Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'E-government system'

Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 2019
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 87-92).
The wave of the fourth industrial revolution leads us to an intelligent information society by spreading intelligent information technology (Al, IoT, Cloud, Big Data, etc.) to almost every aspect of our lives, such as industry, economy, culture, society, etc. As the fourth industrial revolution accelerates, it is crucial to establish an innovative strategy for Government that utilizes these technologies. Notably, to keep up with the changes in the intelligent information society, it is necessary to make a significant transformation of the current E-Government operation or E-Government service delivery. Therefore, this thesis focuses on the transformation to an intelligent E-Government, a new concept of E-Government that has absorbed intelligent information technology. Specifically, this thesis: 1) Analyzes the current E-government system using the ARIES framework and several other techniques, and examining the necessity of the transformation to an intelligent E-Government system. 2) Explores a successful transformation strategy to an intelligent E-Government from the organizational and political perspectives, and finally, 3) Proposes recommendations for how to implement an intelligent E-Government from a technical point of view. The expectations of citizens for government services are multiplying. Also, the emergence of the intelligent information society, the appearance of various new technologies, and the limitations of the current E-Government system require an improvement of the existing E-Government system. The primary goal of this thesis is to investigate a concrete and feasible plan for how to successfully transform the E-Government system in line with the evolution of technology.
by Eunjin Koo.
S.M. in Engineering and Management
S.M.inEngineeringandManagement Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program

The UAE has a vision of delivering unified e-Government services across numerous departments of seven emirates. The primary goal is to bring all aspects of the government information services online for every citizens and business by completely replacing the existing paper-based bureaucracy. This creates significant risks and information security challenges which the UAE e-Government is seeking to address. This thesis makes a comprehensive review of the UAE e-Government’s information security posture. An analysis of the current strengths and weaknesses of the e-Government was carried out, SWOT analysis was employed and based on the results, a TOWS matrix was constructed facilitating the development of new e-Government strategies to mitigate external threats. To implement an Information Security Management System (ISMS) across the e-Government departments, a framework was developed based on a multi-layered approach that is used to structure the information security program. It considers three factors; technology, operations and people (employees), to increase the effectiveness of information security system. To implement the framework, several international standards were evaluated and subsequently the ISO 27001 standard was used as a benchmark for achieving a secure e-Government. A Gap Analysis was carried out to evaluate the current state of the security culture within the e-Government against the standard and a Risk Assessment was carried out to demonstrate the existing risks faced by e-Government services. A comprehensive series of penetration tests were commissioned on e-Government network infrastructure. Having made interventions to improve the security of physical information technologies and organisational operations, a comprehensive questionnaire was developed to obtain quantitative evaluation of the security culture within the organisation. Subsequently, a training programme was devised and developed for the employees to demonstrably improve the security culture as measured by this approach. Finally, the findings, in conjunction with a consultation with security heads within the UAE e-Government, are used to construct a single comprehensive information security policy that can be rolled out to all e-Government departments within the seven emirates.

e-Government systems are considered by both governments and international organisations to improve administration and management. In Tanzania, an e-government system for education administration, EMIS, is partly implemented but shows several limitations. Statistical data is collected but the process is resource demanding and much of the collected data are never put into the system, and therefore remain inaccessible from this electronic system. The overall aim of this study is to propose an approach to designing more efficient e-government systems within the education sector. The focus is on public schools. The more specific aim of the present study is to: explore more efficient data transfer (faster, more reliable, and potentially less resource demanding) by using mobile telephone technology, especially SMS, as a means for statistical data collection for Tanzanian education management. The study is guided by an overall research approach that comprises systems theory and a socio-technical view. This research is performed as a case study, inspired by the ethnographic method and comprises field studies in East Africa. A multi-technique approach is used for empirical data gathering, including literature study, interviews, and direct observations. The analytical process is performed by developing and applying three analytical models: XIF - the eXtended Sustainable ICT Framework   Triple A - Access, Attitude, Awareness Seven Aspects – an Approach Towards Success The contributions of this thesis are as follows. A mobile supported SMS-based statistical data collection process employing a blended digital solution is proposed. Likely effects of such a system would be ‘better’ data e.g. less transmission errors, which provides for ‘better’ administration, ‘better’ decision-making, and also provides for transparency. Moreover, it is very likely that the proposed system is significantly less resource demanding than the present system. The three analytical models that are developed specifically for this study have generic characters and can be used during the implementation process of other e-government solutions.  The most important part of the contribution is not the technological solution per se; it is the process that foregoes the actual implementation. The proposal departs specifically from the Tanzanian educational context but has implications for e-government systems solutions and information systems implementation in developing countries in general. Finally, three overall reflections are made based on the major observations of the research findings: the Double ‘e’ Dilemma, on the problem of prioritising electronics before electricity, the Mobiles to Avoid Mobility paradox, highlighting connectivity before mobility, and the opportunity to use the SMS to Combat Corruption weapon.

As the number of electronic services provided by governments to their citizens has increased, so has the need for understanding whether citizens are satisfied with these services. A literature review indicated that, in the United States alone, several government entities, including federal, state, and local governments, have invested large amounts of resources to develop or introduce electronic government (e-Government) to their citizens. However, very little attention has been paid to developing a standard scale for measuring the intended benefits or for justifying the invested resources. The focus of this study was the development and validation of a scale for measuring e-government user satisfaction (EGUS) to close this gap. Through review of extant literature, a 9-dimensional structure with 86 items was extracted to measure EGUS. Then, a preliminary content validity study was conducted with a 10-member panel of experts, who examined the items to ensure the psychometric properties of the scale were theoretically and empirically sound. This process resulted in elimination of 14 items. The main study was conducted based on the remaining 72 items. Data was collected from 225 e-government users via Web-based survey to assess their experience with online engagement. The items were further subjected to iterative test of dimensionality, construct validity, and internal consistency reliability. The end result was a 9-dimensional scale structure with 67 items. The results of the study indicated that all nine dimensions of EGUS (information content, ease of use, accessibility, timeliness, efficiency, security, privacy, interactivity, and format) were significant in influencing e-government user satisfaction. Thus, this research model has resulted in the basis for development of a new instrument to measure user satisfaction within e-government domain and the groundwork for expanding research on user satisfaction studies within the e-government paradigm. Within the body of knowledge, it has revealed insight into the importance of end user satisfaction in electronic government research. The instrument could be used in various fields of study. E-government practitioners and citizens could also use it for better understanding of the benefits of e-government services over traditional government services. Government personnel could use it to justify investments.

&ldquo
Information-Based Economy&rdquo
, which is today&rsquo
s economy that is a proof and indicator of development level for the countries now on, comes on the scene with its new organizing model on the infrastructure of its own, which is called &ldquo
Information Society&rdquo
. The phenomenon of administration introduces to &ldquo
e-Government&rdquo
for reinforcing the roots of &ldquo
Information-Based Economy&rdquo
now. The objective of this study is to research the transformation of state, authoritarian and dominant power, that &ldquo
Information-Based Economy&rdquo
gives direction in the environment of &ldquo
Information Society&rdquo
and to determine the locus and focus of &ldquo
e-government&rdquo
as a new organizing model especially in the dilemma between administration and management, and in the dilemma between politics and administration by using the theories of public administration, keeping the variance of culture in mind. In addition, to have a systematic knowledge of the relation between &ldquo
Information-Based Economy&rdquo
, &ldquo
Information Society&rdquo
and &ldquo
e-Government&rdquo
as a whole composes of the theme of this thesis. For this purpose, questionnaire has been conducted in the Ministry of National Education, which is responsible for forming the society of the future, to understand whether there is a systematic knowledge on the relation between &ldquo
Information-Based Economy&rdquo
, &ldquo
Information Society&rdquo
and &ldquo
e-Government&rdquo
as a whole. Moreover, it has been aimed to discover what the mental formulations of participants are. Questionnaire results reveal that there is no systematic knowledge on the relation between &ldquo
Information-Based Economy&rdquo
, Information Society&rdquo
and &ldquo
e-Government&rdquo
as a whole in the Ministry of National Education, and that the participants are apt to perceive &ldquo
e-Government&rdquo
within the context in which they are in terms of professions, status and backgrounds. Questionnaire results also show that the responses given by the participants concerning &ldquo
e-Government&rdquo
are more or less the same due to the hierarchical organization of knowledge and official knowledge in particular.

The objective of the study was to develop a framework for the implementation of a Business Information Management System in order to increase the efficiency of the knowledge management strategy in the ultimate quest to deliver administrative support to public schools at the Gauteng Department of Education within the Sedibeng East District Office geographical area. A literature investigation was done on the concepts of e–Government, eplatforms, information technology and enablers to determine if Government models are working effectively and efficiently. Based on the findings of the literature study, a questionnaire was designed and used to measure the efficiency of the knowledge management strategy in the base of administrative support to public schools. Government to Government models are the ability to interact and support services through the availability of e–platforms in the ultimate support, and sharing of knowledge through effective knowledge management. Knowledge in an organisation alternates between tacit and explicit knowledge as it goes from an idea to explicit knowledge that can be shared throughout the whole organisation and in the process gives the necessary administrative support to public schools and learners. Proper managed and implemented systems are important for the management of knowledge in an organisation. Knowledge management is a never–ending cycle that starts at discovering knowledge and goes through generating knowledge, evaluating knowledge, sharing the newly found knowledge to leveraging the knowledge. This cycle forms the heart of a knowledge management model like the different education e–platforms that is available. It was concluded that the knowledge in an organisation can be managed with the help of one standardized e–platform model throughout the entire Education Department. Knowledge in an organisation is a very important resource and ought to be strategically managed. The knowledge management strategy starts by determining what knowledge is needed and what is available in the organisation. The chosen standardized model will form the central part of a successful knowledge management strategy. The test for the success of a knowledge management strategy is determined with a knowledge audit. The state of the knowledge management strategy at Gauteng Department of Education, Sedibeng East District Office was assessed by employing convenience survey questionnaires to extract the data. Sedibeng East District Office and therefore the Department of Education, still have a long way to go in order to optimise the management of knowledge. The key area of concern is a lack of a written knowledge management strategy and policy which results in informal e–platform usage and therefore different ways of managing knowledge. A large portion of the indecisiveness seen in the analysis of the questionnaires could be attributed to the lack of a formal knowledge management strategy. It was further concluded that a knowledge gap assessment is the start of the knowledge management strategy and will give direction to the strategy. The culture at Sedibeng East District Office was not tested to determine if the staff will be supportive of a knowledge management strategy. However, the survey indicated that much needed administrative support to public schools needs to be formalized in order to optimize the services and standards of support. A practical knowledge management framework is proposed in order to assist the Department in the implementation of a knowledge management strategy and bridging the gaps found after analysing the questionnaires.
Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Purpose: The relationship between context and e-governance has been gaining a significant momentum in academic circles due its social and technical complexities. There are many challenges posed by the disparity between the context and the system when it comes to e-governance in developing countries. This research aims to reveal more successful adoption of e-governance initiatives and exposes factors that hinder its implementation. We develop a conceptual framework showing the reciprocity between the context and the system or what is termed “Context-System Gap”. Therefore, this research will study the appropriateness of the context and its influence on the system and the influence of the system on the context. The purpose of this research is to explore the factors that enable successful e-government adoption in Lebanon, where e-governance is still at its initial stage. Most empirical research and theories on the implementation of e-governance in developing countries remain at the macro-level and miss out on the complexities of the context of deployment and the role of the gap between the citizens and the government. The purpose of this thesis is to provide an empirical model differentiating between the electronic context and the electronic system and shed a light over a new gap, government-citizen gap, in the adoption of e-government. Design/methodology/approach: Following previous research on e-government services adoption, this study uses several technology use and acceptance models and literature to examine the elements behind the adoption and use of e-government services in Lebanon from citizen and government perspectives. The research strategy is a quantitative method approach employing questionnaire. Quantitative data will be collected from e-government users (citizens) and statistical tests will be conducted in order to examine the relation between variables. Practical implications: The findings are useful for policy-makers and decision-makers to develop a better understanding of citizens' needs. The proposed model can be used as a guideline for the implementation of e-government services in developing countries. Originality/value: This study is the only one to examine the dimensions influencing citizens’ adoption of e-government technologies in developing countries using a unified model merging context and system elements.

Affected by continuous developments and innovations in information and communication technologies, governments have initiated the e-transformation process to adopt the knowledge based economy and to be competitive in global world. Throughout their journey of e-transformation, governments need to learn where they are in order to shift their position to advanced level. To assist governments in their evaluation of e-transformation, this thesis offers a metric system derived from some of the well known e-government evaluation studies. The system proposed is composed of metrics distributed into six main categories: &ldquo
Technology Infrastructure&rdquo
, &ldquo
e-Society&rdquo
, &ldquo
Human Capital&rdquo
, &ldquo
Political and Regulatory Environment&rdquo
, &ldquo
Economy Environment&rdquo
, and &ldquo
Online Services and Applications&rdquo
. Set of metrics to be attached in these categories are determined in terms of widely recognized measures of the tools reviewed. In order to implement the system, 30 countries are analyzed gathering data published by major research institutions. Additionally, this thesis examines Turkey&rsquo
s level on e-transformation from the perspectives of e-government evaluation studies reviewed.

This research examines the introduction of e-performance assessment systems in governmental organizations in the United Arab Emirates. The research also examines the influence of cultural forces in accepting the implementation of technology systems that deal with assessment and evaluation of government employees to facilitate the transitional process from manual to e-performance assessment. The methodology used in this research can be described as follows: first a descriptive method to explain the main management theories underlying employee e-performance, followed by an illustration of the concept of electronic tools, based on what has been written in the relevant literature, then conducting a pilot study. A pilot study was made to reduce uncertainty in survey questions, increase clarity, enhance questionnaire validity, and expand on factors that might affect data analysis, improve research design, and confirm the feasibility of this research study. The conceptual model of this study is determined on the based of literature analysis, the pilot study, and the empirical collection of data. A model for a performance appraisal assessment system is proposed, which shows a statistical significance between performance management, e-performance management, performance assessment, e-performance assessment, and performance standards with both perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. This study finds that there are numerous factors shapes ethics and norms at the workplace. This study suggests that the United Arab Emirates enjoys highly structured governmental organizations. This primarily results from the naturally inherited characteristics of being a high-context society. The major findings of this research aim to contribute to available literature, as there is currently a distinct shortage of relevant academic work targeting the issue of governmental e-performance systems. Similarly no papers concerning e-performance in a UAE context actually existed prior to this investigation. Therefore, much of the available literature was found to be only semi-relevant.

As nations embrace e-government, the economic justification of ICT projects is not the problem, at least for now. The problem now is the failure of these projects that may then lead to wastage of resources. Current literature shows that goverrunents in developing countries face more challenges than developed countries when implementing ICT projects. Though literature on e-government has been increasing over the years, there is little literature on its implementation in developing countries. This thesis reviews the variables affecting the implementation of e-administration in African countries with specific reference to Kenya. The thesis starts by reviewing the variables for ICT implementation with reference to previous related research by individualso r literaturef ound on the websiteso f developmenpt artners.C ases tudiesw ere carried out in nine Kenyan Governmenmt inistriest o get the raw data for this research. The data collected was analysed and compared with the knowledge gained from the literature review. There is need to achieve the best possible implementation of ICT projects in government and the tools developed in this research should assist planners and implementers in this respect. An e-administration implementation framework is developed as a tool in this research. The framework is composed of a checklist, a strategic planning model and a set of recommendations and guidelines. The recommendations and guidelines document which also includes the checklist, the strategic planning model and the e-administration framework was circulated to practitioners and professionals in Kenya and other researchers for comments on their practicality and applicability. Their resulting comments were very positive about the applicability of the framework and the recommendations and guidelines.

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Drawing upon Brazilian experience, this research explores some of the key issues to be addressed in using e-government technical cooperation designed to enhance service provision of Patent Offices in developing countries. While the development of software applications is often seen merely as a technical engineering exercise, localization and adaptation are context bounded matters that are characterized by many entanglements of human and non-humans. In this work, technical, legal and policy implications of technical cooperation are also discussed in a complex and dynamic implementation environment characterized by the influence of powerful hidden agendas associated with the arena of intellectual property (IP), which are shaped by recent technological, economic and social developments in our current knowledge-based economy. This research employs two different theoretical lenses to examine the same case, which consists of transfer of a Patent Management System (PMS) from the European Patent Office (EPO) to the Brazilian Patent Office that is locally named ‘Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial’ (INPI). Fundamentally, we have opted for a multi-paper thesis comprising an introduction, three scientific articles and a concluding chapter that discusses and compares the insights obtained from each article. The first article is dedicated to present an extensive literature review on e-government and technology transfer. This review allowed the proposition on an integrative meta-model of e-government technology transfer, which is named E-government Transfer Model (ETM). Subsequently, in the second article, we present Actor-Network Theory (ANT) as a framework for understanding the processes of transferring e-government technologies from Patent Offices in developed countries to Patent Offices in developing countries. Overall, ANT is seen as having a potentially wide area of application and being a promising theoretical vehicle in IS research to carry out a social analysis of messy and heterogeneous processes that drive technical change. Drawing particularly on the works of Bruno Latour, Michel Callon and John Law, this work applies this theory to a longitudinal study of the management information systems supporting the Brazilian Patent Office restructuration plan that involved the implementation of a European Patent Management System in Brazil. Based upon the ANT elements, we follow the actors to identify and understand patterns of group formation associated with the technical cooperation between the Brazilian Patent Office (INPI) and the European Patent Office (EPO). Therefore, this research explores the intricate relationships and interactions between human and non-human actors in their attempts to construct various network alliances, thereby demonstrating that technologies embodies compromise. Finally, the third article applies ETM model as a heuristic frame to examine the same case previously studied from an ANT perspective. We have found evidence that ETM has strong heuristic qualities that can guide practitioners who are engaged in the transfer of e-government systems from developed to developing countries. The successful implementation of e-government projects in developing countries is important to stimulate economic growth and, as a result, we need to understand the processes through which such projects are being implemented and succeed. Here, we attempt to improve understanding on the development and stabilization of a complex social-technical system in the arena of intellectual property. Our preliminary findings suggest that e-government technology transfer is an inherently political process and that successful outcomes require continuous incremental actions and improvisations to address the ongoing issues as they emerge.

In the on-going ICT world revolution, e-government applications are considered as one of the modern, growing, and important applications delivered over the Internet. These applications, enabling citizens to interact with government, have emerged in recent years, and are likely to have a positive impact on citizens, government, business and society. It is known that e-government is a new concept. Therefore, much effort is needed in achieving its prime objectives assessment strategies for both the public and private sectors. In this context, new technologies provide several benefits to government over traditional technologies. The literature review, completed by the researcher, indicated that there is a gap between practice and theory identified by the absence of a comprehensive assessment framework for e-government systems and readiness. Most of the assessment frameworks, reviewed for the study, are varied in terms of philosophies, objectives, methodologies, approaches. This implies that there is no assessment framework that is likely to cover all e-government readiness aspects. This research proposed to develop a comprehensive framework of associated guidelines and tools to support e-government Information Systems Readiness (EGISR) and Cloud Computing. The developed framework contains the internal as well as external factors affecting e-government readiness and has been categorised into four main layers namely i.e. technology readiness, organisation readiness, people/stakeholders readiness, and environment readiness. It is important to mention that the developed framework has been empirically tested and validated in a real environment taken the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as a case study, surveying 600 citizens, 125 staff, and 25 officials. This research is one of the first studies in the Arab world which has focused on these three samples/perspectives and Cloud Computing. The finalised framework provides a comprehensive structure for the e-government readiness assessment process and Cloud Computing to help decision makers, in government, in setting up vision and a strategic action plan for the future of e-government. In addition it identities key elements and stages needed to implement such action plans. We believe that the assessment framework establishes an appropriate tool to assess e-government readiness. It can also be used as an effecting evaluation framework to determine the degree of progress already made, by government organisations, towards e-government implementation and maintenance.

Das Ziel des RAfEG-Projektes bestand in der Entwicklung einer Referenzarchitektur "E-Government", die die notwendigen Komponenten zur Realisierung informations- und kommunikationstechnischer Systeme (IuK-Systeme) für typische Prozesse in nachgeordneten Behörden der Innenministerien der Bundesländer bereitstellte. Die Architektur RAfEG stellt einen ganzheitlichen Ansatz dar, der viele wesentliche Aspekte, beginnend mit der formalen Beschreibung der fachlichen Zusammenhänge bis hin zur Entwicklung von verteilt agierenden Softwarekomponenten behördlicher Geschäftsprozesse umfasst. Die Architektur liefert unter Berücksichtigung hardwareseitiger Voraussetzungen die Struktur von Softwarekomponenten zur Verwaltungsautomatisierung. Die Architektur RAfEG wurde als räumlich verteiltes komponentenbasiertes Softwaresystem entworfen. Dabei war es notwendig, Konzepte zur effizienten Nutzung von heterogenen Systemen für interaktive Anwendungen im Bereich E-Government zu entwickeln. Die prototypische Umsetzung der Architektur erfolgte für Planfeststellungsverfahren/Plangenehmigungsprozesse am Beispiel des Regierungspräsidiums Leipzig. Das Vorhaben war geprägt von der Entwicklung eines durchgängigen Konzeptes zur optimalen IuK-technischen Unterstützung von Verwaltungsprozessen. Dies führte von der Modellierung der fachlichen Zusammenhänge (Fachkonzept) über die entwicklungsorientierte, methodische Abbildung der zu implementierenden Sachverhalte (Datenverarbeitungskonzept) bis zur komponentenbasierten Softwareentwicklung (Implementierungskonzept). Dieses Konzept mündete in einer Referenzarchitektur für typische E-Government-Prozesse. Dazu wurden neben den rein fachlichen, aufgabenbezogenen Aspekten insbesondere Sicherheitsaspekte sowie technische und organisatorische Schnittstellen ausführlich betrachtet. Der durchgängige Einsatz von Open Source Software führt hierbei zu einer kosteneffizienten, flexiblen Referenzlösung, die durch ihre komponentenbasierte Struktur als weiteren Aspekt sehr gut an spezielle Anforderungen anpassbar ist.

E-government has recently fallen under the spotlight, having become a focus of government efforts in several countries around the world. The successful implementation of e-government is beset by many challenges such as social, political and technological considerations. All of these need to be given due care and attention for e-government to be successfully developed. Furthermore, in terms of adoption and uptake, e-government services still have some way to go, before it can be generally accepted in the public domain as a tool for accessing online services; this is clear given this technology is still in its embryonic stages. In addition, most of the previous studies have sought to understand the issues pertaining to implementation and adoption, however these studies have examined each factor in isolation respectively. And a small amount of research studies has focused on the factors which can impact e-government implementation and adoption using well-founded theoretical models or structures. In order to discuss and consider this technology, this thesis will present a conceptual framework based on two models, namely the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) (adoption) and Institutional Theory (implementation) models respectively. A great deal of modern processing and analysis techniques have been used to determine the key factors that affect the implementation and acceptance of e-government services (G2E) in the MoE. The research aims will be achieved using a multi-method approach which consists of qualitative (interviews) and quantitative (survey) methods to investigate practices and experiences of adopting and implementing e-government systems in Kuwait’s MoE. This thesis concludes with a summary of the contribution made by this work, its limitations and guidelines for future research. For the above discussion, the research presents a conceptual model from two models, Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model (adoption) and Institutional Theory (implementation). A great deal of modern processing and analysis techniques used to determine the key factors that affect the implementation and acceptance of e-government services (G2E) in the ministry of education. To achieve the research aims a multi-method was adopted, qualitative (interviews) and quantitative (survey) methods to investigate practices and experiences of adopting and implementing e-government systems in the ministry of education in Kuwait.

With the scope of this study, certain tasks of the finance inspectors have been restructured by means of information technology in an effective way. The new structure has been integrated to the Internet technology and thus can eliminate the problems of time and place. The Documentation and Personnel Departments of FIB have been chosen for piloting and performance assesment has been performed after the restructuring with new technology. The result of the assesment suggest that, when compared to the old system, the new system has ensured approximately 70% more efficiency.

The purpose of the project is to compare the managerial and administrative benefits of the Construction Project Management Information System (CPMIS) implemented at the San Bernardino County Medical Center Replacement Project (SBCMCRP) with the E-Government environment.

The South African government has benefited to date from information technology in many ways. The importance of understanding and influencing South African citizens’ acceptance of E-Government services is critical, given the substantial investment in government communication, information system technology and the potential for cost saving. One of the most successful E-Government initiatives, the electronic filing system (eFiling), which allows tax returns to be filed electronically, has been available to taxpayers since 2006. Despite many taxpayers adopting this method, a large number are still using the traditional manual method of filing tax returns. Using behavioural intention to predict actual usage, this study utilised the decomposed theory of planned behaviour with factors adjusted specifically for South Africa as a developing country. This is done to identify the possible determinants of user acceptance of the eFiling system among South African taxpayers. Based on empirical data gathered from two questionnaire based surveys, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, compatibility, subjective norms, facilitating conditions, computer self-efficacy and trust proved to be significant determinants of behavioural intention. For taxpayers using the manual method, lack of facilitating conditions such as access to computer and internet resources was the most significant barrier to eFiling usage whilst taxpayers using the electronic method reported perceived usefulness as the primary determinant in their decision to use eFiling. Understanding these acceptance factors can extend our knowledge of taxpayers’ decision making and lead to better planning and implementation of future E-Government initiatives in South Africa and other developing countries. Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering het tot op datum gebaat van inligtingstegnologie in baie opsigte. Die belangrikheid van begrip en om burgers se aanvaarding van E-Regeringsdienste te beïnvloed is van kritieke belang, gegewe die belegging in tegnologie en die potensiaal vir kostebesparing. Een van die mees suksesvolle E-Regeringsinisiatiewe, die elektroniese liasseerstelsel (eFiling), wat toelaat dat belastingopgawes elektronies ingedien is, is sedert 2006 vir belastingbetalers beskikbaar. Ten spyte van baie belastingbetalers se aanneming van hierdie metode, gebruik 'n groot aantal nog steeds die tradisionele handmetode van die indiening van belastingopgawes. Met behulp van gedragsvoorneme om werklike gebruik te voorspel, benut hierdie studie die ontbinde teorie van beplande gedrag met faktore wat spesifiek aangepas is vir Suid-Afrika as 'n ontwikkelende land. Dit word gedoen om die moontlike determinante van die gebruikers van die eFiling-stelsel onder Suid-Afrikaanse belastingbetalers te identifiseer. Gebaseer op empiriese data wat uit twee vraelys gebaseerde opnames gekry is, beskou nut, gemak van gebruik, verenigbaarheid, subjektiewe norme, die fasilitering van voorwaardes, rekenaar self-doeltreffendheid en vertroue het beduidende determinante van gedragsvoorneme bewys. Vir belastingbetalers wat die handmetode gebruik, is 'n gebrek aan fasiliteringstoestande soos toegang tot die rekenaar en internet bronne die belangrikste struikelblok tot die gebruik van eFiling, terwyl belastingbetalers met behulp van die elektroniese metode berig beskou nut as die primêre bepaler in hul besluit om eFiling te gebruik. Begrip van hierdie faktore kan ons kennis van die belastingbetalers se besluitneming uitbrei en lei tot beter beplanning en implementering van toekomstige E-Regeringsinisiatiewe.
Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
am2014
Taxation
unrestricted

Utilizing a case study approach, the purpose of this study was to examine the barriers to adopting an e-government system for online registration and online payments for programs and services of a public municipal recreation department. Through personal interviews, web site observation, and policy examination, the researcher used the data collected to identify three main themes. With these themes, barriers to adopting e-government were explained in detail and compared to previous quantitative findings. Through this research, three main themes were formed: (a) fears—lack of security and abuse by staff and the public, (b) financial barriers, and (c) preparedness.

This thesis explores if there is a connection between municipal demographics and how often the municipality involves users with disability in the development of its online services. The thesis derives its theory from previous studies on user involvement and participation (UPI),  e-government development and county bureaucracy. The method is quantitative, with data gathering through surveys aimed at municipality representatives as well as downloaded from Statistiska Centralbyrån. The analysis consists of statistical methods and tests of analysis using the software SPSS. The result is analyzed by being compared to previous studies to find explanations for any existing relationships. The thesis has found some correlation between the size of a county’s population and its user involvement, when developing public digital services. The thesis has also found some correlation between a county’s population size and how often they involve users with disability. Furthermore, the thesis has found some correlation between the mean of age of a county’s population and how often they involve users with disability. The study also shows a lack of awareness of the importance of user involvement. One explanation for the findings could be the bureaucracy that controls the municipal finances.
Uppsatsen undersöker om det finns ett samband mellan kommundemografi och hur ofta kommunerna involverar användare med funktionsnedsättning i utvecklingen av sina webbtjänster. Uppsatsen utgår ifrån tidigare forskning på användarinvolvering och utveckling av offentliga tjänster samt tar avstamp i principer och lagrum för kommunalt styre. Tillvägagångssättet är kvantitativt, med datainsamling genom enkätstudie riktad till kommunrepresentanter vilket kompletteras med demografisk data hämtat från Statistiska Centralbyrån. Analys baseras på statistiska analysmetoder och tester utförda i SPSS, varpå resultaten analyseras utifrån tidigare forskning för att finna förklaring till olika samband.  Uppsatsens resultat påvisar viss korrelation mellan kommunal populationsstorlek och generell användarinvolvering i kommunens utveckling av digitala offentliga tjänster. Resultatet påvisar även viss korrelation mellan kommuners populationsstorlek och användarinvolvering av individer med funktionsnedsättning. Ytterligare ett samband som påvisas är korrelation mellan genomsnittlig ålder i en kommunpopulation och kommunens användarinvolvering av individer med funktionsnedsättning. Författarna har även funnit en viss okunskap för behovet av användarinvolvering och att den rådande finansieringsprincipen som gäller i Sverige kan vara ett par av förklaringarna bakom de identifierade sambanden.

The aim of this thesis is to extend Reference Model Management Business Informatics (MBI) in area of public administration, and specifically for the integration with the basic registers. The issue has been current since June 2012, when a pilot operation of basic registers started. Basic registers can be considered as a pillar of the Czech e-government. Basic registers are public administration information system, that keeps so called reference data in the registers such as Register of inhabitants (ROB), Register of Legal Persons (ROS), Register of rights and duties (RPP) and Register of territorial identification, addresses and properties (RUIAN). Reference data are believed to be correct unless it is proven otherwise. The area of basic registers is governed by Act no. 111/2009 Coll., o základních registrech. MBI is a reference model of IT management, which is primarily made for people from practice. Mainly involved in the development of MBI is the information technology department at the Faculty of Informatics and Statistics at the University of Economics in Prague. The thesis consists of four main parts. The first part briefly introduces the reader into the model MBI so that he could understand the basic idea of the model and its terminology. Another section contains the introduction to the integration of an agenda information system with the basic registers. The part defines terms such as e-government, basic registers, agenda, agenda information system. It also describes the benefits of basic registers for citizens. Following part is dedicated to the definition of new objects of the model. New objects extend the model in the area of public administration with respect to integration of the agenda information system with basic registers. The last major part of thesis verifies chosen objects in the model situation. Aims of the thesis are achieved by analyzing the web portal and current MBI objects. It is also analyzed in detail the issue of basic registers and integration of agenda information system. The main source of information for this issue is the legislation. Further information is obtained from documents created by administrator of Information system of basic registers and work experience of the author. Contribution of the thesis involves a complex view on the issue without a good knowledge of IT environments of public administration. Using the newly created MBI objects involved people should be able to integrate agenda information system with basic registers

This diploma thesis describes information system of data boxes (ISDS). This system is characterized in terms of law about electronic operations and authorized conversion of documents no. 300/2008 commissioning the entire system. Based on statistical data provided by Ministry of the Interior, the system traffic and financial expenses are analyzed. Examined period is the start of the system in June 2009 and the end of period is October 2015. After analysis there is comparison with the period prior to launch of ISDS. Then I applied Multiple-criteria decision method on those two periods. Outcome of Multiple-criteria decision indicates that the ISDS is beneficial for users, rapidly enhances and accelerates electronic communication

The study aims to investigate the current process for vacation exchange at Karlstad municipality to elicit system requirements for a future system. The investigation includes creating an understanding of the vacation exchange process, the roles involved, and their tasks performed in the process. Further, the limitations, the information used, and the decisions made in the vacation exchange process were also a part of the investigation. The investigation of the vacation exchange process is performed by analyzing an internal document from Karlstad municipality and interviews conducted with the three roles involved in the process. The interviews are transcribed, summarized, and modeled by process models using 2c8 Modeling Tool to explain the vacation exchange process, inputs, and outputs, and the tasks each role performs. The findings showed three specific categories in the vacation exchange process that should be improved when a future system is designed and developed to support the process. The three found categories were: lack of information, information flow, and distribution of responsibilities. In conclusion, the future system should have a function to notify the roles involved. Information used in the vacation exchange process should be gathered and easily accessible in the future system. Further, the future system should support communication between the roles involved in the vacation exchange process, as well as include functions for back-up, digital sending of documents, and facilitate rarely performed tasks. Lastly, the future system should define the responsibilities for each role to balance the tasks each role performs in the process.

This diploma thesis discusses problems of data boxes information system and its possible integration with various information systems through the use of particular software tool developed by company Ixtent s.r.o. In the first part of this thesis is data boxes information system (ISDS) established into wider contexts and defined by terms. In the second part of this thesis are described options to connect ISDS and other various business applications. In so doing the software tool "connector ISDS" id used. In the third part are discussed particular realized project, case studies and real benefits of these projects.

A review of normative literature, in the field of e-government, indicates that the transactional stage of e-government is one of the most important to the implementation of an e-government system as it represents the highest level of interaction within organisations and between customers and government organisations. Due to the importance of the transactional stage of the e-government system and its positive impact, not only in making the delivery of external services quicker, but also in increasing the efficiency of internal government processes, government organisations might seek to reach this stage. In fact, in the literature, there appears to be an absence of theoretical models for the technical and organisational challenges facing transactional e-government systems. Furthermore, there is a lack of studies focusing on identification of the importance, categorisation and presentation of strategies for overcoming technical and organisational challenges. Consequently, this dissertation attempts to fill the information gap based on empirical data derived from two case studies. This work proposes a novel model for the technical and organisational challenges facing transactional e-government systems. In moving from the conceptual to the empirical, the work is based on a qualitative case study approach to examine the proposed model for the technical and organisational challenges facing transactional e-government systems. In doing so, two case studies were conducted, presented and analysed. During the empirical research, additional technical and organisational challenge(s) facing transactional e-government systems emerged, which resulted in modifications being made to the previously presented conceptual model. However, this dissertation proposes the conceptual model, identifies the importance, categorisation, and presentation of the strategies for overcoming, technical and organisational challenges facing a transactional e-government system. This results in the development of a frame of reference that will lead to a model that can be used to enhance decision-making.

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The international convergence of financial statements required a constant improvement from the professional accounting aligned with global best practices. Within this process of change, the government also had to adapt by editing a new Law for Corporations (nº 11.638/2007) which had also to be corrected through the Transition Tax Regime published in Law (nº 11.941/2009). Another achievement made by government in regard to evoking the importance of electronic media to generate reliable and useful information, especially in a timely manner. The government has been aware of this new need for agile information and with the use of electronic means has achieved broad objectives of benefits such as, for example, sharing the information provided in all spheres of government, relieving the taxpayer and avoiding possible fraud. Given this unique setting, in which the government needs to converge to the taxpayers’ needs, the Fiscal Bookkeeping project has been created. This project aimed to exempt businesspeople from delivery accessory statements (Declaration of Economic and Tax Information of Legal Entities, Counting Book of Taxable Income and Calculation of Book of Social Contribution) and broadcast on Public Digital Bookkeeping System environment FCONT where this represented the tax neutrality, derived from expense, revenue and cost accounts of the Companies and now, all of this information would be prepared and submitted in a single file, the tax Bookkeeping. This paper conducted an exploratory research grounded on a literature review on the subject and a survey conducted through a questionnaire with several companies in which the respondents attended mainly the accounting and tax areas. The main objective of this survey was to capture the companies’ perception regarding this transition from the ancillary obligations to the electronic environment and the government's proposal, especially in regards to cost savings after the implementation of the electronic bookkeeping. All in all, it could be observed in the study group, that there is relatively favorable perception regarding the impact of this process by the companies
A convergência internacional das demonstrações contábeis exigiu do profissional contábil o aperfeiçoamento constante em alinhamento às boas práticas mundiais. Dentro desse processo de mudança, o governo também se adequou ao editar nova Lei para as Sociedades Anônimas (nº 11.638/2007), como, também, corrigiu distorções fiscais, oriundas desses efeitos via Regime Tributário de Transição, também editado em Lei (nº 11.941/2009). Outro feito do governo tem sido no sentido de evocar a importância dos meios eletrônicos para a geração de informações confiáveis, úteis, principalmente em tempo hábil. O governo tem estado atento a essa nova necessidade de informações ágeis, com a utilização de meio eletrônico para concretizar objetivos amplos de benefícios como, por exemplo, compartilhar as informações transmitidas em todas as esferas governamentais, desonerar o contribuinte e evitar possíveis fraudes. Diante desse cenário único, no qual as necessidades governamentais convergem para as dos contribuintes, surgiu o projeto Escrituração Contábil Fiscal. Nesse projeto objetivou-se dispensar os empresários da entrega de declarações acessórias (Declaração de Informações Econômico-Fiscais da Pessoa Jurídica, Livro de Apuração do Lucro Real e Livro de Apuração da Contribuição Social) e da transmissão no ambiente Sistema Público de Escrituração Digital do FCONT, em que esse representava a neutralidade tributária, oriunda das contas de despesa, receita e custo das Companhias sendo que agora, todas essas informações seriam preparadas e transmitidas em um único arquivo, a Escrituração Contábil Fiscal. O presente trabalho, com pesquisa do tipo exploratória foi realizado por meio de revisão da literatura sobre o tema e pesquisa em diversas empresas nas áreas contábeis e fiscais utilizando o questionário como ferramenta de coleta de dados, com o objetivo de verificar a percepção das empresas nesse processo de transição das obrigações acessórias para o ambiente eletrônico, e se a proposta do governo, principalmente no que tange à redução de custos, foram percebidas após a implantação e execução desse projeto. Em linhas gerais, no grupo estudado, pode-se observar que há percepção relativamente favorável no tocante aos impactos desse processo pelas empresas

Essa dissertação pretende debater as interpretações correntes sobre a atividade do Legislativo brasileiro. Tendo como princípio da análise a produção de leis, a proposta é observar a maneira pela qual se resolvem institucionalmente os conflitos de preferências inerentes a governos (e maiorias) multipartidários. Neste sentido, a principal contribuição é trazer novos elementos ao debate sobre como o Executivo é capaz de produzir e, mais especificamente, manter maiorias legislativas capazes de tornar o governo efetivo. Sem negar o peso das instituições e das regras internas no processo decisório, o argumento é que a manutenção da base governista e, portanto, a governabilidade, dá-se também em termos substantivos, via participação positiva do Legislativo na conformação das políticas que são aprovadas. O recorte temporal se estende de 1988, após a promulgação da Nova Constituição, até 2009. Como se verá ao longo do trabalho, apesar da lógica dominante de concentração dos poderes, está em efeito um processo de negociação constante entre os Poderes em torno da elaboração objetiva do conteúdo das leis. Para chegar a este ponto, trata-se inicialmente da questão da agenda de governo e do domínio do Executivo, com ênfase nas alterações que o Legislativo aprova nas propostas enviadas pelo Executivo ao Congresso Nacional. Depois, a questão é saber em quais instâncias legislativas (comissões ou plenário) se efetiva primordialmente a participação do Legislativo sobre essas políticas, em investigação que mostra que é nas comissões que se dá o principal canal de manifestação positiva dos parlamentares nessas propostas. Por fim, o foco se volta para a proposição de alterações, buscando demonstrar quem participa, levando o debate para os termos de coalizão de governo e de maioria e minoria parlamentar.
This dissertation intends to debate the current interpretations about the activities of the Brazilian Legislative houses. Focusing on law production, the proposal is to observe the ways in which the conflicts of interest inherent to multiparty governments (and majorities) are institutionally resolved. The main contribution is to bring new elements to the discussion about how the Executive build and, particularly, maintain legislative majorities that enable the effectiveness of the government. Without denying the importance of institutions and internal rules in the legislative process, the argumentation is that the maintenance of the government coalition, and thus, the governability, is also sustain in substantive premises, through positive participation of the Legislative in the conformation of the policies that are approved. The perimeter is from 1988, after the new Constitution promulgation, to 2009. As will be seen throughout the work, despite the dominant logic of concentration of powers, there is a process of constant negotiation between the Powers around the objective elaboration of the laws content. To reach this point, it was initially approached the topics of government agenda and Executive domain, emphasizing the changes made and approved by the Legislative in the proposal introduced by the Executive in the Congress. After that, its investigated in which legislative instances (committees or the floor) the Legislatives participation mainly occurs, in investigation that shows that the committees are the main channel of positive manifestation on those bills. Finally, the focus turn to the authorship of the alterations, in an intent to show who is participating, what leads the discussion to the terms of government coalitions and legislative majority and minority.

Crowdsourcing using web technologies accesses the potential of a large network of people who respond to an 'open call'. Successful commercial implementations of crowdsourcing have succeeded in mobilising a large number of participants and leveraging these 'crowds' as a source of ideas, and for problem solving (Geiger et al., 2011, Howe, 2006). While governments perceive citizens as being apathetic when it comes to political participation, the citizen perspective is that their participation is "spectator politics where ordinary people have mostly become endorcees of pre-designed planning programmes" (Williams, 2006, p. 197). Part of the reason for the lack of participation could be due to the increasing complexity of governing and the absence of alternative, more inclusive methods of participation. Brabham (2009) has advocated for the use of crowdsourcing in the public sector as a possible means of increasing public participation, and for governments to access citizens as a source of ideas and solutions. However within e-Government there is a lack of knowledge regarding the implementation of crowdsourcing platforms (Koch & Brunswicker, 2011). The main research questions addressed in this study is: Which crowdsourcing factors are applicable and appropriate for government crowdsourcing implementations, so that citizens would be motivated to participate in such initiatives? As crowdsourcing lacks a theoretical and conceptual foundation (Pedersen et al., 2013, Geiger et al., 2011) a conceptual model for government crowdsourcing implementations is developed and tested. The model uses Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to examine citizen motivation and the influence of incentives or rewards on participation. The model also addresses system factors such as task clarity and types, management, and feedback. The model also includes effort, performance expectancy, as well as behavioural intention from Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT).

La tesi è stata intitolata “Change the System From Within”. La participatory democracy e le riforme istituzionali negli Stati Uniti degli anni Sessanta e si compone di cinque capitoli. Nel primo capitolo si riprende l’idea di participatory democracy emersa in seno alla New Left e ai movimenti sociali dei lunghi anni Sessanta. In questo contesto il concetto di participatory democracy assunse due principali accezioni: da una parte rappresentava la rivendicazione politica di un maggior coinvolgimento attivo della cittadinanza nelle politiche - locali, statali e federali - frutto della crisi di legittimità che la democrazia americana stava attraversando in quegli anni; dall’altra, il concetto venne adottato come principio organizzativo all’interno dei gruppi stessi di attivisti, con la funzione di prefigurare quelle riforme politico-istituzionali cui gli stessi militanti aspiravano. Dalla stessa temperie di contestazione sorse del resto anche la critica che alcuni studiosi mossero alla teoria liberale pluralista e alla sua esemplificazione nella coeva democrazia americana. Nel primo capitolo si mostra proprio come da quelle rielaborazioni critiche degli anni Sessanta emerse anche il primo modello di participatory democracy in seno alla teoria politica, sviluppato pienamente negli anni Settanta e Ottanta da Carole Pateman, Crawford B. Macpherson e Benjamin Barber. Questa parte del lavoro di tesi si propone quindi di accostare alle pratiche partecipative introdotte dai movimenti anche la ricostruzione dello sviluppo graduale di una teoria politica della participatory democracy. Tale riflessione è completata da un’analisi storica di ampio raggio, necessaria a meglio contestualizzare il fenomeno e ad includere le nuove richieste democratiche nell’ambito di una tradizione democratico-rappresentativa già dotata di istituti partecipativi di democrazia diretta. Chiarito il quadro storico-politico degli anni Sessanta, il secondo capitolo analizza la ricezione dell’idea di participatory democracy nelle politiche federali. A questo proposito si illustra come il principio di citizen participation fosse stato recepito già con la War on Poverty promossa da Lindon B. Johnson alla metà degli anni Sessanta e fu mantenuto, con esiti istituzionali differenti, almeno fino alla fine della presidenza Carter. Si dimostra inoltre che, malgrado il dettato legislativo federale fosse spesso approssimativo sulle modalità operative, quel principio ebbe in realtà un notevole impatto sulle relazioni intergovernative. Tale principio favorì ad esempio l’intraprendenza di molti amministratori locali nel promuovere il decentramento amministrativo e politico su base di quartiere. Nel terzo capitolo l’analisi affronta le principali trasformazioni in senso partecipativo avvenute nei sistemi di governo statali e locali negli anni Settanta, mettendole in relazione anche alle dinamiche intergovernative di più lungo periodo. Il capitolo è strutturato in modo tale da evidenziare il tendenziale recupero e rafforzamento di istituti già esistenti, come l’initiative, i public hearing e gli school district come strumenti di rivendicazione del community control in alcune città di grandi dimensioni. Mentre il secondo e terzo capitolo tendono a osservare le riforme istituzionali degli anni Settanta in senso partecipativo in seno al governo federale, statale e locale, i due successivi capitoli mirano ad osservare l’impatto della participatory democracy nel confronto tra attivismo militante e pratiche amministrative tradizionali degli anni Settanta. Il quarto capitolo è infatti dedicato all’ingresso della nuova generazione di politici progressisti nelle amministrazioni locali e statali fra la fine degli anni Sessanta e la prima metà degli anni Settanta. Per analizzarlo si è deciso di analizzare come principale caso di studio la Conference on Alternative State and Local Policy (CASLP), una organizzazione e forum nazionale che mirava proprio ad unire alle istanze dei progressisti una expertise di governo. Nell’ambito della CASLP, la cosiddetta Coalizione progressista di Berkeley, CA, fornì un caso esemplare di strategia di confronto con le istituzioni locali e per questo il capitolo le dedica una attenta disanima. La pluriennale esperienza di azione collettiva dei progressisti di Berkeley nell’arena istituzionale è infatti rilevante sia per l’innovazione nella strategia istituzionale, sia per attestare una evoluzione dell’idea di participatory democracy nel tempo. Il quinto capitolo ricostruisce ed analizza la carriera politica di Tom Hayden negli anni in cui passò dall’attivismo alla politica istituzionale, con la campagna elettorale per diventare Senatore della California in Congresso (1975-1976) e la successiva Campaign for Economic Democracy (1976-1982), confermando la spiccata propensione del leader all’innovazione istituzionale in senso partecipativo. In particolare, nella campagna elettorale per il Senato del Congresso del 1976 Hayden riuscì a implementare forme di decision-making partecipato in seno allo staff. Nella gestione del personale cercò inoltre di favorire l’empowerment di volontari e cittadini senza perdere di vista i requisiti essenziali per la sopravvivenza della campagna: fundraising e propaganda. In linea con la sua battaglia contro le distorsioni economiche del big business, scelse di non accettare fondi da corporation e banche e riuscì nell’intento di essere sostenuto per gran parte da small donors. Hayden dunque introdusse pratiche di participatory democracy in seno alla campagna elettorale e continuò a rivendicare la sua fiducia nella forza dei movimenti grass-roots. L’analisi storica, ad ogni modo, evidenzia anche le criticità che derivavano dall’uso di pratiche partecipative nella governance della campagna elettorale. Atttraverso l’analisi teorica e politico-istituzionale della democrazia partecipativa americana fra gli anni Sessanta e Settanta su vari livelli istituzionali (federale, statale e locale), questo progetto di ricerca tenta quindi di colmare un vuoto storiografico e, al tempo stesso intende contribuire alla definizione storico-istituzionale della participatory democracy in seno alla democrazia rappresentativa degli Stati Uniti. Infine, la presente ricerca mira a inserirsi nel dibattito pubblico contemporaneo sulla participatory democracy, offrendo una visione storico-istituzionale importante per meglio comprendere il fenomeno e che, finora, non ha ricevuto l’attenzione che meriterebbe.
Chapter 1 retrieves the idea of participatory democracy stemmed from the Long 1960s New Left and the following social movements. Indeed, the concept of participatory democracy mainly acquired two slightly different shapes in that historical framework. From one hand, it meant the broad political call for common citizens’ greater involvement in the policy-making - at the local, state and federal level. That request was in fact a reply to the ongoing crisis of the American democracy, in terms of political legitimacy and social representation of minorities and poor people. In the other hand, participatory democracy represented the organizing principle adopted by most of the grass-roots groups of that period, with a clear prefigurative function. Indeed, making the activist groups’ inner decision-making participatory was a way for the collectives to anticipate the institutional changes they aspired to. In the meantime, because of the same disaffection against the raising social and political inequalities, some political science scholars elaborated a critique to the pluralist version of the liberal democracy - then the most praised one, as well as credited as it was embodied in the American democracy. Those 1960s critiques were eventually used to conceive the first political theory of participatory democracy in the 1970s and 1980s, as Chapter 1 shows. The participatory democracy’s canon was in fact mostly developed by Carole Pateman, Crawford B. Macpherson and Benjamin Barber. Beside the intellectual history of participatory democracy from 1960s to 1980s, Chapter 1 allows to contextualize ideas and practices of common citizens’ participation into the wider history of the American Political Development. According to that, chapter 1 also provides a detailed analysis of the participatory political institutions that were traditionally part of the United States representative democracy. Chapter 2 verifies whether the 1960s idea of participatory democracy actually affected the federal public policies of the late 1960s and 1970s. Indeed the principle of “citizen participation” was introduced in some of the War on Poverty legislations, promoted by Lyndon B. Johnson since the mid-1960s. Although the heterogeneous institutional effects, that principle was maintained in some grant-in-aid projects until the end of the Carter administration, through the Nixon and Ford administrations. Therefore, the political meanings assumed by the idea of “citizen participation” and its institutional consequences from 1964 to 1980 are carefully analyzed in chapter 2. Moreover, chapter 2 shows that the principle of citizen participation had such a strong impact on the intergovernmental relations. It thus brought forward, for instance, the local public officers’ entrepreneurship towards the local devolution, shifting the administrative and political power base from the center to the neighborhood. Chapter 3 deals with the 1970s main institutional reforms aimed at introducing the common citizens’ participation in the government decision-making at the state and local levels. Those reforms are deeply related to some long-lasting intergovernmental dynamics and this relationship is also argued. The same chapter’s lay-out is vowed to underline the 1970s general trend of retrieval and enhancing of traditional institutions, such as the initiative (direct democracy), the public hearings and the school districts. The school board was indeed reevaluated and reshaped as a means of community control in the biggest cities. As chapters 2 and 3 aim at exploring the implementation of participatory reforms in the federal, state and local level of government, chapters 4 and 5 aim at inquiring the participatory democracy’s impact on the 1970s boundary of polity - the space where activism meets political institutions. Chapter 4 inquires the new generations of progressive politicians entering the local and state administrations from the late 1960s to the mid-1970s. To frame that national phenomenon, the historical analysis use the Conference of Alternative States and Local Policies (CASLP) as a case study. CASLP was indeed a national organization born in 1975 to give voice to the progressive public officers around the country and allowed them sharing their government experiences for a more effective institutional impact. Inside CASLP, the progressive coalition of Berkeley, CA (called Berkeley Citizens’ Action, BCA) was especially spotted for its exemplary strategy to confront local political institutions. The 1970s BCA’s political actions are thus specifically analyzed. In fact, the institutional approach of the Berkeley progressive coalition resulted to be innovative in terms of strategy as well as successful in introducing new forms of participatory democracy into the local government, assessing the 1970s evolution of the participatory democracy political theory and practices. Chapter 5 retraces the political career of the former New Left leader Tom Hayden during the years of turning from activism to institutional politics. Especially, the analysis focuses on the 1975-1976 U.S. Senate Campaign and the following Campaign for Economic Democracy (CED), a coalition project and organization led by Hayden with the goal of mobilizing activists and public officers around the issues of economic justice, environmental and economic public policies (1976-1982). That period - just before Hayden was elected representative at the California Legislature in 1982 - is thus analyzed as a testing ground to verify his long-lasting commitment towards participatory democracy. The historical and political analysis, based on original archival findings, confirms Hayden’s inclination for institutional innovation in the participatory realm. In particular, during the 1975-1976 electoral campaign for the U.S. Senate in California Hayden introduced participatory forms of decision-making involving staff people, volunteers and supporting grass-roots groups. Moreover, that campaign’s staff and people management was conceived in order to directly empower citizens and volunteers, without losing track of the campaigning basic requirements (e. g. fundraising and propaganda). As he stood against big business and economic inequalities, he chose to reject fundings from corporations and banks. Therefore his electoral campaign was mostly sustained by small donors. Hayden successfully made the campaigning more open, accountable and participatory and kept on sponsoring his trust in community organizing and grass-roots social movements even in his following political endeavour, CED. Eventually, the investigation casts lights on the strengths, as well as the critical issues, produced by the Hayden’s participatory governance of campaigning. By the means of analysing the intellectual history and the institutional implementation of participatory democracy during late 1960s-1970s United States, this research project firstly aims at making up the lack of historiography about the topic. In the second stance, grounding the institutional and political history of participatory democracy in the United States representative democracy - where the concept was born - this research project intends to provide a first genealogy of the participatory democracy’s institutional implementation. In this sense, the research projects wants also to contribute to the contemporary debate on the participatory democracy. It is indeed a compelling and popular issue in many worldwide political arenas, but it is still rarely defined by its historical and institutional terms.

Context: Electronic Government (sometimes referred to as digital government, online government) is the use of information and communication technologies to: a) enable optimization and innovation of all government internal processes in the back-office and external processes by providing government services to customers through Internet and other electronic means; and b) facilitate achieving goals of all government policies and strategies. Objectives: In this study we are explaining e-Government practices, perceptions and performances of state institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and analyzing obstacles and challenges of current approach to e-Government management, in order to propose immediate and middle-term e-Government actions for BiH state institutions to start delivering integrated and useful e-Government services. Methods: In this, three sources of information are used: a) comprehensive survey of state employees, b) interviews with some of the e-Government practitioners and c) systematic review of a number of relevant article sources. All questions/reviews have been done in order to find out what measures could be taken and what guidelines should be followed by the BiH state institutions so they become more IT savvy in taking advantage of e-Government implementations. Results: Measures for improvements have been proposed in several distinct areas: building human capacities for e-Government development, changing management and leadership practices, building regulatory and organizational framework for e-Government and resolving interpersonal issues in e-Government systems design. Additionally, a Phase plan for e-Government project implementation is proposed to those having a vision and idea on some e-Government project, but maybe lacking the skills and knowledge on how to actually initiate, design and implement it. Conclusions: We conclude that BiH state government should realize that e-Government is not just about implementing some IT projects; it is an overall public administration reform process which has to be adequately supported by regulative and organizational measures. This thesis provided arguments for such strategic e-Government decision-making and necessity for government-wide management and development capacity. We conclude that there is a need for BiH state government to understand the current situation and arguments presented, and take steps in building its capacities in this field.

A terceirização de Tecnologia da Informação (TI) no âmbito das instituições governamentais tem sido um desafio para os gestores, estudos indicam um baixo percentual de sucesso em relação aos objetivos planejados. As organizações fazem uso da TI para otimizar processos, diminuir custos, gerar informações e obter vantagem competitiva. Este trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa exploratória sobre o tema da terceirização de tecnologia da informação, tendo como objetivo identificar os fatores críticos de sucesso (FCS) para que a atividade de terceirização do desenvolvimento de Sistemas de Informação possa ser implementada com sucesso no setor público brasileiro. Identificar os FCS permite direcionar os recursos, que são limitados, onde eles realmente fazem a diferença para se obter os resultados planejados. Foi extraído da literatura, por meio de uma revisão sistemática, os fatores de sucesso relevantes para a atividade. A revisão sistemática foi feita nas bibliotecas digitais on-line: ACM Digital Library Association of Computing Machinery e IEEE xplore Digital Library, em publicações a partir de 2007 (10 anos). A revisão sistemática foi complementada por uma revisão Adhoc, que buscou artigos e publicações científicas de fontes secundárias, trabalhos correlatos cujos objetivos se relacionam ao tema de pesquisa, às teorias, normas e modelos relacionados à terceirização da tecnologia da informação. Os estudos foram agrupados com base em análise de conteúdo constituindo um modelo de referência para a pesquisa baseado em duas dimensões: contexto e foco do relacionamento. O método de pesquisa adotado foi a técnica Delphi para identificar os FCS para o contexto desta pesquisa. Os participantes foram escolhidos a partir de uma instituição pública da área de TI com atuação no município de São Paulo. Um total de 35 especialistas, agrupados em três grupos com diferentes visões sobre o problema, concluíram o painel Delphi. Os FCS identificados na pesquisa são: competência dos fornecedores, comunicação, capacidade técnica dos fornecedores, contratos, comprometimento, conformidade, qualidade das entregas, seleção dos fornecedores, fatores ambientais, confiança, equipe de TI adequadamente dimensionada e controle dos requisitos. Verificou-se que os componentes Contrato e Comportamentos do modelo de referência de pesquisa se destacaram em relação aos demais componentes. A pesquisa também apresentou os FCS em ordem de importância, o que permitiu analisar a relevância de cada FCS sob a perspectiva das atividades exercidas e comparar as diferentes percepções dos especialistas sobre o objeto de estudo
Outsourcing Information Technology (IT) within government institutions has been a challenge for managers, studies indicate a low percentage of success over planned objectives. Organizations make use of IT to streamline processes, lower costs, generate information, and gain competitive advantage. This study presents an exploratory research on the topic of outsourcing information technology, aiming to identify the critical success factors (FCS) so that the outsourcing activity of Information Systems development can be successfully implemented in the Brazilian public sector. Identifying the FCS allows you to direct the resources, which are limited, where they really make the difference to get the results you plan. We extracted from the literature, through a systematic review, the factors of success relevant to the activity. The systematic review was done at the online digital libraries: ACM Digital Library - Association of Computing Machinery and IEEE xplore Digital Library, in publications from 2007 (10 years). The systematic review was complemented by an Adhoc review, searching articles and scientific publications from secondary sources, related works whose objectives are related to the research topic, to theories, norms and models related to the outsourcing of information technology. The studies were grouped based on content analysis constituting a reference model for research based on two dimensions: context and focus of the relationship. The research method adopted was the Delphi technique to identify the FCS for the context of this research. The participants were chosen from a public institution of the area of IT with action in the city of São Paulo. A total of 35 experts, grouped into three groups with different views on the problem, concluded the Delphi panel. The FCS identified in the survey are supplier competence, communication, technical capacity of suppliers, contracts, commitment, compliance, quality of deliveries, selection of suppliers, environmental factors, confidence, adequately sized IT staff and requirements control. It was verified that the Contract and Behavior components of the research reference model stood out in relation to the other components. The study also presented the FSC in order of importance, which allowed to analyze the relevance of each FSC under the perspective of the activities performed and to compare the different perceptions of the specialists on the object of study

In South Africa, democracy has brought transformative improvement in the system of governance. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996) implemented in the post-apartheid era, has raised the status of the lowest sphere of government, by granting these authorities delegated responsibilities. This sphere of governance is known as local government (municipal government) and in the present context developmental local government is both democratically elected and decentralized. The restructuring of local governance requires municipalities to serve the communities within their areas of jurisdiction. This has brought capacity challenges for the municipalities. They are charged with delivering acceptable standards of services to the residents. The current lack of deliverance is evident in the widespread protests, with community members showing their dissatisfaction with sub-standard service delivery and backlogs. Furthermore, municipalities are required to formulate their own by-laws improve the lives of community members, and to implement their legislative mandates satisfactorily. In order for the municipalities to perform more effectively, a transformative model is necessary. The quality of services currently delivered at municipal level must be reviewed. Monitoring and evaluation are the key elements of assessment which must be undertaken. The rationale behind this monitoring and evaluation is to make the system of governance more effective through an even-handed assessment of policies, programmes, projects, strategies, performance of personnel, and the organization as a whole. For the purpose of this study, the researcher explored the challenges regarding monitoring and evaluation and its impact on sustainable development in Sedibeng District Municipality utilizing the quantitative research approach. A model is proposed for improvement called as Monitoring and Evaluation for Sustainable Development (MESD).
PhD (Public Management and Governance), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014

In der E-Commerce-Forschung wird aus Sicht von Wertschöpfung und Marketing das Konzept virtueller Gemeinschaften ausgiebig erforscht. Solche Gemeinschaften sollten Wissen zu Verfügung stellen, Kundenkontakte vereinfachen oder zusammen eine Wertschöpfung erbringen, an der nach [1] der Anbieter der virtuellen Plattform Profite erwirtschaftet. E-Government zielt auf die elektronische Abbildung von Vorgängen der öffentlichen Verwaltung. Nach der Speyer Definition [2] besteht E-Government aus Informationsdiensten, Partizipation der Bürger und elektronischer Abwicklung der Transaktionen innerhalb der Verwaltung und zwischen Verwaltung und den anderen Sektoren. Auffällig ist die Beschränkung von E-Government auf die Umsetzung existierender Verwaltungsvorgänge. Dies beschränkt die Wertschöpfung im EGovernment auf Effizienzgewinne, schließt die Profite durch virtuelle Gemeinschaften in einer Bürgergesellschaft jedoch weitgehend aus.

L’obiettivo di questa tesi è comprendere il sistema politico cinese. Tale intendimento è perseguito attraverso la definizione di uno schema interpretativo fondato sull’idea di potere. In questa tesi si assume che l’idea di potere sia funzionale alla definizione della forma di governo e viene analizzata l’evoluzione del sistema politico cinese attraverso modifiche dell’idea di potere. Il Potere è inteso come potere di governare e l’idea di potere viene definita sulla base di sei elementi comparabili: sovranità, esercizio, legittimità, obiettivo, limite e confine. Lo schema così delineato viene poi applicato alle principali teorie politiche cinesi con l’obiettivo di individuarne continuità e discontinuità. Pertanto le domande di ricerca vertono su quale sia l’idea di potere in Cina e quale sia la sua variazione diacronica. Infine vengono analizzati i risultati dell’applicazione dello schema interpretativo per comprendere l’attuale sistema politico. L’attenzione è rivolta soprattutto agli elementi del pluralismo, della relazione fra popolo ed esercizio di governo e sullo stato. Elemento centrale è il ruolo del pluralismo valoriale in rapporto al sistema politico.
The aim of this dissertation is to understand Chinese political system. This task is pursued trough the development of an interpretative schema based on the idea of power. This dissertation assumes the idea of power is functional in shaping the form of government and tries to analyze the evolution of Chinese political system via changes within the idea of power. Power is intended as power to govern and the idea of power is set trough six comparable items: sovereignty, exercise, objective, legitimacy, limit and border. This schema is then applied to China’s main political philosophy in order to trace continuities and discontinuities. Therefore Research questions are what the idea of power is and what its evolution was. Finally this dissertation analyzes outcomes from interpretative schema’s application to understand current political system. This dissertation focuses mainly on the element of pluralism, relation between the people and the exercise of the government and the state. This dissertation concentrates on the role of value pluralism in relation to the political system.

Includes abstract.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 301-325).
This thesis is concerned with exploring alternative conceptualizations of the e-government artifact relevant to developing countries in Africa. The premise is that e-government, as an artifact of human conception, remains relatively poorly developed at the levels of theory, methodologies and practice. The investigation is focused on two problematic areas of e-government: its conceptualization and its operationalization as an artifact. There is evidence to suggest that conceptualization of e-government takes place at various levels: international, national, local.

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No ambiente dinâmico e complexo da indústria farmacêutica brasileira, caracterizado pela intensa competição e pelas significativas margens de lucro, o lançamento de medicamentos eficazes, seguros e inovadores se torna um dos principais determinantes do sucesso de muitas empresas do segmento. Todavia, o alcance do êxito neste contexto está associado não só à competência dos pesquisadores envolvidos e aos altos investimentos realizados, como também à resolução de possíveis entraves regulatórios e à supressão de barreiras técnicas inerentes a este processo. O presente estudo se propõe a analisar, destacando os pontos críticos, o impacto regulatório no desenvolvimento de novos produtos. O estudo está suportado pelo método de triangulação entre a fundamentação teórica, baseada na revisão da literatura técnico-científica, a análise da percepção e das evidências da amostra respondente do setor regulado, e a análise da percepção e das evidências da amostra respondente dos órgãos reguladores. Embora nesta investigação tenha se verificado a existência de entraves regulatórios, como a lentidão nas aprovações dos órgãos reguladores e a legislação frágil, também foram observados aspectos positivos no que concerne a mão de obra qualificada dos profissionais entrevistados desse setor e o investimento em inovação do setor regulado
In the dynamic and complex environment of the pharmaceutical industry, characterized by a huge competition and relevant profit margins, the launch of effective, safe and innovative drugs becomes one of the most important indicators of the success of the companies in the pharmaceutical sector. However, the achievement of success in this context is related not only with the high investments and researchers’ qualifications, but also to settle the possible regulatory issues and technical barriers inherent to this process. This study aims to analyze and demonstrate the critical points, key issues on the development of new pharmaceutical products in Brazil and how it affects society and companies in the pharmaceutical sector. This study is supported by triangulation method between the scientific and technical literature review, the perception analysis of the regulated segment investigated and the perception analysis of the regulatory agencies investigated. This work seeks to contribute to appoint the existence of adversities and challenges of this process and also to suggest possible solutions to improve the performance of pharmaceutical companies in Brazil. Although this study had verified the existence of regulatory barriers, such as regulatory approvals delays and fragile legislation, it had also identified positive aspects of this segment regarding high qualification of the professionals interviewed and investment in innovation by regulated companies

Several benefits have been attributed to E-government, including the potential to promote independence and belongingness for persons with disabilities (PWD) by enhancing participatory and inclusive governance. Hitherto, government services that required several and long journeys followed by long queues waiting for service at government offices can now be accessed online irrespective of the geographical location via E-government services. As a result, developing countries like Ghana continue to commit resources to the implementation of E-government to harness the associated benefits. Accessibility has been acknowledged, by both practitioners and those in academia, as a key consideration to prevent disparities among citizens which may put PWD at risk of exclusion. However, providing solutions to accessibility challenges for PWD has consistently proven difficult in most E-government implementation projects in developing countries. Therefore, this study investigates the accessibility of Egovernment services for PWD in Ghana with the aim of identifying how key E-government stakeholders perceive accessibility and the contextual drivers that lead to the exclusion of PWD in the development of E-government services. Also, this study seeks to understand if and how these stakeholders and contextual drivers reinforce the exclusionary process. The study employed an interpretive, inductive approach, with sensitising concepts from Egovernment accessibility literature, and the social exclusion framework. Multiple data collection methods were used, namely; observations as a preliminary step to obtaining a better understanding of how the visually impaired use ICTs; interviews as the primary data collection technique from 37 participants; and document analysis. The study involved 3 groups of participants: the visually impaired, E-government web developers and government officers. Data analysis was carried out in two phases- firstly thematic analysis was used to report on perceptions of government officers and developers on accessibility and the experiences of PWD. Contextual drivers impeding accessibility and affecting accessibility experience of PWD were also derived from the thematic analysis. Secondly, E-government and disability policy documents mentioned in interview discussions were analysed using content analysis. The findings of the content analysis were used to validate, clarify and to conduct post-interview checking. The findings show that government officers and developers play a key role in the development of E-government services. Whilst Government officers and developers were identified as powerful agents whose practices determined the accessibility of services that were developed; PWD were side-lined and not involved in the E-government development project. Also, perceptions of government officers and developers on accessibility vary from those of PWD. While government officers and developers believe that with little assistance from third parties PWD can access E-government services, PWD perceive accessibility should offer them the independence to retrieve government information and engage in electronic transactions of their choice. Evidently, accessibility perceptions of E-government implementers differ from that of PWD. Further, the findings show that exclusion of PWD from E-government services is as a result of the intertwining of several contextual drivers, including political, socio-cultural, technological and personal. Political, socio-cultural and technological drivers influence the perceptions and practices of government officers and developers and determine their responses to the accessibility needs of PWD. Personal drivers limit the capabilities of PWD to access Egovernment services and impact on their accessibility experiences. Contextual drivers independently facilitate the exclusion of PWD; however, their interactions with government officers and developers shape their perceptions and constitute crucial exclusionary forces. These exclusionary forces when fed into the development of E-government services reinforce the exclusion of PWD. Given that personal drivers limit the capabilities of PWD, their inabilities to act as change agents reinforce their exclusion. Moreover, power differentials among stakeholders play a vital role in the exclusionary process. The study contributes to better understanding of influences on the E-government development process, how services become inaccessible and the accessibility challenges PWD face. Practically, the study has several implications on the development and implementation of E-government services in developing countries like Ghana. For example, the findings are useful to inform the political leadership on policies and structures to put in place to enhance the accessibility of Egovernment services for PWD.

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The unstructured and unplanned implementation of technological solutions leads to wastage of resources and imposes itself as a barrier to achieving the potential benefits of information technologies and communication. The problem increases when managers who operate these technologies are part of the public administration, as structural issues make this scenario open for merely temporary, strictly proprietary, experimental or doomed to obsolescence solutions, resulting in interoperability problems. Thus, the possible damage extrapolates financial issues and compromise expected social return. In an attempt to avoid this problem, several countries are developing and adopting government interoperability frameworks to guide their actions in electronic government. These architectures expose successful solutions for technical, semantic and organizational dimension of interoperability, and reflect on the best path according to the understanding of its government. However, specifically for the technical dimension, there is no way to evaluate the effectiveness of these architectures and assess how the solutions are interoperable. This work aims to propose a maturity model for technical interoperability in order to assess the use of standards and assist software and systems engineers, as well as professionals in general, to focus their efforts on the use of recommended technologies by good practices. It has been based on e-PING architecture, which is the Brazilian standard for interoperability. In addition, this work proposes the development and use of a rule-based system that implements fuzzy logic to assist evaluation and adherence to the model. To verify model feasibility and validate the developed system, this paper also uses a real scenario as the basis of analysis of interoperability.
A implementa??o desestruturada e n?o planejada de solu??es tecnol?gicas ? fonte de desperd?cio de recursos e imp?e-se como barreira para obten??o dos potenciais benef?cios do uso das tecnologias da informa??o e comunica??o. O problema acentua-se quando gestores dessas tecnologias atuam para a administra??o p?blica, pois quest?es estruturais fazem com que este cen?rio abra espa?o para solu??es pontuais e transit?rias, estritamente propriet?rias, experimentais ou fadadas ? obsolesc?ncia, o que resulta em problemas de interoperabilidade. Desse modo, os poss?veis danos extrapolam o sentido financeiro por comprometer o retorno social esperado. Na tentativa de contornar essa quest?o, v?rios pa?ses v?m desenvolvendo e adotando as arquiteturas de interoperabilidade governamentais para orientar suas a??es de governo eletr?nico. Essas arquiteturas buscam evidenciar, a partir dos aspectos t?cnicos, sem?nticos ou organizacionais, as solu??es bem sucedidas e aceitas universalmente, al?m de refletirem o melhor caminho para a interoperabilidade, segundo o entendimento de cada governo. No entanto, especificamente para o aspecto t?cnico, n?o existe um meio para avaliar a efetiva utiliza??o dessas arquiteturas e aferir o qu?o interoper?veis as solu??es se encontram. Este trabalho visa propor um modelo de maturidade para interoperabilidade t?cnica com o objetivo de medir o uso de padr?es de interoperabilidade e auxiliar engenheiros de softwares e de sistemas, assim como profissionais em geral, a direcionar seus esfor?os no emprego de tecnologias consagradas pelas boas pr?ticas de mercado. Tem-se, como base para a constru??o do modelo, a arquitetura e-PING, que ? o padr?o brasileiro de interoperabilidade. Adicionalmente, este trabalho prop?e o desenvolvimento e utiliza??o de um sistema baseado em regras que emprega l?gica nebulosa para auxiliar no processo de avalia??o da ader?ncia ao modelo. Para verifica??o da viabilidade do modelo e valida??o do sistema desenvolvido, este trabalho tamb?m utiliza um cen?rio real para servir de base de an?lise da interoperabilidade.

Background: Governments often provide support to Small, Medium and Micro-sized Enterprises (SMMEs) to ensure that they are sustainable. Micro-enterprises play an important role in the economic and socio-economic development of developing countries. However, the majority of micro-enterprises find it challenging to survive or to grow due to numerous challenges they experience. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) could assist micro-enterprises to grow and be competitive. E-Government has been internationally advocated to improve the delivery of government information. However, African governments are experiencing challenges that limit the success of e-Government. This has resulted in limited accessibility. Purpose of the research: The objective of the study is to investigate the challenges that micro-enterprises experience in accessing support information using e-Government websites in a developing country context. To achieve that the study describes the challenges experienced, analyses the types of support information accessed and identifies the Information and Communication Technology devices used to access support information. Design/methodology/approach: This multidisciplinary study adopted a constructivist approach and used an interpretive paradigm. The study was guided by Sen’s Capability Approach as a theoretical framework, and thematically analysed patterns between context, capabilities and outcomes. Data for the study was collected using semi-structured interviews. Furthermore, annual reports, published statistics and additional documents were also used as secondary data. Purposive and snowballing sampling were used to target established micro-enterprises in the Western Cape, South Africa. Findings: Micro-enterprises gained several benefits of using ICT for general business activities. These included improved access to information, improved communication, improved marketing, reduced costs and improved efficiency and productivity. Microenterprises also experienced several challenges with accessing support information using e-Government websites. These included content, structure, design, language availability and red tape. Support information relating to business skills development, products and services development and funding were mostly accessed. Furthermore, micro-enterprises mostly used laptops and mobile phones to access support information. Practical implications: The findings indicate that if micro-enterprises could access support information using e-Government websites, it could have a positive impact on their businesses such as improved competitiveness. Finally, the study uncovered that access to support information could also have a positive impact on the personal agency of microenterprises i.e. personal objectives such as women empowerment. Originality/contribution: The study contributes to the gap in research in terms of investigating the phenomenon of e-Government accessibility in developing countries. The study also contributes new understanding by separating the ICT and e-Government into two commodities to identify and show where the accessibility problem emanates from. Furthermore, the study proposes a conceptual model that provides an opportunity for researchers to understand users such as micro-enterprises of Government-to-Business projects so that suitable recommendation on the next course of actions be proposed to relevant stakeholders of future Government-to-Business projects.

Recently e-Commerce systems have undergone an accelerated development, bringing a new set of risks and issues to government. As a result of this trend processes, policies and practices of organisations have changed dramatically. However, current research into the organisational risks and security in e- Government from an Australian viewpoint continues to be limited. This thesis is concerned with improving our understanding IS Security in e- Government. Key e-Government security issues are identified through a literature review. The results of a review of recent literature, together with investigatory interviews with experts from NSW Government, are used to further refine issues, research questions and propose a model of activity theory within a fuzzy logic framework. The developed model was refined and used to analyse results from the collected survey data, the results allow agencies to be classified by their progress towards accreditation to AS/NZS17799.1:2001. These results were able to be externally validated by another government agencies IS security survey. A series of surveys, forums, and interviews with government e-Commerce security officers were used to further test and refine the model, as well as answer the research questions posed. This study was conducted over a period of three years and identified the key issues in e-Government across a broad cross-section of NSW Government agencies. The results provide, a significant contribution to theory, especially for IS security managers through a more detailed understanding of the perceptions of practitioners. This research improves the level of understanding of IS security within the domain of e-Commerce risks and security within NSW Government by grouping agencies into meaningful categories, documenting successful practices by IS security managers, identifying drivers and inhibitors to IS security, determining the status of IS security across the NSW Government and monitoring the progress of agencies towards accreditation to AS/NZS177999:2001.

In private and public sectors, Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) have become a phenomenal asset of resource in strategic management. In developed countries, ICTs are critical tools in the public sector strategy. In specific, Electronic Government has been identified as one of the major competencies required to re-invigorate governance, enhance performance and reduce red-tape bureaucracies in the public sector, e-Government being the use of ICTs in the transformation of public organizations towards efficient service delivery. Though information systems as a discipline has offered some research outputs on the value and the effects of ICTs in the private sector, similar focus on the public sector or e-Government is relatively thin. While the few existing researches have had a relatively weightier focus on developed countries, the evidence-based empirical studies in information systems that have focused on developing countries have produced contradictory results, hence the need for further research to attempt a re-alignment in this sub domain of e-Government. Therefore, this pursuit departs from most past researches by delving into the effects of e- Government investments using theoretical lenses drawn upon disciplines that are outside the mainstream information systems domain. These include public administration, political sciences and public economics. Using a mixed methods approach, a balanced panel data of Kenya's key ministries for a 10-year period of 2004 to 2014 following the launch of e-Government strategy of 2004, audited national government ministries' expenditures, census data, e-Government spending, consumer price indices, gross domestic products, parameters on governance and other data on public services, this research sought to examine the nature and dimensions of public values that the developing countries derive as a consequence of investment in e-Government.

E-tax is an important function of e-government since it is highly related to the life of citizens (Wu & Chen, 2005). So in this paper I have discussed the factors influence the citizen adoption of government e-tax service. I have used the decomposed TPB model as my research model. This model integrated two important theories – TAM model and TPB model. The taxpayers were divided into adopters who have used the e-tax service and non-adopter who has used the conventional method to pay their tax. And the effect of these factors for adopters and non-adopters are different. Therefore, understand the factors’ effect can help governments formulate the corresponding measures to promote more citizens to use the e-tax service and lead to better planning and implementation of e-tax service.

Roaming the Internet, users sometimes encounter severe problems or feel dissatisfied using a particular site. E-government websites are the public gateways to access information and services but there is still no agreement on how to assess a government's online presence. Failure of e-government projects in achieving their goals is common and there is uncertainty about how best to evaluate an e-government website. It has been argued that existing evaluation frameworks have some methodological limitations and they mostly neglected citizens. There is a lack of an engineering approach for building web systems and the literature on measuring the quality of website is limited. There is an uncertainty in the selection of evaluation methods and some risks of standardizing inadequate evaluation practices. Managing the complexity of web applications, Web Engineering is emerging as a new discipline for the development and evaluation of web systems to promote high-quality websites. But web quality is still a debatable issue and web metrics is considered a valuable area of ongoing research. Therefore this research focuses on the methodological issues underlying web metrics and how to develop an applicable set of measurement for designing websites. The main aim is to create new metrics for web engineering and develop a generalizable measurement framework for local e-government since research in this field is limited. This study adopted a positivist quantitative research and used triangulation web evaluation methods (heuristic evaluation, user testing, automatic link checkers, and Alexa) to test multiple-case study of Saudi city websites. The proposed E-City Usability Framework is unique in integrating 3-dimension measures (website usability, e-services, and the number and type of e-services), and in using multi-orientations to cover several aspects of e-government: output (information and services), outcomes (citizen-centricity indicators), model, and model-based assessments. Existing e-government models were criticized, and the findings employed in developing the proposed framework. The best web evaluation methods were heuristic evaluation and user testing, while link checkers and Alexa proved to be unreliable tools; nevertheless, they can be used as a useful complementary approach. Saudi city websites were ranked by website quality, e-services, and overall evaluation. Common usability problems in these websites were found to be: the sites were not citizen-centered, limited e-services and information, no e-transaction, no emergency alerts, no municipal budget, and no city council reports. They also suffered from broken links, an inactive city map, a poor eComplaint section, and a nonfunctioning search facility.

This thesis addresses topics of public values and decision making in relation to the use of technology in the public sector. The research is conducted in the Swedish government context. A range of values that is specific to the public sector has been defined and classified in prior research. These public values can be defined as normative agreements of how a government should act. The Swedish government spends SEK 46.5 billion on information technology every year. Some of these funds are invested in improvements that are intended to increase efficiency and openness, as well as to make it easier for citizens to use government services. Such ambitions are studied in the e-Government research field. The literature suggests that reasons to question the promised values of implementing technology in the public sector exist and that many initiatives ultimately fail. The public sector has some unique features that may increase complexity, such as the variety of stakeholders and multitude of organizations that are both involved in the development process and affected by the outcomes. The purpose of this thesis is to explore public values and decision making in the Swedish e-Government context by posing three research questions. 1: How can public values be utilized in decision making? 2: Under what conditions are decisions made in the studied context? 3: How can value-based decision making be adopted by e-Government practice? The thesis is based on quantitative and qualitative data gathered from case studies and a survey. Its theoretical contribution is a comparison of theoretical concepts from decision theory and public values, which are then applied to e-Government. Several fragmented concepts from e-Government can be tied together under decision theory. The study’s results show that many decisions are taken under a great deal of uncertainty due to the absence of formal support mechanisms. The Swedish public administration leans toward a variety of project models in its work with e-Government, and these models constitute the arena in which decisions are made and risk analysis is performed. However, many risks as well as opportunities reside beyond the studied projects’ control. Holistic stakeholder inclusion and risk analysis are suggested as practices beneficial for increasing value and reducing uncertainty. The thesis concludes by suggesting that further research should continue to apply concepts from decision theory on e-Government. This includes revealing the motivations and values behind digitalization of the public sector.

Vid tidpunkten för försvar av avhandlingen var följande delarbeten opublicerade: delarbete 3 och 4 accepterade.

At the time of the defence the following papers were accepted, but unpublished: Paper 3 and Paper 4.

E-Government applications have emerged rapidly in the developing world. This is due to its usefulness as an enabling tool to increase efficiency and enhance transparency. This research focuses on insights into the implementation process of e-Government within the context of developing countries. Institutional theory was the change theory applied since it explains why organisational structures and values endure. The neo-institutional theory was adopted by using multi-level approach and multi-stakeholder analysis, and these enable environmental forces to be used with other factors such as organisational and role of network actors. Due to its flexibility, institutional theory has been combined it with other theories and models such as: Lewin’s 3-stage model (deeply enriches understanding of how change occurs as well as the role of change agent); Driver-Barrier model (to assist in recognising the potential drivers and barriers that might influence successful e-Government implementation); Comprehensive Barrier framework (relevant for study of e-Government and information system barriers that could be used as checklist for project planning and evaluation);and Three-Quarter Moon model (developed for e-Commerce adoption and applied the model to e-Government implementation) The research questions and proposed framework were tested and validated by carrying out qualitative analysis using multi-methods approach for data collection. Case study research was adopted with focus on government-to-employee (G2E) within public sector organisations in Nigeria, West Africa. The research collection strategy included an in-depth investigation of organisations’ information systems using both primary and secondary data collection. The series of techniques adopted are questionnaire responses, interviews, document analysis and observation. The research findings suppose that most of the factors – internal and external, and characteristics – benefits, barriers and risks, identified as influential to e-Government implementation are similar to those discussed in existing literature, although some may be specific to the Nigerian public sector context. Based in the findings, the researcher was able to reconceptualise the developed model for e-Government implementation, which was specific to the case study. The model was then extended for application by other countries. A novel subset model – Rectangular Four-Actor-Activity - was also developed for identifying e-Government implementation key actors and their main activities, which is a subset of the holistic framework. The conceptualised model should help managers and academicians to understand the step-by-step guide to e-Government implementing process by ranking and mapping of relevant concepts and factors within the framework, understanding the difference between theory and practice in terms of e-Government implementation. The researcher therefore accomplishes that this study extends to the knowledge in the aspect of e-Government implementation from organisational perspectives, Government-to-Employee (G2E); thus contributing to the Information System (and e-Government implementation) literature through reviewing the range of studies using a wider multi-level and multi-method approach. This includes combining institutional theory with other models. This enables development of a holistic conceptual model for implementing e-Government, including a subset model for e-Government key actors and their main activities throughout the development life cycle.

Today, citizens are government-related jobs, more quickly and are being carried out in a systematic way of e-government, began to implement a rebuke to all the countries of the world. According to the level of development of countries, this transition moving forward fast or slow. To create the infrastructure of e-government, huge investments need to be made financially. For this reason, e-government applications in each country with the same speed and the same advanced infrastructure take place. E-government, E-municipality in itself e-finance and so on divided into subtypes. In this species, e-municipalities have an important place. Municipalities with the basic element of urban life, is extremely important to provide services in the form of e-government. Transparency is fundamental to increasing confidence in the local government and citizen-municipal applications, and the city moving forward on more regular jobs. Turkey is a country that has the category of developing countries. The transition to e-government applications is still in the country, are carried out for E-municipal applications. Country, city divided into units called local government services is realized. Municipalities and cities with population over a certain number of other provinces administered in the form of the Municipality. Municipalities depend on the central government. Istanbul is the most populous province in Turkey.  For this reason, many municipalities in the country to the other applications that are running in this city are a pioneer. E-municipality application is one of the applications of this type. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, e-municipal applications continues to transition. It has continued to work on infrastructure and related units. A portion of the system works. E- Municipalities applications Istanbul's city hall, the municipal authorities, as well as their approach citizens wary of e-municipality system. However, many began to carry out transactions in the virtual environment.

Over the past decade, there has been a change in the citizen–government relationship. Citizens have moved from a traditional face–to–face communication with their government, to an electronic interaction through the use of e–government systems. Emerging technology has enabled citizens to communicate with their government remotely. However, trust in e–government systems has been a problem. E–government systems lack personal interaction, and this creates resistance and uncertainty. Citizens also have a concern about turning over information to the government due to the concern that the information could be used to harm them. This predictive study was designed to determine citizens’ trust in e–government systems. In Phase one, a key list of e–government’s information quality (IQ) characteristics was developed through literature research, and via an open–ended questionnaire delivered to a focus group of about 20 citizens. After the first phase, key IQ factors that affect trust in e–government systems were determined using Keeney’s approach. IQ characteristics collected from the open–ended questionnaire in the first phase were grouped based on their similarities and categorized based on the four IQ categories proposed by Y. W. Lee (1997). In Phase two, 363 citizens were surveyed via the Internet to determine their level of trust in e–government systems. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) via principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the key IQ factors that affect citizens’ trust in e–government systems. A theoretical model was proposed, and the ordinal logistic regression (OLR) statistical method was used to formulate model and test predictive power. OLR developed the predictive model using IQ factors as the independent variables and trust as the dependent variables. OLR helped determine the relative weight of each of the IQ factors when predicting user’s trust in e–government systems. Based on the results, the three IQ factors: accuracy/dependability, accessibility/completeness, and representational were confirmed to have positive weights on citizens’ trust in e–government systems. Additionally, results demonstrated that two factors – –accessibility/completeness and representational had a significant contribution to trust. Accuracy/dependability showed a positive weight on the dependent variable, trust, but was not a significant contributor to trust. Results from the Mann–Whitney U Test determined that there were no significant differences between males and females on trust in e–government systems. The study makes two important contributions to the Information Systems body of knowledge. First, it investigated the IQ factors that citizens feel are important in e–government systems. IQ is important for information systems success. IQ in e–government systems is important for persuading citizens to trust e–government systems. Second, it investigated key IQ factors contributing to citizens’ trust in e–government systems. Trust in the IQ of e–government systems is crucial to the success of such Web–based technology due to its involvement with most citizenry as users.

The e-government phenomena has become more important with the ever increasing number of implementations world wide. A model explaining the e-government adoption and the related measurement instrument a survey had been developed and validated in this study. In a post technology acceptance model (TAM) approach, theory of planned behavior (TPB) was extended to t the requirements of e-government context. The adoption of student loans service of the higher education student loans and accommodation association (KYK) was investigated to obtain data for empirical validation. The instrument was administered to over four-hundred students and partial least squares path modeling was employed to analyze the data. The results indicate that the model was an improvement over TAM in terms of predictive power. The constructs investigated in the study successfully explained the intention to use an e-government service.

碩士
長榮大學
醫務管理學研究所
96
Exploring the Determinants of Government Employees’ Behavioral Intention in Using E-government System Abstract The purpose of this study is to explore the determinants of employees’ behavioral intention in using e-health services system in a Bureau of Health located in the north of Taiwan. The questionnaire according to the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was developed. All the employees were asked to participate in this study. A total of 110 effective responses were received. SPSS 12.0 was applied to analyze the data. The findings indicated that the predicting power of original theory of TAM, with its implication that perceived usefulness is the most important factor and perceived ease of use the second to predict the behavioral intention. However, in our findings, the attitude is another important factor predicting behavioral intention. The important findings are as below: 1. The R of regression analysis for perceived usefulness and attitude against behavioral intention was 0.748. Perceived usefulness was more important than attitude to predicting behavioral intention. And the standard regression coefficients were 0.714 and 0.188 respectively. 2. The R of regression analysis for perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use against attitude was 0.579. Perceived usefulness was more important than perceived ease of use to predicting attitude. And the standard regression coefficients were 0.566 and 0.215 respectively. 3. The R of regression analysis for perceived ease of use and innovation against perceived usefulness was 0.783. Perceived ease of use was more important than innovation to predicting perceived usefulness. And the standard regression coefficients were 0.736 and 0.185 respectively. 4. The individual characteristics, except innovativeness, didn’t have any effect on perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. The innovation had more effect on perceived ease of use (0.762) than on perceived usefulness (0.185). It was concluded that perceived usefulness was the most important factor to determine the behavioral intention. Perceived ease of use combined with innovativeness had effects on perceived usefulness, and then would influence the behavioral intention indirectly. Keywords: Government employee, E-government system, TAM, PU, PEOU, Innovativeness