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Journal articles on the topic 'Dysenterie'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Arthur, Magimbi, Adamu Almustapha Aliero, and John Odda. "ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL CRUDE EXTRACTS OF WHOLE PLANT OF THE UGANDAN PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS SCHUMACH. & THONN AGAINST SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE." Bacterial Empire 2, no. 2 (2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/be.2019.2.2.33-36.

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Apart from being used for the treatment of malaria fevers, mono-herbal preparation of Ugandan Phyllanthus amarus is widely by local communities in central Uganda, for treatment of bacterial dysentery. However, efficacy studies regarding the mono-herbal extracts of the Ugandan Phyllanthus amarus against Shigella dysenteriae is lacking. The present study was aimed at determined the antibacterial activity of aqueous ethanol crude extracts of whole plant of Phyllanthus amarus against Shigella dysenteriae. Whole plant of Phyllanthus amarus was collected from Wakiso district central of Uganda. Different concentrations (128µg/ml, 256µg/mL-1 and 512µg/ mL-1) of the ethanol crude extract of whole plant of Phyllanthus amarus were tested against Shigella dysenteriae using agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using broth tube dilution method while Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined by culture method. The results of this study showed that, Shigella dysenteriae was sensitive to different concentrations (128µg/ mL-1, 256µg/ mL-1and 512µg/ mL-1) of ethanol crude extract of whole plant of Phyllanthus amarus possessed antibacterial against Shigella dysenteriae with mean and standard error mean zone of inhibition ranging from 11.5±0.5 to 13.5±0.5mm, while the positive control had mean and standard error mean zone of inhibition 24.5±0.5mm. The MIC and MBC of the ethanol crude extract of whole plant of Phyllanthus amarus against Shigella dysenteriae was found to be 32µg/ml and 64µg/ml respectively. This study found that the whole plant of phyllanthus amarus of ethanol crude extract was active against Shigella dysenterie. Further study should be carried out test whole plant Phyllanthus amarus crude extract on different microorganisms that cause dysentery to find out its activity against them and spectrum, determine lead compound in the whole plant Phyllanthus amarus crude extract responsible for the anti-microbial activity against Shigella dysenteriae and also determine the mechanism of action by which this plant crude extract inhibits Shigella dysenteriae.
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2

Nicolas, Xavier, Hervé Granier, and Patrick Le Guen. "Shigellose ou dysenterie bacillaire." La Presse Médicale 36, no. 11 (2007): 1606–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lpm.2007.03.001.

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3

Kauffmann., Von F. "ZUR SEROLOGIE DER DYSENTERIE-GRUPPE." Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica 19, no. 1 (2009): 53–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1942.tb03335.x.

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Kauffmann, F. "ZUR SEROLOGIE DER DYSENTERIE-GRUPPE." Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica 20, no. 1 (2009): 53–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1943.tb04786.x.

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5

Terpstra, J. I. "Infektiöse Dysenterie (Doyle) der Schweine." Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe B 17, no. 1 (2010): 175–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1970.tb01528.x.

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6

Figi, R., F. Goldinger, E. Fuschini, S. Hartnack, and X. Sidler. "Modifizierte Dysenterie-Teilsanierung in einem Kernzuchtschweinebetrieb." Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde 156, no. 8 (2014): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0036-7281/a000613.

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7

Defauw, P., L. Vande Maele, D. Maes, and F. Van Immerseel. "Vraag & Antwoord." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 84, no. 1 (2015): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v84i1.16623.

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8

Kauffmann, F. "Über Antigenbeziehungen Zwischen Coli-Dysenterie- Und Salmonella-Bakterien." Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica 21, no. 1 (2009): 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1944.tb00034.x.

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9

Kauffmann, F. "SUPPLEMENT TO THE PAPER »ZUR SEROLOGIE DER DYSENTERIE-GRUPPE«." Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica 25, no. 5 (2009): 619–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1948.tb00703.x.

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10

Sindbjerg-Hansen, V. "ANWENDUNG VON MUCIN-INFEKTIONEN ZUR UNTERSUCHUNG VON SERUM GEGEN GIFTARME DYSENTERIE-BAKTERIEN." Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica 20, no. 3 (2009): 442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1943.tb05007.x.

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11

Dragan, M. I., A. M. Tudor, G. Jugulete, and O. Patey. "L'antibiothérapie de la dysenterie bactérienne corrélée avec la chimiorésistance actuelle des shigelles." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 30 (May 2000): s232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0399-077x(00)89097-6.

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12

Latté, Klaus Peter. "Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz – die Elsbeere." Zeitschrift für Phytotherapie 42, no. 03 (2021): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1150-9424.

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ZusammenfassungDie Frucht- und Blattdrogen der Elsbeere, Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz (Rosaceae), werden seit Langem volksmedizinisch bei Dysenterie, Verdauungsproblemen, Durchfall und Cholera sowie als Herzmittel angewendet. Auch in anderen Kulturkreisen werden die Früchte und Blätter als Heilmittel verwendet. Als Inhaltsstoffe der Früchte und der Blätter sind phenolische Verbindungen isoliert worden, vor allem zahlreiche Flavonoide. Bislang liegen nur wenige In-vitro-Untersuchungen zu den Wirkungen der Früchte und Blätter vor, die vorläufige Erklärungen für die volksmedizinische Verwendung liefern. Klinische Studien liegen nicht vor. Neben der volksmedizinischen Anwendung werden die Früchte auch als Lebensmittel roh oder verarbeitet, z. B. als Edelbrand verwendet.
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13

Kapp, Philipp, Wolfgang Meier, and Roland Reinehr. "Granulierende Proktosigmoiditis durch Antibiotika-assoziierte Pseudomonaden-Infektion." DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 143, no. 02 (2018): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-122032.

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Zusammenfassung Anamnese Einige Wochen nach Antibiotikatherapie wird ein älterer Patient mit ausgeprägter Beeinträchtigung durch anhaltende Diarrhö eingeliefert. Untersuchungen Unter der Exsikkose hat sich eine Niereninsuffizienz verschlechtert, der Patient ist immobilisiert und geschwächt. In der Rekto-Sigmoidoskopie stellt sich eine granulierende Proktosigmoiditis mit membranösen Exsudationen und Granulationen dar. Diagnose Durch die Stuhlkulturen wurde der Nachweis von Pseudomonas aeruginosa möglich. Therapie und Verlauf Unter Infusionen besserte sich die Nierenfunktion rasch. Eine orale Antibiose mit Ciprofloxacin wurde mit Erfolg durchgeführt. Folgerung Ältere Menschen sind durch ihre Multimorbidität anfällig für Dysenterie nach Antibiotikaeinsatz, wobei nicht nur Clostridien eine Rolle spielen, sondern auch seltener auftretende Keime wie Pseudomonaden. Im Rahmen ausgeprägter Diarrhö kann im hohen Alter rasch ein prärenales Nierenversagen entstehen.
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14

Mbuyi W.M, G., B. Makasa Mandja, and B. Kebela Ilunga. "Dynamique spatio-temporelle des épidémies de dysenterie bacillaire en République Démocratique du Congo, 1999–2013." Revue d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique 69, no. 1 (2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respe.2020.11.013.

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15

Soares, J. L., J. M. Milleliri, N. Pigny, J. Dupoux, and J. C. Coue. "Efficacité du traitement de la dysenterie bacillaire par loméfloxacine chez des réfugiés au Nord-Zaïre." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 26, no. 2 (1996): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0399-077x(96)80172-7.

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16

Latté, Klaus Peter. "Leontopodium alpinum Cass. – das Edelweiß." Zeitschrift für Phytotherapie 40, no. 01 (2019): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0740-8296.

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ZusammenfassungEs steht unter Naturschutz und kann dank Kultivierung dennoch genutzt werden: das Edelweiß. Der Innsbrucker Arbeitsgruppe um Hermann Stuppner verdanken wir eine intensive Analytik der Inhaltsstoffe und ihrer pharmakologischen Aktivitäten.In der Alpenregion wurde das Kraut von Leontopodium alpinum Cass. bzw. daraus hergestellte Zubereitungen arzneilich eingesetzt bei Bauchschmerzen, Angina, Bronchitis, Diarrhoe und Dysenterie; heute werden Edelweiß bzw. daraus gewonnene Extrakte nur noch in homöopathischen Mitteln, in kosmetischen Zubereitungen und vereinzelt in Lebensmitteln angewendet. Die phytochemische Untersuchung der gesamten Pflanze ergab ein breites Spektrum an Naturstoffen, wobei die Leontopodiumsäuren, Caffeoylchinasäuren, Flavonoide, Lignane, Cumarine sowie ein ätherisches Öl mit zahlreichen Terpenkomponenten charakteristisch sind. Moderne pharmakologische Untersuchungen bestätigen für Extrakte aus Edelweiß und daraus isolierte Einzelstoffe antiinflammatorische, analgetische und antimikrobielle Wirkungen sowie eine Hemmung der Peristaltik des Gastrointestinaltrakts und damit letztendlich die volksmedizinischen Anwendungsgebiete der Krautdroge von L. alpinum.
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17

Faruque, Shah M., Nityananda Chowdhury, Rasel Khan, et al. "Shigella dysenteriae Type 1-Specific Bacteriophage from Environmental Waters in Bangladesh." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 12 (2003): 7028–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.12.7028-7031.2003.

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ABSTRACT Shigella dysenteriae type 1 is the causative agent of the most severe form of bacillary dysentery, which occurs as epidemics in many developing countries. We isolated a bacteriophage from surface water samples from Bangladesh that specifically lyses strains of S. dysenteriae type 1. This phage, designated SF-9, belongs to the Podoviridae family and has a 41-kb double-stranded DNA genome. Further screening of water samples for the prevalence of the phage revealed 9 of 71 (12.6%) water samples which were positive for the phage. These water samples were also positive in PCR assays for one or more S. dysenteriae type 1-specific genes, including ipaBCD and stx1, and live S. dysenteriae type 1 was isolated from three phage-positive samples. The results of this study suggest that phage SF-9 may have epidemiological applications in tracing the presence of S. dysenteriae type 1 in environmental waters.
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18

Pazhani, Gururaja Perumal, Bhaswati Sarkar, Thandavarayan Ramamurthy, S. K. Bhattacharya, Yoshifumi Takeda, and S. K. Niyogi. "Clonal Multidrug-Resistant Shigella dysenteriae Type 1 Strains Associated with Epidemic and Sporadic Dysenteries in Eastern India." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, no. 2 (2004): 681–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.2.681-684.2004.

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ABSTRACT Multidrug-resistant strains of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 were implicated in three outbreaks and sporadic cases of dysentery in eastern India in 2002 and 2003. After a hiatus of 14 years, this pathogen reemerged with an altered antibiotic resistance pattern. In addition to ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and nalidixic acid, all the recent strains were resistant to norfloxacin, lomefloxacin, pefloxacin, and ofloxacin and showed reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis identified a new clone of S. dysenteriae type 1 that was associated with the recent outbreaks and sporadic cases. Based on the spatial and temporal spread of multidrug-resistant S. dysenteriae type 1, we predict that this clonal type may spread further in this region.
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19

Aragón, Miguel, Avertino Barreto, Jonas Chambule, Antonio Noya, and Maria Tallarico. "Shigellosis in Mozambique: The 1993 Outbreak Rehabilitation—A Follow-up Study." Tropical Doctor 25, no. 4 (1995): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947559502500405.

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In this paper we describe a dysentery outbreak in Mozambique during 1993. A total of 47 483 cases and 199 deaths were reported, with an incidence rate of 292.5/100 000 and a fatality rate of 0.25% for the whole country. Of the 144 districts in the country 123 were affected: those situated along the principal communications routes and corridors had high incidence rates, up to 3308/100000. All the provincial capitals were affected with incidence rates between 59.6 and 4381.8/100 000. Shigella dysenteriae type 1 was identified as the aetiological agent. This strain was sensitive to nalidixic acid, cephalosporins, gentamicin and kanamycin, and resistant to tetracyclines, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, sulphisoxazole, Cotrimoxazol and erythromycin. This is the first dysentery epidemic caused by S. dysenteriae type 1 reported in Mozambique. The epidemic still continues. Population movements after the war, poor levels of sanitation and poverty contributed to the gravity of the outbreak.
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20

Kusuma, Sri Agung Fitri. "EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF INDONESIAN VARIETIES SWEET POTATO LEAVES EXTRACT FROM CILEMBU AGAINST Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 2 (2017): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i2.15773.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the in Vitro antibacterial activity of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) leaves ethanol extract against Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313.Methods: The study was performed by collecting and determining plant samples, extraction, moisture content assay, phytochemical screening, Thin layer Chromatography, antibacterial activity using agar diffusion method using perforator of 11 mm in diameter and Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) test using macrodilution method against Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313.Results: The Phytochemical analysis of the sweet potato leaves extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannin, steroid and polyphenolic compound. The sweet potato leaves ethanol extract showed significant zone of inhibition in a dose dependent manner against Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313 with the range of MIC and MBC was 10-20 % b/v.Conclusion : It can be concluded that the sweet potato leaves ethanol extract shows promise as an antibacterial agent for inhibiting bacillary dysentery due to the presence of biologically active ingredients with antimicrobial activity in the extract.Keywords: sweet potato, Cilembu, Indonesia, antidysentery, Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313
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Laouali, Abdou, Moussa Mamoudou Boubacar, Baggnian Issoufou, and Mahamane Ali. "Diversité et usages des plantes médicinales à l’ouest du Niger." Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 46, no. 1 (2020): 8164–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/janmplsci.v46-2.1.

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La médecine traditionnelle est profondément ancrée dans la culture de nombreux pays d’Afrique de l’ouest. L’objectif du présent travail était de contribuer à la connaissance des plantes médicinales et de leurs utilisations dans le département de Dogondoutchi à l’ouest du Niger. Un échantillon de (19) villages a été retenu dans deux communes du département. Les données ont été collectées à travers un guide d’entretien adressé à 49 personnes appartenant à différents groupes socioprofessionnels, à raison de deux à trois par village. Ces entretiens ont permis d’inventorier 55 espèces médicinales réparties en 26 familles. Les familles les plus représentées sont les Fabaceae-Caesalpinoideae (10 espèces) suivies des Fabaceae-Mimosoideae (7 espèces) et des Combretaceae (5 espèces). Les maladies couramment traitées sont les hémorroïdes, le paludisme, la fièvre et la dysenterie. La décoction, la poudre, la macération, l’infusion et la calcination constituent les modes de préparation. Les parties utilisées sont les feuilles, les écorces, les racines, les graines, les fruits les plantes entières (herbacées) et les rameaux. Beaucoup de plantes médicinales se raréfient ou ont déjà disparu dans la zone d’étude. L’adoption de méthodes de gestion durable s’avère nécessaire pour sauvegarder les plantes médicinales dans cette zone. ABSTRACT Traditional medicine is deeply rooted in the culture of many countries in West Africa. The objective of this work was to contribute to the knowledge of medicinal plants and their uses in the department of Dogondoutchi in western Niger. A sample of (19) villages was selected in two communes of the department. The data was collected through an interview guide addressed to 49 people belonging to different socio-professional groups, two to three per village. These interviews allowed to inventory 55 medicinal species divided into 26 families. The most represented families are Fabaceae-Caesalpinoideae (10 species) followed by Fabaceae-Mimosoideae (7 species) and Combretaceae (5 species). Commonly treated diseases are hemorrhoids, malaria, fever, and dysentery. decoction, powder, maceration, infusion and calcination are the methods of preparation. The parts used are leaves, bark, roots, seeds, fruits, whole plants (herbaceous) and twigs. Many medicinal plants are becoming scarce or have already disappeared in the study area. There is an urgent need to adopt a sustainable management methods to save medicinal plants in this area.
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Salni, Salni, and Hanifa Marisa. "Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oil from Rosemytle Leaves (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk)." Molekul 15, no. 3 (2020): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2020.15.3.601.

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Rosemytle leaves (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk) have been used by society to treat various diseases related to bacterial infections, such as dysentery and typhoid fever caused by Shigella dysenteriae and Salmonella typhi, respectively. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of essential oils from rosemytle leaves against both bacterias. Extraction was performed with a macerating device using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts, sequentially. This study used the agar diffusion method to test the antibacterial activity applied to the essential oils with concentrations of 1000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, and 31.25 μg/mL. The antibacterial test results showed that n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts were active against both bacterias while ethanol extract was not. Then, isolates N1 and E1 were produced respectively from n-hexane extract and ethyl acetate extract. The MIC values of both N1 and E1 for S. dysenteriae, and S. typhi were the same, namely 125 μg/mL. Isolate N1 was an essential oil containing menthol (59.60%), caryophyllene (25.77%), and cubenol (14.63%) while isolate E1 was an essential oil containing (73.93%), pentanone (8.30%), alpha calacorene (7.58%), and calacorene (3.78%). Rosemytle leaves have the potential to be developed as a drug to treat dysentery and typhoid fever.
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23

Rizwani, Achmad Ilham, Arifa Mustika, and Lindawati Alimsardjono. "Therapeutic Potency of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) Peel Extract For Shigella dysenteriae Infected Mice’s Colon Mucosal Destruction." JUXTA: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga 10, no. 1 (2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/juxta.v10i12019.5-10.

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Introduction : Antibiotics treatment for bacillary dysentery due to Shigella dysenteriae infection have shown resistancy. Mangosteen (Garcinia maangostana) peel have a therapy potency for Shigella dysenteriae infection due to its antibacterial and antiinflamation activity.Methods : This research was an experimental research, 30 mice was used which divided to 5 groups. The mice was infected with Shigella dysenteriae intraperitoneally, then azithromycin, aquadest, and 3 different doses of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) peel was given for each group for 5 days, which then the mice’s colon was collected and made into histopathology slide and its mucosal destruction was observed in 3 fields of view in each slide, 1 – 4 score was given acording to its mucosal destruction. Kruskal-Wallis test is used to analyze the data and then Mann Whitney test also used for further analysis.Result : there was a healing effect obeserved when mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) peel extract was given to the mice’s colon mucosal, 100 mg/Kg body mass dose of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) peel extract already given a positive effect on mice’s mucosal colon histopathological appearance, no difference observed between 3 dose given.Conclusion : Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) peel extract consumption gave healing appearance to destruction of colon mucosal wall of mice with Shigella dysenteriae infection at 100 mg/Kg body mass.
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24

FERDOUS, F., S. AHMED, S. K. DAS, et al. "Aetiology and clinical features of dysentery in children aged <5 years in rural Bangladesh." Epidemiology and Infection 142, no. 1 (2013): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813000666.

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SUMMARYThe study identified the common aetiological agents and prominent clinical features of dysentery cases in children aged &lt;5 years and compared this to non-dysentery diarrhoeal cases from the same population. From January 2010 to December 2011, 2324 children aged &lt;5 years received treatment at Kumudini Hospital, of which 682 (29%) presented with dysentery. Of the dysenteric children, aetiology could not be determined for over half (61%). Shigella spp. accounted for 32% of dysentery cases. Significant associations were found between presence of blood in stool and: child age (24–59 months) [odds ratio (OR) 2·21, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·49–3·27], no treatment of drinking water at home (OR 2·00, 95% CI 1·09–3·67), vomiting (OR 0·19, 95% CI 0·14–0·25), abdominal pain (OR 4·68, 95% CI 3·24–6·77), straining (OR 16·45, 95% CI 11·92–22·69), wasting (OR 1·66, 95% CI 1·15–2·41), and presence of Shigella in stool (OR 6·25, 95% CI 4·20–9·29) after controlling for confounders. This study makes it clear that appropriate public health strategies are needed to reduce the burden of dysentery in Bangladesh.
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25

Murphy, Erin R., and Shelley M. Payne. "RyhB, an Iron-Responsive Small RNA Molecule, Regulates Shigella dysenteriae Virulence." Infection and Immunity 75, no. 7 (2007): 3470–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00112-07.

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ABSTRACT Regulation of bacterial gene expression by small RNA (sRNA) molecules is an increasingly recognized phenomenon but one that is not yet fully understood. We show that the sRNA RyhB suppresses several virulence-associated phenotypes of Shigella dysenteriae, a causative agent of bacillary dysentery in humans. The virulence genes repressed by S. dysenteriae RyhB include those encoding the type III secretion apparatus, its secreted effectors, and specific chaperones. Suppression of Shigella virulence occurs via RyhB-dependent repression of the transcriptional activator VirB, leading to reduced expression of genes within the VirB regulon. Efficient repression of virB is mediated by a single-stranded region of RyhB that is distinct from the region required for repression of Shigella sodB. Regulation of virB by RyhB implicates iron as an environmental factor contributing to the complex regulation of Shigella virulence determinants.
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Vargas, Martha, Joaquim Gascon, Maria Teresa Jimenez De Anta, and Jordi Vila. "Prevalence of Shigella Enterotoxins 1 and 2 among Shigella Strains Isolated from Patients with Traveler's Diarrhea." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 11 (1999): 3608–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.11.3608-3611.1999.

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Shigella spp. are known primarily as a cause of bacillary dysentery. However, in an initial phase, numerous patients exhibit watery diarrhea that may or may not be followed by dysentery. New virulence factors associated with the species ofShigella have recently been described. These are enterotoxins 1 and 2 of Shigella (ShET-1 and ShET-2, respectively). The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of ShET-1 and ShET-2 in species of Shigellaisolated from patients with traveler's diarrhea. During the period from 1993 to 1998, stool samples from 500 travelers with diarrhea were cultured for the isolation of Shigella spp. and other enteropathogens. The detection of ShET-1 and ShET-2 was performed by a PCR technique with specific primers. Among a total of 51 strains ofShigella isolated during this period (22 S. flexneri, 26 S. sonnei, and 3 S. dysenteriae strains), at least one enterotoxin was detected in 31 (60.78%) strains; 2 (9.09%; both of which were S. flexneri strains) produced only ShET-1, while 21 (41.17%; 3S. flexneri, 15 S. sonnei, and 3 S. dysenteriae strains) produced ShET-2. Furthermore, 8 (15.69%) of 22 S. flexneri strains presented both enterotoxins. Our results show that the prevalence of ShET-2 was high in all theShigella species studied and confirm that ShET-1 is detected only in S. flexneri.
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Kusuma, Sri Agung Fitri, Puspagita Wardhani, and Ellin Febrina. "STOOL FORM SCALE AS AN INDICATOR OF KLUTUK BANANA (MUSA BALBISIANA COLLA) FRUIT EXTRACTS INHIBITION EFFECT AGAINST SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE ATCC 13313 IN VIVO." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 12 (2017): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i12.21592.

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Objective: Stools consistency is a common symptom indicating in dysenteriae. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of the klutuk banana fruit extract that determine different degrees of stool consistency in dysentery induced by Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313.Methods: The extraction of klutuk banana fruits was prepared using a maceration method. The antidysenteriae activity of the klutuk banana extract was evaluated in vivo. The specific pathogen-free mice were intraperitoneally injected with S. dysentriae suspension cell. Observations were made for 7 days on body weight of mice, total fecal weight every 24 hrs and consistency of stool. The level of stool consistency was measured based on Bristol Stool Chart. Results: The results indicated that the body weight of each group was decreased the day after induction and the stool consistency was at level 5-6. However, both test groups could achieve the ideal type of stool (type 4) in the same period of time as a group with ciprofloxacin treatment.Conclusion: It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of klutuk banana fruits is highly potent as natural antidysenteriae against S. dysenteriae.
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Komala, Oom, Durrotun Nafisah Abd.Nf, and Novi Fajar Utami. "UJI AKTIVITAS EKSTRAK ETANOL KOMBINASI DAUN PANDAN WANGI DAN DAUN JAMBU BIJI TERHADAP Shigella dysenteriae." EKOLOGIA 21, no. 2 (2022): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/ekologia.v21i2.3666.

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Dysentery can be treated using Pandanus amarylifolius leaves and Psidium guajava leaves. This study aimed to determine the activity of the combination of 96% ethanol extract of P. amarylifolius leaves and P. guajava leaves in inhibiting the growth of Shigella dysenteriae bacteria. Methods. Extraction of P. amarylifolius leaves and P. guajava leaves respectively by using the maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent. For the combination treatment, each of these extracts was combined. Each extract obtained was tested for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MIC value of P. amarylifolius leaf extract was obtained at a concentration of 30% and P. guajava leaf extract was obtained at a concentration of 40%. Inhibitory width test (IWT) by disc diffusion method was carried out on single extracts and combination extracts, with treatment concentrations of 30% single extract of P. amarylifolius leaf (K1), 40% single extract of P. guajava leaf (K2), combination 1 (P. amarylifolius leaf). 30%+ P. guajava leaf 40%) (K3), combination 2 (35% P. amarylifolius leaf + 40% P. guajava leaf) (K4), combination 3 (40% P. amarylifolius leaf + 40% P. guajava leaf) (K5). The width of the inhibition of the research results of the treatment against S. dysenteriae were analyzed using a completely randomized design and Duncan's test. The results showed that the combination of P. amarylifolius leaf extract and P. guajava leaf was more effective in inhibiting the growth of S. dysenteriae bacteria. The combination of P. amarylifolius leaf extract and P. guajava leaf extract that was most effective in inhibiting the growth of S. dysenteriae bacteria was combination 3 (40% P. amarylifolius leaf extract + 40% P. guajava leaf extract) with an average inhibitory width of 5.625 mm. Keywords: Combination, P. amarylifolius Leaves, P.guajava Leaves, S. dysenteriae
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Mustarichie, Resmi, Sri Agung Fitri, and Danni Ramdhani. "COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ACTIVITIES OF ANTI BACILLARY DYSENTRY SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE OF SYZYGIUM POLYANTHUM AND DRACAENA ANGUSTIFOLIA LEAVES ETHANOL EXTRACTS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 2 (2017): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i2.15725.

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Objective: This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of bay (Syzygium polyanthum W.) and suji (Dracaena angustifoliaRoxb.) leaves against Shigella dysenteriae and the amount of potassium to the discovery of anti-dysentery drug candidates.Methods: Testing activities and comparative value activities performed by the agar diffusion method, whereas the determination of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was done with the subculture media incubation test followed with microdilution method on Mueller Hinton Agar medium sterile. Potassium levels of the extract were carried out quantitatively using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.Results: The test results showed that the ethanol extract of both leaves had antibacterial activity against S. dysenteriae with MBC values were in the range of 10-20% w/v. Value comparative effectiveness suji leaf ethanol extract to the bay leaf was 1:0.4. Potassium levels ethanol extract of bay and suji leaves were 1.027% and 3.795%, respectively.Conclusion: It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of bay and suji leaves has antibacterial activity against bacteria S. dysenteriae ATCC 13313. Rated comparative activity of the ethanol extract of the suji leaves with bay leaves ethanol extract was 1:0.4 which means to generating resistor diameter equal to 1 part suji leaf ethanol extract equivalent to 0.4 parts of the ethanol extract of bay leaves. The minimum kill concentration ethanol extract of bay and suji leaves ethanol extract was in the range of 10-20% w/v. Both bay and suji leaves have potential as a supplier of potassium in patients with hypokalemia dysentery.Keywords: Bay leaves, Suji leaves, Shigella dysenteriae, Potassium, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
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Kusuma, Sri Agung Fitri, Soraya Ratnawulan Mita, and Ratna Fitria Ermawati. "EFFECT OF MALTODEXTRIN RATIO TO KLUTUK BANANA FRUIT EXTRACT (MUSA BALBISIANA COLLA) COMBINED WITH ITS PSEUDOSTEM EXTRACT ON ANTI-DYSENTERY GRANULE PERFORMANCE AND EFFECTIVITY." International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 10, no. 6 (2018): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2018v10i6.29305.

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Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the best ratio of maltodextrin and extract concentration on performance of anti-dysentery granule containing Klutuk banana fruit extract (Musa balbisiana Colla) as an effective antimicrobial to treat dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae and combined with its pseudostem extract to supply potassium needed for supporting dehydration impact caused by dysentery.Methods: The dried fruit and pseudostem of the Klutuk banana plant were each extracted by maceration method. Each granule formula was optimized in different ratio of extract and maltodextrin concentration (1:2 (F1); 1:3 (F2); and 1:4 (F3) respectively. Then, the anti-shigellosis granule were formulated using the wet granulation method and evaluated for 30 d. The appearance of the granule, weight variation, loss on drying value, flowability, granule solubility, disintegration time, pH, and anti-dysentery activity of each formula was observed. The potassium content determination of each granule formula was done using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer method. Results: All formulated granules showed good flow properties and antidysentery activity. Concerning to the solubility, maltodextrin addition showed the increasing solubility of all formulated granule. The F3 achieved the best-improved granule characteristic and had good anti-dysentery effectivity, but had the lowest potassium content (0.362 g/l) among all formulas. The potassium content of F1 and F2 were 0.625 g/l and 0.444 g/l, respectively. Conclusion: Maltodextrin can improve the usefulness of granule that containing the Klutuk banana fruit and its pseudostem extracts in dysentery treatment and the dehydration impact.
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de Silva, D. G. H., D. C. A. Candy, L. N. Mendis, H. Chart, and B. Rowe. "Serological diagnosis of infection by Shigella dysenteriae-1 in patients with bacillary dysentery." Journal of Infection 25, no. 3 (1992): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-4453(92)91539-n.

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Kusuma, Sriagung Fitri, Soraya R. Mita, Indah Firdayani, and Resmi Mustarichie. "STUDY ON THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF FRUIT EXTRACTS OF KLUTUK BANANA (MUSA BALBISIANA COLLA) AGAINST SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE ATCC 13313." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 7 (2017): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i7.18561.

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Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the antibacterial activity of Klutuk Banana (Musa balbisiana colla) fruit extracts against Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313 and the amount of potassium to the discovery of anti-dysentery drug candidates.Methods: The simplisia of Klutuk banana fruit was extracted with ethanol using a maceration method. The phytochemical screening of ethanol extract was performed using standard procedures. Determination thin layer chromatography (TLC) profile of the extract was performed using a thin layer plate. The antibacterial activity was investigated using agar well diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by a serial microdilution method, whereas the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was done by subculturing the MIC result onto agar medium. Potassium levels of the extract were carried out quantitatively using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.Results: The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, monoterpenoid and sesquiterpenoids, quinones, and saponins. The TLC results prove the existence of flavonoids in the tested extract. The content of secondary metabolites that can act as an antibacterial, strengthen the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Klutuk banana against S. dysenteriae 13313 with MBC values in the range of 5-10%w/v. Potassium levels in the ethanol extract of Klutuk banana fruits contain potassium as much as 2.919% (29 190 ppm).Conclusion: It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Klutuk banana fruits is more potent as antibacterial against S. dysenteriae than as potassium supplier in hypokalemia therapy.
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Venkatesan, Malabi M., Antoinette B. Hartman, John W. Newland, et al. "Construction, Characterization, and Animal Testing of WRSd1, a Shigella dysenteriae 1 Vaccine." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 6 (2002): 2950–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.6.2950-2958.2002.

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ABSTRACT WRSd1 is a Shigella dysenteriae 1 vaccine containing deletions of the virG(icsA) gene required for intercellular spreading and a 20-kb chromosomal region encompassing the Shiga toxin genes (stxAB). WRSd1 was constructed from S. dysenteriae 1 strain 1617 that was originally isolated during the 1968 to 1969 epidemic of Shiga dysentery in Guatemala. The virG(icsA) deletion was constructed from a streptomycin-resistant (Strr) mutant of 1617 by a filter mating procedures using a virG(icsA) deletion derivative, pΔvirG2. A colony that was invasive for HeLa cells and negative for the virG(icsA) gene by Southern blotting was grown anaerobically on plates containing chlorate for selection of resistant colonies that had lost the entire Shiga toxin gene. A virG(icsA) stxAB Strr mutant selected from the chlorate plates was designated WRSd1. This candidate vaccine was evaluated for safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy using the guinea pig keratoconjunctivitis model. WRSd1 was Sereny negative, and two applications of this strain to the cornea elicited a significant protective immune response against the S. dysenteriae 1 O antigen. Vaccination with WRSd1 conferred protection against challenge with each of three virulent S. dysenteriae 1 strains. Since a vaccine protecting against multiple Shigella species is required for most areas where Shigella is endemic, protection studies using a combination vaccine of Shigella sonnei vaccine strain WRSS1, Shigella flexneri 2a vaccine strain SC602, and WRSd1 were also performed. Guinea pigs vaccinated with a mixture of equal amounts of the three vaccine strains were protected against challenge with each of the homologous virulent strains. Unlike WRSS1 and SC602, however, the level of protection afforded by WRSd1 in a combination vaccine was lower than the protection elicited by a pure culture. A current Good Manufacturing Practice product of WRSd1 given intragastrically to rhesus monkeys proved safe and immunogenic.
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Hamid, Ibrahim Siddig, and Ikram Mohamed Eltayeb. "IN VITRO SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ISOLATED SHIGELLA FLEXNERI AND SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE TO THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF TRACHYSPERMUM AMMI AND PEGANUM HARMALA." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 1 (2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2019v11i1.29411.

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Objective: This study represents the first attempt to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Peganum harmala, and Trachyspermum ammi seeds extract against the isolated bacillary dysentery-causing microorganisms.Methods: T. ammi and P. harmala were extracted by 96% ethanol using Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were screened for their phytochemical constituents. Their antimicrobial activity against the isolated dysentery-causing microorganisms was evaluated using the agar diffusion method.Results: The antimicrobial activity result showed that, the two isolated bacteria, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella dysenteriae were found to be sensitive to the extract of T. ammi seed with inhibition zones up to 25 mm, compared to the inhibition zone of 20 mm produced by Gentamycin standard drug, this is mainly due to the presence of the different phytochemical in the extract such as tannin, flavonoids, terpenoids which are well known for their antimicrobial effects. The two isolated bacteria were found to be insensitive (zero mm) to P. harmala extract, Amoxicillin, and Amoclan (Amoxicillin+clavulanic acid) standard drugs, this is due to the fact that, the phytochemicals constituents of P. harmala possess the antagonistic effect to each other’s. Addition to; these bacteria became resistant to both Amoxicillin and Amoclan.Conclusion: From the results it concludes, T. ammi seeds extract had a considerable level of antimicrobial activity against bacillary dysentery-causing microorganisms resistant to Amoxicillin and Amoxicillin+clavulanic acid drugs.
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Talukder, Kaisar A., Bijay K. Khajanchi, Dilip K. Dutta, et al. "An unusual cluster of dysentery due to Shigella dysenteriae type 4 in Dhaka, Bangladesh." Journal of Medical Microbiology 54, no. 5 (2005): 511–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.45852-0.

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Koffi, Allali Eugène, P. Abba Obouayeba, S. T. Djako Akre, et al. "Euphorbia hirta Linn (Euphorbiaceae), une espèce végétale prometteuse pour combattre les dysenteries bacillaires: Expérimentations in vitro en Côte d’Ivoire." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 4 (2021): 1445–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i4.12.

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Les shigelloses (dysenterie bacillaire) persistent actuellement sous forme endémique dans les pays tropicaux et sont accompagnées d’échecs thérapeutiques à cause des souches de Shigelles (agents pathogènes) résistantes aux antibiotiques, constituant ainsi une priorité de santé publique. En Côte d’Ivoire, dans lesrecherches d’alternatives thérapeutiques pour éradiquer ce fléau, les activités antishigella in vitro, d’extraits d’Euphorbia hirta, plante utilisée en médecine traditionnelle pour guérir les diarrhées sanglantes ont été comparées. Un extrait total aqueux (ETaq) a été obtenu par macération de la poudre végétale dans de l’eau distillée et un extrait hydroéthanolique (EETH70%) a aussi été obtenu par macération de la poudre végétale dans l’éthanol70%. Les tests bactériologiques ont été effectués sur les souches cliniques de Shigella sp (EEQ ; 1055) pour déterminer les Concentration Minimale Inhibitrice (CMI) et Concentration Minimale Bactéricide (CMB). Aussi, les rapports d’efficacité des différents extraits sur la base des CMB, ont été recherchés. Ces travaux ont montré que les valeurs des CMIs varient de 6,25 à 12,5 mg/mL tandis que celles des CMBs sont de 25 mg/mL pour l’E.ETH70% (respectivement contre les deux souches :1055 et EEQ de Shigella sp.). Les CMIs et CMBs prises dans ce même ordre sont respectivement de 50 mg/mL pour l’E.Taq. (contre les deux souches) et de 100 à 200 mg/mL respectivement contre les souches EEQ et 1055. Toutefois, l’E.ETH70% est quatre à huit fois plus actif que l’E.Taq. respectivement pour les inhibitions des souches cliniques EEQ et 1055 (par référence au rapport d’efficacité sur la base des CMBs, soit CMB E.Taq)/(CMB EETH70%, montrant ainsi que ces souches testées sont plus sensibles à l’E.ETH70%. Ces travaux constituent une assise scientifique à l’usage traditionnel de cette plante, dans le traitement des diarrhées sanglantes.
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Frost, J. A., G. A. Willshaw, E. A. Barclay, B. Rowe, P. Lemmens, and J. Vandepitte. "Plasmid characterization of drug-resistantShigella dysenteriae1 from an epidemic in Central Africa." Journal of Hygiene 94, no. 2 (1985): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400061362.

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SUMMARYA widespread epidemic of severe dysentery in Zaire and neighbouring Central African countries was caused by a multiply drug-resistant strain ofShigella dysenteriae1. Early isolations were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulphonamides and tetracyclines (R-type = ACSSuT). Later in the epidemic strains resistant to trimethoprim (Tm) became prevalent and a few strains resistant to kanamycin (K) or nalidixic acid were also isolated. All resistances except nalidixic acid were encoded by plasmids of incompatibility groups X (ACT) or I1(ACSSuTTm) and the epidemic strain also carried an SSu plasmid and a number of cryptic plasmids. The Inc X plasmid from this epidemic is the same as that inSh. dysenteriae1 strains isolated in Somalia in 1976 whereas the epidemic strains from the Shiga outbreaks in Central America, 1969 to 1971, and Sri Lanka, 1979, carried plasmids of group B. This epidemic demonstrates that when a multiresistant strain includes resistance to trimethoprim, nalidixic acid is a suitable alternative therapeutic agent.
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Albitskiy, Valery Yu, and Stella A. Sher. "The Struggle Against Acute Enteric Infections Among Children in Soviet Russia (1930-1940)." Pediatric pharmacology 18, no. 3 (2021): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/pf.v18i3.2278.

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The results of a historical and medical study reflecting the issues of combating dysentery and other acute enteric infections among the children in Soviet Russia during the 1930-1940 period are presented in this article. Analysis of medical reports, orders, circular letters of the People’s Commissariat of Health Сare of the USSR and other documents from published and unpublished archival materials, and scientific publications of Soviet scientists indicate that the situation with dysentery and other acute intestinal infections among children (especially of early age) was complicated and characterized by significant prevalence of this pathology in the 1930s. This study has shown that it was possible to reduce children morbidity and mortality due to the implementation of extensive sanitary, hygienic and anti-epidemic measures on the government level, the implementation of specialized dietary products for kids and new methods of therapy (sulfanilamides, dysenteric bacteriophage, antidisenteric serum) in Moscow and other regions (for example in Gorky and Kirov regions). The experience of organizing the pediatricians, epidemiologists, health care organizers work against acute enteric infections among children in Soviet Russia in the 1930s can currently be used in various countries and regions where acute diarrheal diseases are significant cause of children mortality.
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Diallo, Diawo, Abdoulaye Drame, Amath Niasse, Nicolas Cyrille Ayessou, Oumar Mamadou Sy, and Codou Gueye Mar Diop. "Etude ethnobotanique d’Anonna senegalensis (Annonaceae) dans quatre régions du Sénégal." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 16, no. 4 (2022): 1646–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v16i4.23.

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En Afrique, notamment dans les zones rurales, la modicité des moyens de subsistance prédispose les populations à se détourner des médicaments modernes onéreux et souvent inaccessibles. Le coût et la disponibilité de ces principes actifs modernes les rendent quasiment, hors de portée d’une grande majorité des populations. La phytothérapie à base d'extraits de plantes est une pratique courante dans la médecine traditionnelle africaine. C’est dans ce cadre que s’inscrit ce travail, dont l’objectif était de lister les vertus thérapeutiques et alimentaires d’Annona senegalensis. Ainsi, une étude ethnobotanique, sous forme d’un questionnaire, a été menée dans quatre (4) régions du Sénégal à la fin de l’hivernage 2020. Les résultats ont montré que les feuilles sont les plus sollicitées (70,70%), suivies de la tige pour 47,80% des personnes interrogées. Ces organes sont utilisés essentiellement dans le traitement de maladies diverses telles que : les maux de tête (75,70%), la diarrhée (70,20%), les maux de ventre (51,20% et la dysenterie 40,00%. La macération (75,50%), la décoction (46,20%) et la pulvérisation (20,10%) sont les modes de préparation les plus fréquents. Les fruits ovoïdes sphériques jusqu’à 4 cm de diamètre, jaune orangé à maturité, avec une pulpe jaunâtre, sucrée sont consommés dans 94,2% des cas, mais ne font l’objet d’aucune transformation. Les graines, de 8 à 11mm de diamètre, ne sont pas consommées au Sénégal. Ces résultats constituent un apport dans la mise en place de données ethnobotaniques sur Annona senegalensis qui devraient mener vers des investigations phytochimiques et pharmacologiques.&#x0D; In Africa, especially in rural areas low livelihoods predispose people to turn away from expensive and often inaccessible modern drugs. The cost and the availability of these modern active substances make them almost beyond the reach of a large majority of populations. Phytotherapy based on plant extracts is a common practice in traditional African medicine. It is in this context that this work fits, the objective of which, was to list the therapeutic and nutritional virtues of Annona senegalensis. Thus, an ethnobotanical study in the form of a questionnaire was carried out in four (4) regions of Senegal at the end of the 2020 rainy season. The results showed that the leaves are the most solicited (70.70%), followed by the stem for 47.80% of respondents. These organs are used mainly in the treatment of various diseases such as: headaches (75.70%), diarrhea (70.20%), stomach aches (51.20% and dysentery 40%. Maceration (75.5%), decoction (46.2%) and pulverization (20.10%) are the most frequent methods of preparation. Spherical ovoid fruits up to 4 cm in diameter, orange-yellow when ripe, with a yellowish, sweet pulp are consumed in 94.20% of cases, but are not processed. The seeds, 8 to 11 mm in diameter, are not consumed in Senegal. These results constitute a contribution to the establishment of ethnobotanical data on Annona senegalensis which should lead to phytochemical and pharmacological investigations.
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Mindasari, Aprilia. "Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Bunga Kamboja (Plumeria rubra L.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Shigella Dysenteriae Dengan Metode Difusi Sumur." Hang Tuah Medical Journal 15, no. 1 (2017): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30649/htmj.v15i1.17.

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Dysentery caused by bacteria (bacillary dysentery) or shigellosis caused by bacteria of the genus Shigella (dysentery causes most important and most common). Antimicrobial resistance of Shigella strains associated with the use of antimicrobials in general in the population. Frangipani plants (Plumeria rubra) which is an ornamental plant. However, frangipani plants have been used as a medicine since ancient times, especially in the islands of the Pacific, East Asia, and Polynesia. Efficacy frangipani medically proven yet, but empirically been widely used as medicine.&#x0D; Methodology. Laboratory experimental studies using post test only control group design. The method used in this research is the well diffusion method by using the difference in treatment doses. With four concentrations: 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 100% and Tetracycline with a dose of 50 mg as a positive control and Aquadest as a negative control. With four repetitions according federer formula.&#x0D; Results. Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests, showed a significance of 0.000. If α = 5%, then H0 (for α&gt; significance). It can be concluded Flower Extract Cambodia (Plumeria rubra L.) has an influence on the growth of bacteria Shigella dysenteriae. Proceed with the Mann-Whitney test with the results of there is difference Inhibition Zone Diameter in each dose and control of Frangipani flower extracts, except at doses of 12.5% ​​and control (-). Where the value of significance is 1.000 with α = 5%, then (α &lt;significance) and H0 be accepted, which means there is no difference between the bacteria Inhibition Zone Diameter extract of frangipani (Plumeria rubra L.) with a dose of 12.5% ​​and a negative control
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Raqib, Rubhana, Caroline Ekberg, Protim Sharkar, et al. "Apoptosis in Acute Shigellosis Is Associated with Increased Production of Fas/Fas Ligand, Perforin, Caspase-1, and Caspase-3 but Reduced Production of Bcl-2 and Interleukin-2." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 6 (2002): 3199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.6.3199-3207.2002.

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ABSTRACT Shigella dysenteriae type 1-induced apoptotic cell death in rectal tissues from patients infected with Shigella dysenteriae type 1 was studied by the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) technique and annexin V staining. Expression of proteins and cytokines participating in the apoptotic process (caspase-1, caspase-3, Fas [CD95], Fas ligand [Fas-L], perforin, granzyme A, Bax, WAF-1, Bcl-2, interleukin-2 [IL-2], IL-18, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) in tissue in the acute and convalescent stages of dysentery was quantified at the single-cell level by in situ immunostaining. Apoptotic cell death in the lamina propria was markedly up-regulated at the acute stage (P &lt; 0.05), where an increased number of necrotic cells were also seen. Phenotypic analysis of apoptotic cells revealed that 43% of T cells (CD3), 10% of granulocytes (CD15), and 5% of macrophages (CD56) underwent apoptosis. Increased activity of caspase-1 persisted in the rectum up to 1 month after onset. More-extensive expression of Fas, Fas-L, perforin, caspase-3, and IL-18, but not IL-2, at the acute stage than at the convalescent stage was observed. Increased expression of caspase-3 and IL-18 in tissues with severe inflammation compared to expression in those with mild inflammation was evident, implying a possible role in the perpetuation of inflammation. Significantly reduced cell death during convalescence was associated with a significant up-regulation of Bcl-2, Bax, and WAF-1 expression in the rectum compared to that in the acute phase of infection. Thus, induction of apoptosis at the local site in the early phase of S. dysenteriae type 1 infection was associated with a significant up-regulation of Fas/Fas-L and perforin and granzyme A expression and a down-regulation of Bcl-2 and IL-2, which promote cell survival.
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Oany, Arafat Rahman, Tahmina Pervin, Mamun Mia, et al. "Vaccinomics Approach for Designing Potential Peptide Vaccine by TargetingShigellaspp. Serine Protease Autotransporter Subfamily Protein SigA." Journal of Immunology Research 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6412353.

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Shigellosis, a bacillary dysentery, is closely associated with diarrhoea in human and causes infection of 165 million people worldwide per year. Casein-degrading serine protease autotransporter of enterobacteriaceae (SPATE) subfamily protein SigA, an outer membrane protein, exerts both cytopathic and enterotoxic effects especially cytopathic to human epithelial cell type-2 (HEp-2) and is shown to be highly immunogenic. In the present study, we have tried to impose the vaccinomics approach for designing a common peptide vaccine candidate against the immunogenic SigA ofShigellaspp. At first, 44 SigA proteins from different variants ofS. flexneri,S. dysenteriae,S. boydii, andS. sonneiwere assessed to find the most antigenic protein. We retrieved 12 peptides based on the highest score for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) supertypes analysed by NetCTL. Initially, these peptides were assessed for the affinity with MHC class I and class II alleles, and four potential core epitopes VTARAGLGY, FHTVTVNTL, HTTWTLTGY, and IELAGTLTL were selected. From these, FHTVTVNTL and IELAGTLTL peptides were shown to have 100% conservancy. Finally, IELAGTLTL was shown to have the highest population coverage (83.86%) among the whole world population. In vivo study of the proposed epitope might contribute to the development of functional and unique widespread vaccine, which might be an operative alleyway to thwart dysentery from the world.
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Bhimma, Rajendra, Nigel C. Rollins, Hoosen M. Coovadia, and Miriam Adhikari. "Post-dysenteric hemolytic uremic syndrome in children during an epidemic of Shigella dysentery in Kwazulu/Natal." Pediatric Nephrology 11, no. 5 (1997): 560–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004670050338.

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Kusuma, Arif Satria, Sri Agung Fitri Kusuma, and Sulistiyaningsih Sulistiyaningsih. "ANTIBACTERIA ACTIVITY OF PAPUAN ANT-NEST (MYRMECODIA PENDANSL.M. Perry) ETHANOL EXTRACT AGAINST SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 14 (2017): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10s2.19485.

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This research aimed to determine antibacteria activity of ant-nest extract against Shigella dysenteriae and to determine its Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) – Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) range of concentration. S. dysenteriae continues to be a major health problem in Indonesia, which usually leads to death, due to diarrhoea and dysentery, predominantly in children below the age of 5. Bacterial invasion of the colonic epithelium leads to severe inflammation together with bacterial dissemination generates abscesses and ulcerations. Myrmecodia pendans, also locally known by indigenous Papuans as ant-nest is native to Southeast Asia. This tropical plant has proven to be rich in bioactive constituents and highly valued as an alternative choice for cancer/tumor treatments and an efficacious herbal drug to prevent and cure diarrhea.Ant-nest dried plant were obtained from Wamena, Papua. The extract was obtained using maceration method with 70% ethanol, from 500.42 g dried plant we can obtain 77.47 g dry extract (15.48% rendement). Phytochemical screening result showed that the ethanol extracts of ant-nest contains metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tanins, saponins, and steroids/terpenoids. Antibacteria activity test were then performed by using perforated agar method with various extract concentration (10, 20, 40, and 60 % (g/ml)). Largest inhibition zone was shown by 60% extract concentration with 1.74 cm diameter. MIC-MBC concentration determinated by using microdilution method. The result shown that concentration of MIC – MBC lays in range of 14 – 16 % (g/ml).
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45

Bercion, Raymond, Marie Demartin, Carlos Recio, et al. "Molecular epidemiology of multidrug-resistant Shigella dysenteriae type 1 causing dysentery outbreaks in Central African Republic, 2003–2004." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 100, no. 12 (2006): 1151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.02.007.

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46

Rogerie, F., D. Ott, J. Vandepitte, L. Verbist, P. Lemmens, and I. Habiyaremye. "Comparison of norfloxacin and nalidixic acid for treatment of dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae type 1 in adults." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 29, no. 5 (1986): 883–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.29.5.883.

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47

Tunjung-Sari, Ariza Budi, Enny Suswati, Diana Chusna Mufida, et al. "Study on Activity of Cocoa Ethanolic Extract against Shigella dysenteriae." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 32, no. 2 (2016): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v32i2.222.

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Shigella dysenteriae is a gastrointestinal pathogen which shows resistance to antibiotics. A study has been conducted to investigate alternative antibacterial agents, due to the emerging resistance of S. dysenteriae to ciprofloxacin and other antibiotic classes. In this study, antibacterial properties of cocoa ethanolic extract (CEE) and its impact on growth and morphology of S. dysenteriae were evaluated. The effect of CEE on bacterial growth was assayed by using agar-well diffusion method and by observing morphological changes of bacterial cells through the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, CEE was also applied orally to mice infected with S. dysenteriae. The intestinal fluids was cultured in selective medium to evaluate growth of S. dysenteriae colonies. This study demonstrated that CEE at concentrations of 15.6 mg/mL inhibited S. dysenteriae growth, and at concentrations of 500 mg/mL and 1,000 mg/mL exhibited equal activity to 6.5 g/mL of ciprofloxacin. SEM showed that S. dysenteriae cells had formed filaments, indicating that CEE caused cellular stress to S. dysenteriae. In in vivo assay, CEE showed suppression of S. dysenteriae colony in the mice intestine. This research suggests that CEE could potentially be used as antibacterial agent againsts S. dysenteriae.
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48

Roberts, Lynne, and Daniel Smith. "Targeting toxins!: Drug delivery with poisons." Biochemist 24, no. 1 (2002): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio02401018.

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Many organisms produce potently toxic proteins that act on other cells, sometimes with lethal effects. In this way, such proteins help to increase the chance of survival or proliferation of the producing organism. Moreover, a lot of toxins have an exquisitely specific action. For example, proteins studied in the Warwick toxin laboratory -- ricin, a toxin from the castor oil seed (Figure 1), and its relatives from the pathogenic Escherichia coli 0157 and the dysentery-causing bacterium (Shigella dysenteriae), have evolved to selectively target ribosomes within the cells of susceptible organisms, thereby enabling a fatal disruption of protein synthesis. What is very striking is the clever way these particular toxins exploit intracellular transport pathways to travel from the cell surface to their substrates in the cytosol. Once delivered there, each toxin molecule can disable approximately 2000 polysomes per minute, enough to eventually kill the cell. Research is now aimed at elucidating the molecular details of the cellular uptake of ricin and the Shiga family of toxins, and of exploiting their unusual trafficking properties for biotechnological purposes.
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49

Das, Sajan, Shupti Rani Bhadra, Muhammad Shah Mohtasim Khan, Md Mahfuzul Hasan, Md Rafi Anwar, and Mohammad Shahriar. "Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Plants Used by Traditional Health Practitioners and Indigenous People in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh for the Treatment of Dysentery." Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 21, no. 2 (2022): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v21i2.63114.

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Dysentery is frequently associated with high morbidity and mortality and is found in young children and mainly affects those in developing nations. Rural people across the world trust on herbal remedies and homeopathic medicines for their primary health care on account of their easy accessibility, efficacy and exceptionally cost ampleness in relation to modern drugs. The purpose of the present study was to compile knowledge of traditional healers and indigenous people in Chittagong hill tracts, Bangladesh, including Rangamati, Bandarban and Khagrachari for the treatment of dysentery. The ethnomedicinal data was gathered from January 2019 to January 2020 through open and focused group discussions and individual meetings utilizing semi-structured questionnaire. An aggregate of 75 people were interviewed, including traditional health practitioners. Frequency and percentage were utilized to sum up the data. Relative frequency of citation (RFC) was determined and inclination positioning activities were led to appraise the significance of the revealed medicinal plants. An aggregate of 90 medicinal plants from 52 families and 79 genera were recorded during the survey. Leaves were discovered to be the most largely used plant part (35%) followed by root (19%) and herbs (40%) were the essential wellspring of medicinal plants, followed by trees (20%). The major mode of preparation is juice (68%) followed by paste (11%) and cooked form (7%). Centella asiatica scored the highest RFC value (0.773). The survey addresses the preliminary information of certain medicinal plants having anti-dysenteric property. However, further phytochemical investigation, validation and clinical trial sought to be conducted, with need given to those that scored the most elevated RFC values prior to utilizing these plants as an option in contrast to modern medicine. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 21(2): 127-146, 2022 (December)
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50

Ambarwati, Desi, and Muslimin Ibrahim. "Aktivitas Antibakteri Metabolit Ekstraseluler Bacillus subtilis terhadap Shigella dysenteriae secara in vitro." LenteraBio : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi 10, no. 1 (2021): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/lenterabio.v10n1.p25-32.

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Shigella dysenteriae merupakan bakteri patogen penyebab shigellosis atau disentri basiler pada manusia dengan tingkat prevalensi yang tinggi. Shigella dysenteriae mengalami peningkatan resistensi dari tahun ke tahun sehingga diperlukan senyawa antibakteri baru yang diperoleh dari mikroorganisme, salah satunya yaitu bakteri Bacillus subtilis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan keefektifan filtrat metabolit ekstraseluler B. subtilis dan konsentrasi filtrat metabolit ekstraseluler yang optimal dari B. subtilis dalam menghambat pertumbuhan S. dysenteriae secara in vitro. Uji antibakteri filtrat metabolit ekstraseluler B. subtilis terhadap S. dysenteriae menerapkan metode difusi sumuran dengan perlakuan konsentrasi filtrat B. subtilis yang terdiri atas konsentrasi 100%, 90%, 80%, dan 70%, kontrol positif (Ampicilin 0,02%), dan kontrol negatif (Nutrient Broth) dengan 4 pengulangan. Filtrat metabolit ekstraseluler B. subtilis dipanen dengan sentrifugasi dan difiltrasi dengan mikrofilter 0,22µm. Analisis data diameter daerah penghambatan menggunakan Uji Kruskall Wallis dengan post hoc Bonferroni. Berdasarkan uji Kruskall-Wallis (0,01 &lt; 0,05) menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi filtrat metabolit ekstraseluler B. subtilis efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan S. dysenteriae. Semakin tinggi konsentrasi filtrat B. subtilis maka semakin tinggi daya hambat pertumbuhan terhadap S. dysenteriae. Konsentrasi filtrat metabolit ekstraseluler B. subtilis yang optimal dalam menghambat pertumbuhan S. dysenteriae berdasarkan post hoc Bonferroni dan tidak berbeda nyata jika dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif yaitu yaitu konsentrasi 80% (4,25 ± 0,96 mm), 90% (5,00 ± 1,23 mm), dan 100% (9,88 ± 3,45 mm). Konsentrasi filtrat metabolit ekstraseluler B. subtilis efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan S. dysenteriae secara in vitro sehingga berpotensi digunakan sebagai obat untuk mengatasi penyakit disentri basiler.
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