Full textBrunel, Thomas. "Analyse des déterminants environnementaux de la variabilité du recrutement : Approche macroécologique appliquée aux populations exploitées du Nord Est Atlantique." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NSARH065.
Full textRecruitment – the number of young fishes that integrate each year the exploitable stock – has a central importance for stock dynamics. The high temporal variability in recruitmentis a result of the environmental influence on survival during early life stages. Understanding the determinism of the influence of environment on recruitment remains one of the most important question in fisheries ecology. The present work aimed at answering some general questions about the influence of environment on fish recruitment using a marcroecological approach. The study focused on the exploited fish populations of the Northeasterm Atlantic. The first chapter of the thesis make a review of the different methods used to estimate recruitment compares recruitment estimates from these different methods, and discusses their reliability. Recruitment estimates fro cohort analysis models, concerning more than 60 populations of 18 species are finally retained to study recruitment variability. The second chapter presents the main concepts and the different approaches to the study of recruitment variability. A review of the major hypotheses concerning recruitment determinismis first made in order to detail the respective influence of environmental factors and of other factors on recruitment variability. The link between stodk size and recruitment is the presented based on the analysis of the data concerning the populations considered in this work. The chapter ends with a presentation of the different approaches used to study recruitment variability and the justification factors and the justification of the choice of a macroecological approach
Simon-Cornu, Marie. "Dynamique des populations bactériennes en cultures mixtes." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10213.
Full textLévy, Martine. "Dynamique des populations lymphocytaires chez la souris." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066742.
Full textBonneuil, Noël. "Reconstruction et dynamique des populations du passé." Paris, EHESS, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991EHES0030.
Full textTemporal fluctuations of fertility are studied through tools and concepts coming from the theory of dynamic systems. In the modern period (1931-1985), the author suggests the existence of a temporal fertility behaviour identical for most of western countries, in the shape of a noised bi-stable phase portrait: two fix attractors exchange the trajectory of fertility behaviuor according to conjunctures. Undertaking an exploration of populations of the past, he reviews the methods in use to reconstruct populations. He presents a new method, capable of estimanting underregistration in the burial series. This method yields a rigourous description of a 17th century population in pays de caux. The temporal evolution of fertity can still be depicted in terms of a noised bi-stable phase portrait. A simulation of the autoregulator model allows the author to find again this general form, and to detect the existence of a bifurcation value for the frequency of mortality crises. The author presents then a vast reconstruction of the female population in 19th century france. On the basis of an inhomogenous markov process, he reconstructs the population, the migration by age, he estimates underregistration inherent in the whole set of data. He then presents an overiew of the demographic transition revealed, as well as an econometric model emphasizing the importance of mobility and the differentail evolution of the french space
Grüss, Arnaud. "Evaluation de l'efficacité des aires marines protégées pour les populations de poissons exploitées mobiles et leurs pêcheries : approches de modélisation." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20008/document.
Full textMarine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly considered for their ability to improve species conservation and, potentially, fisheries yields via the export of fish and larvae to fished areas. Critical knowledge gaps remain on the impacts of fish movement for MPA functioning and on how MPAs protecting moderately to highly mobile populations may be effective without being extremely large. Here, different models are used to address these knowledge gaps. First, a conceptual model was developed to explore the impacts of fish movement versus larval dispersal on MPA effectiveness. Results demonstrate that fish movement has a stronger negative impact on population persistence in MPA networks than larval dispersal. Redistribution of the fishing effort formerly in MPAs and concentration of fishers on MPA borders dramatically reduce persistence and yields for mobile populations, while they marginally change results for populations with dispersing larvae. Two applied models examining the effects of MPAs targeting specific fractions of migratory populations were then developed. A spatially-explicit model was used to study the effects of MPAs on two South African hake populations undergoing ontogenetic migrations. Results show that MPAs targeting juveniles considerably increase hake spawning biomass. This increase in biomass improves the yields of some, but not all fishing fleets. A per-recruit model was used to assess MPA effects for reef populations migrating to form transient spawning aggregations. Applying the model to two populations from Seychelles, MPAs protecting spawning aggregations are found to improve fish reproductive potential in general, but not yield-per-recruit
Viossat, Yannick. "Equilibres corrélés, jeux d'évolution et dynamique de populations." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012181.
Full textLa deuxième partie est consacrée aux jeux d'évolution, et étudie le lien entre l'issue de processus évolutifs et les concepts stratégiques statiques. Nous montrons notamment que les dynamiques d'évolution peuvent éliminer toutes les stratégies appartennant au support d'au moins un équilibre corrélé, et ce pour n'importe quelle dynamique monotone et pour des ensembles ouverts de jeux et de conditions initiales. L'élimination de toutes les stratégies dans le support des équilibres de Nash se produit sous toutes les dynamiques d'adaptation myope régulières et, sous la dynamique des réplicateurs ou la dynamique de meilleure réponse, à partir de presque toutes les conditions initiales.
La troisième partie, co-écrite, étudie les déterminants de la séparation entre lignée germinale et lignée somatique chez les algues vertes volvocales.
Viossat, Yannick. "Equilibres carrélés, jeux d'évolution et dynamique de populations." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002313.
Full textLabbé, Morgane. "Dynamique politique des populations à différentes échelles européennes." Paris, EHESS, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995EHES0021.
Full textSeparated during four decades by their political system, western and eastern european countries are also divided by their demographic system. Population closely related in the past by the culture share today more features with their political counterparts. The evolution of marriage, natality and mortality was studied at the level of every country. In order to understand the political influence we interested in the different ways of the sanitary 8relief at the level of the most disadvantaged regions (portugal compared to yougoslavie). The monopoly devoted to the institutional form by the socialist states makes the pratical experiences sensitive to the political environment. The demographic evolution of a population in crisis, kosovo, was analysed in this purpose. Compared with the muslim community of thrace in greece, it shows that problems of minority differ also between east and west. At an another level, the state level, we carry out a research on the possible division created by a political frontier through culturally united populations in north of france and south of belgium. It appears that industry shapes the demographic attitudes in this region. This influence was related to the very developped social system of the large factories. The similarities with the socialist system allow us to understand the uniqueness of their political nature. The national differences turn out to be different as well, and refer to the states interventions. The failure of the belgium state can be explained by its low legitility because of the cultural division between flemish and walloon. Compared to the eastern and western division, the population dynamic is reversed: cultural differences lead to political division
Quesneville, Hadi. "Dynamique des populations d'elements transposables : modelisation et validation." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066346.
Full textNguyen, Huu Tri. "Echelles de temps et dynamique spatiotemporelle de populations." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2007AIX22099.pdf.
Full textAggregation of variables methods allow reducing complexity of models in population dynamics by building simplified models governing fewer variables. We first use those methods to study spatial host-parasitoids models on patches. Those models are composed of a local interaction submodel and a dispersal submodel. Dispersal consists in k events of elementary dispersal on the nearest neighbours. We study the influence of parameter k on global dynamics and persistence of the system. We then develop a model of a virus in a marine environment to study the “plankton paradox”: plankton dynamics violate the principle of competitive exclusion. The study of our system shows that the presence of a virus enables the coexistence of two different species of bacteria
Clergue, Manuel. "Dynamique des populations et polymorphisme dans les algorithmes genetiques." Nice, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NICE5274.
Full textLEGENDRE, STEPHANE. "Modeles en dynamique des populations mise en uvre informatique." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066744.
Full textMichel, Philippe. "Principe d'entropie relative généralisée et dynamique de populations structurées." Paris 9, 2005. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2005PA090032.
Full textThis thesis deals with the dynamic of population balance equations (PBE) as the Cell Division Equation (CDE) or as the classical McKendrick age model. More precisely, we show a family of relative entropies (General Relative Entropy-GRE) in a large class of PBE. The existence of such a family and a sharp study of the asymptotic behavior is related to the existence and uniqueness of the solution to an eigenproblem. For instance, the study of this eigenproblem in a CDE model, allows us to show the link between the Malthusian growth rate of a cell population an the symmetry of its division. We prove, in a simple nonlinear age model, the global convergence to a steady state and we compare the results given by the GRE method and the linearization method
Halté, Valérie. "Dynamique femtoseconde des populations electroniques dans des nanoparticules d'argent." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998STR13203.
Full textEd-Darraz, Abdelkarim. "Modèles de dynamique des populations dans un environnement aléatoire." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066591/document.
Full textThis thesis addresses some issues associated with population dynamics in random environment. Random environment is described by a Markov process with values in a finite space and which, involve certain forces on the choice of vital rates, will lead the population dynamics. When the dynamic is modeled by a birth and death process, we will answer the question : When almost surely extinction settled ? (Bacaër and Ed-Darraz, 2014). In (Ed-Darraz and Khaladi, 2015) we are interested to the final size of an epidemic in random environment. J Math Biol. 69 (1) :73-90 Ed-Darraz A, Khaladi M (2015) On the final epidemic size in random environnement, Math. Biosc 266 : 10-14
He, Yuan. "Analyse et contrôle de modèles de dynamique de populations." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14918/document.
Full textThis thesis is divided into two parts.One is mainly devoted to make a qualitative analysis and exact null controlfor a class of structured population dynamical systems, and the other concernsstability of conductivities in an inverse problem of a reaction-diffusion systemarising in electrocardiology.In the first part, we study the dynamics ofEuropean grape moth, which has caused serious damages on thevineyards in Europe,North Africa, and even some Asian countries.To model this grapevine insect, physiologically structured multistage population systems are proposed.These systemshave nonlocal boundary conditions arising in nonlocal transition processes in ecosystem.We consider the questions of spatial spread of the populationunder physiological age and stage structures,and show global dynamical properties for the model.Furthermore, we investigate the control problem for this Lobesia botrana modelwhen the growth function is equal to $1$.For the case that four subclasses of this system are all in static station,we conclude that the population of eggs can be controlled to zero at acertain moment by acting on eggs.While the adult moths can disperse,we describe a control by a removal of egg and larvapopulation, and also on female moths in a small region of the vineyard.Then the null controllability for female mothsin a nonempty open sub-domain at a given time is obtained.In the second part, a reaction-diffusion system approximating a parabolic-elliptic systemwas proposed tomodel electrical activity in the heart. We are interested inthe stability analysis of an inverse problem for this model.Then we use the method of Carleman estimates and certain weight energyestimatesfor the identification of diffusion coefficients for the parabolicsystem to draw the conclusion
Aguilée, Robin. "Evolution des espèces en paysage dynamique." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066354.
Full textJacquet, Karine. "Biodiversité et perturbations : dynamique de l'avifaune après incendie et ses relations avec la dynamique végétale." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20142.
Full textFire is a key mechanism influencing the composition and evolution of the Mediterranean ecosystems. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the post-fire dynamics of vegetation and its associate avifauna, by monitoring 126 plots in the Albera massif (Pyrénées-Orientales). These plots can be divided into six vegetal formations ranging from grasslands to holm oak forests representing formations found along a natural gradient. Two other formations are caracterized by the presence of the cork oak. Our results show growing recovery times as a function of the vegetal volume. The resilience to the prefire state is very short in grasslands, but is estimated at 40 years for the vegetation structure and 30 years for the avifauna of the holm oak forests. These recovery times are shorter in the cork oak forests, six and 16 years respectively, due to the particular regeneration of this tree. After a second fire, we found a significant decrease in the regeneration speed of vegetation and avifauna in the cork oak formations and perhaps in the tall maquis, but not in the low maquis. A study of landscape dynamics of the Albera for 41 years using aerial photographs has shown that, in spite of the occurrence of large wildfires in this country, the landscape tends to close up due to a high rural depopulation , with an encroachment of forest to the detriment of open habitats. Consequences of this closure are negative for a set of rare and endangered bird species linked to open habitats. Our work show that wildfires, by opening some habitats, create temporarily favourable conditions for these species. The possible role of fire in habitat management of these species is therefore considered
Simon, Damien. "Survie et généalogies dans quelques modèles de dynamique des populations." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00286612.
Full textLa première partie étudie l'évolution de marches aléatoires avec branchements unidimensionnelles en présence d'un seuil de survie qui croît linéairement au cours du temps. En reliant les propriétés de ces marches aléatoires à une équation de propagation de fronts, nous étudions la transition vers l'extinction de ces marches lorsque la vitesse du seuil croît et obtenons les comportements critiques de la probabilité de survie. Nous construisons également un processus biaisé décrivant une population de telles marches conditionnée sur sa taille à un instant final. Cette construction permet d'étudier le régime quasi-stationnaire près de la vitesse critique. Enfin, nous présentons un modèle exactement soluble sur lequel plusieurs conjectures peuvent être vérifiées.
Dans une seconde partie, nous étudions des populations de taille constante du point de vue des généalogies et des temps de coalescence. Nous expliquons dans quelle mesure certains modèles d'évolution avec sélection se rapprochent des modèles de polymères dirigés et montrons plusieurs résultats numériques qui mettent en évidence l'existence de classes d'universalité dans les généalogies. En absence de sélection, nous étudions la dynamique des temps de coalescence et de l'âge de l'ancêtre commun d'une population, ainsi que les corrélations de ce dernier avec la diversité génétique dans un cas simple.
Claisse, Julien. "Dynamique des populations : contrôle stochastique et modélisation hybride du cancer." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01066020.
Full textBoulanouar, Mohamed. "Transport - théorie et applications à la dynamique des populations cellulaires." Poitiers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997POIT2282.
Full textNordmann, Samuel. "Équations de réaction-diffusion, propriétés qualitatives et dynamique des populations." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS278.
Full textWe are interested in some problems arising in reaction-diffusion equations and their application to population dynamics. The first part deals with stable stationary solutions of reaction-diffusion equations. More precisely, our aim is to understand the influence of the geometry of the domain on the existence of stable non-constant solutions, called patterns. We establish a criterion for the non-existence of patterns in general domains. In the second part, we address a Hamilton-Jacobi model for Darwin's theory of evolution. This models features a concentration phenomenon, that is, the solution converges to a Dirac mass when a rescaling parameters goes to 0. We study the case of a population structured by age and phenotype, subject to competition between individuals. In a second step, we add the effect of mutations. We also consider a model which features a phenomenon of evolutionary rescue, in which the population can have cyclic dynamics. The third part is devoted to the study of systems of reaction-diffusion equations. Our framework encompasses the epidemiological SI model, and extends some results to a broader class. Finally, we propose a model to account for the dynamics of riots and social unrest
Poggiale, Jean-Christophe. "Applications des variétés invariantes a l'hétérogénéité en dynamique des populations." Dijon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994DIJOS058.
Full textWAUGH, SUSAN MARY. "Ecologie et dynamique de populations comparees de deux espece d'albatros." Rennes 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998REN10127.
Full textFicheux, Sébastien. "Dynamique et génétique des populations de cistude d'Europe Emys orbicularis." Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOS068/document.
Full textDispersal, characterized by the movements of individuals in space leading to gene flows, allows populations to connect. The study of dispersal has become of essential importance to predict the consequences of global changes on the population structures and dynamics. Species with limited dispersal, such as chelonians, are particularly threatened by these phenomena. Our study aimed at analyzing the dispersal of the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis), in decline in Europe, in a habitats fragmentation context and determining the causes of this behavior through analysis of population dynamics and genetics. Our results show, firstly, that the slow generation time in Emys orbicularis (about 12 years) may slow the genetic erosion by drift. This slow erosion is accentuated with large populations such as Kerkini populations, even with a strong fragmentation. On the other hand, selection would have favored philopatry in females in habitats with few nesting site and deers, because they have the advantage of territoriality. In contrast, the cost of dispersal decreases for males because this behavior allows inbreeding avoidance. The European pond turtles seem very sensitive to intra-specific competition. Indeed, the relaxation of adult density-dependence allows for a significant recruitment of juveniles. This dynamic promotes an unexpected rapid response of the population after a major disturbance, because chelonians are long-lived animals with a late age of first reproduction and very high generation time, therefore, the time of resilience to perturbations is also expected to be high
Decelière, Grégory. "Dynamique des éléments transposables dans une population structurée." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10252.
Full textSeck, Ousmane. "Sur un modèle de diffusion non linéaire en dynamique des populations." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37601124w.
Full textHenry, Benoit. "Processus de branchements non Markoviens en dynamique et génétique des populations." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0135/document.
Full textIn this thesis we consider a general branching population. The lifetimes of the individuals are supposed to be i.i.d. random variables distributed according to an arbitrary distribution. Moreover, each individual gives birth to new individuals at Poisson rate independently from the other individuals. The tree underlying the dynamics of this population is called a splitting tree. The process which count the number of alive individuals at given times is known as binary homogeneous Crump-Mode-Jagers processes. Such processes are known, when properly renormalized, to converge almost surely to some random variable. Thanks to the study of the underlying splitting tree through the tools introduced by A. Lambert in 2010, we show a central limit theorem associated to this a.s. convergence. Moreover, we suppose that individuals undergo mutation at Poisson rate under the infinitely many alleles assumption. We are mainly interested in the so called allelic frequency spectrum which describes the frequency of sizes of families (i.e. sets of individuals carrying the same type) at fixed times. Thanks to the methods developedin this thesis, we are able to get approximation results for the frequency spectrum. In a last part, we study some statistical problems for size constrained Galton-Watson trees. Our goal is to estimate the variance of the birth distribution. Using that the contour process of such tree converges to a Brownian excursion as the size of the tree growth, we construct estimators of the variance of the birth distribution
Wafaa, Iraoui. "Etude du comportement asymptotique de certaines équations de dynamique des populations." Pau, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PAUU1025.
Full textSeck, Ousmane. "Sur un modèle de diffusion non linéaire en dynamique des populations." Nancy 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NAN10162.
Full textBa, Ibrahima Samba. "Biologie et dynamique des populations d'anchois (Engraulis Encrasicolus) des côtes mauritaniennes." Brest, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BRES2005.
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