Journal articles on the topic 'E-learning, b-learning, junior secondary school, learning difficulties'

This research aims to analyze online learning policies and the problems of obstacles of teachers, learners, and parents in learning Indonesian in the covid-19 pandemic. This type of research is a case study at Muhammadiyah 4 Yogyakarta Junior High School and literature study using secondary data collected through books, journals, websites, and other sources related to research problems. Data collection uses interview techniques and document analysis. Data analysis uses qualitative descriptive techniques, consisting of data collection and subtraction, data presentation, and conclusion withdrawal. The results showed that the distance learning policy implemented at Muhammadiyah Junior High School 4 Yogyakarya was in accordance with the Circular Letter (SE) of the Ministry of Education No. 4 of 2020 on the Implementation of Education Policy in the Emergency Period of The Spread of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). The policies implemented include policies to provide student learning experiences, provide life skills education, learning in accordance with student conditions, the process of awarding assessments, and the process of Admission of New Learners (PPDB) and School Operational Assistance (BOS). On the other hand, there are also learning obstacles for teachers, learners, and parents in Indonesian learning experienced during the diverse covid-19 pandemic. Teacher constraints are on aspects of the use of learning applications, weak internet network access, unpreparedness with online learning media, learning materials that cannot be applied optimally, and research to learners. Student constraints are on aspects of inadequate learning facilities, weak internet access, inactivity in following learning, psychological conditions of stress and boredom, many tasks, and difficulties in operating learning applications. Parental constraints are on socio-economic aspects and supervision or mentoring of children in online learning at home.

ABSTRACTWe developed the Hong Kong Specific Learning Difficulties Behavior Checklist for Junior Secondary School Students (BCL-JS) for teachers to rate the frequency of 52 reading-related behavioral characteristics of Chinese secondary school students. An item factor analysis based on ratings on 947 students yielded seven distinct dimensions. In a separate sample of 90 students, the seven constructs of the BCL-JS significantly correlated with students’ performances on most literacy and reading-related cognitive measures, and differentiated adolescents with or without dyslexia. Discriminant analysis showed that the BCL-JS had a high rate of correct classification (82.2%). These findings support that the BCL-JS is a reliable screening tool for Chinese junior secondary school students at risk for dyslexia.

This study describes how a national English textbook entitled When English Rings a Bell for Junior High School Level meets criteria of Cunnignswirth’s good English textbook. Interviews with the teacher and students of grade VII at SMP Muhammadiyah 10 Surakarta were conducted to investigate how the textbook is considered qualified. Document review was also applied to analyse the textbook. The results show that all chapters in the “When English Rings a Bell” textbook fulfill the Cunningsworth’s criteria of a good textbook. The textbook was suitable enough to be used for media in teaching learning process for the seventh grade students of Junior High School. From the teacher’s view, the textbook is appropriate with the learning objectives of the curret curriculum. This is in line woth the Cunningsworth’s criteria. However, some students found difficulties in using this textbook: 1). they still need teacher’s role to clearly explain the materials, 2). Supporting materials from other sources to improve the students’ ability in both comprehending the concept and doing practices. These two may be caused by the lack of examples in the textbook.

This article explores the skills and difficulties in critical thinking of junior Indonesian high school students in mathematics learning. Fifty students of grade IX who were purposive randomly selected from state junior secondary schools in Yogyakarta City were involved as the research subjects. The data were obtained from the test of mathematical critical thinking on the material of geometry. The test consisted of four items that describe each aspect of critical thinking skills, namely interpretation, analysis, evaluation, and inference. The analysis was done by showing the steps of the students ‘answers. The result indicated that the average of the aspects of mathematical critical thinking of students were on the high criteria with students’ greatest difficulties being in the analysis standard. Meanwhile,the average student success in the interpretation standard was 82%, the standard of the analysis was 46.25%, the evaluation standard was 78.25%, and the inference standard was 77%. Furthermore, from the results of the sample students’ exploration answers, it is expected that future teaching should not only focus on fluency in calculation but also on training the students in how to explain the solution steps of the problem solving process as this is important part in critical thinking.

Various Botswana policy documents (Republic of Botswana, 1977, 1994, 2002) and Vision 2016 (1997) have advocated for an enlightened and wellinformed society and the provision of a ten-year basic education as a fundamental human right of her citizens. It is against this background that this paper discusses the importance of English Literature in the Junior Secondary School (JSS) curriculum and examines the challenges faced by teachers and students in the teaching/learning process that can hamper the achievement of the country’s educational and social goals. Two Form One classes were chosen in two schools in Gaborone, the capital of Botswana, for this study. The 35 students in each of the two classes (totaling 70 students) and their 2 teachers were used in the study by adopting simple qualitative and quantitative descriptions. The study showed that the major difficulties faced by the teachers include lack of interest/enthusiasm for learning the subject by the students, as well as their lack of basic background in English, among others. Other problems on the part of the students include difficulty in understanding and difficult vocabulary/language in texts. As a result, pertinent recommendations were made for improved teacher practices and strategies.

Difficulties that junior adolescents (aged 11–13 years old) experience in terms of academic adaptation, which are indicated through school anxiety and academic wellbeing characteristics, often lead to a dramatic decrease in academic performance, behavioral problems, and deterioration of their health. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the structure of characteristics of school wellbeing/ill-being of junior adolescents and their role in variations of school anxiety, which largely define academic adaptation. In this study, based on positive psychology and a systematic approach, the level of distinctiveness of characteristics of school wellbeing is carried out with the help of comparative analysis; the factor structure of these characteristics is identified; the characteristics of wellbeing and their coordinated combinations (factors) are determined as predictors of school anxiety. The sample consisted of 120 students of the 5th–7th grades, aged M = 11.5; SD = 1.04 (49.2% girls, 50.8% boys) who attended Saratov secondary schools. To study the level of school anxiety, we used the Philips’ School Anxiety Scale (SAS), and indicators of school wellbeing were measured with the original scales developed by the authors of the study. Statistical processing of the results was carried out with regression analysis and factor analysis. The results showed that the school wellbeing of junior adolescents forms a complex structure that includes cognitive, personal, emotional, social, and psychophysiological characteristics of school life. It was found that from 16% up to 53% of the deviation of variables characterizing school anxiety is conditioned by the assessment of variables characterizing emotional states, the ability of self-regulation, cognitive capabilities, and interest in learning. The study determined a high level of tension in adolescents in the field of emotions’ self-regulation, unpleasant physical sensations at school, before and after attending school, in the course of planning their school day and reflecting on educational activities. The most powerful factors of school anxiety in junior adolescents are physical distress, low ability to self-regulate and social adaptation, lack of independence in a learning activity, and personal immaturity.

Artikel ini menyajikan apa itu pembelajaran kontekstual dan apa saja karakteristiknya? Apa itu kemampuan penalaran statistis? Mengapa pembelajaran kontekstual dapat mengembangkan kemapuan penalaran statistis siswa Sekolah Menengah Pertama? Kemampuan penalaran statistis sangat penting dimiliki oleh siswa Sekolah Menengah Pertama, karena dengan kemampuan penalaranr statistis ini siswa dapat memiliki kompetensi dalam hal: 1) memahami informasi-informasi statistis yang tersurat maupun yang tersirat pada setiap permasalahan yang dihadapi. 2) Pemahaman yang baik terhadap bagaimana cara memilih, menyajikan, mererduksi, dan mempresentasikan data yang akan digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan yang ada. 3) pemahaman dan penalaran yang baik terhadap proses statistis secara keseluruhan termasuk setiap perhitungan yang terlibat dalam proses tersebut. 4) pemahaman untuk memecahkan masalah secara statistis berdasarkan data yang ada, dan menginterprestasikannya dalam pengambilan keputusan yang dapat berlaku secara umum. Oleh karena itu untuk mengembangkan kemampuan penalaran statistis tersebut harus mempertimbangkan pendekatan pembelajaran yang digunakan untuk siswa Sekolah Menengah Pertama. Model pendekatan pembelajaran yang sesuai untuk siswa Sekolah Pertama salah satunya adalah pendekatan pembelajaran kontekstual (Contextual Teaching and Learning). Pendekatan pembelajaran kontekstual ini mengambil permasalahan-permasalahan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari atau permasalahan yang disimulasikan dengan dialog, diskusi,, tanya jawab, dan representasi. Aktivitas pengajaran kontekstual yang dikembangkan adalah: a) belajar berbasis masalah, b) belajar dengan multi konteks, c) belajar mandiri, d) penilaian otentik, dan e) masyarakat belajar.This article presents a contextual learning what it is and what are its characteristics? What is the statistical reasoning skills? Why contextual learning can develop statistical reasoning Traffic junior secondary students? Reasoning ability is very important statistical owned by junior high school students, because of the ability of these statistical penalaranr students may have competence in terms of: 1) understand the statistical information expressed or implied in any problems faced. 2) A good understanding of how to choose, present, mererduksi, and present data that will be used to address existing problems. 3) understanding and reasoning that both the statistical process as a whole including any calculations involved in the process. 4) understanding to solve the problem of statistically based on existing data, and interpret it in decision-making that can be applied generally. Therefore, to develop the statistical reasoning skills should consider learning approach used for junior secondary students. Model learning approach that is appropriate for school students first one of which is a contextual learning approach (Contextual Teaching and Learning). This contextual learning approach to take problems in daily life or simulated problems with dialogue, discussion ,, question and answer, and representation. Contextual teaching activities developed are: a) problem-based learning, b) learning with multi context, c) self-learning, d) authentic assessment, and e) a learning society.

Abstract. Science and technology have been rapidly evolved in some fields of knowledge, including mathematics. Such development can contribute to improvements on the learning process that encourage students and teachers to enhance their abilities and performances. In delivering the material on the linear equation system with two variables (SPLDV), the conventional teaching method where teachers become the center of the learning process is still well-practiced. This method would cause the students get bored and have difficulties to understand the concepts they are learning. Therefore, in order to the learning of SPLDV easy, an interesting, interactive media that the students and teachers can apply is necessary. This media is designed using GUI MATLAB and named as students’ electronic worksheets (e-LKS). This program is intended to help students in finding and understanding the SPLDV concepts more easily. This program is also expected to improve students’ motivation and creativity in learning the material. Based on the test using the System Usability Scale (SUS), the design of interactive mathematics learning media of the linear equation system with Two Variables (SPLDV) gets grade B (excellent), meaning that this learning media is proper to be used for Junior High School students of grade VIII.Keyword: SPLDV, Learning Media, Students’ Electronic Worksheet (e-LKS) *Judul ini telah dipresentasikan pada Seminar Nasional: Indonesian Students Conference on Science and Mathematics(ISCSM) 11-12 November 2015, Banda Aceh Indonesia

Research reveals that robotics can be a valuable tool for school students with special needs (SNs). However, to our knowledge, empirical studies on teachers’ attitudes towards educational robotics for SNs students have been very limited and, in general, do not account for the great variability in the existent difficulties of school-aged children. Our aim is to fill this research gap. This post-test empirical study assessed Italian pre-service and in-service learning support teachers’ attitudes towards the application of Educational Robotics—ER with their students with SNs at the end of a 12-h training course. The results generally showed that most teachers perceived ER as a powerful tool for children with numerous SNs, particularly for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder—ADHD, Autism Spectrum Disorder—ASD, and Dyspraxia. Looking at the differences depending on the school level, kindergarten teachers perceived that ER is mostly helpful for ASD, ADHD, Down Syndrome—DS as well as with psychological or emotional distress or the needs of foreign students. For primary school teachers, ER was mostly helpful with ADHD, Dyspraxia and ASD. For both junior secondary school teachers and high school teachers, ER was mostly helpful with ASD, Dyspraxia, and ADHD.

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan menjelaskan pengelolaan pembelajaran kimia peminatan dan lintas minat di SMA Negeri 1 Seririt. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian fenomenologis. Subjek dalam penelitian ini yaitu guru kimia peminatan dan lintas minat, kepala SMA Negeri 1 Seririt, wakil kepala sekolah bidang kurikulum, penilai kinerja guru, serta siswa kelas X MIA 3 dan X BABUD 1. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah studi dukumen, observasi, wawancara, dan kuisioner. Data penelitian dianalisis menggunakan teknik deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut. (1) Pemilihan peminatan MIA, IIS dan BABUD ditentukan berdasarkan nilai Raport dan UNBK siswa pada jenjang SMP, angket minat dan tes psikologis, sedangkan mata pelajaran lintas minat ditentukan langsung oleh pihak sekolah. (2) Pengelolaan pembelajaran kimia peminatan dan lintas minat meliputi perencanaan, pelaksanaan, penilaian dan pengawasan dibuat sama tanpa memperhatikan karakteristik siswa. Pengelolaan pembelajaran yang sama berimplikasi terhadap minat, hasil dan kesulitan belajar siswa. Minat belajar siswa kimia peminatan pada aspek sebelum dan saat mendapatkan pembelajaran kimia lebih tinggi dibandingkan kimia lintas minat. Persentase minat belajar siswa kimia peminatan sebelum mendapatan pembelajaran kimia sebesar 63,89% dan kimia lintas minat sebesar 19,4%. Persentase minat belajar siswa kimia peminatan saat mendapatkan pembelajaran kimia sebesar 69,44% dan kimia lintas minat sebesar 33,11%. Hasil belajar kimia peminatan lebih tinggi dibandingkan lintas minatyaitu 8,3% di atas KKM dan di bawah KKM sebesar 91,7%, sedangkan siswa kimia lintas minat yang mencapai KKM sebesar 2,8% dan di bawah KKM sebesar 97,2%.AbstractThis study aims to describe and explain the management of chemistry learning specialization and cross-interest in SMA Negeri 1 Seririt. This research was carried out using a qualitative approach with a type of phenomenological research. Subjects in this study were chemistry specialization and cross-interest teachers, head of Seririt 1 Public High School, deputy headmaster in the curriculum field, teacher performance appraisers, as well as class X MIA 3 and X BABUD 1. Data collection methods used were document studies, observations, interview, and questionnaire. The research data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive techniques. The results of this study are as follows. (1) The selection of specialization of MIA, IIS and BABUD is determined based on the scores of the report cards and UNBK students at the junior secondary level, interest questionnaires and psychological tests, while cross-interest subjects are determined directly by the school. (2) Management of specialization and cross-interest chemistry learning including planning, implementation, assessment and supervision is made equal regardless of student characteristics. The same management of learning has implications for interests, outcomes and student learning difficulties. Interest in specialization chemistry students in the aspects before and when they get chemistry learning is higher than cross-interest chemistry. The percentage of interest in specialization chemistry students before getting chemistry learning was 63.89% and cross-interest chemistry was 19.4%. The percentage of interest in specialization chemistry students when getting chemistry learning was 69.44% and cross-interest chemistry was 33.11%. Chemistry specialization learning outcomes are higher than cross interests, 8.3% above KKM and below KKM 91.7%, while chemistry students across interests reach KKM at 2.8% and below KKM at 97.2%.Keywords: management of learning, specialization, cross interests, learning difficulties and interest in learning.

Abstract When we communicate, we make use of both verbal and non-verbal means. In a classroom situation, there are a number of obstacles which students encounter and which can impede their communication. In L2 learning contexts, one of the commonest barriers is the language. Thus, the application of communication strategies (CS) is necessary with a view to compensating for various difficulties and avoiding communication failure or achieving communicative success. The objective of our paper is to analyze the occurrence and the incidence of communication strategies in the speech of Polish L2 learners. The subjects we tested are representatives of four different proficiency groups: - intermediate (junior high school 3rd class learners), - upper-intermediate (technical secondary school students who are taking their final maturity exams), - pre-advanced (1st year philology students) and advanced (3rd year philology students). A survey was conducted with a view to eliciting the linguistic data which enabled us to determine the occurrence and incidence of communication strategies (CS). More specifically, we observed if and, if yes, to what extent the learners use the strategies in order to compensate for the challenging moments which they encounter when they communicate.

Analysing extra education much attention has been given to its general activities and results by various researchers. However, no research has been made on influence of extra education in natural sciences on developing schoolchildren’s knowledge acquisition so far. This article deals with extra education at junior physicists’ school “Photon”. “Photon” was founded in 1973 at Siauliai University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics. Every year 800–900 9th form schoolchildren from various secondary schools in Lithuania enter this Junior Physicists’ School. The studies last for four years. The pupils have to solve 60 different problems every year. The pupils send the solved problems to the "PHOTON" Council, which sends them back after the correction of mistakes together with the booklets of the correct solutions. “Photon” school is an extra educational institution, so schoolchildren continue their studies there until their needs and interests are satisfied. 17300 schoolchildren have completed their studies at “Photon” school. The aims of this article are: to present the tasks, principles and activities of extra education junior physicists’ school “Photon”; to research schoolchildren’s learning motivation and needs for extra education; to analyse the abilities of popularisation of physics and the acquisition of knowledge at this school. Methods of research: analysis of cumulate experience, survey of schoolchildren and physics teachers, systemic, comparative analysis. The research has been carried out in 2002–2007 year. 1460 young physicists school “Photon” – schoolchildren of 9th–12th forms and 180 teachers of physics from the various schools of Lithuania have been involved in the research. The received data was processed using statistical research methods. For analysis of the research data software SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) has been used. Research has showed, that „Photon“ school is a good form of deepening and expanding knowledge and raising interest in Natural sciences. The main factors defining preferential studies at “Photon” school are needs for knowledge, self – development and novelties. Those factors are directly connected with future plans, ways of overcoming difficulties and opportunities to get good results. “Photon” trainees are highly self – motivated, their need for knowledge and novelty is very strong and long – term. Leisure activities at “Photon” summer school foster positive emotions and creative favourable environment to reveal needs and aptitudes and to educate a creative personality. Schoolchildren appreciate activities there in the following way: “made new friend”, “interesting activities”, “got acquainted with famous Lithuanian scientists”. Educating factors are being stressed at “Photon” summer school. Trainees were enthusiastic experimenting in laboratories and participating in seminars. A 35 year activity of “Photon” school, active schoolchildren‘s and teachers‘ participation have revealed significance of its existence educating harmonious and creative personalities. Key words: extra education, school “Photon”, popularisation of physics, correspondence studies, seminars, summer school.

This research aims to find out what moral values are implantedin SMP Ma'arif NU 1 Purwokerto. This type of research in this thesis isfield research or field research where the approach uses qualitativemethods that are descriptive analytic. In the process of collecting data,the authors use the method of observation, documentation andinterviews. The results showed that the values planted at Ma'rif NU 1Junior High School Purwokerto included (a) Respecting parents, (b)Respecting teachers, (c) Honest, (d) Fair (e) Respecting fellow friends(f) Tolerance (g) Diligent (h) Diligent (i) Responsibility. The purpose ofcarrying out learning oriented there are elements / moral values is toform a deep character, especially class ix which ends his education atthe junior secondary level. While the practical implementation in theform of conditions that occur in SMP Ma'arif NU 1 Purwokerto includethe disciplinary attitude carried out by Islamic Religious Educationteachers to their students by leaving early, reading Asmaul Husnapraying together, directed towards good behavior in each subject

Background/Context Disproportionate placement of African American students into special education programs is likely to be a form of institutional racism, especially when such placement stigmatizes students. If placement also fails to lead to educational benefits, the practice becomes even more suspect. Some studies have explored disproportionate placement (i.e., over-representation) from the perspectives of policy makers and educators, but few have looked at the practice from the vantage of the African American students experiencing it. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study This study explored how nine African American students in secondary special education placements perceived their school experiences and the benefits, challenges, and detriments associated with their placements and accompanying disability labels. Setting Participating students attended one of three high schools in an urban district in the midwestern United States. Respectively, the schools had low, medium, and high percentages of students on individualized education programs (IEPs). Population/Participants/Subjects Three students from each of three schools participated in the study. With the help of school personnel, the researchers selected students who (a) were African American, (b) were juniors or seniors, (c) carried the label of learning disabilities or mild cognitive impairment, and (d) had received special education services for at least three years. Research Design The researchers used an in-depth interview design including three increasingly detailed interviews with each student. Verbatim transcripts of interviews provided the data the researchers analyzed using (a) inductive coding, (b) development of case-specific profiles, (c) organization of codes to identify patterns in the data, and (d) identification of emergent themes. Findings/Results Three emergent themes suggested that, in most cases, students found the negative consequences of their special education placement to outweigh any benefits. The limited benefits of placement included interactions with responsive teachers and, in a few cases, more suitable instructional pacing. The negative consequences included the experience of being stigmatized by peers, making limited academic progress because of a slow-paced curriculum, and confronting barriers that kept them from returning to general education placements. Conclusions/Recommendations The study found that traumatic events in the students’ lives led to academic difficulties, which subsequently led to placement in special education. Rather than supporting the students through a difficult phase of their lives, educators used special education referral and placement as a form of victim blaming. This response had the effect of excluding the students from engagement with the general education curriculum and from interaction with friends. The dynamics of victim blaming led the researchers to judge special education referral and placement of the nine African American students as a form of institutional racism.

This study examined the health profile of children with different types of disabilities and explored the disability-specific associations with various types of health and functioning using a large nonclinical sample of children. A cross-sectional school survey was conducted during 2016 and 2017. A total of 4114 children (aged 6–18 years) receiving primary or secondary education, or their proxy, in Hong Kong participated in the study. Disabilities were categorized as (a) physical disabilities; (b) learning and developmental disabilities; (c) intellectual disabilities; (d) internalizing disorders or mental illness; and (e) autism spectrum disorder. Health-related quality of life (QoL), sleep-related QoL, activities of daily living (ADL), emotional functioning, and social functioning were assessed and compared between children with disabilities and those without. The results showed that children with disabilities showed poorer physical functioning, health-related QoL, and emotional and social functioning than their counterparts without disabilities. Disability-specific associations with health were found: (a) physical disabilities and intellectual disabilities were associated with greater difficulties in ADL; (b) language impairment and Attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were negatively associated with sleep-related QoL; (c) all types of disabilities but hearing impairment were negatively associated with health-related QoL (HRQoL); and (d) language impairment, ADHD, internalizing disorder, as well as autism spectrum disorder were associated with greater abnormal behavioral difficulties. The findings warrant the development of tailor-made intervention programs and give insights to effective resource allocation for the children in need.

Students of Elementary School Teacher Education programs must be able to have higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) so that they can train students to have HOTS through learning activities created when they have become elementary school teachers. This study aims to explain students' high-level thinking skills in solving HOTS-oriented questions in Instructional Evaluation courses. This study uses qualitative research methods with data collection techniques using cognitive test instruments in the form of descriptions. Data analysis techniques use simple descriptive statistics. The results showed the level of thinking ability of students in answering HOTS practice questions still needed improvement. Students who have high learning abilities are better at answering HOTS-oriented questions compared to students in the medium and low categories. Recommendations for future research are required learning modules that can facilitate learning activities that lead to HOTS so that students are skilled in answering and making HOTS-oriented practice questions for elementary school students when they become a teacher.
 
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The purpose of this research and development research was (1) to produce a humanistic social-based learning model that was suitable for the mathematical communication skills of elementary school students and (2) to test its effectiveness. The type of research used was RnD with a 4-D development model developed by Thiagarajan. The research subjects on a small scale were 4 students of grade IV and on a wide scale were all students in grade IV of SD Taman Muda IP. The data analysis technique used descriptive qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative analysis technique was used to describe the stages of developing a humanistic social-based learning model in improving mathematical communication skills. Quantitative analysis techniques were utilized to test the validity, practicality, and effectiveness. Based on research data, validation tests from experts and practitioners, it can be concluded that the humanistic social-based learning model in improving the mathematical communication skills of elementary school students was valid, practical, and effective. After going through the validation stage, both experts and practitioners, the product developed was said to be valid (feasible and can be used). After being tested on a small scale and a large scale, the product developed was included in the practical and effective criteria. Thus, the developed model can be used as reference material in enriching the learning process in elementary schools so that it is hoped that student learning outcomes can alsobe enhanced Keywords: humanistic, communication, mathematics, social. References: Aloni, N. 2013. Empowering dialogues in humanistic education. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 45(10), 1067-1081. Ansari, B. I. 2012. Komunikasi Matematik dan Politik. Banda Aceh: Yayasan Pena. Annisa, W.N. 2014. “Peningkatan Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Dan Komunikasi Matematik Melalui Pembelajaran Pendidikan Matematika Realistik Untuk Siswa SMP Negeri Di Kabupaten Garut”. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Keguruan Vol. 1 No. 1, artikel 8. Ärlebäck, J.B., & Doerr, H.M. 2017. Students’ interpretations and reasoning about phenomena with negative rates of change throughout a model development sequence. ZDM - Mathematics Education, 50(1–2), 187–200. Bozkurt, G. 2017. Social Constructivism: Does It Succeed in Reconciling Individual Cognition with Social Teaching and Learning Practices in Mathematics?, Journal of Education and Practice, 2017. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(3), 210–218. Cole, M. 1985. The Zone of Proximal Development: Where Culture and Cognition Create Each Other. In J.V. Wertsch (ed.), Culture, Communication and Cognition, p. 146-161. Cambridge: Cambridge Darminto, B. 2014. Penerapan Teori Maslow Pada Pembelajaran Matematika di SD. Jurnal Pendidikan, Volume 23, Nomor 1. Deaton, S. 2015. Social learning theory in the age of social media: Implications for educational practitioners. Journal of Educational Technology, 12(1), 1-6. Friedlaender, D. 2019. A Humanistic Approach to Scaling Up. Research Brief. Stanford Center for Opportunity Policy in Education. Gmaj, I., & Fijałkowska, B. 2021. Between a humanistic and economic model of lifelong learning: The validation system in Poland. European Journal of Education, 56(3), 407-422. Herring, C., Rosaldo, M., Seim, J., & Shestakofsky, B. 2016. Living theory: Principles and practices for teaching social theory ethnographically. Teaching Sociology, 44(3), 188-199. Jorgensen, R., Gates, P., & Roper, V. 2014. Structural exclusion through school mathematics: Using Bourdieu to understand mathematics as a social practice. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 87(2), 221-239. Kemdikbud. 2013. Modul Pelatihan Implementasi Kurikulum 2013. Jakarta: Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Manusia Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. 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Bloomington: Indiana University. Turmudi. 2009. “Students’S Responses To The Realistic Mathematics Teaching Approach In Junior Secondary School”, Indonesia University Of Education, Proceeding Of IICMA Van de Walle, J.A., Karp, K.S., & Bay-Williams, J. M. 2010. Elemnatary School Mathematics: Teaching developmentally (7th ed). Boston: Allyn & Balcon. Villares, E., Lemberger, M., Brigman, G., & Webb, L. 2011. Student Success Skills: An evidence‐based school counseling program grounded in humanistic theory. The Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 50(1), 42-55. Vygotsky, L.S. 1978. Mind In Society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Windshitl, M. 2004. The Challenges of Sustaining a Constructivist Classroom Culture, dalam Leonard Abbeduto, Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Issues in Educational Psychology, McGrawHill/Dushkin Woolfolk, A. 2009. Educational Psychology (8th ed.). New York: Allyn and Acon.

One of the successes of students in education is shown by their academic achievements. This is what students do not have to always improve their achievement motivation. Achievement motivation possessed by someone ideally always progresses so that it will accelerate what is desired. The purpose of the study was to find out the difference in the average achievement motivation of grade IV, V, and VI students of Sekolah Dasar Negeri Sumber Rahayu OKU Timur in 2017. The research design used a quantitative approach. Data collection uses observation and questionnaire guidelines to obtain primary and secondary data. Data analysis techniques using independent sample t-test and ANOVA (One-Way ANOVA). This research was conducted on November 13, 2017 until January 06, 2018 in Sumber Rahayu OKU Timur Elementary School. The results of the study found that if there were differences in the average score of achievement motivation for grade IV, V, and VI students of Sekolah Dasar Negeri Sumber Rahayu OKU Timur in 2017. For that reason, teachers should pay more attention to their interests and talents so that students can continue to improve their motivation to continue achieving, more knowing how to make learning in class more interesting and fun so students are more motivated to take part in learning.
 
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Abstrak
 Penelitian ini berangkat dari dua hal penting. Pertama, fakta sejarah bahwa kepemimpinan Umar bin Abdul Aziz telah berhasil secara sangat signifikan dalam memberikan kesejahteraan dan rasa keadilan kepada rakyatnya. Kedua, Pada tataran taktis, penyusunan kurikulum Kepemimpinan/leadership di lembaga pendidikan Islam, acapkali tidak berlandaskan pada konsep Islam yang jernih, tetapi diambil dari teori-teori barat yang jauh dari nilai-nilai Aqidah dan dakwah Islam. karena itu, jika ditilik dari Wordview Islam, rancangan kurikulum Pendidikan leadership masih memiliki banyak kelemahan. Penelitian ini dirumuskan untuk mendeskripsikan sifat kepemimpinan Umar Bin Abdul Aziz. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi tokoh, bertujuan untuk menggali Analisa pemikiran tokoh terhadap sejarah ketokohan melalui literatur primer maupun sekunder yang berkaitan dengan objek penelitian untuk melahirkan Konsep Kurikulum Leadership Ekstrakurikuler SMP Islam. Penelitian ini menghasilkan pembahasan tentang Konsep Kurikulum Leadership Ekstrakurikuler SMP Islam, ringkasnya; (1) Penyusunan Kurikulum Leadership Ekstrakurikuler berasaskan pada pondasi Tauhid, (2) Tujuan Kurikulum, untuk membentuk Peserta Didik yang berakhlak mulia, Lebih khusus lagi, untuk membentuk peserta didik yang memiliki sifat kepemimpinan Umar bin Abdul aziz diantaranya; (a) Sangat takut kepada Allah, (b) Zuhud (Sederhana), (c) Rendah Hati, (d) Wara’ (berhati-hati), (e) Lemah lembut dan Pemaaf, (f) Sabar, (g) Tegas, dan (h) Adil (3) Materi Kurikulum, diantaranya; (a) Materi Tauhid yang meliputi Tauhid Rububiyah, Tauhid Uluhiyah, Tauhid Asma’ wa Sifat, dan al-Wala’ wa al-Bara’, (b) Materi Akhlak yang meliputi; Zuhud (Sederhana), Rendah Hati, Wara’ (berhati-hati), Lemah lembut, Pema’af, dan Sabar, (c) Materi Sejarah, khususnya Sejarah Emas Kepemimpin Umar bin Abdul Aziz, dan (d) Materi Manajemen; Tegas, dan Adil. (4) Metode Penyampaian Kurikulum, diantaranya; Metode Keteladanan, Metode Fun Learning, Metode Diskusi dan Tanya Jawab, Metode Targhib dan Tarhib, Metode Pemberian Hadiah dan Hukuman, dan Metode Berkisah, dan (5) Evaluasi Kurikulum; (a) terbentuknya tim Evaluasi, (b) Rangkaian kerja Evaluasi kurikulum (Unsur Evaluator, Unsur yang dievaluasi, Unsur kesahihan hasil evaluasi, Unsur pengakuan terhadap hasil evaluasi, (c) Jenis Evaluasi (evaluasi formatif, evaluasi sumatif, evaluasi placement, evaluasi diagnosis).
 Abstract
 This research departs from two important things. First, the historical fact that the leadership of Umar bin Abdul Aziz has succeeded very significantly in providing prosperity and a sense of justice to its people. Second, at the tactical level, the preparation of leadership curricula in Islamic educational institutions is often not based on a clear Islamic concept, but is taken from western theories that are far from the values ​​of Aqidah and Islamic da'wah. Therefore, when viewed from the Islamic Wordview, the design of the leadership education curriculum still has many weaknesses. This research was formulated to describe the leadership traits of Umar Bin Abdul Aziz. This research is a type of qualitative research with a character study approach, which aims to explore the analysis of the figures' thoughts on the history of character through primary and secondary literature related to the object of research to give birth to the Concept of Extracurricular Leadership Curriculum of Islamic Junior High School. This study resulted in a discussion of the Concept of Extracurricular Leadership Curriculum for Islamic Junior High Schools, in summary; (1) Formulation of an Extracurricular Leadership Curriculum based on the foundation of Tauhid, (2) Curriculum objectives, to form students who have noble morals, more specifically, to form students who have leadership characteristics of Umar bin Abdul Aziz including; (a) Fear of Allah, (b) Zuhud (Simple), (c) Humble, (d) Wara '(careful), (e) Gentle and Forgiving, (f) Patient, (g) Firm , and (h) Fair (3) Curriculum material, including; (a) Tawheed material which includes Tauhid Rububiyah, Tauhid Uluhiyah, Tauhid Asma 'wa Traits, and al-Wala' wa al-Bara ', (b) Moral material which includes; Zuhud (Simple), Humble, Wara '(careful), gentle, forgiving, and patient, (c) Historical Materials, especially the Golden History of Umar bin Abdul Aziz's Leadership, and (d) Management Materials; Firm, and Fair. (4) Curriculum Delivery Methods, including; Exemplary Methods, Fun Learning Methods, Discussion and Question and Answer Methods, Targhib and Tarhib Methods, Methods of Giving Rewards and Punishment, and Storytelling Methods, and (5) Curriculum Evaluation; (a) formation of an evaluation team, (b) a series of curriculum evaluation work (evaluator elements, evaluated elements, elements of validity of evaluation results, elements of recognition of evaluation results, (c) types of evaluation (formative evaluation, summative evaluation, evaluation of placement, evaluation of diagnosis ).

Con el propósito de estudiar la organización de datos e identificar la diversidad de representaciones construidas en situación de exploración de datos auténticos, en un grupo de 56 estudiantes chilenos de tercer grado de primaria, se diseñó e implementó un plan de clases de estadística, en el que se solicitó a los estudiantes ordenar y organizar los datos para responder a un problema. Este artículo se centra en el estudio cualitativo de las representaciones de datos producidas por los estudiantes durante la implementación del plan de clases. La exploración de los datos realizada por los estudiantes sobre los alimentos que consumían en la escuela (“colaciones”), los llevó a elaborar representaciones de datos (listas, estado intermedio de esquema tabular y tabla de frecuencias). Se concluye que el contexto auténtico y la construcción de representaciones propias promovieron que los estudiantes construyeran preponderantemente listas (77%), aplicando con sentido la partición, la clase y el cardinal. Se sugiere incorporar explícitamente en la enseñanza el formato lista, como herramienta representacional y unidad básica de la tabla. Referencias Brizuela, B., y Alvarado, M. (2010). First graders' work on additive problems with the use of different notational tools. Revista IRICE, 21, 37-43. Recuperado a partir desde https://ojs.rosario-conicet.gov.ar/index.php/revistairice/article/view/v21n21a04 Brizuela, B., y Lara-Roth, S. (2002). Additive relations and function tables. Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 20(3), 309-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0732-3123(02)00076-7 Coutanson, B. (2010). La question de l’éducation statistique et de la formation de l’esprit statistique à l’école primaire en France. 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 The enthusiasm in the Tahfidz House (TH) education program especially for children shows an increasing trend in Padang, a modeling city in developing Islāmic character for children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the Tahfidz House program trends development in early childhood in Padang. This study uses qualitative methods with data collection tools, namely inter- views, direct observation, and document analysis. The results showed that: First, the Tahfidz House program attracted public interest because it offered dimensions of character formation such as in- creasing Intelligence Quotient, Emotional Quotient, and Spiritual Quotient. Second, there is a theo- logical reason in the landscape of local people to think that the Qur'an offers a blessing concept in our lives. Third, Tahfidz House existences as non-formal education has two dominant affiliations, namely pure education and based on market interests or capitalization.
 Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Tahfidz House Program, Market Interest
 Reference
 
 
 
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This study deals with developing the writing paragraph through quickwriting for junior high school at smp swasta pahlawan nasional. The objectives of this study were to find out to improve the students’ ability in writing paragraph of grade VIII students by using quickwriting strategy. Data data of the research was taken from the secondary grade of Junior High School Students at SMP Swasta Pahlawan Nasional Medan, which is taken from one class, contain 33 student. The data in this research collected by using interview and questionnaire. The interview and questionnaire will be given to collect the students’ need, problem and interesting in learning English, particularly in writing and using quick writing in teaching and learning. In the teaching-learning process the teacher should prepare before conducting the lesson. The first is classroom procedures in teaching-learning process. Classroom procedures used by English teacher are opening, quickwriting, main activities (exploration-elaboration-confirmation), closing. There are some problems faced in the teaching-learning process. The problems faced are problem in developing idea, organizing idea, difficulties in vocabulary, tenses, and grammar, different capability of the students, and limited time. The consequently, the teacher should give solutions to cope the problems faced in teaching-learning process. So, the teacher should be creative to minimize the problem faced in teaching-learning process in order to make the students enjoy with the materials and develop student’s ability. Keywords : writing paragraph, quickwriting

This meta-analysis examines the effects of game-based learning (GBL), compared with traditional instructional methods, on the science achievement of students, ranging from primary school to university. Results from the 41 primary studies of 6256 participants showed heterogeneity among effect sizes. The random effects model results showed a positive effect (g = .705, 95% CI = [.603, .807], p < .001), suggesting that students learned substantially more via GBL than traditional instruction. Additionally, moderation analysis found that the link between GBL and science achievement was stronger (a) among students in Eastern countries than Western countries; (b) among primary school students than undergraduates, junior or senior secondary school students; (c) on quizzes, final exams, and course grades than assignment scores; (d) for interventions between 4 hours and 1 week, smaller for those less than 4 hours, and smallest for those over 1 week; and (e) slightly in later publication years.

Difficulties in student learning are indicated by the existence of certain obstacles to achieving learning outcomes and can be psychological, sociological, or physiological so that in the end it can cause the achievement of learning that is achieved under the proper level. Student learning difficulties include broad terms, including: (a) learning disorder; (b) learning dysfunction; (c) underachiever; (d) slow learner, and (e) learning disabilities. The problems examined in this study are in the form of counseling guidance services with elective therapy on attending behavior to overcome the learning problems of class IX-C students at SMP Negeri 108 Jakarta. The objectives of this study are: (a) To find out the effectiveness of the applied effective counseling model with attending behavior to overcome the learning problems of Class IX-C students at SMP Negeri 108 Jakarta, b) To find out the steps teachers must take in overcoming student learning problems through an effective counseling model with attending behavior, c) To find out the factors that cause problems that arise in class IX-C students' learning at SMP Negeri 108 Jakarta. This study uses a counseling guidance research service, carried out consisting of five stages namely case identification, problem identification, diagnosis, prognosis, and remedial or referral. The study period was three months from August to October 2018. The research subjects were Class IX-C students in 108 State Junior High School Jakarta 2018-2019 Academic Year on the subject of learning problems, in the odd semester with 5 students. The data obtained in the form of case investigations. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that by using an effective therapeutic technique with attending behavior in class IX-C students of SMP Negeri 108 Jakarta there are significant changes in efforts to overcome the learning problems that arise that are traumatic, extraordinary anxiety, unstable soul, and emotional, with categories of values A and B.

05–32Allen, Linda Quinn (Iowa State U, USA). Implementing a culture portfolio project within a constructivist paradigm. Foreign Language Annals (New York, USA) 37.2 (2004), 232–239.05–33Al-Sehayer, Khalid (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia). ESL readers' perceptions of reading in well structured and less structured hypertext environment. CALICO Journal (TX, USA) 22.2 (2005), 191–212.05–34Barcroft, Joe (Washington U, USA). Second language vocabulary acquisition: a lexical input processing approach. Foreign Language Annals (New York, USA) 37.2 (2004), 200–208.05–35Bateman, Blair E. (Brigham Young U, USA). Achieving affective and behavioural outcomes in culture learning: the case for ethnographic interviews. Foreign Language Annals (New York, USA) 37.2 (2004), 240–253.05–36Chen, Tsai Yu & Chang, Goretti B. Y. (Ming Hsin U of Science and Technology, Taiwan). The relationship between foreign language anxiety and learning difficulties. 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César (Indiana U, USA; cfelixbr.@indiana.edu). Interlanguage refusals: linguistic politeness and length of residence in the target community. Language Learning (Oxford, UK) 54.4 (2004), 587–653.05–45Fonder-Solano, Leah & Burnett, Joanne (Pennsylvania State U, USA). Teaching literature/reading: a dialogue on professional growth. Foreign Language Annals (New York, USA) 37.3 (2004), 459–469.05–46Guion, Susan G., Harada, Tetsuo & Clark, J. J. (U of Oregon, USA; guion@uoregon.edu). Early and late Spanish-English bilinguals' acquisition of English word stress patterns. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition (Cambridge, UK) 7.3 (2004), 207–226.05–47Hardison, Debra M. (Michigan State U, USA). Contextualised computer-based L2 prosody training: evaluating the effects of discourse context and video input. CALICO Journal (TX, USA) 22. 2 (2005), 175–190.05–48Jones, Randall (Brigham Young U, USA). Corpus-based word frequency analysis and the teaching of German vocabulary. 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One of the competencies that must be mastered students currently studying mathematics in junior high school (SMP) and is listed in the RPP (lesson plan) made by the teacher of junior high school mathematics is able to complete the concept of sets and Venn diagrams. In the current study the concept of sets and Venn diagrams, mastery of competencies was very important because it will be the main prerequisite when students learn the concept of sets and Venn diagrams on the next steps. Difficulties faced by teachers of mathematics and junior high school students in the form of low level of understanding of the students about the concepts related to the concept of sets and Venn diagrams and low skills in mennyelesaikan concept of sets and Venn diagrams. With such a reality, the use of instructional media using Macromedia Flash is one of supporting the achievement of an effective learning objectives and easy to understand The concept of Association and Venn Diagram multimedia applications on SMP 07 Bengkulu generated based Multimedia can provide convenience to the teachers of secondary school (SMP) 07 State of Bengkulu in providing the subject matter of the concept of Association and Venn Diagrams in SMP Negeri 07 Bengkulu based Multimedia.Keywords: Macromedia Flash, Concepts Association and the Venn Diagram, SMP 07 Bengkulu based Multimedia

This study examines how factors in the classroom environment influence gifted children and their self-esteem in Junior Secondary level classes in Sri Lanka, using a sample survey design. One hundred and two male and female gifted students at Junior Secondary level from two geographical provinces were selected using the snowballing sampling method, with the Ravens Standardized Matrix Test and teacher nominations. The Coppersmith’s Self Esteem Scale was employed to examine these children’s self-esteem and a self-developed screening test was implemented to identify the factors in the classroom environment that influenced them. The results of the study revealed that such gifted children presented significant classroom environment trigger factors, such as teaching-learning issues, neglect by the teachers, unhappiness with their teachers, lack of attention from the teachers, teachers’ lack of teaching skills and methods, peer pressure and peer relationships issues. Due to these classroom influences, the children presented psychological difficulties including physical, emotional and behavioral difficulties. Of these, emotional difficulties showed higher scores as compared to other difficulties. When considering self-esteem, forty-seven children presented an overall low score in contrast to both average and higher scores in the sample. There was a significant positive correlation between emotional, behavioral and physical difficulties and self-esteem. Thus, it seemed that the development of professional skills and the need for further teacher training related to special education are vital. It is also important to provide integrated professional counselling services to strengthen the self-esteem and well-being of talented children, in the school system.

As competências socioemocionais têm-se demostrado um fator importante para a promoção de relações positivas e redução de riscos psicológicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e analisar as publicações online acerca desta temática por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura ibero-latina. Os descritores utilizados foram sócio-emotional competences ou sócio-emotional skillsna base de dados SciELO. Foram encontrados 65 trabalhos. Aplicado o critério de exclusão, 46 trabalhos foram analisados. Os resultados exibiram uma pulverização de publicações ao longo dos anos, constituídas predominante no ano de 2016 (15,2%), em idioma espanhol (63%). As publicações foram analisadas de acordo com as metodologias empregadas, e o método quantitativo foi o mais utilizado (47,8%). O Brasil (28,5%) como o país com maior incidência, e a faixa de desenvolvimento adulta (57,9%). 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“As the old technologies become automatic and invisible, we find ourselves more concerned with fighting or embracing what’s new”—Dennis Baron, From Pencils to Pixels: The Stage of Literacy Technologies What constitutes a computer, as we have come to expect it? Are they necessarily monolithic “beige boxes”, connected to computer monitors, sitting on computer desks, located in computer rooms or computer labs? In order for a device to be considered a true computer, does it need to have a keyboard and mouse? If this were 1991 or earlier, our collective perception of what computers are and are not would largely be framed by this “beige box” model: computers are stationary, slab-like, and heavy, and their natural habitats must be in rooms specifically designated for that purpose. In 1992, when Apple introduced the first PowerBook, our perception began to change. Certainly there had been other portable computers prior to that, such as the Osborne 1, but these were more luggable than portable, weighing just slightly less than a typical sewing machine. The PowerBook and subsequent waves of laptops, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and so-called smart phones from numerous other companies have steadily forced us to rethink and redefine what a computer is and is not, how we interact with them, and the manner in which these tools might be used in the classroom. However, this reconceptualization of computers is far from over, and is in fact steadily evolving as new devices are introduced, adopted, and subsequently adapted for uses beyond of their original purpose. Pat Crowe’s Book Reader project, for example, has morphed Nintendo’s GameBoy and GameBoy Advance into a viable electronic book platform, complete with images, sound, and multi-language support. (Crowe, 2003) His goal was to take this existing technology previously framed only within the context of proprietary adolescent entertainment, and repurpose it for open, flexible uses typically associated with learning and literacy. Similar efforts are underway to repurpose Microsoft’s Xbox, perhaps the ultimate symbol of “closed” technology given Microsoft’s propensity for proprietary code, in order to make it a viable platform for Open Source Software (OSS). However, these efforts are not forgone conclusions, and are in fact typical of the ongoing battle over who controls the technology we own in our homes, and how open source solutions are often at odds with a largely proprietary world. In late 2001, Microsoft launched the Xbox with a multimillion dollar publicity drive featuring events, commercials, live models, and statements claiming this new console gaming platform would “change video games the way MTV changed music”. (Chan, 2001) The Xbox launched with the following technical specifications: 733mhz Pentium III 64mb RAM, 8 or 10gb internal hard disk drive CD/DVD ROM drive (speed unknown) Nvidia graphics processor, with HDTV support 4 USB 1.1 ports (adapter required), AC3 audio 10/100 ethernet port, Optional 56k modem (TechTV, 2001) While current computers dwarf these specifications in virtually all areas now, for 2001 these were roughly on par with many desktop systems. The retail price at the time was $299, but steadily dropped to nearly half that with additional price cuts anticipated. Based on these features, the preponderance of “off the shelf” parts and components used, and the relatively reasonable price, numerous programmers quickly became interested in seeing it if was possible to run Linux and additional OSS on the Xbox. In each case, the goal has been similar: exceed the original purpose of the Xbox, to determine if and how well it might be used for basic computing tasks. If these attempts prove to be successful, the Xbox could allow institutions to dramatically increase the student-to-computer ratio in select environments, or allow individuals who could not otherwise afford a computer to instead buy and Xbox, download and install Linux, and use this new device to write, create, and innovate . This drive to literally and metaphorically “open” the Xbox comes from many directions. Such efforts include Andrew Huang’s self-published “Hacking the Xbox” book in which, under the auspices of reverse engineering, Huang analyzes the architecture of the Xbox, detailing step-by-step instructions for flashing the ROM, upgrading the hard drive and/or RAM, and generally prepping the device for use as an information appliance. Additional initiatives include Lindows CEO Michael Robertson’s $200,000 prize to encourage Linux development on the Xbox, and the Xbox Linux Project at SourceForge. What is Linux? Linux is an alternative operating system initially developed in 1991 by Linus Benedict Torvalds. Linux was based off a derivative of the MINIX operating system, which in turn was a derivative of UNIX. (Hasan 2003) Linux is currently available for Intel-based systems that would normally run versions of Windows, PowerPC-based systems that would normally run Apple’s Mac OS, and a host of other handheld, cell phone, or so-called “embedded” systems. Linux distributions are based almost exclusively on open source software, graphic user interfaces, and middleware components. While there are commercial Linux distributions available, these mainly just package the freely available operating system with bundled technical support, manuals, some exclusive or proprietary commercial applications, and related services. Anyone can still download and install numerous Linux distributions at no cost, provided they do not need technical support beyond the community / enthusiast level. Typical Linux distributions come with open source web browsers, word processors and related productivity applications (such as those found in OpenOffice.org), and related tools for accessing email, organizing schedules and contacts, etc. Certain Linux distributions are more or less designed for network administrators, system engineers, and similar “power users” somewhat distanced from that of our students. However, several distributions including Lycoris, Mandrake, LindowsOS, and other are specifically tailored as regular, desktop operating systems, with regular, everyday computer users in mind. As Linux has no draconian “product activation key” method of authentication, or digital rights management-laden features associated with installation and implementation on typical desktop and laptop systems, Linux is becoming an ideal choice both individually and institutionally. It still faces an uphill battle in terms of achieving widespread acceptance as a desktop operating system. As Finnie points out in Desktop Linux Edges Into The Mainstream: “to attract users, you need ease of installation, ease of device configuration, and intuitive, full-featured desktop user controls. It’s all coming, but slowly. With each new version, desktop Linux comes closer to entering the mainstream. It’s anyone’s guess as to when critical mass will be reached, but you can feel the inevitability: There’s pent-up demand for something different.” (Finnie 2003) Linux is already spreading rapidly in numerous capacities, in numerous countries. Linux has “taken hold wherever computer users desire freedom, and wherever there is demand for inexpensive software.” Reports from technology research company IDG indicate that roughly a third of computers in Central and South America run Linux. Several countries, including Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina, have all but mandated that state-owned institutions adopt open source software whenever possible to “give their people the tools and education to compete with the rest of the world.” (Hills 2001) The Goal Less than a year after Microsoft introduced the The Xbox, the Xbox Linux project formed. The Xbox Linux Project has a goal of developing and distributing Linux for the Xbox gaming console, “so that it can be used for many tasks that Microsoft don’t want you to be able to do. ...as a desktop computer, for email and browsing the web from your TV, as a (web) server” (Xbox Linux Project 2002). Since the Linux operating system is open source, meaning it can freely be tinkered with and distributed, those who opt to download and install Linux on their Xbox can do so with relatively little overhead in terms of cost or time. Additionally, Linux itself looks very “windows-like”, making for fairly low learning curve. To help increase overall awareness of this project and assist in diffusing it, the Xbox Linux Project offers step-by-step installation instructions, with the end result being a system capable of using common peripherals such as a keyboard and mouse, scanner, printer, a “webcam and a DVD burner, connected to a VGA monitor; 100% compatible with a standard Linux PC, all PC (USB) hardware and PC software that works with Linux.” (Xbox Linux Project 2002) Such a system could have tremendous potential for technology literacy. Pairing an Xbox with Linux and OpenOffice.org, for example, would provide our students essentially the same capability any of them would expect from a regular desktop computer. They could send and receive email, communicate using instant messaging IRC, or newsgroup clients, and browse Internet sites just as they normally would. In fact, the overall browsing experience for Linux users is substantially better than that for most Windows users. Internet Explorer, the default browser on all systems running Windows-base operating systems, lacks basic features standard in virtually all competing browsers. Native blocking of “pop-up” advertisements is still not yet possible in Internet Explorer without the aid of a third-party utility. Tabbed browsing, which involves the ability to easily open and sort through multiple Web pages in the same window, often with a single mouse click, is also missing from Internet Explorer. The same can be said for a robust download manager, “find as you type”, and a variety of additional features. Mozilla, Netscape, Firefox, Konqueror, and essentially all other OSS browsers for Linux have these features. Of course, most of these browsers are also available for Windows, but Internet Explorer is still considered the standard browser for the platform. If the Xbox Linux Project becomes widely diffused, our students could edit and save Microsoft Word files in OpenOffice.org’s Writer program, and do the same with PowerPoint and Excel files in similar OpenOffice.org components. They could access instructor comments originally created in Microsoft Word documents, and in turn could add their own comments and send the documents back to their instructors. They could even perform many functions not yet capable in Microsoft Office, including saving files in PDF or Flash format without needing Adobe’s Acrobat product or Macromedia’s Flash Studio MX. Additionally, by way of this project, the Xbox can also serve as “a Linux server for HTTP/FTP/SMB/NFS, serving data such as MP3/MPEG4/DivX, or a router, or both; without a monitor or keyboard or mouse connected.” (Xbox Linux Project 2003) In a very real sense, our students could use these inexpensive systems previously framed only within the context of entertainment, for educational purposes typically associated with computer-mediated learning. Problems: Control and Access The existing rhetoric of technological control surrounding current and emerging technologies appears to be stifling many of these efforts before they can even be brought to the public. This rhetoric of control is largely typified by overly-restrictive digital rights management (DRM) schemes antithetical to education, and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). Combined,both are currently being used as technical and legal clubs against these efforts. Microsoft, for example, has taken a dim view of any efforts to adapt the Xbox to Linux. Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer, who has repeatedly referred to Linux as a cancer and has equated OSS as being un-American, stated, “Given the way the economic model works - and that is a subsidy followed, essentially, by fees for every piece of software sold - our license framework has to do that.” (Becker 2003) Since the Xbox is based on a subsidy model, meaning that Microsoft actually sells the hardware at a loss and instead generates revenue off software sales, Ballmer launched a series of concerted legal attacks against the Xbox Linux Project and similar efforts. In 2002, Nintendo, Sony, and Microsoft simultaneously sued Lik Sang, Inc., a Hong Kong-based company that produces programmable cartridges and “mod chips” for the PlayStation II, Xbox, and Game Cube. Nintendo states that its company alone loses over $650 million each year due to piracy of their console gaming titles, which typically originate in China, Paraguay, and Mexico. (GameIndustry.biz) Currently, many attempts to “mod” the Xbox required the use of such chips. As Lik Sang is one of the only suppliers, initial efforts to adapt the Xbox to Linux slowed considerably. Despite that fact that such chips can still be ordered and shipped here by less conventional means, it does not change that fact that the chips themselves would be illegal in the U.S. due to the anticircumvention clause in the DMCA itself, which is designed specifically to protect any DRM-wrapped content, regardless of context. The Xbox Linux Project then attempted to get Microsoft to officially sanction their efforts. They were not only rebuffed, but Microsoft then opted to hire programmers specifically to create technological countermeasures for the Xbox, to defeat additional attempts at installing OSS on it. Undeterred, the Xbox Linux Project eventually arrived at a method of installing and booting Linux without the use of mod chips, and have taken a more defiant tone now with Microsoft regarding their circumvention efforts. (Lettice 2002) They state that “Microsoft does not want you to use the Xbox as a Linux computer, therefore it has some anti-Linux-protection built in, but it can be circumvented easily, so that an Xbox can be used as what it is: an IBM PC.” (Xbox Linux Project 2003) Problems: Learning Curves and Usability In spite of the difficulties imposed by the combined technological and legal attacks on this project, it has succeeded at infiltrating this closed system with OSS. It has done so beyond the mere prototype level, too, as evidenced by the Xbox Linux Project now having both complete, step-by-step instructions available for users to modify their own Xbox systems, and an alternate plan catering to those who have the interest in modifying their systems, but not the time or technical inclinations. Specifically, this option involves users mailing their Xbox systems to community volunteers within the Xbox Linux Project, and basically having these volunteers perform the necessary software preparation or actually do the full Linux installation for them, free of charge (presumably not including shipping). This particular aspect of the project, dubbed “Users Help Users”, appears to be fairly new. Yet, it already lists over sixty volunteers capable and willing to perform this service, since “Many users don’t have the possibility, expertise or hardware” to perform these modifications. Amazingly enough, in some cases these volunteers are barely out of junior high school. One such volunteer stipulates that those seeking his assistance keep in mind that he is “just 14” and that when performing these modifications he “...will not always be finished by the next day”. (Steil 2003) In addition to this interesting if somewhat unusual level of community-driven support, there are currently several Linux-based options available for the Xbox. The two that are perhaps the most developed are GentooX, which is based of the popular Gentoo Linux distribution, and Ed’s Debian, based off the Debian GNU / Linux distribution. Both Gentoo and Debian are “seasoned” distributions that have been available for some time now, though Daniel Robbins, Chief Architect of Gentoo, refers to the product as actually being a “metadistribution” of Linux, due to its high degree of adaptability and configurability. (Gentoo 2004) Specifically, the Robbins asserts that Gentoo is capable of being “customized for just about any application or need. ...an ideal secure server, development workstation, professional desktop, gaming system, embedded solution or something else—whatever you need it to be.” (Robbins 2004) He further states that the whole point of Gentoo is to provide a better, more usable Linux experience than that found in many other distributions. Robbins states that: “The goal of Gentoo is to design tools and systems that allow a user to do their work pleasantly and efficiently as possible, as they see fit. Our tools should be a joy to use, and should help the user to appreciate the richness of the Linux and free software community, and the flexibility of free software. ...Put another way, the Gentoo philosophy is to create better tools. When a tool is doing its job perfectly, you might not even be very aware of its presence, because it does not interfere and make its presence known, nor does it force you to interact with it when you don’t want it to. The tool serves the user rather than the user serving the tool.” (Robbins 2004) There is also a so-called “live CD” Linux distribution suitable for the Xbox, called dyne:bolic, and an in-progress release of Slackware Linux, as well. According to the Xbox Linux Project, the only difference between the standard releases of these distributions and their Xbox counterparts is that “...the install process – and naturally the bootloader, the kernel and the kernel modules – are all customized for the Xbox.” (Xbox Linux Project, 2003) Of course, even if Gentoo is as user-friendly as Robbins purports, even if the Linux kernel itself has become significantly more robust and efficient, and even if Microsoft again drops the retail price of the Xbox, is this really a feasible solution in the classroom? Does the Xbox Linux Project have an army of 14 year olds willing to modify dozens, perhaps hundreds of these systems for use in secondary schools and higher education? Of course not. If such an institutional rollout were to be undertaken, it would require significant support from not only faculty, but Department Chairs, Deans, IT staff, and quite possible Chief Information Officers. Disk images would need to be customized for each institution to reflect their respective needs, ranging from setting specific home pages on web browsers, to bookmarks, to custom back-up and / or disk re-imaging scripts, to network authentication. This would be no small task. Yet, the steps mentioned above are essentially no different than what would be required of any IT staff when creating a new disk image for a computer lab, be it one for a Windows-based system or a Mac OS X-based one. The primary difference would be Linux itself—nothing more, nothing less. The institutional difficulties in undertaking such an effort would likely be encountered prior to even purchasing a single Xbox, in that they would involve the same difficulties associated with any new hardware or software initiative: staffing, budget, and support. If the institutional in question is either unwilling or unable to address these three factors, it would not matter if the Xbox itself was as free as Linux. An Open Future, or a Closed one? It is unclear how far the Xbox Linux Project will be allowed to go in their efforts to invade an essentially a proprietary system with OSS. Unlike Sony, which has made deliberate steps to commercialize similar efforts for their PlayStation 2 console, Microsoft appears resolute in fighting OSS on the Xbox by any means necessary. They will continue to crack down on any companies selling so-called mod chips, and will continue to employ technological protections to keep the Xbox “closed”. Despite clear evidence to the contrary, in all likelihood Microsoft continue to equate any OSS efforts directed at the Xbox with piracy-related motivations. Additionally, Microsoft’s successor to the Xbox would likely include additional anticircumvention technologies incorporated into it that could set the Xbox Linux Project back by months, years, or could stop it cold. Of course, it is difficult to say with any degree of certainty how this “Xbox 2” (perhaps a more appropriate name might be “Nextbox”) will impact this project. Regardless of how this device evolves, there can be little doubt of the value of Linux, OpenOffice.org, and other OSS to teaching and learning with technology. This value exists not only in terms of price, but in increased freedom from policies and technologies of control. New Linux distributions from Gentoo, Mandrake, Lycoris, Lindows, and other companies are just now starting to focus their efforts on Linux as user-friendly, easy to use desktop operating systems, rather than just server or “techno-geek” environments suitable for advanced programmers and computer operators. While metaphorically opening the Xbox may not be for everyone, and may not be a suitable computing solution for all, I believe we as educators must promote and encourage such efforts whenever possible. I suggest this because I believe we need to exercise our professional influence and ultimately shape the future of technology literacy, either individually as faculty and collectively as departments, colleges, or institutions. Moran and Fitzsimmons-Hunter argue this very point in Writing Teachers, Schools, Access, and Change. One of their fundamental provisions they use to define “access” asserts that there must be a willingness for teachers and students to “fight for the technologies that they need to pursue their goals for their own teaching and learning.” (Taylor / Ward 160) Regardless of whether or not this debate is grounded in the “beige boxes” of the past, or the Xboxes of the present, much is at stake. Private corporations should not be in a position to control the manner in which we use legally-purchased technologies, regardless of whether or not these technologies are then repurposed for literacy uses. I believe the exigency associated with this control, and the ongoing evolution of what is and is not a computer, dictates that we assert ourselves more actively into this discussion. We must take steps to provide our students with the best possible computer-mediated learning experience, however seemingly unorthodox the technological means might be, so that they may think critically, communicate effectively, and participate actively in society and in their future careers. About the Author Paul Cesarini is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Visual Communication & Technology Education, Bowling Green State University, Ohio Email: pcesari@bgnet.bgsu.edu Works Cited http://xbox-linux.sourceforge.net/docs/debian.php>.Baron, Denis. “From Pencils to Pixels: The Stages of Literacy Technologies.” Passions Pedagogies and 21st Century Technologies. Hawisher, Gail E., and Cynthia L. Selfe, Eds. Utah: Utah State University Press, 1999. 15 – 33. Becker, David. “Ballmer: Mod Chips Threaten Xbox”. News.com. 21 Oct 2002. http://news.com.com/2100-1040-962797.php>. http://news.com.com/2100-1040-978957.html?tag=nl>. http://archive.infoworld.com/articles/hn/xml/02/08/13/020813hnchina.xml>. http://www.neoseeker.com/news/story/1062/>. http://www.bookreader.co.uk>.Finni, Scott. “Desktop Linux Edges Into The Mainstream”. TechWeb. 8 Apr 2003. http://www.techweb.com/tech/software/20030408_software. http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/archive/29439.html http://gentoox.shallax.com/. http://ragib.hypermart.net/linux/. http://www.itworld.com/Comp/2362/LWD010424latinlinux/pfindex.html. http://www.xbox-linux.sourceforge.net. http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/archive/27487.html. http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/archive/26078.html. http://www.us.playstation.com/peripherals.aspx?id=SCPH-97047. http://www.techtv.com/extendedplay/reviews/story/0,24330,3356862,00.html. http://www.wired.com/news/business/0,1367,61984,00.html. http://www.gentoo.org/main/en/about.xml http://www.gentoo.org/main/en/philosophy.xml http://techupdate.zdnet.com/techupdate/stories/main/0,14179,2869075,00.html. http://xbox-linux.sourceforge.net/docs/usershelpusers.html http://www.cnn.com/2002/TECH/fun.games/12/16/gamers.liksang/. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Cesarini, Paul. "“Opening” the Xbox" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture <http://www.media-culture.org.au/0406/08_Cesarini.php>. APA Style Cesarini, P. (2004, Jul1). “Opening” the Xbox. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture, 7, <http://www.media-culture.org.au/0406/08_Cesarini.php>