Dissertations / Theses: 'E-commerce, law'

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Blythe, Stephen Errol. "An alternative model of e-commerce law." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2010. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B4394212X.

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Gustavsson, Malin, and Anne-Marie Johansson. "Consumer Trust in E-commerce." Thesis, Kristianstad University College, Department of Business Administration, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-4253.

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An often mentioned reason for consumers not purchasing from Internet vendors, is the lack of trust. The lack of physical clues and physical interaction in the online environment make it more difficult to establish trust with the consumers. So, it is important for companies to learn how to manage consumers’ trust in e-commerce. Although, building consumer trust on the Internet is a challenge for online vendors.

The purpose with this dissertation was to get a better understanding of consumer trust in e-commerce. We wanted to find important factors that help to establish consumer trust in e-commerce. These factors guided our empirical research, in which our purpose was to investigate how consumers perceive the importance of some selected factors, for them to feel trust to purchase online. We chose to use a survey as our research strategy and the primary data was collected through a questionnaire.

We found that there are many factors that help establish trust, which are relevant for the consumers when purchasing online. Security and privacy are factors that are of great importance for the consumers to feel trust, to purchase online. Businesses are not able to directly control the trust their customers feel. They can just build environments that encourage people to feel trust. A marketplace can be trustworthy, but the participants have to feel the trust before the marketplace can be trusted.

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Gustavsson, Malin, and Ann-Marie Johansson. "Consumer Trust in E-commerce." Thesis, Kristianstad University College, Department of Business Administration, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-4320.

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An often mentioned reason for consumers not purchasing from Internet vendors, is the lack of trust. The lack of physical clues and physical interaction in the online environment make it more difficult to establish trust with the consumers. So, it is important for companies to learn how to manage consumers’ trust in e-commerce. Although, building consumer trust on the Internet is a challenge for online vendors.

The purpose with this dissertation was to get a better understanding of consumer trust in e-commerce. We wanted to find important factors that help to establish consumer trust in e-commerce. These factors guided our empirical research, in which our purpose was to investigate how consumers perceive the importance of some selected factors, for them to feel trust to purchase online. We chose to use a survey as our research strategy and the primary data was collected through a questionnaire.

We found that there are many factors that help establish trust, which are relevant for the consumers when purchasing online. Security and privacy are factors that are of great importance for the consumers to feel trust, to purchase online. Businesses are not able to directly control the trust their customers feel. They can just build environments that encourage people to feel trust. A marketplace can be trustworthy, but the participants have to feel the trust before the marketplace can be trusted.

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Mirica, Andreea. "The European union's approach towards e-commerce /." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34015.

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The European Union has established "a new international legal order" whose success was ultimately reflected by the leading role the Community assumed in designing the world's economic agenda. However, the emergence of the Information society put to the test the efficiency of EU's economic and governmental model. The Information revolution challenged its ability to provide timely economic and legal policies to accommodate the existing business environment to technological innovations. As the Community was seemingly slow to react, it allowed the US to surpass it, temporarily, in the race for supremacy in the online economy. Nevertheless, the EU found in its Internal market and its unique legal system the resources to create a coherent and effective approach to e-commerce. It defeated "unflattering" predictions and eventually succeeded in imposing its own standards on the development of online commercial transactions.

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Wepener, Suzette. "The impact of e-commerce on the permanent establishment definition." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20864.

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The main object of the concept of the definition of a permanent establishment in a double tax agreement is to set out the type and permanency of business activities that an entity must conduct before they can be subject to tax in another jurisdiction. Furthermore, the definition of a 'permanent establishment' as defined in article 5 of the OECD model tax convention requires the existence of a fixed place of business. This indicates the existence of a facility with a certain degree of permanence. The internet has changed the traditional international business model. It is no longer necessary that the entrepreneur, or his employees, agents, branches or intermediaries is in the country where the business is being conducted. It is clear that the internet overcomes the traditional limitations of physical presence in a jurisdiction when doing business. This poses a challenge when it comes to the determination of a 'permanent establishment', as the test is based on a physical presence of an entity in a jurisdiction. I want to determine if the current concept of a permanent establishment is still adequate to address the challenges posed by e-commerce. Taking into account that e-commerce was not a factor when the basis of the definition of the definition of a permanent establishment was formulated. The views of the OECD on e-commerce will be analysed to determine what they envisage and if they are of the opinion that the current definition is adequate to address the concept and reality of e-commerce and the taxation thereof. It is important to explore the views of the rest of the world on e-commerce and the taxation thereof. A multinational entity must be aware of the tax presence it can create in a foreign country, especially when it comes to creating a permanent establishment in that foreign country. It is my aim to identify and discuss the challenges and difficulties e-commerce poses when determining the existence of a permanent establishment and also to research certain adaptions and recommendations of the current taxing system and relevant guidelines.

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Basu, Subhajit. "Taxation of e-commerce from a global perspective." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2003. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5629/.

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Al-Mamari, S. "General principles of consumer protection in e-commerce trade : a comparative study between Islamic law and EU laws." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/36623.

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This thesis presents the concept of Sharia law and contrasts it with EU laws in the area of e-consumer protection. These two laws have been chosen as they are exercised in more than one country and do not develop their own juridical procedures other than the Common law. The overriding objective of this thesis is to examine the extent to which European Union laws are different from legislations that are influenced by certain principles of Sharia. In order to achieve the aforementioned objective, this thesis approached a number of main issues, namely: the effectiveness of EU legislation in protecting and safeguarding e-consumer rights, the efficiency of Sharia law in protecting and safeguarding e-consumer rights, and highlighting the essential differences between EU legislation and Sharia law in protecting and safeguarding e-consumer rights. The significance of this research lies in the fact that it rationalizes the changes and developments that have so far taken place in the two jurisdictions which dominate significant portions of the world and yet arise from completely different origins. The thesis identified certain procedures in the Sharia that secure the interest of consumers. In this regard, the concept of "Khiyar-al-Tadlis" is well-established in Sharia law and cannot be found in EU laws and, as a consequence, is highly recommended for e-consumer protection. Moreover, the choice-of-law conflict creates deficits in legal applications and the availability of security procedures for e-consumers. EU laws are significantly lacking when it comes to protection of online consumers across borders. This thesis focuses, specifically, on the recovery measures that both the EU and the Sharia law provide for e-consumers if they suffer any loss as a result of an online transaction and enable them to gain justified compensation. The study aims to provide policymakers with effective measures for preserving the rights of e-consumers and therefore promote electronic trade across different countries. Finally, this thesis will address the current inefficient aspects of e-consumer protection in both Sharia and EU laws and will attempt to propose a solution under which the rights of all concerned parties can be balanced.

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Sanni, Yaya Mouhamadou. "Le droit de l'OHADA face au commerce électronique." Thèse, Paris 11, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5876.

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Le droit de l’OHADA face au commerce électronique est une réflexion épistémologique sur les questions juridiques que posent les transactions électroniques au sein des pays de l’Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA). Plus précisément, cette réflexion est une prospective sur l’encadrement juridique du commerce électronique par l’OHADA à partir des expériences menées notamment en Amérique du Nord (Canada-Québec) et en Europe. Les nouvelles technologies de l’information posent en Afrique comme elles l’ont fait ailleurs des défis au droit. Plusieurs initiatives régionales et nationales ont vu le jour au cours des dernières années pour relever ces défis. Seulement, le caractère hétérogène des législations mises en place est à même d’altérer la sécurité juridique régionale tant recherchée par l’organisation. Prenant appui sur la théorie de la circulation des modèles juridiques, cette thèse propose une véritable harmonisation dans le cadre de l’OHADA. Harmonisation qui veillera à prendre en compte les « spécificités africaines » tout en faisant de la Cour commune de Justice et d’Arbitrage (CCJA) d’Abidjan la plus haute juridiction communautaire en matière de commerce électronique.
Le droit de l’OHADA face au commerce électronique (OHADA law pertaining to e-commerce) is an epistemological reflection on the legal issues raised by e-trade conducted among members of the Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). This forward looking analysis of the organization’s legal framework governing e commerce draws upon relevant experiments carried out notably in North America (Canada-Québec) and Europe. In Africa, as elsewhere, the new information technologies pose certain legal challenges. During the past several years, various regional and national initiatives have addressed these challenges. However, the heterogeneous nature of the different laws implemented impairs the regional-level legal security sought by OHADA. Building on legal transplant, this dissertation proposes, within the context of OHADA, a true harmonization that will ensure that “African specificities” are taken into account while making the Common Court of Justice and Arbitration (CCJA) in Abidjan the highest community jurisdiction in matters of e-commerce.

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Południak-Gierz, Katarzyna [Verfasser]. "Defects of Consent in Consumer E-Commerce from the Polish Law Perspective / Katarzyna Południak-Gierz." Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, V&R unipress, 2021. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2021100114134127035136.

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Hermaratne, Tissa Siri Kumara. "Intellectual property law and e-commerce in Sri-Lanka : towards a jurisprudence based on constitution, Roman-Dutch law and Buddhist principle." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2005. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1774.

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Modem developments in technology, connnerce and the cultural industries pose problems for intellectual property in Sri Lanka, as everywhere. Case law may be used for judicial guidance but there are comparatively few reported cases from the Sri Lankan courts. By examining Sri Lanka's juridical history and Constitution, together with constitutionally recognised Buddhist principles, it is possible to suggest further sources of guidance for judges. Using the proposed framework, it may be possible for the judges to apply existing law to new situations and avoid the need for constant legislative change in an attempt to keep up with developments and comply with Sri Lanka's international obligations. The extent to which such guidance may be useful is explored by looking at specific issues, which have caused difficulty in other jurisdictions. It is hoped that the proposed techniques could be used to build up a body of Sri Lankan jurisprudence. Ms may prove more stable and effective than incremental legislation. 'Status juris - 'Mis study (unless otherwise stated) based on material available as at 0 1.12.2004 and the law in force on that date.

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Nangela, Deo John. "The adequacy of the Tanzanian law on e-commerce and e-contracting : possible solutions to be found in international models and South African legislation." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11497.

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This dissertation examines Tanzania’s legal framework in the light of the modern information and communication technologies, especially the Internet and e-commerce. The main goal is to assess the adequacy of the existing law and to provide recommendations for reforms that will reflect the borderless nature of e-contracts. These reforms must ensure the certainty and predictability needed for successful cross-border commerce. Achievement of these aims will build confidence and trust on the part of business entities and consumers, and, in addition, will enhance free trade, strengthen the growing market-based economy, and integrate Tanzania into the global economy.

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Barreto, Ricardo de Macedo Menna. "Direito, ciberespaço e redes sociais: desafios da proteção do consumidor no social commerce." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2011. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4578.

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Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-07-20T19:34:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 52c.pdf: 1845777 bytes, checksum: e583f058d1f5aa1dc679910bff89aa11 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-20T19:34:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 52c.pdf: 1845777 bytes, checksum: e583f058d1f5aa1dc679910bff89aa11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-08
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O presente trabalho propõe-se a realizar uma observação transdisciplinar de inclinação sociológica das relações entre Direito e Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC’s). Parte-se da teoria da estruturação, do sociólogo britânico Anthony Giddens, buscando-se, com ela, observar o ciberespaço como espaço relacional na construção de redes sociais virtuais em um cenário de alta modernidade. Observar-se-á a conjugação de processos aparentemente distintos, como globalização, direito e revolução tecnológica, a qual vem delineando uma sociedade planetária unificada, marcada pela indefinição e indeterminação. Nesse sentido, para a teoria da estruturação, tendências globalizantes da alta modernidade são marcadas pela reorganização do tempo e do espaço, por mecanismos de desencaixe e pela reflexividade. Com efeito, isso se intensifica a partir da ação conjunta de máquinas e indivíduos. Assim, desvelar-se-á uma tese sobre máquinas (Lévy/Guattari), que permitirá uma compreensão mais ampla não apenas do contexto de redes, mas do processo de formação e articulação de identidades em um contexto de monitoração reflexiva no ciberespaço. Máquinas e indivíduos tecem-se conjuntamente, em um mundo composto por corpos, culturas, linguagens, significações, dobras e redobras, onde o empírico torna-se transcendental e o transcendental faz advir um mundo empírico, em uma constante interpenetração, criando a mecanosfera, a mega-máquina mundo. É nessa perspectiva que se observará como a criação de redes sociais na Internet vem originando ambientes comunicacionais que merecem, atualmente, a atenção do Direito. Entre eles, destaca-se a necessidade de observação de uma figura híbrida, surgida recentemente no ciberespaço, a partir da interface entre comércio eletrônico (e-commerce) e redes sociais, denominada social commerce (comércio social). Com efeito, o ciberespaço vem ensejando o surgimento de uma cibercultura de consumo, desterritorializada, despersonalizada e em constante desenvolvimento em redes sociais. Nesse novo espaço virtual de compras em rede, podem se apontar, logo, aspectos que interessam ao Direito, sobretudo ao Direito do Consumidor. Entre eles, destacam-se a publicidade e a proteção da privacidade e da intimidade no ciberespaço, salientando-se, entre outros aspectos, os bancos de dados e cadastros dos consumidores. Entende-se que os problemas ora diagnosticados trazem a necessidade de uma reinterpretação e da adaptação da dogmática jurídica do direito do consumidor, a qual pode servir-se de subsídios de um ponto de observação sociológico. Transformações do tempo, a co-modificação do espaço e o estabelecimento de um complexo meio ambiente criado são, assim, fatores que devem ser sopesados em análises jurídicas que dão conta não apenas do plano físico, mas igualmente do virtual.
This paper proposes to carry out a sociological observation transdisciplinary slope of the relationship between Law and Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). It starts with the theory of structuration, the British sociologist Anthony Giddens, seeking, with it, see cyberspace as the relational space in the building of virtual social networks in a scenario of high modernity. Notice will be a combination of seemingly disparate processes such as globalization, law and technological revolution, which has been outlining a unified planetary society, marked by uncertainty and indeterminacy. In this sense, the theory of structuration, globalizing trends of high modernity is marked by the reorganization of time and space, mechanisms for undocking and reflexivity. Indeed, it intensifies from the joint action of individuals and machines. Thus, it will unveil a thesis about machines (Levy / Guattari), which will allow a broader understanding not only the context of networks, but the process of formation and articulation of identities in a context of reflexive monitoring in cyberspace. Machinery and individuals weave themselves together in a world consisting of bodies, cultures, languages, meanings, folds and pleats, where it becomes the empirical and the transcendental transcendental result is an empirical world in a constant interpenetration, creating mecanosphere the mega-machine world. From this perspective, it is observed that the creation of social networking sites is leading communication environments they deserve, now, the attention of law. Among them, there is the need for observation of a hybrid figure, which appeared recently in cyberspace, from the interface between electronic commerce (e-commerce) and social networks, called social commerce (trade office). Indeed, cyberspace has lead to the emergence of a consumer cyberculture, deterritorialized, depersonalized and constantly evolving social network. In this new virtual space in shopping network, can be pointed out, so issues of interest to the law, particularly the right of the consumer. Among these is the publicity and protection of privacy and intimacy in cyberspace, stressing, among other things, the databases and records of consumers. It is understood that the problems now diagnosed bring the need for a reinterpretation and adaptation of legal dogmatics of consumer law, which can make use of subsidies for a sociological viewpoint. Transformations of time, the co-modification of the space and the establishment of a complex environment created are thus factors to be weighed in legal analysis that account not only the physical but also virtual.

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Панфілова, Д. А. "Основи правового регулювання E-commerce у європейському союзі: значення для вітчизняного бізнесу." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/78931.

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Електронна комерція швидко розвивається,й бізнес намагається адаптуватися до інтенсивних трансформацій. Відтак, укладання договорів та ведення господарської діяльності у мережі Інтернет потребує більш ґрунтовного вивчення правового регулювання з метою врахування можливих ризиків та належного структурування бізнеспроцесів. Перш за все звернемося до статистики зросту значення E-commerce по всьому світі. Так, за даними, оприлюдненими більшістю дослідницьких компаній протягом 2019 року, можна навести наступні тези: - очікується, що роздрібні продажі у сфері електронної комерції складуть 13,7 % світових роздрібних продажів у 2020 році; - прогнозується, що до 2040 року близько 95 % всіх покупок здійснюватимуться виключно завдяки E-commerce; - Китай залишається найбільшим ринком електронної комерції в світі; - наразі існує від 12 до 24 мільйонів сайтів електронної комерції (за даними різних статистичних звітів); - кількість міжнародних торгових операцій E-commerce щоденно зростає, відтак, сьогодні в середньому по всьому світі цей показник становить 57 %.

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Ncube, Caroline. "Intellectual property protection for e-commerce business methods in South Africa : envisioning an equitable model for SMEs in the tourism industry." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11319.

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Includes abstract.
includes biblioraphical references.
This thesis examines the intellectual property (IP) protection of the functional aspects of e-commerce business methods, which are embedded in the methods' underlying computer programs. It considers how South Africa can achieve an equitable balance between creators' interests in securing remuneration and attribution for, and users' interests in securing affordable access to, these methods. The thesis' primary perspective is that of users, and its arguments centre on the position of small and medium sized enterprises that provide accommodation in the tourism sector (accommodation SMEs).

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Choi, Wai Ping. "A study of the adoption of adjudication in e-commerce disputes in Hong Kong and the way forward." access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2006. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?ma-slw-b21843144a.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2006.
"A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in arbitration and dispute resolution, School of Law, City University of Hong Kong" Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on May 22, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

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Almansoori, Saood. "Conflict of laws in e-commerce in the UAE and the prospect for harmonization among Gulf Cooperation Council member states." Thesis, University of Essex, 2018. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/22289/.

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This thesis argues that the current legal framework regulating electronic commercial transactions, both business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C), within the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and across member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), requires development in the areas of determining the judicial jurisdiction and the law applicable to those transactions. Following analyses focusing on the provisions of the UAE and GCC member states for determining jurisdiction and applicable law, the thesis provides justification for the conclusion that the private international law rules of those states are in need of updating, especially regarding electronic commerial transactions. The thesis provides a particularly original dimension in terms of proposals for legislative reform and suggested draft provisions. The main underlying factors for the central argument of the thesis for development and updating of the laws of the UAE and GCC member states include the following considerations: First, the current provisions do not adequately reflect the nature of B2B transactions in e-commerce. Second, the current rules do not reflect the particular vulnerability of consumers and do not adequately ensure protection of consumers’ rights. Third, there is the need for effective dispute resolution mechanisms to resolve B2C disputes, and consideration of such mechanisms would suit the circumstances of the UAE, and the GCC. The matters under discussion have not yet been addressed by harmonised legislations between member states of the GCC, whereas the GCC aims to be an organisation for political and economic cooperation in the region. In light of this last consideration, the thesis examines how the concerned matters are addressed within the European Union (EU) framework and considers whether and how the GCC could draw lessons from the EU model. In concluding, legislative provisions are suggested for the UAE and the GCC; and an appropriate dispute resolution mechanism is proposed for e-commerce transactions.

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Temur, Nuri. "Computer Crime as a Barrier to Electronic Commerce: New Solutions for Public Law Enforcement." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2002. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3171/.

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Electronic commerce was expected to grow exponentially, but the actual rate of growth in recent years has been disappointing. Recent surveys of perceptions of the development of electronic commerce clearly focus our attention on the perception and fear of computer crime as the major cause of this disappointing growth pattern. The thesis critiques existing private law solutions to this problem and argues from a normative theory on “the commons” for the application of new public law enforcement solutions in the public trust, sanctions, and public coproduction of order. The thesis argues that given the failures of existing private law solutions to the problem, these public law enforcement solutions should be more effective, efficient, and more satisfactory.

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Zhao, Xin. "E-commerce in the WTO and the evolution in China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2138654.

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Pitiyasak, Saravuth. "Adapting laws of contract, tax, and IP to accommodate e-commerce in Thailand : problems and recommendations /." Thesis, View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31346807.

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Rendahl, Pernilla. "Cross-border consumption taxation of digital supplies : a comparative study of double taxation and unintentional non-taxation of B2C e-commerce /." Jönköping : Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-6603.

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Young, Nikita Jade. "The effect of global e-commerce on taxation legislation and the permanent establishment concept in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001608.

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The objective of this thesis was to analyse the effect of the increasing popularity of global e-commerce on the South African legislative framework in respect of the taxation of non-resident enterprises, and to propose a possible solution for the taxation of e-commerce, taking into account previous theories. The methodology utilised comprised of a critical analysis of the legal rules relating to the taxation of a foreign entity's business profits by virtue of the application of the permanent establishment principle, its definition and evolution as a conceptual basis for taxation. Furthermore, an in depth evaluation of the various solutions that have already been proposed and, in some cases, implemented was undertaken. It was concluded that the application of the permanent establishment principle is wholly ineffective as a means to levy tax on the e-commerce business profits of a foreign entity as the principle relies too heavily upon a physical intermediary in the source state, whereas e-commerce transactions are conducted on the intangible trading platform of the Internet. In light of the numerous policy proposals advanced over the years, it was concluded that the most feasible and practical solution for the taxation of foreign e-commerce would be the imposition on a foreign entity in South Africa of a low withholding tax on the active business profits in excess of a pre-determined threshold. Key words: South African taxation; e-commerce; foreign business entity; permanent establishment; withholding tax

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Höler, Lisa Marie, and zu Hörste Christin Meyer. "Customer data in the European fashion industry : Investigation of students’ willingnessto share customer data in the fashion e-commerce." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-10195.

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The present thesis aims to investigate students’ willingness to share customer data in the fashion e-commerce. Special attention is given to the way trust, benefits and law regulations are discussed in this context. An inductive approach was applied utilizing focus group discussions. The goal of the empirical study was to gain insights in the way students argue about customer data and which feelings are involved. The study highlights findings in the key areas trust, benefits and law regulations. A shift of customer trust from brands to recommendations could be observed. In terms of benefits, focus group participants tend to choose value exchange over traditional rewards. Findings regarding law regulations suggest that the General Data Protection Regulation of the European Union can provide control of customer data but no security. Furthermore, consumer behavior plays an important role when it comes to data sharing attitudes. The experiences and observations of the participants may not be applicable to other studies. Furthermore, the study findings are bounded to the European Union. The findings suggest that trust, benefits and law regulations can influence students’ willingness to share customer data in the fashion e-commerce. The study is unique of its kind as it investigates the willingness to share customer data with the focus on students and fashion e-commerce. Hence, this research paper fills a gap in scientific literature and is valuable for businesses operating in the fashion e-commerce.

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Van, Wyk J. W. "A critical legal and economic analysis of the potential threats and opportunities associated with the outsourcing of e-commerce services in developing countries with specific emphasis on India and selective SADC countries." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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This paper has critically investigated the nature of risk posed by regulatory authorities in OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-ordination and Development)countries in inhibiting the flourishing growth in the market for the outsourcing of e-commerce services in certain developing countries. In order to illustrate the extent of the benefits contained in the e-commerce outsourcing trade, specific attention was paid to the dramatic trade growth experienced in India, with outsourcing contracts representing a sizeable percentage of the Gross Domestic Product of that country and with all the prospects for continued future growth.

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Theron, Nico. "A comparative study of value added tax collection methods in the context of e-commerce and virtual worlds from a South African perspective." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26408.

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E-commerce and transactions in virtual worlds has monetary value and may lead to actual cash flows. Where real money trade occurs tax authorities are bound to seek ways and means in which to levy and collect taxes (Pienaar, 2008:38). Previous research on the application of the South African income tax laws to transactions in virtual worlds has been conducted. The application of the charging section of the value added tax laws in South Africa has also been researched in the context of e-commerce and transactions in virtual worlds. Limited research has been conducted on the actual value added tax collection methods in the context of e-commerce and transactions in virtual worlds. This study critically analyses the value added tax collection methods employed in South Africa in the context of ecommerce and transactions in virtual worlds and compares the extent of its application to the extent of the goods and services tax collection methods’ application employed in Australia in this context. The study concludes that that the value added tax collection methods employed in South Africa and the goods and services tax collection methods employed in Australia are similar. Special rules have been adopted in Australia to ensure goods and service taxes are collected on the supply electronic goods. This is not the case in South Africa. However, in the case of transactions in virtual worlds, both countries’ collection methods struggle in ensuring value added tax and goods and service taxes is collected where the supplier of a virtual item is foreign in relation to South Africa or Australia. AFRIKAANS : E-commerce en transaksies in virtuele wêrelde het monetêre waarde en mag in sekere omstandighede kontantvloeie tot gevolg bring. Wanneer regte geld verhandel word sal belasting owerhede altyd maniere soek om belasting the hef op die onderliggende transaksies en dit in te vorder (Pienaar, 2008:38). Vorige navorsing rakende die toepassing van die Suid Afrikaanse inkomste belasting wetgewing in virtuele wêrelde is al voorheen gedoen. The toepassing van die heffings artikel in the belasting op toegevoegde waarde (BTW) wetgewing op e-commerce en transaksies in virtuele wêrelde was ook al vorheen nagevors. Min navorsing was gevind wat aleenlik fokus op die invorderings meganismes in die BTW wetgewing in die konteks van transaksies in virtuele wêrelde en e-commerce. Hierdie studie analiseer krities die toepassing van die invorderings meganismes in die Suid Afrikaanse BTW wetgewing in die konteks van e-commerce en transaksies in virtuele wêrelde en vergelyk die toepassing daarvan met die toepassing van die Australiaanse goods and services tax wetgewing se invorderings meganismes in dieselfde konteks. Die studie lig uit dat die twee lande se invorderings meganismes baie dieselfde is. The Australiaanse wetgewing maak egter spesiale voorsiening vir lewerings met betrekking tot e-commerce. Dit is nie die geval in Suid Afrika nie. Met betrekking tot transaksies in virtuele wêrelde sukkel beide lande se invorerings meganismes om seker maak dat BTW en goods and services tax ingevorder word waar die verskaffer nie Suid Afrikaans of Australiaans is nie.
Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Taxation
unrestricted

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Bader, Caroline, Eva-Louise Castefelt, and Louise Gunnarsson. "The Recipe for Cookies : A studies about cookies & the GDPR-law." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för bibliotek, information, pedagogik och IT, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-14330.

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The term cookie regarding IT is still a relatively new term. It is rarely discussed among internet users. The name cookie is fairly known but the concept not as much. Cookies are well established by different companies and organizations that in some way offer online services. Today visitors of the internet meet cookies almost every time they go online. For the users who choose not to accept cookies the online experience becomes highly limited. Cookies store information of the visitors in order to improve their experience but also to help the organization. The majority of webpages online that uses electronic commerce or in any way can benefit from storing the customers information uses cookies. Cookies can be sold or exchanged between organizations to increase their profit and range. In 2011 a provision regarding all organizations using cookies were implemented. Every internet user visiting these pages had to be notified about their use of cookies immediately. New laws are established in order to control or regulate the exertion of other people’s personal information at the same pace as cookies are further developed. The next law to be established is GDPR, General Data Protection Regulation, which will be focused on in this thesis. The purpose of this study is to explore the phenomenon of cookie-use and how it affects internet users and organizations in synergy with the GDPR-law. To achieve the desired result a mixed method has been applied involving both interviews and a survey. The interviews consisted of pre-determined questions and dynamic follow-up questions. Three different organizations participated in the interviews, an university, an organization using e-business and a media agency. The survey consisted of a few mandatory closed questions. The distribution of the survey led to right above 130 respondents. The gained results from the use of a quantitative methods hinted that barely half of the respondents knew what a cookie actually was. Several of the participants were curious about learning more about the phenomenon while a lower percentage did not consider it important. Knowledge or ignorance regarding cookies turned out to have a great impact on the respondent’s comfortableness and behavior online. The results from the qualitative method showed that the organizations working with cookies will be affected by GDPR. Following thesis will contribute to the field of informatics by consequently process the empiric data collected with support from theoretic competences. It will contribute as a source of information regarding cookies within information technology.
Termen cookie är fortfarande en relativt ny term och är inte särskilt debatterad bland internetanvändare. Begreppet cookie är någorlunda känt men innebörden inte lika så. Cookies är väl etablerat av olika företag och organisationer som på något sätt använder sig av internet. Idag stöter användare på cookies nästan överallt när de rör sig på internet. För den som bestämmer sig för att avstå från allt som har med cookies att göra blir internet vistelsen mycket begränsad. Cookies arbetar för att lagra information om besökarna dels för att gynna besökarnas vistelse men även för att hjälpa företagen. Majoriteten av alla hemsidor som idag använder sig av e-handel samt kan gynnas av att kundens data sparas använder sig av cookies. Cookies kan även säljas eller utbytas mellan företag och organisationer för att öka deras försäljning och vidd. År 2011 implementerades en bestämmelse gällande alla företag och organisationer som då använde sig av cookies. Alla besökare skulle upplysas om att just de använde cookies när de besöker deras hemsida. Nya lagar etableras för att kunna kontrollera och reglera användandet av besökares personliga information online i takt med att användandet av cookie utvecklas. Den nästkommande lagen att implementeras är GDRP, General Data Protection Regulation, som kommer att ha stort fokus i denna uppsats. Syftet med denna uppsats är att granska fenomenet cookie, dess användningsområden samt hur det påverkar internetanvändare och de olika företagen och organisationerna i synergi med GDPR-lagen. För att uppnå önskat resultat har en mixad metod använts i form av intervjuer och en enkät. Intervjuerna bestod av förutbestämda frågor och dynamiska följdfrågor under samtalets gång. Tre företag ställde upp som intervjuobjekt. En högskola, ett företag med försäljning online samt en mediebyrå. Enkäten bestod av obligatoriska frågor med förutbestämda svarsalternativ. Distributionen av enkäten ledde till strax över 130 respondenter. Resultatet efter användningen av den kvantitativa metoden antydde att knappt hälften av respondenterna inte visste vad en cookie var. Många var nyfikna och ville lära sig mer medan en lägre procent av respondenterna inte ansåg att de inte ville veta mer. Vetskapen samt ovetskapen gällande cookies påvisade sig ha stor inverkan på respondenternas bekvämlighet samt beteende online. Resultatet av den kvalitativa metoden visade att organisationer som arbetar med cookies kommer bli påverkade av GDPR. Följande uppsats kommer bidra till området informatik genom att följaktligen bearbeta empiriinsamling med stöd av teoretiska kompetenser. Den kommer att bidra som en informationskälla gällande cookies inom informationsteknologi.

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Závodská, Lenka. "Klíčové aspekty rozhodování firmy o vstupu do e-businessu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-17082.

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This thesis considers narrower concept of e-business, scope e-commerce with focus on B2C. In theoretical thesis part e-commerce is defined according to different aspects. Further there is actuall e-commerce status analysed. In practical part chapters are structured according to aspects which are based on the external environment of organizations. These are legal, technical and economical, psychological, social and culture factors. These factors are analyzed and in some cases situation in the Czech Republic is compared to situation in the United States of America. This thesis is focused on to show which aspects influence e-commerce development in the Czech Republic. E-commerce is currently growing dynamically, the number of companies buying or selling online is increasing every year, total volume of transactions also increases. Development of the e-commerce will be affected by technological progress, existing legal framework as well as by social and psychological factors, in particular level of knowledge of information technologies.

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Zaky, Ahad. "Conflits de lois dans les contrats de commerce électronique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAA009.

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L'apparition des nouvelles technologies de l'information et le développement du commerce électronique revêt une dimension potentiellement internationale. Le commerce électronique bouleverse la traditionnelle approche de la transaction commerciale. par nature, l'internet met fréquemment en scène des parties situées aux quatre coins du monde. Il s'agit d'un environnement essentiellement international. Traditionnellement, lorsque les contractants relèvent d'ordres juridiques différents, leurs rapports sont régis par le droit international privé. Celui-ci permet de déterminer d'une part quelle autorité pourra éventuellement être appelée à trancher les litiges et d'autre part, quelles règles de droit international privé régissant les contrats classiques peuvent être transposées aux contrats cyberspatiaux. en d'autres termes, il s'agit d'en vérifier l'utilité et l'efficacité dans un monde dématérialisé et qui ignore les notions des frontières et de territorialité
The conclusion of contracts of electronic commerce by internet raises several legal issues regarding the determination of the applicable law, the competent jurisdiction and the consumer protection. Therefore, we can question the applicability of the traditional rules of international private law to this new way of conclusion of contract or otherwise postulate the adoption of new legal rules. Starting by this premise, the present work focuses on the influence of electronic commerce on the conclusion ofcontracts between professional and then between the professional and the consumer. In particular, this work explores respectively the location of the contract and the possibility to apply substantive rules (lex elecrtonica) in substitution of the conflict of law rules. Electronics arbitration, the applicability of this method of disputes settlement and the relevant legal issues have been addressed in this work

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Matikovaitė, Renata. "Nuolatinės buveinės interpretavimas elektroninėje komercijoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130205_090503-99551.

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Magistro baigiamajame darbe išanalizuota nuolatinės buveinės samprata fizinėje erdvėje ir ją nustatantys kriterijai, bei atskleistas minėtų kriterijų turinys. Vadovaujantis nustatytais kriterijais išanalizuota nuolatinės buveinės samprata elektroninėje komercijoje ir pateiktos priemonės, kuriomis remiantis nustatoma nuolatinė buveinė elektroninėje komercijoje, nurodytos galimos problemos ir esami problemų sprendimo būdai, bei identifikuotos, kai kurios naujos problemos, kurios reikalauja tolimesnio tyrimo. Pirmojoje darbo dalyje aptarta nuolatinės buveinės samprata fizinėje erdvėje ir išskirti pagrindiniai kriterijai, turintys įtakos nustatant nuolatinės buveinės buvimo faktą fizinėje erdvėje. Antroje dalyje atsižvelgiant į nustatytus kriterijus išanalizuota nuolatinė buveinė elektroninėje komercijoje ir nustatyti skirtumai ir panašumai su nuolatine buveine fizinėje erdvėje. Trečioje darbo dalyje ištirta užsienio valstybių ir Lietuvos praktika nuolatinės buveinės kontekste.
This master‘s degree thesis is about permanent establishment in physical space and it’s parameters. These parameters and definition of permanent establishment are analyzed in details. In accordance with the criteria laid down in the analysis, conception of permanent establishment in e-commerce was reviewed and remedies for identification of permanent establishment were proposed for e-commerce. Also in this thesis major problems related to permanent establishment and their existing resolutions are considered, including new problems identified that should be analyzed collaterally. In the first chapter of this thesis conception of permanent establishment in physical space is analyzed and main criteria that have direct or indirect impact to identification of permanent establishment in physical space are excluded. The second chapter is dedicated for analysis of permanent establishment in e-commerce and identification of principal discrepancies and similarities, while comparing it with physical space. In the third chapter of this thesis survey of Lithuania’s and other foreign countries’ practices related to permanent establishment is presented.

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Chemlali, Laroussi. "Protection du consommateur et commerce électronique : droit français, européen et tunisien." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST0049.

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Le commerce électronique B to C se popularise de plus en plus et le nombre de ses adeptes ne cesse de croître d'année en année. Ses avantages, pour les consommateurs, en termes de rapidité, de commodité et de proximité ne sont plus à prouver. Néanmoins, la particularité du medium utilisé pour effectuer des transactions en ligne et les spécificités de l'environnement électronique, notamment l'immatérialité, l'interactivité et l'internationalité influent considérablement sur la confiance des cyberconsommateurs en même temps qu'elles accroissent leur vulnérabilité, d'où la nécessité d'un cadre juridique adapté afin que l'essor du commerce électronique B to C ne néglige pas la protection des cyberconsommateurs. Conscients de cet impératif, les législateurs communautaire, français et tunisien, ont mis en place un certain nombre de mesures de nature à rassurer ces derniers et leur permettre de s'engager dans des transactions de commerce en ligne en toute confiance. Ces mesures sont de deux ordres : les unes sont destinées à assurer au cyberconsommateur une protection intrinsèque au processus de la transaction en ligne ; cette protection se manifeste en amont de la transaction, lors de la phase précontractuelle, mais également pendant la période contractuelle, c'est-à-dire au moment de la finalisation de la transaction en ligne et de son exécution. Les autres ont pour objectif de garantir au consommateur une protection extrinsèque au processus de la transaction du commerce électronique. Deux aspects sont, à cet égard, pris en compte : la protection des données à caractère personnel traitées dans le cadre d'une transaction en ligne et les aspects du droit international privé de la protection du cyberconsommateur
B to C e-commerce is increasingly gaining popularity. The number of its followers has seen a drastic surge throughout the few recent years. Its advantages in terms of speed, convenience and proximity are not any more questionable by consumers. Nevertheless, the characteristic of this medium used to carry out online transactions as well as the specificities of the electronic environment - in particular the immateriality, the interactivity and internationality - influence considerably cyber-consumers confidence. Simultaneously, they increase their vulnerability. Thus, the need for an appropriate legal framework to regulate the rise of B to C e-commerce and protect cyber-consumers. Taking into account these requirement, community, French and Tunisian legislators set up a number of measures to reassure the latter and allow them to engage confidently in online commerce transactions. These measures have two targets: some of them were intended to grant cyber-consumers an intrinsic protection in the process of the online transaction. This protection is set to be an upstream transaction protection at the pre-contractual phase as well as during the contractual period; i.e. at the level of on line transaction finalization and execution. The others aim to guarantee the consumer an extrinsic protection throughout the process of e-commerce transaction. In this respect, two aspects are taken into account, namely: personal data processed during transactions and the aspects of private international law of cyber-consumer protection

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Lima, Cíntia Rosa Pereira de. "Validade e obrigatoriedade dos contratos de adesão eletrônicos (shrink-wrap e click-wrap) e dos termos e condições de uso (browse-wrap): um estudo comparado entre Brasil e Canadá." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2131/tde-03062011-090910/.

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Esta tese tem por objeto a investigação dos aspectos legais decorrentes do comércio eletrônico, com ênfase na validade e obrigatoriedade dos contratos de adesão eletrônicos e os denominados termos e condições de uso. Estes negócios jurídicos eletrônicos podem ser divididos em três espécies: a) licenças do tipo shrink-wrap, terminologia reservada às compras de software no estabelecimento físico do fornecedor, cujos termos contratuais que vincularão as partes não podem ser visualizados antes da compra do produto, mas tão somente no decorrer da instalação do software, garantindo-se ao adquirente a possibilidade efetiva de devolução do produto se não concordar com os termos da licença; b) contratos do tipo click-wrap, contratos celebrados inteiramente em meio eletrônico, em que o consumidor tem a oportunidade de ler as cláusulas contratuais antes de manifestar, expressamente, sua anuência ou não, clicando em uma caixa de diálogo indicativa de expressões como eu aceito, ou outra semelhante; e, c) os termos e condições de uso, denominados pela doutrina estrangeira como browse-wrap, disponibilizados no canto inferior de uma página da internet em um hiperlink, vinculando toda e qualquer pessoa, que tão-somente acesse o respectivo site, sem ao menos chamar a atenção do usuário para a existência destes termos ou nem exigindo a manifestação da anuência a tais termos. Os tribunais estrangeiros têm enfrentado a problemática em torno da validade e obrigatoriedade destas práticas comerciais, em especial os browse-wrap, cujo formato em que são utilizados descaracteriza-nos com contratos ou condições gerais de contratação, pois o usuário nem ao menos tem consciência da existência de tais termos. Portanto, parte da doutrina e da jurisprudência entende que o browse-wrap não se encaixa na definição de contrato, mas são termos unilateralmente propostos por uma das partes sem que a outra possa ter efetivo conhecimento a respeito. Se, por um lado, há necessidade de reconhecer os efeitos obrigatórios dos contratos de adesão eletrônicos, fortalecendo o comércio eletrônico; por outro lado, a sociedade global exige a efetiva proteção dos consumidores e usuários contra abusos praticados por multinacionais, que operam sem fronteiras geográficas. Assim, juristas e doutrinadores enfrentam um enorme desafio: desenvolver um comércio eletrônico sustentável, equilibrando os interesses comerciais e os direitos dos consumidores. Este trabalho pretende determinar os requisitos jurídicos para a validade dos contratos eletrônicos de maneira científica, analisando o processo de formação contratual em meio eletrônico. Por fim, investiga-se a dúvida acerca da lei aplicável e da jurisdição na era digital, enfatizando a cláusula de eleição de foro, de escolha da lei aplicável e compromissória, bem como seu impacto no acesso à justiça do consumidor. Em suma, esta tese destaca a necessidade de uma legislação uniforme sobre comércio eletrônico e a proteção do consumidor, tendo em vista o alto nível de globalização, para que se possam tutelar os direitos dos consumidores aliados aos interesses econômicos do mercado.
This thesis intends to investigate some of the legal issues raised by e-commerce, specifically the validity and enforceability of the electronic adhesion contracts and the terms and conditions of use. Such electronic juridic acts can be grouped into three subspecies: a) the shrink-wrap licences, reserved for purchase in the store, but yet the consumer can not view the terms and conditions that she or he will be bound by, once the product (often a software) is installed; the consumer is granted with a period of time within she or he can return the product to the store if she or he does not agree with the terms and conditions; b) the click-wrap agreements are contracts presented to the consumer, when dealing on-line, stating the terms and conditions of the purchase, and then, once its read, she or he may point and click in a dialog box indicating her or his consent (such as I agree or some other synonymous expression); and c) the browse-wrap, composed by terms and conditions listed in a hyperlink on the bottom of a web page, which obliges the consumer only because she or he surfs on the Web, nevertheless it is not require that the consumer shows any kind of consent to the terms and conditions. Even though some courts have ruled in favor of the validity and enforceability of browse-wrap, it is very questionable to accept the fact of being bound by something that one never knew that it even existed. Thus, some other courts are of the view that browse-wrap is not technically a contract according to the legal doctrine. Instead it is a sort of private regulation of the disposal of products and services written by the supplier. On one hand, there is a need to enforce electronic commerce in order to stimulate and consolidate it by making electronic contracts binding on consumers. On the other hand, there is a need to protect consumers from the abuse of unequal bargaining power in such contractual relation, which may pit them against a multinational corporation, which operates throughout the world. Thus, jurists and academics must combine efforts to find a sustainable balance between these two sides. Besides there is a need for a uniform and scientific solution, given that a prerequisite to valid contract formation is the unequivocal meeting of the minds which may not happen in this means of contract formation, especially if the supplier does not require any clear and effective sign of assent from the consumer. The touchstone of e-commerce is the law and jurisdiction conflicts since such contracts often include a forum selection clause or a mandatory arbitration clause, which can deprive the consumers of their day in court. In short, it highlights the need for a uniform legislation and a strong consumer protection system to ensure the growth of ecommerce. This would foster a reliable electronic environment meeting the consumers expectations and the market standards.

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Nilsson, Kajsa. "Mellanmän inom e-handel : Ansvar för försäljning av förfalskade varor." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-335457.

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E-handelns framväxt har till stor del inneburit en positiv utveckling för företag eftersom företaget kan nå ut till en större marknad. Men i takt med e-handelns utveckling har även försäljning av förfalskade produkter ökat. Försäljningen av förfalskningar av ett företags varor påverkar företaget på flera sätt. För det första kan företaget inte garantera att varan håller den kvalitetsstandard originalet har. För det andra påverkas företagets goodwill om varan inte når upp till den standard som kunden förväntar sig. En kund som fortfarande tror att varan är äkta tappar förtroende för företagets varor och avråder andra att anskaffa dessa. Som en direkt följd av de två första punkterna kan företagets vinst påverkas negativt. För den rättighetsinnehavare som vill stoppa försäljningen av förfalskningar vore det mest effektivt om e-handelsplattformen ålades ett direkt ansvar istället för att rättighetsinnehavaren ska leta upp och väcka åtal mot respektive säljare. I dagsläget riskerar e-handelsplattformen dock endast ett medverkansansvar. I TPB-målet från EU- domstolen framgår dock att den mellanman som, mot bakgrund av den verksamhet de bedriver, borde ha ett direkt ansvar trots att aktuella lagregler inte medger det kan åläggas ett direkt ansvar om kännedom om intrång föreligger. Detta kan bli aktuellt för vissa e- handelsplattformar. Dessa e-handelsplattformar omfattas inte av e-handelsdirektivets ansvarsundantag eftersom de är aktiva aktörer. För att en e-handelsplattform ska bli direkt ansvarig krävs dock att plattformen har kännedom om ett specifikt intrång och sedan ställer sig passiv till det specifika intrånget. Detta innebär att kännedom måste skapas. Det åligger rättighetsinnehavaren att anmäla specifika intrång till e-handelsplattformen och på så sätt skapa kännedom. E-handelsplattformen kan inte åläggas en övervakningsplikt. Även om så vore fallet skulle rättighetsinnehavaren behöva kontrollera att e-handelsplattformen uppfyllde denna plikt. En e-handelsplattform skulle således kunna åläggas ett direkt ansvar men det är starkt beroende av aktivitet från rättighetsinnehavaren vilket gör ansvaret relativt snävt och ineffektivt. Rättighetsinnehavaren måste ta ett lika stort ansvar som tidigare om denne vill stoppa förfalskningar. Det kan tyckas att den som bedriver en e-handelsplattform ska ha koll på sin verksamhet men i praktiken vore det både omöjligt och orimligt för en e- handelsplattform att kontrollera allt som sker på plattformen.
The rise of e-commerce has led to a positive development for businesses since they can reach a bigger market. But it has also led to an increase in the sale of counterfeited goods. The sale of counterfeited goods affects a company in several ways. Firstly, the company cannot guarantee that the counterfeited good fulfils the company’s quality standards. Secondly, the company’s goodwill is damaged if the counterfeited good does not hold the quality the customer expects. A customer, who is convinced the counterfeited good is the original, loses trust for the company and will discourage others to buy goods from the company. Consequently, the company’s profit could be badly affected. For the rights owner/company, wishing to stop the sale of counterfeited goods, it would be more efficient if an e-commerce platform would be directly liable for the sale of counterfeited goods sold on its platform. Instead, the rights owner must find the actual seller and press chargers. The e-commerce platform only risks contributory liability. However, the TPB-case from the EU-court suggests that a middleman who, depending on the characteristics of their business, can be directly liable if they are aware of the infringement. This could be applied on certain e-commerce platforms. These platforms cannot avoid liability through the e-commerce directive since they are active. For an e- commerce platform to be directly liable it is required the platform knows about a specific infringement. Furthermore, that the platform is passive after knowledge has been established. It is the rights owner’s responsibility to make the e-commerce platform aware of specific infringements. The e-commerce platform cannot be obliged to perform a general monitoring duty. Even if it was possible, the rights owner would still have to control the e-commerce platform fulfilled its duty. Hence, an e-commerce platform could be directly liable for infringements taking place on the platform, but such a liability is dependent on the rights owner’s activity which makes the liability limited and inefficient. One could argue an e-commerce platform should supervise its business but it would be both impossible and unreasonably for an e-commerce platform to screen all offers made available on the platform.

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Hoang, Quang. "Fast driftställe enligt OECD:s modellavtal i ljuset av elektronisk handel." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12468.

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The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether the concept of permanent establishment, as defined in Article 5 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and Capital, is applicable to electronic commerce and if so whether the current definition is able to appropriately deal with the challenges of electronic commerce.

In 2003, the OECD added a new section to the Commentary on the Model Tax Convention on Article 5. The new section is a clarification on the application of the permanent establishment definition in electronic commerce.

The current definition of permanent establishment in the Model Tax Convention relies on the physical presence of a foreign corporation as the threshold for source taxation. While the current definition, prima facie, might be applicable on electronic commerce, the highly mobile nature of electronic commerce might affect the current revenue distribution equilibrium between states.

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33

Plantié, Samuel. "Le droit de la consommation dans l'économie numérique : étude des déséquilibres de l'internet." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENE017.

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L'objet de cette thèse est de pointer les difficultés rencontrées par le droit de la consommation lorsqu'il est confronté aux déséquilibres nés de l'usage des technologies de l'information, et de proposer des solutions cohérentes juridiquement et rationnelles sur le plan économique. Les terminaux connectés à l'internet deviennent de plus en plus nombreux. Le consommateur est amené à conclure régulièrement des contrats souvent très denses, aux enjeux difficiles à appréhender et presque systématiquement à dimension internationale. La matière de cette thèse est composée de tous les contrats conclus par le biais de l'internet à partir d'un terminal connecté, dont l'objet est une exécution totalement dématérialisée via les technologies de l'information. Ceci constitue l'économie numérique. Par le biais notamment de la règlementation relative aux clauses abusives, cette thèse s'intéressera particulièrement au sort des données à caractère personnel, à la géolocalisation, aux contenus protégés par la propriété intellectuelle et aux nombreuses restrictions d'utilisation dont ils font l'objet. Au travers de cette thèse, les insuffisances des différents corps de règles applicables aux contenus numériques (protection des données à caractère personnel, droit de la propriété intellectuelle, droit de la consommation) seront mises en évidence. Plusieurs propositions et synthèses seront envisagées au sein de cette thèse afin de remédier au mieux aux déséquilibres propres de l'économie numérique
The aim of this Ph.D. is to highlight the difficulties encountered by Consumer law when it meets the use of information technologies, and to propose operating solutions in Law which might be rational under economy requirements. Connected devices become more and more common. The consumer is frequently asked to conclude very thick contracts, with stakes hard to comprehend and almost consistently with an international overture. The material of this Ph.D. is composed by all the contracts concluded through the internet from a connected device, whose object is a totally dematerialised execution via information technologies. This constitutes the digital economy. Thanks to the unfair terms regulation, this Ph.D. will focus on the becoming of personal data, the geolocation, the contents protected by Intellectual property and all the restrictions of use those contents are subjected to. Among this work, the deficiencies of the different rules applicable to digital contents (personal data protection, Intellectual property, Consumer law) will be emphasized. Many suggestions and reviews will be envisaged into this Ph.D. in order to solve to the best the specific unbalances of the digital economy

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Jafari, Farhang. "The concerns of the shipping industry regarding the application of electronic bills of lading in practice amid technological change." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/24071.

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In the sea trade, the traditional paper-based bill of lading has played an important role across the globe for centuries, but with the advent of advanced commercial modes of transportation and communication, the central position of this document is under threat. The importance of the bill of lading still prevails as does the need of the functions that this document served in the past, although in a changed format. In the recent past, the world has witnessed a lot of debate about replacing this traditional paper-based document with an electronic equivalent that exhibits all of its functions and characteristics, both commercial and legal. More specifically, unlike many rival travel documents, such as the Sea Waybill, a bill of lading has two prominent features, that is to say, its negotiability and its acceptability as a document of title in certain legal jurisdictions that are required to be retained in an electronic bill of lading so as to also retain the prominence of this document in the future landscape. This thesis is, however, more concerned about the legal aspects of adopting the electronic bill of lading as a traditional paper-based legal document as well as an effective legal document in the present age. However, the scope of this debate remains primarily focused on the USA and UK jurisdictions. In the course of this thesis, it is observed that, in the past, the bill of lading has been subject to a variety of international regimes, such as The Hague Rules and The Hague-Visby Rules, and presently efforts are being made to arrive at a universal agreement under the umbrella of The Rotterdam Rules, but such an agreement is yet to arrive among the comity of nations. On the other hand, efforts made by the business community to introduce an electronic bill of lading are much louder and more evident. The private efforts, such as the SeaDocs System, CMI Rules, and the BOLERO Project, etc., were, however, received by the fellow business community with both applause as well as suspicion. At the same time, there are a number of concerns voiced by the international business community on the legislative adoptability in national and international jurisdictions and the courts’ approach in adjudicating cases involving electronic transactions and these are making the task of adoption of electronic bill of lading in the sea-based transactions a difficult task. Therefore, in the absence of any formal legal backing from national and international legislations, these attempts could not achieve the desired results. In this thesis, the present situation of the acceptability of electronic transactions in general, and of the electronic bill of lading specifically, has also been discussed with reference to certain national jurisdictions, such as Australia, India, South Korea and China, in order to present comparative perspectives on the preparedness of these nations. On the regional level, the efforts made by the European Union have also been discussed to promote electronic transactions within its jurisdiction. All the discussion, however, leads to the situation where the level of acceptability of electronic bill of lading in the near future is found to be dependent upon the official efforts from the national governments and putting these efforts towards arriving at an agreement on Rotterdam Rules as early as possible. The other area of importance revealed in this thesis is the need for change in juristic approach by the courts while interpreting and adjudicating upon cases involving electronic transactions. On the whole, this thesis has provided a cohesive and systematic review, synthesis and analysis of the history of the bill of lading, its importance as a document of title, and attempts to incorporate its important functions within the fast-paced electronic shipping commerce of today. In such a way it has provided a valuable contribution to the literature by providing a comprehensive resource for jurists, policy-makers and the business community alike, as they work towards adapting the bill of lading so that it might be successfully applied in electronic form.

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Mahi-Disdet, Djamila. "L'obligation d'information dans les contrats du commerce electronique." Thesis, Avignon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AVIG2032/document.

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L’information des opérateurs, professionnels ou non, est l’outil le plus important de la confiance dans l’économie numérique et les textes européens et nationaux se sont multipliés pour l’assurer de manière de plus en plus complète. L’étude s’attachera à inventorier selon les sources (droit commun, code de la consommation, législations spéciales) et classer les différentes obligations d’information en proposant diverses typologies selon leur nature, leur objet (la chose et le prix, la durée, les modalités) et leur rôle dans le processus contractuel (information précontractuelle, information sur la formalisation du contrat, la rétractation). Elle évoquera les difficultés liées à la combinaison des règles spéciales et des règles de droit commun (contradictions, variations, chevauchements). Dans le silence des textes spéciaux, elle traitera enfin des sanctions du non-respect de l’obligation d’information selon qu’il met en cause, ou non, la validité du consentement (nullité du contrat, inopposabilité)
Information for operators, professionals or not, is the main tool of confidence in the digital economy and the European and national texts have proliferated to reinforce this in a more and more comprehensive way. Based on its origins (common law, the Consumer Code, special laws), the study will seek to make an inventory and classify the different sources of information obligations by providing different typologies adapted to their nature or purpose (the object and its price, duration, terms) and their role in the contract process (pre-contractual information, information on the formalization of the contract, the withdrawal). It will discuss the difficulties associated with the combination of special rules and common law (contradictions, variations, overlapping). In the silence of specific texts, it will also cover the penalties for non compliance with the obligation of information depending on whether it questions or not the validity of the consent (void contract, unenforceable)

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Koether, Philipp. "On the basis of F.A.v. Hayek's idea of a free market monetary system and his publication: "Denationalisation ofmoney : an analysis of the theory and practice of concurrentcurrencies" (1976) about currency competition on financial markets inthe times of electronic commerce and the introduction of "e-money"." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31972810.

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Balan, Júnior Osvaldo [UNESP]. "O estabelecimento virtual na sociedade técnica: a necessária busca de segurança jurídica nas transações comerciais." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98930.

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O presente trabalho buscará trazer uma profunda reflexão sobre o avanço técnico na sociedade moderna do instituto denominado estabelecimento virtual, assim como seus reflexos nas mais variadas searas. Buscar-se-á compreender este fenômeno através do estudo da técnica, tudo com base nas obras do pensador Jacques Ellul, que trilhou sobre as mais diversas áreas do conhecimento no século passado, com extremo brilhantismo, podendo, além disso, ser considerado um visionário. Mostrar-se-ão os problemas que o avanço tecnológico vem trazendo, os quais complicam o ser humano em sua vida particular, criando neuroses, fruto da adaptação deste ao mundo moderno. Para tanto e de forma mais analítica estudar-se-ão as características da técnica moderna, as quais permitem entender como se dá o desenvolvimento da técnica. Buscar-se-á compreender também o que vem a ser a informação, a principal técnica da atualidade, e as diferentes concepções sobre a sociedade contemporânea. Além disso, analisar-se-á a influência da imagem na sociedade técnica e sua predominância em relação à palavra. Necessária também se mostrou a análise do que vem a ser o comércio eletrônico, o novo modelo de realizações negociais, que se apresenta em franco crescimento. Assim, o estabelecimento virtual surge dentro deste contexto, não permitindo a criação de obstáculos, se encontrando atualmente em todo o mundo, sem enxergar as diferenças culturais e as menosprezando, trazendo uma uniformidade ao mundo, tanto pela forma de comercializar, como pelos produtos que expõe. Mas não são todas as pessoas do globo que tem acesso a este, sendo este outro grande problema apresentado pelo estabelecimento virtual: a exclusão digital. Por conseguinte, demonstrar-se-á...
The present study will try to create a profound reflexion about the technical advance in the modern society of the institute known as virtual establishment, and also its reflexes in a variety of associations. One of the objectives, is to understand this phenomenon thought the study of the technique, all based on the publications of the philosopher Jacques Ellul, who disserted about the various parts of knowledge in the last century with extreme brilliance,making him a true visionary. The problems brought by technological advances will be shown, these can complicated one´s private life, generating neurosis, a product of its adaptation to the modern world. To do so in an analytical form, the characteristics of the modern technique will be studied, permitting tounderstand the development of the technique. The meaning of information, the principal technique used in the actuality, and its different conceptions in contemporaneous society will be explained, and also, the influence of image in the technical society and its predominance in relation with words will be analyzed. The analyses of what is electronic marketing, a new model of business transactions that is in fast growth should also be done. The virtual market appears inside this context, without obstacles, spreading to the entire globe, with no eyes for cultural differences, bringing uniformity to the world, not just in the way to shop but also on the products available. But not everyone has access to it, being this a big problem presented by the virtual establishment: the digital exclusion. In this work, there will be shown the necessity of development of ways to advance in the virtual technique, ways that show be the result of a critical and reflexive posture of the man, which is rarely seen now a days. This work will be based on comparison of the traditional establishment... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Vásquez, Álvarez Carlos. "E-Commerce: Aprehensiones y desafíos de las pequeñas empresas chilenas." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2004. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/108306.

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Vital, Rafael Pontes. "Tutela preventiva dos consumidores dos sites de compras coletivas." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2013. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/4406.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
With the advent of electronic commerce, much was discussed about the consumer protection in onlines business. There are two positions. One, which is retrograde position, defends the mischaracterization of online stores as suppliers of products or services. Another position, which ended up being the predominant, advocates that the virtual business is merely an extension of traditional commerce, what should there be the same state protection. However, although the consumer relation in ecommerce has been unquestionable, the limits of this method go beyond traditional business, mainly because it is genre with several species that are still evolving and raise discussions that have not yet are protected by the law. Nowadays, one of the species that has brought more questions about the effectiveness of the current Code of Consumer Protection, is the model of group buying, which is a system of online business that the sales requires a number minimum of people to be held. The traditional consumer business has been shaped by the group buying, because it isn't bilateral, but multipolar, often gathering thousands of consumers and only two suppliers. Because to the presence of many people in a single business, the stronger polo of the relationship, taking advantage almost always of their economic superiority and ignorance of consumers, has been practiced collective abusive acts those aren't adequately suppressed by the Government and has been taken millionaires damages. There are need for state intervention in group buying online business, in which the government, through the joint efforts of the executive, judiciary and legislature should seek prophylactic measures to prevent injury to the rights of consumers of group buying collective and to transform the online environment in a place very safe, because, in the near future, it will the main mechanism for effecting business of buying and selling products and services.
Com o advento do comércio eletrônico, muito se discutiu sobre a aplicação das normas do Código de Defesa do Consumidor nas relações onlines. Existia, de um lado, posicionamento retrógrado que defendia a descaracterização das lojas virtuais como fornecedoras de produtos ou serviços. O outro entendimento, que acabou sendo o predominante, preconizava que a relação virtual era mera extensão do mercado tradicional, motivo pelo qual deveria haver a mesma proteção estatal, incidindo todos os dispositivos possíveis do diploma consumerista. Porém, apesar de indiscutível a formação da relação de consumo nos negócios do comércio eletrônico, as fronteiras deste método vão além das do consumismo tradicional, principalmente porque ele é gênero com várias espécies que se encontram em evolução e suscitam discussões que ainda não são acobertadas pelo direito. Nesse sentido, uma das espécies que mais vem trazendo questões sobre a efetividade do atual Código de Defesa do Consumidor é o modelo de compras coletivas, meio de negociação online que requer número mínimo de pessoas para que a oferta seja cumprida. Esse mecanismo moldou completamente a tradicional relação de consumo, que deixou de ser bilateral, para ser multipolar, reunindo, muitas vezes, milhares de consumidores e apenas dois fornecedores. Em função da presença de muitas pessoas numa única relação de consumo, o lado mais forte do negócio, aproveitando-se, quase sempre, da sua superioridade econômica e da ignorância dos consumidores, vem impondo diversas práticas abusivas que ainda não são devidamente reprimidas pelo poder estatal e que trazem prejuízos milionários, já que as relações são coletivas. Há, dessa maneira, necessidade de intervenção do Estado nas relações de consumo virtuais coletivas, em que o Poder Público, através da atuação conjunta do executivo, Judiciário e legislativo, deve buscar medidas profiláticas para evitar as lesões aos direitos dos consumidores dos sites de compras coletivas, bem como transformar o ambiente online em algo seguro, pois ele será, num futuro próximo, o principal mecanismo de efetivação de negócios de compra e venda de produtos e serviços.

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Balan, Júnior Osvaldo. "O estabelecimento virtual na sociedade técnica : a necessária busca de segurança jurídica nas transações comerciais /." Franca : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98930.

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Orientador: Jorge David Barrientos-Parra
Banca: Rui Décio Martins
Banca: Jorge Luis Mialhe
Resumo: O presente trabalho buscará trazer uma profunda reflexão sobre o avanço técnico na sociedade moderna do instituto denominado estabelecimento virtual, assim como seus reflexos nas mais variadas searas. Buscar-se-á compreender este fenômeno através do estudo da técnica, tudo com base nas obras do pensador Jacques Ellul, que trilhou sobre as mais diversas áreas do conhecimento no século passado, com extremo brilhantismo, podendo, além disso, ser considerado um visionário. Mostrar-se-ão os problemas que o avanço tecnológico vem trazendo, os quais complicam o ser humano em sua vida particular, criando neuroses, fruto da adaptação deste ao mundo moderno. Para tanto e de forma mais analítica estudar-se-ão as características da técnica moderna, as quais permitem entender como se dá o desenvolvimento da técnica. Buscar-se-á compreender também o que vem a ser a informação, a principal técnica da atualidade, e as diferentes concepções sobre a sociedade contemporânea. Além disso, analisar-se-á a influência da imagem na sociedade técnica e sua predominância em relação à palavra. Necessária também se mostrou a análise do que vem a ser o comércio eletrônico, o novo modelo de realizações negociais, que se apresenta em franco crescimento. Assim, o estabelecimento virtual surge dentro deste contexto, não permitindo a criação de obstáculos, se encontrando atualmente em todo o mundo, sem enxergar as diferenças culturais e as menosprezando, trazendo uma uniformidade ao mundo, tanto pela forma de comercializar, como pelos produtos que expõe. Mas não são todas as pessoas do globo que tem acesso a este, sendo este outro grande problema apresentado pelo estabelecimento virtual: a exclusão digital. Por conseguinte, demonstrar-se-á... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The present study will try to create a profound reflexion about the technical advance in the modern society of the institute known as virtual establishment, and also its reflexes in a variety of associations. One of the objectives, is to understand this phenomenon thought the study of the technique, all based on the publications of the philosopher Jacques Ellul, who disserted about the various parts of knowledge in the last century with extreme brilliance,making him a true visionary. The problems brought by technological advances will be shown, these can complicated one's private life, generating neurosis, a product of its adaptation to the modern world. To do so in an analytical form, the characteristics of the modern technique will be studied, permitting tounderstand the development of the technique. The meaning of information, the principal technique used in the actuality, and its different conceptions in contemporaneous society will be explained, and also, the influence of image in the technical society and its predominance in relation with words will be analyzed. The analyses of what is electronic marketing, a new model of business transactions that is in fast growth should also be done. The virtual market appears inside this context, without obstacles, spreading to the entire globe, with no eyes for cultural differences, bringing uniformity to the world, not just in the way to shop but also on the products available. But not everyone has access to it, being this a big problem presented by the virtual establishment: the digital exclusion. In this work, there will be shown the necessity of development of ways to advance in the virtual technique, ways that show be the result of a critical and reflexive posture of the man, which is rarely seen now a days. This work will be based on comparison of the traditional establishment... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Ramaswamy, Muruga Perumal. "Combating challenges in E-business: scope and limitations of international law and national legal measures in USA and China and therole of Hong Kong as a hub." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43877655.

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Ramaswamy, Muruga Perumal. "Combating challenges in E-business : scope and limitations of international law and national legal measures in USA and China and the role of Hong Kong as a hub /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2010. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43877655.

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Tello, Flores Miguel Angel. "Problemática de las personas invidentes en el acceso al e-commerce en el Perú." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/16366.

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El presente artículo versa sobre las complicaciones que tienen las personas invidentes para acceder a páginas web que ofertan productos a consumidores (B2C), en el denominado e-commerce o comercio electrónico. De este modo observamos cómo este grupo de personas se encuentra marginado de poder acceder adecuadamente al disfrute de las ofertas on line, desprotegiendo sus derechos como pasibles consumidores, al no medirse el grado de accesibilidad de las páginas web que ofrecen estos productos (WCAG). En las líneas posteriores se realiza un análisis normativo comparado entre dos legislaciones distintas a la nuestra, se ahonda entre los estándares internacionales de la Accesibilidad Web (W3C), entre otros métodos. Del mismo modo, advertimos la necesidad de legislar el derecho de desistimiento para el comercio electrónico en nuestro ordenamiento, dado que esta carencia tiene desprotegido al grueso de consumidores en nuestro país y, con mayor razón al grupo de personas señalados en las primeras líneas del presente ítem.
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Zhang, Zhen. "Some issues about E-commerce in the WTO framework with implications for China's laws." Bern : World Trade Institute (WTI), 2004. http://www.wti.org/images/stories/MILE/MILE%20Theses/Some%20Issues%20about%20E-Commerce%20in%20the%20WTO%20framework.pdf.

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Trinta, Valeska Rogéria Vieira. "Modelagem do agente de contrato eletrônico na fase de formação de contratos no sistema de comércio inteligente (ICS) considerando a lei modelo sobre comércio eletrônico." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2007. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/411.

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The present work treats the real concerns on the law model about electronic commerce UNCITRAL and its impact in the modeling of the electronic contract agent in the phase of contract formation in the System of Intelligent Commerce (ICS). It is presented as object of study the ICS inside the context of the phase of contract formation. The literature revision approaches innumerable aspects related to the modeling of the electronic contract agent in the phase of contract formation in the ICS considering the law model on electronic commerce. It has as objective generality to present the modeling of the electronic contract agent in the phase of contract formation in the ICS. It approaches the question on contracts in its liberal interpretation, law appraised, describes the requirements of the contract and what it comes to be contract formation. It deals with electronic contracts, it presents its concept, as well as, it describes the question of the validity of electronic contracts. It describes the ICS, detaches the multiagent boarding, it approaches the question on the communication between agents and describes the cycle of life of the electronic commerce in the ICS. It describes the contract agent, discourses on the ontologies. Finally, the modeling of the contract agent of the ICS, with the cases of use and diagrams that had been defined from the purchase modalities that they had been specified that they are electronic proclamation or auction reverse and a purchase standard in the B2B environment. As well as, it describes the contributions and the quarrel of the results of the research.
O presente trabalho parte das preocupações reais sobre a lei modelo sobre comércio eletrônico UNCITRAL e o seu impacto na modelagem do agente de contrato eletrônico na fase de formação de contratos no sistema de comércio inteligente ICS. Apresenta-se como objeto de estudo o Sistema de Comércio Inteligente ICS (ICS) dentro do contexto da fase de formação de contratos. A revisão de literatura aborda aspectos relacionados à modelagem do agente de contrato eletrônico na fase de formação de contratos no ICS considerando a lei modelo sobre comércio eletrônico. Tem como objetivo geral apresentar a modelagem do agente de contrato eletrônico na fase de formação de contratos no ICS. Aborda a questão sobre contratos em seu sentido lato, juridicamente conceituado, descreve os requisitos do contrato e o que vem a ser formação de contrato. Trata dos contratos eletrônicos, apresenta seu conceito, assim como, descreve a questão da validade dos contratos eletrônicos. Descreve o ICS, destaca a abordagem multiagente, aborda a questão sobre a comunicação entre agentes e descreve o ciclo de vida do comércio eletrônico no ICS. Descreve o agente de contrato eletrônico, discorre sobre as ontologias. Trata da modelagem do agente de contrato eletrônico do ICS, com os casos de uso e diagramas que foram definidos a partir das modalidades de compra que foram especificadas que são pregão eletrônico ou leilão reverso e uma compra padrão no ambiente B2B. Por fim, apresenta as contribuições e a discussão dos resultados da pesquisa.

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Vergote, Brecht G. W. "Migrating to the Web : the legal dimension of the e-travel revolution." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33061.

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The ticket distribution industry is changing rapidly. The traditional travel distribution chain comprised airlines, travel agents, and computer reservation systems (CRSs). With the current migration of travel distribution to the Internet, the way in which these actors interact has been radically altered.
After deregulation, the airlines' dependence on travel agents and CRSs led to high commission and booking fees respectively. The Internet now offers airlines a means to directly distribute their product to the travelling public with minimal expense. The airlines are eagerly shifting as many of their distribution activities as possible to different forms of web-based distribution, hoping to bypass both travel agents and CRSs. This has allowed them to reduce the commission fees they pay to travel agents. Travel agents too are going online, competing vigorously with the airlines. The combined effect of these (r)evolutions has put the airlines firmly in charge of their own distribution system.
Any such a fundamental change in a sector of industry is bound to raise anticompetitive concerns, especially for those who stand to lose the most. These concerns are at the centre of this thesis. After their examination and evaluation, I conclude that anticompetitive concerns do indeed exist and that the regulatory or antitrust authorities have the unenviable task of preserving competition, not competitors, in a new and rapidly evolving market.

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SANCHEZ, CASAS YOSELIN MONSERRAT. "PROPUESTA PARA QUE LAS EMPRESAS DEDICADAS A E-COMMERCE USEN EL PROTOCOLO SECURE ELECTRONIC TRANSACTION “SET” PARA BRINDAR SEGURIDAD EN LAS TRANSACCIONES." Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/65910.

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La seguridad es un elemento primordial en los sistemas informáticos actuales. Preservar la información y la integridad de un sistema informático es muy importante para una empresa u organización, por lo que en pérdidas económicas y de tiempo podría suponer. Y por tal motivo, es de gran importancia implementar protocolos de seguridad informática en empresas dedicadas a e-commerce para brindar Seguridad en las Transacciones, como en el presente trabajo de investigación, que se propone implementar el Protocolo Secure Electronic Transaction “SET”, que significa Transacción Electrónica Segura. Siendo este un sistema de comunicaciones que permite gestionar de una forma segura las transacciones comerciales en la Red, ofreciendo un grado de fiabilidad razonable, que es en lo que se basa todo tipo de seguridad informática, en el conjunto de procedimientos, dispositivos y herramientas encargadas de asegurar la integridad, disponibilidad y privacidad de la información en un sistema informático. El proyecto propone un protocolo fiable para erradicar problemas de inseguridad en las transacciones electrónicas. Y cabe mencionar que su desarrollo se llevó a cabo por medio de un análisis de diferentes autores que abordaron la misma temática, los cuales se mencionan en la bibliografía.

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Mazurkevičiūtė, Aidė. "Elektroninės komercijos reglamentavimo problemos ir praktika." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2004~D_20050518_114855-37818.

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Electronic commerce is on the rise today. Along with that, there is a necessity of regulation efforts which would not only create legal framework, but also promote digital shopping and other areas in practice. This thesis deals with the main problems of electronic commerce regulation and practice, and with the accordance with the inferences drawn, important proposals are put forward to the national legislator and webtraders. In order to achieve the said purpose, a full-scale analysis of the most essential legislation of international and European Union level is made. UNCITRAL Model law on electronic commerce is a substantial contribution to the creation of legal standards promoting international trade, meanwhile this role in the European Union in fulfiled by the Directive on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the internal market. Nevertheless, the dinamic characteristics of the electronic commerce is conditioned by the necessity of appropriate arrangements. The current electronic commerce legislation in Lithuania faces particularly big problems. Despite the fact that there is a certain legislation regulating this sphere (Civil Code and Electronic commerce regulation, adopted by the Ministry of economy in 2002), it is not providing suitable measures for effective and flexible regulation. The author is of the opinion that Civil Code requires appropriate corrections and complements, meanwhile Electronic commerce... [to full text]

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Petitjean, Tizón Andre, and Caillaux Diego Rafael Servat. "Acciones de promoción en relación al engagement de las plataformas de e-commerce de delivery en Lima Metropolitana." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/655012.

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La presente investigación tiene como propósito identificar cuáles son las acciones de promoción que utilizan las plataformas de E-Commerce de delivery para generar engagement con los consumidores. Esto se logrará a través de un análisis cuantitativo mediante la ejecución de 384 encuestas a los consumidores en Lima Metropolitana, las cuales se medirán con el uso de la herramienta Escala de Likert; es por ello que el tipo de estudio será de carácter exploratorio correlacional. En el presente análisis se propone identificar cuál es la relación existente entre las variables en estudio y las plataformas actuales del mercado. Se identificaron que existen tres tipos de acciones promocionales como las promociones de ventas, las promociones publicitarias y las promociones de ewom; cada una de ellas afecta independientemente al consumidor de una forma u otra. Se ha determinado cómo el aumento del tráfico de clientes se ve influenciado por una acción situacional del consumidor, la cual se alinea a un estímulo externo importante para generar una compra por impulso directo, que se da con un servicio personalizado y una acción promocional esquematizada para cada segmento. Dentro de los alcances y limitaciones encontrados para la investigación, se encuentra el factor tiempo, pues a consecuencia de la declaración de Estado de Emergencia por el Presidente del Perú Martín Vizcarra el 15 de Marzo del 2020, se suspendieron todas las actividades vinculadas al sector gastronómico, social y de entretenimiento. Sin embargo, las empresas buscan proveer mediante la modalidad de la plataforma digital un servicio completamente seguro, ello para mantenerlos dentro del giro del negocio.
The purpose of this research is to identify the promotional actions used by delivery E-Commerce platforms to generate engagement with consumers. This will be achieved through a quantitative analysis through the execution of 384 consumer surveys in Metropolitan Lima, which will be measured with the use of the Likert Scale tool; that is why the type of study will be of a correlational exploratory nature. In this analysis, it is proposed to identify the relationship between the variables under study and the current market platforms. It was identified that there are three types of promotional actions such as sales promotions, advertising promotions and ewom promotions; each of them independently affects the consumer in one way or another. It has been determined how the increase in customer traffic is influenced by a situational action of the consumer, which is aligned with an important external stimulus to generate a direct impulse purchase, which is given with a personalized service and a promotional action outlined for each segment. Within the scope and limitations found for the investigation, is the time factor, because as a result of the declaration of a State of Emergency by the President of Peru Martín Vizcarra on March 15, 2020, all activities related to the gastronomic sector were suspended , social and entertainment. However, companies seek to provide a completely secure service through the digital platform modality, in order to keep them within the business line.
Trabajo de investigación

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Avilés, Espinoza Daniela, Ugalde María Fernanda Cáceres, and Medel Nataly Leiva. "El uso de e-commerce en las nuevas generaciones. Modelo de adopción de tecnología desde la perspectiva del cliente." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/108033.

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A principios de la década de los 90, cuando se creó el sistema que dio paso a la masificación de Internet, y con ello, un salto sustancial para el futuro de las ventas electrónicas, la utilización de este tipo de comercio creció de manera considerable. A medida que han transcurrido los años, el término “e‐commerce” se ha catapultado como un método de mayor familiaridad a la compra, sobre todo en países de primer orden, en donde ha evolucionado, creciendo en un 13,7% en el tercer trimestre del 2011 en Estados Unidos, mientras que el total de ventas de retail se incrementó sólo en un 8,2% en el mismo periodo (aún de esta forma, el comercio electrónico tiene mucho por crecer aún, ya que en términos generales, conforma un 4,6% del total de las ventas en el país norteamericano, para el trimestre señalado anteriormente)1 . Caso contrario se vislumbra en naciones en vías de desarrollo, en las cuáles su adopción ha sido de forma lenta, teniendo incrementos importantes recién en los últimos años, pero siendo percibido en general, como un complemento de la visita a la tienda. (En Chile, del total de ventas electrónicas percibidas en el PIB, sólo un 2% corresponde a interacción directa con los consumidores2 ). Aún con mucho para avanzar, el comercio online ha permitido la realización de transacciones a nivel mundial, creciendo de manera significativa, hasta incluso superar los 1.000.000 millones de dólares en el 2011, lo que corresponde a alrededor de US$ 2 millones de ventas online por segundo3 , mostrándose como una gran oportunidad, en la cual muchas compañías han centrado sus esfuerzos para llegar a distintos usuarios. Como toda nueva tecnología, tiene etapas de adopción, las que en este caso se acrecientan aún más por diferencias culturales. Es importante profundizar en ellas y así poder llegar a aquellas personas que hoy, por diferentes motivos, el comercio electrónico no es parte de sus hábitos de compra. De esta forma, el siguiente estudió se basó en la premisa de analizar cómo afectaban diferentes variables en el uso de e‐commerce, tanto motivadores e inhibidores a la compra. De acuerdo a la revisión literaria realizada, se encuentran diversos factores perceptuales que pueden motivar o influir en el uso del comercio online. A partir del Modelo de la Aceptación de la Tecnología (TAM), presente en el paper guía de esta investigación “Internet usage in the academic environment: The Technology Acceptance Model Perspective", realizado por Alshare, Grandon y Miler en 2005, se realiza una propuesta que permite medir la adopción de e‐ commerce por parte de las nuevas generaciones. Se toma como base este modelo, pues es uno de los más reconocidos en el tema, adecuándose a las bases planteadas para este estudio. A los constructos determinados por el modelo TAM, Utilidad Percibida y Facilidad de Uso, se sumó Confianza y Credibilidad, Seguridad y Privacidad de la Información, Página Web, Garantía Post Venta, Cercanía e Intención de Compra, todos con fundamentos encontrados en estudios ad‐hoc al tema. A lo mencionado, se le adicionaron variables de control, que sirven para direccionar las potenciales conclusiones sacadas a partir de los constructos principales, tales como género de usuario, frecuencia de uso y carrera que se está cursando. Por otro lado, para obtener los datos necesarios para la investigación, se procede a realizar una encuesta estándar, aplicada a hombres y mujeres que cursan actualmente alguna carrera universitaria. El cuestionario se efectúa a través de encuestas presenciales y a través de Internet. Se eligieron estudiantes universitarios como representantes de la nueva generación buscada, ya que en esta etapa es en dónde la decisión de la adopción es tomada por sí mismo, no dependiendo de otros, incentivando esto el acceso y uso de tarjetas de crédito. De esta forma, el diseño de la investigación se dividió en 2 fases, una exploratoria, en donde se procede a realizar un focus group y búsqueda de datos secundarios en la literatura existente acerca de e‐commerce. Una vez obtenido esto, se continúa a la etapa cuantitativa, conformada principalmente por la encuesta ya mencionada, terminada después de la realización de un pre‐ test, siendo aplicada a una muestra no probabilística de juicio, compuesta por 350 estudiantes. Para apoyar el objetivo a la investigación, se propuso un modelo en donde las variables de Seguridad, Página Web, Garantía Post Venta y Cercanía afectan de manera directa a la Confianza Percibida por el cliente, la que a la vez, influye en la Intención de Compra, junto con la Facilidad de Uso y Utilidad Percibida. Y por último, ambas variables principales, Confianza e Intención determinarán la Compra online. En este mismo sentido, buscando probar la validez del modelo propuesto se procede a la realización de Análisis Factoriales y de Confiabilidad, de forma total y por constructo. En sus resultados generales se comprobó la obtención de resultados favorables, con altos índices en el Alfa de Cronbach (0,921) y KMO (0,901), verificando su confiabilidad y consistencia interna óptima. En relación a los resultados por constructos, todos ellos poseen un alpha de Cronbach superior a 0,703, con excepción de Cercanía que tiene un 0,595. Por otro lado, se presenta un Test Chi‐Cuadrado, ANOVA, Regresiones según las hipótesis descritas inicialmente y en último lugar se realiza un Análisis Discriminante para determinar cómo las variables propuestas inciden en la adopción o no del e‐commerce. Finalmente, es un desafío para las actuales compañías explorar a lo que se refiere a comercio electrónico, y crear nuevas estrategias de Marketing focalizadas a la cultura Chilena, dada la proyección de sustentabilidad que posee e‐commerce para el desarrollo de los negocios.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'E-commerce, law'

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