Journal articles on the topic 'Ea Kao'

Cilj rada je empirijski ispitati postojanje povezanosti prometa u trgovini na malo i Pokazatelja pouzdanja potrošača na razini Europske unije i na razini euro područja. Pokazatelj pouzdanja potrošača (engl. Consumer Confi dence Indicator, CCI) je kompozitni pokazatelj ocjena i očekivanja potrošača u zemljama EU i EA. U istraživanju se ispituje mogućnost predviđanja smjera promjene prometa u trgovini na malo, a ne i intenziteta te promjene. Pri tome se ispituje povezanost predviđenih (po promjenama CCI-a) i ostvarenih promjena prometa u trgovini na malo (na godišnjoj razini) za određeno vrijeme prethođenja. U tu svrhu u analizi je korišten VAR model, Grangerov test uzročnosti, konfuzijska matrica i Hi-kvadrat test nezavisnosti obilježja u tablici kontingence. Uočeno je da promjene CCI-a prethode promjenama prometa u trgovini na malo dva (za EU) i tri (za EA) mjeseca i da su planirane i ostvarene promjene statistički značajno povezane. U oko 80% slučajeva su promjene za navedeno vrijeme prethođenja (na godišnjoj razini) istosmjerne. Dodatno su izračunani koeficijenti korelacije pomičnog okvira i utvrđena nestabilnost povezanosti među varijablama kroz vrijeme.

Introduction: The pathophysiological development of long COVID (LC) is still insufficiently known. However, post infection fatigue syndromes were seen before, among other pathogens including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Considering EBV reservoir in COVID-19 patients, this review aims to present current knowledge related to EBV role in development of LC and with the potential diagnostic utility. EBV infection: Following the primary lytic infection of epithelial oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal cells EBV establishes a very complex mechanism of lifelong survival in B cells. Latent infection with occasional viral reactivations constantly challenges the host's immune response. In individuals with immune imbalance including COVID-19, it could drive long-term consequences. EBV and COVID-19: The activity of EBV has been shown as the most prevalent human herpesvirus infection in COVID-19 population (41%). Correlation between lymphocytopenia-induced disability to remove the EBV, increases in EBV DNA viremia and COVID-19 complications have also been reported. EBV and long COVID: The positivity of EBV DNA during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection predicted the presence of symptoms up to 60 days after COVID-19. Association between EBV infection and symptoms such as brain fog, fatigue, arthralgia and skin rashes have been also described in post infection sequelae ME/CFS. Anti-EBV early antigen-diffuse (EA-D) IgG antibodies were detectable among two-thirds of respondents experiencing LC. Increases in anti-EBNA1 IgG levels analyzed months following COVID-19 onset in convalescent LC population could serve as a potential marker of EBV reactivation at the time of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Some authors also managed to show anti-EBV viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgM seropositivity in half of COVID-19 patients indicating of either coinfection or EBV reactivation. Conclusion: As a multisystemic illness, LC is without a defined spectrum of diagnostic and treatment options. Whereas EBV reactivation alone or together with other risk factors drives LC symptoms, further prospective studies involving different cohorts and tissue reservoirs are necessary to understand underlying biological mechanisms.

Sau 12 tháng triển khai nghiên cứu, đề tài đã hệ thống hóa cơ sở lý luận và thực tiễn xây dựng mô hình OCOP dựa vào nội lực cộng đồng và thực trạng triển khai chương trình OCOP tại tỉnh Đắk Lắk. Đến tháng 02/2022, toàn tỉnh có 72 sản phẩm được công nhận OCOP; trong đó có 64 sản phẩm đạt 3 sao, 08 sản phẩm đạt 4 sao. Để phát huy sức mạnh nội lực cộng đồng, chính quyền địa phương cần coi OCOP là chương trình phát triển kinh tế quan trọng, chủ lực của cộng đồng trong xây dựng nông thôn mới bền vững. Cần phải tập trung phát triển các sản phẩm có tiềm năng gắn với đơn vị làng xã để phát huy nội lực tại địa phương và phát triển các chuỗi giá trị sản phẩm. Thông qua chương trình tập huấn, hội thảo và các đợt điều tra khảo sát, hai sản phẩm tiềm năng của hai địa phương đã được lựa chọn để triển khai xây dựng mô hình OCOP dựa vào nội lực cộng đồng là sản phẩm Mắc ca của Hợp tác xã (HTX) Đàn Hương - Mac ca Vip Phú Lộc của xã Phú Lộc, Huyện Krông Năng và sản phẩm dệt thổ cẩm của HTX Dệt thổ cẩm Tơng Bông của xã Ea Kao, TP. Buôn Ma Thuột. Bên cạnh những tiềm năng, thuận lợi của các HTX như có nguồn lao động dồi dào, kinh nghiệm sản xuất và những hỗ trợ từ chương trình OCOP quốc gia đang triển khai..., các đơn vị cũng gặp không ít khó khăn như thiếu vốn sản xuất, kiến thức về thị trường và kỹ năng hoàn thiện hồ sơ đăng ký sản phẩm OCOP .... Vì vậy, cần có sự quan tâm hơn nữa của Nhà nước và chính quyền địa phương để hỗ trợ chủ thể hoàn thiện các thủ tục để đạt chứng nhận OCOP.

Giun xoăn dạ múi khế Trichostrongylus spp. ký sinh chủ yếu trên động vật ăn cỏ, gồm nhiều loài khác nhau, trong đó có một số loài có thể lây sang người. Nghiên cứu cắt ngang này được thực hiện theo phương pháp chọn mẫu theo cụm nhiều giai đoạn tại 03 xã: Xuân Phú, Ea Kmút, Ea Đar thuộc huyện Ea Kar, tỉnh Đắk Lắk nhằm khảo sát sự lưu hành và yếu tố liên quan nhiễm Trichostrongylus spp. trên bò. Kết quả xét nghiệm mẫu phân từ 431 bò bằng phương pháp phù nổi cho thấy tỉ lệ nhiễm Trichostrongylus spp. là 14,8% (KTC 95%: 11,5% - 18,5%). Kết quả xét nghiệm PCR và giải trình tự gen chỉ ra rằng có sự lưu hành các loài giun xoăn thuộc giống Trichostrongylus gồm T. axei, T. capricola, T. colubriformis, T. retortaeformis và T. vitrines ở bò nuôi tại huyện Ea Kar. Tính biệt và phương thức nuôi có liên quan đến sự lưu hành Trichostrongylus spp. ở bò. Bò đực có tỉ số Odds nhiễm giun xoăn cao hơn 1,96 (KTC 95%: 1,12 - 3,42) lần so với bò cái; bò nuôi tại vùng có phương thức nuôi bán chăn thả (Xuân Phú) và nuôi nhốt (Ea Kmut) có nguy cơ nhiễm cao hơn so với vùng có phương thức nuôi thả (Ea Đar).

Amaç: Bisfenoller (BP'ler), genel popülasyonun yaygın olarak kullandığı birçok üründe bulunan potansiyel hormon bozuculardır. Bisfenol A (BPA) ise, vücudun metabolik sistemleri üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerine rağmen, bazı plastik ve reçinelerin üretiminde uzun yıllardır kullanılan endüstriyel bir kimyasaldır. BPA gibi toksik ajanlardan ve dolayısıyla çevresel kirleticilerden etkilenen en önemli organlardan biri böbreklerdir. Ellajik asit (EA) fitokimyasal bir polifenol bileşiğidir ve yapılan birçok çalışmada EA’nın antioksidan, anti-mutajenik, anti-kanser ve anti-apoptotik özellikler sergilediği rapor edilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı BPA ile indüklenen böbrek hasarı üzerine EA’nın etkisini ortaya koymaktır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada 24 adet erkek rat, Kontrol, BPA (30 gün süreyle 25mg/kg), EA (30 gün süreyle 10 mg/kg) ve BPA+EA (30 gün süreyle sırasıyla 25mg-10mg/kg) olarak dört gruba ayrıldı (n=6). Çalışma sonunda dekapite edilen ratlardan alınan böbreklerin ağırlıkları ile kan serumundan kan üre nitrojeni (BUN) ve kreatinin değerleri ölçüldü. Bunun yanında böbreklerin genel histolojik görüntüsünü ortaya koymak amacıyla Pikro Sirius Red boyaması, dokularda meydana gelen DNA hasarının ortaya konulabilmesi amacıyla 8-hidroksideoksiguanozin antikoru kullanılarak immunohistokimyasal boyama yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Yapılan değerlendirme sonucunda sol böbreğe ait mutlak ve nispi ağırlığın BPA grubunda artış gösterdiği, BPA+EA grubunda ise kontrole yaklaşarak düştüğü gözlenmiştir. Kan üre azotu (BUN) ve kreatinin değerlerinde BPA grubunda kontrol grubuna göre ciddi artış olduğu görülmüş, BPA+EA grubunda ise bu değerlerin azaldığı tespit edilmiştir. BPA kullanılan gruptan alınan böbrek dokularında 8-hidroksideoksiguanozin primer antikorunun glomerulus ve tubul yapılarında yoğun pozitif reaksiyon verdiği, glomerulus yapısında dejenerasyon ve vakuolizasyon olduğu, bazı bölgesel nekroz alanları bulunduğu ve tubul yapılarının bozulduğu gözlenmiştir. Buna karşın EA ve kontrol gruplarında birbirine benzer şekilde oldukça az 8-hidroksideoksiguanozin pozitif alana rastlanmıştır. BPA ve EA’nın birlikte kullanıldığı grupta ise gerek glomerulus yapısı gerek tubul yapılarında BPA’nın tek başına kullanıldığı gruba göre düzelmeler görülürken 8- hidroksideoksiguanozin pozitif alanların azaldığı gözlenmiştir. Sonuç: Toplumun her kesiminden bireylerin maruz kalma ihtimali olan BPA’nın böbrek dokusuna vereceği muhtemel zararların, EA içeren gıda katkı maddeleri kullanılarak azaltılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

This research was conducted to know: (1) the implementation of sanra galung by the rice farming community of Wadilmuqaddas hamlet, Lawatu Ea village, Kec. North Poleang, Kab. Bombana; (2) an Islamic economic review of the implementation of sanra galung by the rice farming community of Wadilmuqaddas hamlet, Lawatu Ea village, Kec. North Poelang, Kab. Bombana. This research is field research with a qualitative approach method, sourced from primary data and secondary data. The researcher acts as the main instrument in this research by collecting and assessing the quality of the data and the validity of the information obtained from the results of observations, interviews, and documentation activities. The data is processed based on analytical procedures that are natural settings with a phenomenological and sociological approach through three stages, namely data reduction, data display, and conclusions. The results of this study indicate that: (1) the implementation of sanra galung by the people of Wadilmuqaddas hamlet, Lawatu Ea village, North Poleang sub-district is carried out according to customs such as not involving witnesses, without a letter of agreement and the use of collateral by the massanra (debtor) which in the broad sense of the community has not to understand the provisions of Islamic law. (2) the implementation of sanra galung in the hamlet of Wadilmuqaddas based on an Islamic economic review is not by the law or Islamic economic principles.

The size effects in metal forming have been found to be crucial in micro-scale plastic deformation or micro-forming processes, which lead to attenuation of the material’s formability due to the increasing heterogeneity of the plastic flow. The use of an electric field during micro-scale plastic deformation has shown to relieve size effects, enhance the material’s formability, modify the microstructure, etc. Consequently, these electric-assisted (EA) micro-forming processes seem to bring many potential benefits that need to be investigated. Accordingly, here we investigated the influence of an electric field on the size effects to describe the fracture behavior in uniaxial micro-tension tests of an AZ31 alloy with various grain sizes. In order to decouple the thermal-mechanical and microstructure changes, room temperature (RT), oven-heated (OH), air-cooled (AC), and EA uniaxial micro-tension tests were conducted. The size effects contribution on the fracture stress and strain showed a similar trend in all the testing configurations. However, the smallest fracture stresses and the largest fracture strains were denoted in the EA configuration. EBSD examination shows that current-induced dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and texture evolution could be negligible under the studied conditions. The kernel average misorientation (KAM) maps give the larger plastic deformation in the EA specimens due to the reduction of plastic micro-heterogeneity. Finally, the fracture morphology indicates that the current-induced ductility enhancement may be attributed to the arrest of micro-crack propagation and the inhibition of void initiation, growth, and coalescence caused by lattice melting and expansion.

Ellagic acid, a natural substance found in various fruits and nuts, was previously shown to exhibit beneficial effects towards metabolic syndrome. In this study, using a genetic rat model of metabolic syndrome, we aimed to further specify metabolic and transcriptomic responses to ellagic acid treatment. Adult male rats of the SHR-Zbtb16Lx/k.o. strain were fed a high-fat diet accompanied by daily intragastric gavage of ellagic acid (50 mg/kg body weight; high-fat diet–ellagic acid (HFD-EA) rats) or vehicle only (high-fat diet–control (HFD-CTL) rats). Morphometric and metabolic parameters, along with transcriptomic profile of liver and brown and epididymal adipose tissues, were assessed. HFD-EA rats showed higher relative weight of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and decreased weight of epididymal adipose tissue, although no change in total body weight was observed. Glucose area under the curve, serum insulin, and cholesterol levels, as well as the level of oxidative stress, were significantly lower in HFD-EA rats. The most differentially expressed transcripts reflecting the shift induced by ellagic acid were detected in BAT, showing downregulation of BAT activation markers Dio2 and Nr4a1 and upregulation of insulin-sensitizing gene Pla2g2a. Ellagic acid may provide a useful nutritional supplement to ameliorate features of metabolic syndrome, possibly by suppressing oxidative stress and its effects on brown adipose tissue.

Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Enolase-1 (ENO1) and -2 (ENO2) are implicated in tumor metabolic and aggressive functions. Like prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), they localize to the tumor cell surface and are potential theranostics targets. ENO autoantibodies were reported by our group in prostate cancer (PCa) patients but their immunoreactivity to ENO1/2 isoforms was not defined. Differential ENO immunoreactivity in docetaxel-resistant (DR) PCa cells between African American (AA) and European American (EA) PCa patients was also reported. Our objective was to investigate the role of ENO isoforms in the race-related differential ENO immunoreactivity of PCa patients. METHODS: PCa patient sera (41 AA, 68 EA) were obtained from Loma Linda University Biospecimen Laboratory. Western blotting (WB) analysis, using patient sera and monoclonal antibodies to ENO1 and ENO2, was done against lysates from docetaxel-sensitive (DS) and DR PCa cell lines and against recombinant (rec) ENO1 and ENO2 to assess ENO isoform expression and detect ENO autoantibodies. Scratch-wound assay was performed to evaluate AA and EA anti-ENO driven inhibition of DR PCa cell migration. Student’s T-test and Chi-squared analyses were performed with p<0.05 deemed significant. RESULTS: ENO1 expression was robust in all assessed DS and DR cell lines. ENO2 was detected in DS cells but was significantly reduced in DR cells. PSMA expression was lost in cells expressing ENO1 and neuroendocrine markers. Anti-ENO EA sera reacted in WB with the expected 50 kD band in both DS and DR PCa cells, but anti-ENO AA sera reacted preferentially with this band in DS cells. Strong immunoreactivity was noted against recENO1 in AA and EA sera (7% vs 28%, p<0.01) and against recENO2 in AA and EA sera (24% vs 35%, p=0.23). EA, but not AA, ENO autoantibodies significantly inhibited DR cell migration, and their pre-absorption with recENO1 diminished this inhibitory effect. CONCLUSIONS: Autoantibodies to ENO1 and ENO2 were identified in EA and AA PCa patient sera. Weaker ENO1 immunoreactivity was seen in sera from AA PCa patients, corresponding with weaker inhibition of DR PCa cell migration compared to EA patient sera. Unlike PSMA and ENO2, ENO1 expression was robust in neuroendocrine-like DR PCa cell lines. Future studies will correlate the presence of ENO autoantibodies with clinicopathologic parameters in a larger patient cohort. Defining mechanisms underlying the race-related differential ENO immunoreactivity may identify novel biological determinants of PCa health disparities and uncover the theranostic potential of tumor surface ENO1. Citation Format: Kai Wen Cheng, Carlos J. Diaz Osterman, Krystal Santiago, Michael Reeves, Diano Lozano, Pedro Ochoa, Alfonso Duran, Saied Mirshahidi, Brian R. Hu, Frankis Almaguel, Carlos A. Casiano. Race-related differential immunoreactivity of enolase autoantibodies in patients with prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 2146.

Abstract Background: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a very common dose-limiting side effect of many cancer treatments. However, the optimal treatment for CIPN remains unclear. Electroacupuncture (EA) is a non-pharmacologic treatment that combines traditional acupuncture with electrical stimulation. EA is being examined for CIPN and has shown modest benefits. Design: This is a pilot, single-center, prospective, single-arm, non-blinded study. All subjects had residual grade ≥2 CIPN after having received curative intent chemotherapy for stage I-III breast cancer, completed at least 3 months prior to study enrollment. Patients received 10 sessions of electro-acupuncture, administered by a licensed professional, over the course of 7 weeks. A sub-group of patients also had baseline and post-treatment skin punch biopsies to assess intra-epithelial nerve density (IEND). The primary objective was to determine the feasibility of completing a 10-treatment EA program in this patient population. Feasibility was defined as ≥15 subjects completing ≥8 EA treatments. Secondary endpoints included neuropathic pain, as assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form (BPI-SF), and change in the quality of life, as assessed by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy/Gynecologic Oncology Group-Neurotoxicity (FACT/GOG-NTX) subscale. Results: Twenty eligible female subjects were included in the study, with a median age of 66.5 years (range 45-81 years old). All patients received taxane chemotherapy, with 15 (75%) patients receiving weekly paclitaxel, 4 (8%) patients receiving Taxotere every 3 weeks, and 1 (2%) patient received weekly abraxane. The duration between chemotherapy completion and EA treatment initiation ranged between 4-92 months, with a median of 29 months. Eight (40%) patients were taking gabapentin, 2 (10%) on duloxetine, 1 (5%) pregabalin, and 3 (15%) on NSAIDS before and during the study. The study met its primary endpoint of feasibility, with 18 of 20 (90%) patients completing 8 or more EA sessions. Pain level, as assessed by the worst pain score on BPI-SF, improved significantly from a mean of 6.3 to 3.7, 2 weeks after completion of EA treatments (p = .0058). FACT/GOG-NTX quality of life measurement, “I am bothered by side effects of my treatment” also significantly improved from a mean score of 2.1 to 0.8 (p = .0177). There were no major adverse events (AEs) related to EA. Nine mild AEs were noted among 6 (30%) patients; localized skin biopsy site infections: G1=3, G2=3, nonlocalized cellulitis G3=1, Fatigue G1-2 =2. The localized skin biopsy site infections led to the discontinuation of further skin biopsy procedures. [We will also present data on the IEND for the nine patients who have paired before and after skin punch biopsies – this will be available at the time of the conference.] Conclusion: Electroacupuncture is a feasible treatment for CIPN. Furthermore, this pilot study did show a benefit for perceived pain and quality of life. Further studies will need to be conducted in regards to longevity of response. As larger studies in the future confirm the benefit of acupuncture, insurance payors are more likely to cover this important service. Citation Format: Nikitha Vobugari, John Paul Liang, Loni Savage, Dharamvir Jain, Kai Sun, Hanh Mai, Jenny Chang, Monica Desai, Tejal Patel, Polly Niravath. A Single-Arm Pilot Study of the Feasibility and Efficacy of Electro-Acupuncture in Subjects with Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO5-12-09.

Hoc in articulo proemium, pars principalis e tribus punctis constans et conclusio habentur.
 In proemio obiectum huius studii canonem 964 §§ 1 3 Codicis Iuris Canonici Papae Joannis Pauli II esse anuntiatur.
 Pars principalis in tria membra dividitur. 1n membro primo ius vetus seu fontes iuris canonici et quidem a Christo Domino usque ad Codicem Iuris Canonici Pio-Benedic­tini breviter praesentatur.
 Altero in membro canones Codicis Iuris Canonici Pio — Benedictini exponuntur. Secundum can. 908 sacramentalis confessionis proprius locus est ecclesia vel orato-rium publicum aut semipublicum. Can. 909 statuit: § 1. Sedes confessionalis ad au­diendas mulierum confessiones semper collocetur in loco patenti et conspicuo, et ge­neratim in ecclesia vel oratorio publico aut semipublico mulieribus destinato. § 2. Se­des confessionalis, crate fixa ac tenuiter perforata inter paenitentem et confessarium sit instructa. — Ad normam can. 910: § I feminarum confessiones extra sedem confessio­nalem ne audiantur, nisi ex causa infirmitatis aliae verae necessitatis et adhibitis caute­lis quas ordinarius loci opportunas iudicaverit. § 2. Confessiones virorum in aedibus privatis excipere licet.
 In ultimo membro can. 964 Codicis Iuris Canonici Papae Joannis II nunc feliciter servientis praesentatur. Secundum § 1 huius canonis ad sacramentales confessiones excipiendas locus proprius est ecclesia aut oratorium. § 2. Ad sedem confessionalem quod attinet, normae ab Episcoporum conferentia constituantur, ea tamen sub condi­tione, ut sedes confessionales semper collocentur atque crate fixa inter paenitentem et confessarium sint instructae, quibus libere uti possint fideles. § 3. Confessiones extra sedem confessionalem ne excipiantur, nisi iusta de causa.
 Sub fine articuli auctor differentias inter canonem 736 §§ 1 — 2 Codicis Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium de 1990 anno et canonem 964 Codicis Iuris Canonici de 1983 anno breviter exponit.

A comparative analysis of crystal structure, Raman spectra, and dielectric hysteresis loops was carried out for organic ferroelectric crystals of 2-methylbenzimidazole (MBI) grown from ethanol (MBIet), acetone (MBIac), deuterated acetone (MBId-ac), or prepared by sublimation from gas phase (MBIgas). Raman spectroscopy shows identical frequencies of molecular vibrations in all studied crystals, proving the same molecular structure. At the same time, a detailed analysis of the asymmetry of the powder XRD reflection profiles indicates the presence of nano-scaled regions with the same MBI symmetry and crystal structure but slightly different sizes and unit cell parameters. The formation of the MBI modifications is associated with possible penetration of solvent molecules into the voids of the MBI crystal structure. Dielectric hysteresis loops in MBIet and MBId-ac crystals at room temperature demonstrate significantly different values of coercive fields Ec. Analysis of hysteresis loops within the framework of the Kolmogorov-Avrami-Ishibashi (KAI) model shows that the polarization switching in MBId-ac occurs much faster than in MBIet crystals, which in the KAI model is associated with different values of the characteristic frequency ω0 and the activation field Ea of the domains wall motion.

Abstract Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy diagnosed in men in the U.S., with African American (AA) patients harboring high risk for more aggressive disease. Enolase (ENO) autoantibodies have been detected in patients with PCa, and race-related differential immunoreactivity to ENO in docetaxel-resistant (DR) PCa cells have been described between AA and European American (EA) patients. In this study we evaluated the frequency of autoantibodies to distinct ENO isoforms (ENO1 and ENO2) in AA and EA PCa patient sera and their corresponding associations with clinicopathological parameters. Human sera were obtained from patients with PCa (138 AA, 169 EA) and matched controls (100 AA, 100 EA). Clinicopathological parameters were available for the majority of patients. Immunoblotting was performed with docetaxel-sensitive (DS) and DR PCa cell lines to determine expression of ENO isoforms and neuroendocrine markers (e.g. chromogranin A and ENO2). ELISA was performed using recombinant ENO1 (rENO1) and ENO2 (rENO2) proteins as substrates to detect ENO1 and ENO2 autoantibodies, respectively, in patient sera. ELISA cut-off value was established to obtain 90% specificity (negative reactivity) in control sera. On immunoblots, ENO1 expression was robust and similar for both DS and DR cells. ENO2 expression was observed in DS cells but significantly reduced in DR cells. On ELISA, 65 PCa sera (21%) reacted with rENO1 above the cut-off value and 33 (11%) reacted with rENO2, compared to the predetermined 10% positive reactivity rate in the control cohort (p<0.001, p=0.79, respectively). When stratified by race, 40 (29%) AA sera reacted with rENO1 compared to 25 (15%) EA sera (p=0.0025). There was no significant race-related differential immunoreactivity to rENO2. In the cohort of patients with clinicopathological data, 39 PCa sera (20%) reacted with rENO1 above the cut-off value and 26 (13%) reacted with rENO2 (p=0.0074, p=0.34, respectively). In this subgroup, there was no significant race-related differential immunoreactivity to rENO1 or rENO2. Overall survival and cancer-specific survival was significantly lower for PCa patients with high reactivity to rENO1 (p=0.062, p<0.001, respectively). On multivariate analysis, AA race and high reactivity to rENO1 were significantly associated with lower overall survival. In addition, higher disease stage (III/IV) and high reactivity to rENO1 were associated with lower cancer-specific survival. In conclusion, ENO1 autoantibodies were detected at higher frequencies in AA and EA patients with PCa compared to matched controls and were associated with lower overall and cancer- specific survival. This may reflect higher tumor ENO1 expression in a subset of PCa patients with more aggressive disease. The presence of ENO1 autoantibodies appears to be a promising prognostic marker in PCa for both AA and EA patients, especially in high-risk neuroendocrine disease with limited diagnostic targets due to loss of PSMA expression. Citation Format: Kai Wen Cheng, Pedro T. Ochoa, Zainab Alramadhan, Michael Reeves, Evelyn S. Sanchez-Hernandez, Diana Lozano, Susanne Montgomery, Saied Mirshahidi, Stefan Ambs, Brian R. Hu, Frankis Almaguel, Carlos A. Casiano. Enolase autoantibodies in African American and European American patients with prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr C159.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Erstsprachverlust: Reflexausdruck, Schlagfertigkeit und Lautmalerei Sowohl in der Zwischenstudie (LPLP 17/3: 225-237) wie in der Hauptstudie wurde festgestellt, daß es den deutschsprachigen Versuchspersonen nicht möglich war, ohne Zuhilfenahme der Zweitsprache ihr Interview zu beenden. Der ständige Auslandsaufenthalt der 86 Versuchspersonen in beiden Studien betrug durchschnittlich 16 Jahre in Australien. In beiden Fällen wurde das Vermischen von Deutsch und Englisch abschatzig beurteilt. Der Grad der Sprachbeherrschung hatte sich zugunsten der Zweitsprache verschoben. Die Ansatzpunkte der Zwischenstudie wurden von der Hauptstudie nicht nur bestätigt, sondern verstärkt zum Ausdruck gebracht. Zweitsprache ihr Interview zu beenden. Der ständige Auslandsaufenthalt der 86 Versuchspersonen in beiden Studien betrug durchschnittlich 16 Jahre in Australien. In beiden Fällen wurde das Vermischen von Deutsch und Englisch abschatzig beurteilt. Der Grad der Sprachbeherrschung hatte sich zugunsten der Zweitsprache verschoben. Die Ansatzpunkte der Zwischenstudie wurden von der Hauptstudie nicht nur bestätigt, sondern verstärkt zum Ausdruck gebracht.Die Merkmale der vier Gruppenzugehörigkeitsunterschiede traten gleichfalls stark hervor und wurden erneut bestâtigt. Die Gruppenzugehorigkeit bezieht sich auf Versuchspersonen, die in Australien Verbindungen mit anderen Auslandsdeutschsprachigen aufrechterhalten (ea), und auf diejenigen, die dies nicht wünschen (ena); weiter diejenigen, die ihren ständigen Wohnsitz in Australien haben (PR) und auf diejenigen, die die australische Staatsbürgerschaft angenommen haben (NC). In bezug auf Erstsprachverlust ist besonders die NCena Gruppe gefährdet, am zweitstärksten betroffen sind diejenigen, die zwar ihren Reisepaß beibehielten, aber Verbindungen mit anderen Auslandsdeutschsprachigen nicht aufrechterhielten (PRena). Reflexausdruck, Schlagfertigkeit und Lautmalerei bestimmen einen wichtigen Teil des täglichen Sprachgebrauchs. Diesen Ausdriicken von Wortgewandtheit kommt besondere Bedeutung zu, da sie vom prompten Einsatz abhängen und der Konversationszeitdruck wenig Spielraum fiir Fehler erlaubt. Daher tritt Sprachverlust besonders bei der Sprachproduktion auf, vor allem beim Sprechen, weshalb ein GroBteil des Unvermögens, sich in der Erstsprache auszudriicken, durch Spontaneitatsverlust verursacht wird. Die Studien zeigten, daB nach einer Einwanderungs- und Assimilationszeit von 10 bis 20 Jahren die Sprechweise der Versuchspersonen merklich beeintrachtigt war. Einstellung und Motivations-faktoren zum Zweitsprachraum beeinfluBten stark die Erstspracherhaltung oder den -verlust einer Generation. Das Konversationstempo überforderte oft die Geistesgegenwärtigkeit des Erinnerungs-vermögens ("the presence of mind to remember", Pyles und Algeo 1982: 262), sich des richtigen Ausdrucks zu bemächtigen oder bedienen zu können. Direktiibersetzungen aus der Zweitsprache wurden häufig angewandt und von den Versuchspersonen oft als einzige Ausdrucksmöglichkeit eingesetzt. Nicht nur war in der vorliegenden Studie Lautmalerei in der Erstsprache unter-repräsentiert, auch die Reflexausdrucksfähigkeit hatte sich durch den Erstsprachverlust zurück-gebildet. Reflexausdruck, Schlagfertigkeit und Lautmalerei stehen im Zusammenhang mit Konversationsgewandtheit und üben dadurch auch EinfluB auf das Ausdrucksvermögen (word-power) aus. Demzufolge waren gezielte Studien zu diesen Sprachformen von Bedeutung fiir die weitere Sprachverlustforschung. RESUMO Perdo de la unua lingvo: refleksa respondo, rapidspriteco kaj sonimitado Kaj en la intertempa studo {LPLP 17/3: 225-237) kaj en la cefa studo ni konstatis, ke german-lingvaj studitoj ne kapablis trapasi intervjuon sen uzi sian duan lingvon. La 86 studitoj en ambau studoj restadis en Aûstralio seninterrompan periodon de mezume 16 jaroj. En amba kazoj ili jugis negativa la miksadon de la germana kaj la angla. La grado de lingvoscipovo sovigis favore al la dua lingvo. La cefa studo ne nur konfirmis, sed pli emfaze reliefigis la tezojn de la intertempa studo. La trajtoj de la kvar distingiloj de grupaparteno denove montrigis klare kaj denove konfirmigis. Temas pri studitoj, kiuj en Aûstralio tenas kontaktojn kun aliaj eksterlandaj germanlingvanoj (ea), kaj tiuj, kiuj tion ne deziras (ena); krome pri tiuj, kiuj establis sian konstatan loglokon en Aŭstralio* (PR), kaj tiuj, kiuj akiris la aŭstralian ŝtatanecon (NC). La dangero de perdo de la unua lingvo estas plej granda ĉe la grupo NCena, duagrade ce tiuj, kiuj ja retenas sian pasporton sed ne restis en kontakto kun aliaj eksterlandaj germanlingvanoj (PRena). Refleksa respondo, rapidspriteco kaj sonimitado estas gravaj elementoj de la ciutaga lingvouzo. Tiu fenomenoj de lingva lerteco aparte gravas, ĉar ili postulas tujecon kaj car la tempopremo de la fluanta konversacio ne permesas multe da eraroj. Tial la lingvoperdo okazas unuavice en la aktiva lingvouzo, precipe en parolado, pro kio esencan parton de la malkapablo sin esprimi en la unua lingvo kaŭzas perdo de spontaneeco. La studoj montris, ke post periodo de enmigro kaj asimiligo de dek ĝis dudek jaroj la parolo de la studitoj estis senteble malevoluinta. Faktoroj de sinteno kaj motiviĝo rilate al la regiono de la dua lingvo forte influas la perdon au retenon de la unua lingvo en certa generacio. La rapideco de la konversacio transiris la limojn de la tuja disponebleco de la memorkapablo ("the presence of mind to remember"; Pyles kaj Algeo 1982: 262), de la povo trovi kaj uzi la ĝustan esprimon. La studitoj ofte uzis rektajn paŭstradukojn el la dua lingvo, kiuj ofte estis iliaj solaj esprimiloj. Sonimitado en la unua lingvo estas submezume malofta, kaj same la kapablo respondi reflekse malevoluis pro la perdo de la unua lingvo. Refleksa respondo, rapidspriteco kaj sonimitado estas ligitaj kun konversacia lerteco kaj per tio influas la esprimivon. Pro tio detalaj studoj pri tiuj formoj de lingvajo estus gravaj kontribuajoj al la estonta esplorado pri lingvoperdo.

Abstract Prostate Cancer (PCa) remains the second leading cause of male cancer-related deaths in the U.S., with men of African ancestry (AA) exhibiting disproportionately higher mortality rates compared to European American (EA) men. Emerging evidence suggests that race-related immunobiological variations in PCa patients may contribute to disparities in tumor aggressiveness and clinical outcomes. This study explored the autoantibody response to the glycolytic enzymes Enolase-1 (ENO1) and -2 (ENO2) in AA and EA PCa patients. Based on prior research, we hypothesized that ENO1 and ENO2 are targets of autoantibodies in PCa patients and that these immune responses differ in frequency, levels, and clinical associations between AA and EA patients. Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) revealed elevated ENO1 expression in primary PCa, while ENO2 expression remained unchanged. Given that increased ENO1 expression may elicit an anti-tumor autoantibody response, we used ELISA to evaluate the prevalence of serum autoantibodies against purified ENO1 and ENO2 in PCa patients (n=307) and non-PCa controls (n=200). Our findings revealed significantly higher frequency and levels of ENO1 autoantibodies in PCa patients compared to controls (p<0.05), whereas ENO2 autoantibody frequency and levels were not significantly different between the two groups. However, stratifying PCa patients by self-reported racial groups uncovered significantly higher levels of ENO1 (p<0.001) and ENO2 (p<0.001) autoantibodies in AA patients compared to EA patients. ELISA results were confirmed by multiplex Western blotting. Kaplan-Meier survival and logistic regression analyses indicated that elevated ENO1 autoantibody levels, but not ENO2, were associated with poorer overall and cancer-specific patient survival, as well as advanced tumor stage and AA race. These results align with the growing recognition of race-related differences in PCa immunobiology. The heightened anti-ENO1 response observed in AA PCa patients may also reflect the presence of more aggressive, metabolically active tumors. Future studies will focus on the functional implications of patient-derived ENO1 and ENO2 autoantibodies, using proliferation, migration, invasion, clonogenic, tumorsphere, and metabolic assays, to determine their anti-cancer properties in racially distinct pre-clinical PCa models. Citation Format: Kai Wen Cheng, Pedro Ochoa, Alfonso Duran, Zainab Alramadhan, Michael Reeves, Diana Lozano, Evelyn Sanchez-Hernandez, Saied Mirshahidi, Susan Montgomery, Brain Hu, Frankis Almaguel, Stefan Ambs, Carlos A. Casiano. Elevated autoantibody response to enolase-1 is associated with poor overall survival in African American patients with prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2025; Part 2 (Late-Breaking, Clinical Trial, and Invited Abstracts); 2025 Apr 25-30; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2025;85(8_Suppl_2):Abstract nr LB146.


 
 
 Se calculó la eficiencia agronómica (EA) de la fertilización al suelo de macro nutrimentos asociado a vigor y producción denuevoshíbridosliberadosparaVallesAltosenelEstadode México. Con el concepto de “parcelas de omisión” de macro nutrimentos, modalidad de la Ley del Mínimo de Leibniz, se instaló prueba de un factorial completo de los híbridos Puma 1076, H-59, H-47, H-50 y Z-60 por ocho dosis de fertilización. La fórmula “de alto rendimiento” en kg ha-1 fue 240N-90P2O5- 80K2O- 60S-50MgO-380CaO y se etiquetó como (T8); y con la sucesiva omisión de un macro-nutrimento se diseñaron los tratamientos de: T1(-N), T2(-P), T3(-K), T4(-S), T5(- Mg), T6(-Ca) y T7 (del “agricultor” equivalente al 70% de la dosis de NPK de “dosis completa”; pero sin S, Mg y Ca). Se sembró con 90 mil semillas por hectárea en suelo con “punta de riego” el 13 de mayo en el municipio de Temascalcingo, Estado de México a 2 372 msnm. Por cuadriplicado se midieron tres grupos de variables: 1) planta en f loración; 2) mazorca madura; y 3) cosecha. El cálculo de la EA fue hecho con los kilogramos de grano de maíz producidos por kg de NPK añadido al suelo; y fue por diferencias de rendimiento de grano de maíz del testigo del agricultor con cada parcela de omisión de -N, -P y -K. Las variables se analizaron con SAS y se separaron las medias con prueba de Tukey al 5%.
 
 
 
 La producción de grano se correlacionó con el índice de verdor de hoja, contenidos de nitratos y potasio en el extracto celular. Los resultados indicaron: la EA de nitrógeno fue de 20.9 kg de grano de maíz por kg de N aplicado al suelo, fósforo de 10.4 kg de grano por kg de P2O5 y potasio de 8.41 kg de grano por kg de K2O. Se correlacionó baja producción de grano de maíz a menos de 35 unidades SPAD y menos de 300 de mg L-1 de N-NO3.
 
 
 
 
 

Biodiesel adalah bahan bakar terbarukan yang prospek untuk dikembangkan saat ini. Seiring dengan mahalnya harga minyak kelapa sawit, maka bahan baku biodiesel beralih ke minyak non pangan. Minyak jarak pagar adalah bahan baku yang sangat potensial karena termasuk non edible oil. Proses transesterifikasi untuk pembuatan biodiesel dari minyak jarak pagar dengan katalis KOH yang selama ini dilakukan belum mendapatkan hasil yang memuaskan ditinjau dari kinetika reaksi. Tujuan penelitian adalah mendapatkan data kinetika reaksi transesterifikasi trigliserida dari minyak jarak pagar dengan katalis KOH dengan variabel suhu dan waktu reaksi. Penelitian meliputi tahap degumming, reaksi esterifikasi dan reaksi transesterifikasi. Konsentrasi FAME yang didapat dari reaksi transesterifikasi digunakan sebagai data untuk menghitung kinetika reaksi. Kondisi optimum penelitian mendapatkan konsentrasi FAME 99,52% pada reaksi transesterifikasi minyak jarak pagar dengan katalis KOH pada suhu reaksi 60⁰C dan waktu reaksi 45 menit. Reaksi transesterifikasi minyak jarak pagar dengan katalis KOH merupakan reaksi orde 2 dengan nilai k pada suhu 30⁰C-60⁰C adalah 0,008 – 0,015 L³/mol.menit serta Ea adalah 4239,49 kal/mol.

A agricultura brasileira segue obtendo recordes em exportações agrícolas gerando divisas e saldos positivos na Balança Comercial e assegurando à segurança alimentar devida neste processo de pandemia mundial. Como a maioria dos insumos NPK são importados e desta importação 90% são aquisição de Cloreto de Potássio (KCl). Buscam-se fontes alternadas com potencial na recuperação/manutenção dos índices de fertilidade, que são os remineralizadores ou agrominerais. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação na Faculdade de Agronomia da Universidade Federal de Goiás (EA/UFG), Goiânia, Goiás. O experimento é representado por dois solos típicos do Cerrado goiano. Os tratamentos foram doses crescentes do remineralizador (0, 30, 60, 120 e 240 kg. ha-1 de K2O) em referência dois produtos: um remineralizador registrado no Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento o FMX e fonte solúvel o cloreto de potássio (KCl). O estudo contou com a obtenção de variáveis altura, diâmetro de base, número de folhas e trifólios para soja (Glycena max) e número de folhas e perfilhos para cultura do arroz (Oryza sativa).

El plátano (Musa paradisiaca L.) representa el principal producto de exportación del Ecuador, especialmente de la provincia de Manabí; sin embargo, se presenta un fenómeno de deterioro de la fertilidad y degradación del suelo, por lo que existe la necesidad de mitigarlo mediante estrategias de fertilización. Se realizó un estudio en la granja experimental Río Suma, Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí, con el objetivo de evaluar la eficiencia de la dosis de fertilización y el fraccionamiento de P en plátano 'Barraganete' en una finca de Manabí, Ecuador. Se utilizó una densidad de población alta (2200 plantas ha-1) y se aplicó una dosis estándar de 100 kg ha-1 de N, 200 kg ha-1 de K2O y 70 kg ha-1 de MgO. Los factores de estudio fueron fertilización con P en tres niveles (20, 40 y 60 kg ha-1 de P2O5) y fraccionamiento en dos niveles (100 y 40-60 % de P2O5), lo que resultó en un arreglo de tratamientos factorial 3 × 2 + 1 de tratamientos, distribuidos en un diseño experimental en bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones; la unidad experimental estuvo conformada por 21 plantas, de las cuales se seleccionaron cinco de la parte central para las evaluaciones. Las variables evaluadas fueron eficiencia agronómica (EA), factor parcial de productividad (FPP), balance parcial de nutrientes (BPN), biomasa seca del fruto, rendimiento, concentración y exportación de P2O5; esta última fue mayor con 40 kg ha-1 y fraccionamiento de 100 % (6.01 kg ha-1). EA, FPP y BPN presentaron los valores mayores: 211.3, 1002.5 y 0.21 kg ha-1 con la dosis de 20 kg ha-1 y fraccionamiento 40-60 %. El fraccionamiento 40-60 % con dosis de 20 kg ha-1 generó el rendimiento mayor (20,050 kg ha-1). La relación entre la dosis y el fraccionamiento fue inversamente proporcional, mientras que entre el rendimiento y la eficiencia agronómica del P la relación fue cuadrática. Así, las recomendaciones apropiadas pueden establecerse para la fertilización del cultivo con P2O5.

Ko te reo ōkawa ara ko te reo o te marae, he reo hōhonu. Ka mutu, he tapu katoa ōna āhuatanga katoa. E rua ngā kōrero whakatau o runga i te marae. Ko te karanga me te whaikōrero. Kai roto i wēneki reo e rua, ka ahu mai te kupu nei te poroporoaki. Ka āta tirohia te poroporoaki i roto i ngā whakaaro e pā ana ki ngā tikanga o te karanga. Whai muri ka titiro ki te wāhanga o te poroporoaki i roto i te whaikōrero. Mā wēneki tikanga e rua, ka whakaputaina ngā whakaaro me te hōhonutanga o te mamae o te ngākau pōuri ka ea hoki te mamae. Ka tiro ake tātau ki ngā take i whakaputaina, ngā tohutohu ā rātau mā me ngā rongo o te wairua o te kupu kōrero. Tae atu hoki ki te tohungatanga ki te whakatakoto i te rerenga kupu mai i ngā whatumanawa o ngā kuia me ngā kaumātua ō Ngāi Tūhoe. Nō reira, ka titiro ake tātau ki ngā momo āhuatanga katoa o te karanga. Whai muri ko ngā tikanga e pā ana ki te whaikōrero. Whai muri, ko wētahi atu tūmomo tauira mō te poroporoaki.

Diện tích rừng trồng các loài Keo ở Việt Nam chiếm tỷ trọng rất lớn với khoảng hơn 02 triệu ha. Những năm gần đây rừng trồng Keo lai đã bị những thiệt hại rất lớn do bệnh chết héo gây ra. Với tỷ lệ và mức độ bị bệnh trên rừng trồng ngày càng nghiêm trọng, nên rất cần xác định mức độ gây hại và nguyên nhân gây bệnh để có các giải pháp quản lý hiệu quả và kịp thời. Kết quả điều tra cho thấy Keo lai bị bệnh chết héo có tỷ lệ trung bình dao động 10,8% - 21,9 % , chỉ số bệnh hại trung bình dao động từ 6,4 – 13,1% và chỉ số tổn thất cho thấy mức độ hại của bệnh ở mức hại nhẹ. Từ đặc điểm về triệu chứng, hình thái của nấm được quan sát cho thấy nấm gây bệnh chết héo cây Keo lai xác định là Ceratocystis sp. Loài nấm này gây hại rừng trồng Keo lai với triệu chứng điển hình là trên vỏ của thân hoặc cành cây bị bệnh có những vết loét, gỗ bị thâm đen hoặc xanh đen, có chảy nhựa hoặc sùi bọt vào mùa mưa. Khi cây bị bệnh, tán lá bị héo dần và treo trên cây, sau một thời gian bị chết lá rụng hoàn toàn. Cấu trúc quả thể chứa túi bào tử và bào tử túi có dạng hình cầu hoặc gần cầu, có màu nâu đen đến đen, đường kính phần rộng nhất 145- 280 µm. Cổ nấm màu nâu đen, có chiều dài 250 - 660 µm.

CV. Suien Insan Persada is a wood processing company whose production uses logs as the starting material. The wood is then processed into wood sheets for furniture manufacturing companies and shipped overseas. This wood industry is located in Kab. Boyolali, Central Java. CV. Suien Insan Persada has not used adequate information technology. Data processing carried out by the production department produces manual reports that are given and managed directly by the administration section. This method makes filing more difficult to manage because manual reports in the form of writing on paper are easily damaged, and there is a risk of data being lost. The problems that occur in CV. Suien Insan Persada needs a solution to make CV easier. Suien Insan Persada in making a report to resolve the above problems. The solution to overcome the problem is utilizing Information Technology (IT) with a good strategic plan by creating an information system architecture in the form of TOGAF ADM. TOGAF ADM was chosen because it has a detailed and open-source framework that can be used by CV. Suien Insan Persada to build an Enterprise Architecture (EA) that suits the needs. Besides that, TOGAF has the advantage of being flexible and open source. The results showed that TOGAF ADM could produce IS/IT strategic plan documents expected to solve the problems faced by CV. Suien Insan Persada.

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Abstract Introduction: Medical student curriculum is lacking in standardized training of skills for conducting the skin cancer screening examination. Dermatology is not a standard clinical rotation during medical school, and many medical students do not have much exposure to the specialty of dermatology for hands-on training in skin examinations by dermatologists. We sought to create an event in conjunction with the Sun Bus that included education about dermatology and skin examination for medical students. Objectives We sought to assess how the effects on knowledge of dermatology and skin cancer prevention and screening among participating medical students changed from participating in the educational event. Methods: The Health Education and Awareness Team of Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso collaborated with The Sun Bus to organize a training event for medical students. During this event, students had the opportunity to listen to a panel about dermatology as well as the basics of skin cancer screening from working dermatologists. Students also received a brief training on skin cancer screening provided by The Sun Bus and conducted screenings alongside dermatologists during a free skin cancer screening event. Students completed voluntary pre-event and post-event surveys. Results The vast majority of students did not feel confident in their ability to screen for skin cancer prior to attending the event. This research showed improved student confidence in providing skin cancer screenings and identifying suspicious skin lesions from the intervention. Conclusion: Medical students lack standardized training in dermatology and in the dermatologic skin cancer screening examination. This student educational event represents a meaningful intervention that improved medical students’ confidence in providing skin cancer screenings and identifying suspicious skin lesions. Bibliography The Sun Bus. https://www.thesunbus.org/about-us Accessed 11 Dec 2023. Compres E, Holzem K, Ibler E, Bierman JA, Rademaker AW, Kundu RV. A Brief Dermatology Curriculum in Skin Cancer Detection and Prevention to Improve Medical Student Knowledge and Confidence. MedEdPORTAL. 2020;16:11049. Published 2020 Dec 29. doi:10.15766/mep_2374-8265.11049 Moore MM, Geller AC, Zhang Z, et al. Skin cancer examination teaching in US medical education. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142(4):439-444. doi:10.1001/archderm.142.4.439 Ivanov NN, Swan A, Guseman EH, Whipps J, Jensen LL, Beverly EA. Medical Students' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors With Regard to Skin Cancer and Sun-Protective Behaviors. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2018;118(7):444-454. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2018.098 Ivanov NN, Swan A, Guseman EH, Whipps J, Jensen LL, Beverly EA. Medical Students' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors With Regard to Skin Cancer and Sun-Protective Behaviors. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2018;118(7):444-454. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2018.098 Citation Format: Elian A. Martin Lopez, Hannah Riva, Shravya Kichena Kichena, Daniel Lovasz, Brian Kan, Tannis Hogg, Jessica Chacon. Evaluation of skin cancer screening education provided by dermatologists with The Sun Bus for medical students [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr C012

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BackgroundRheumatoid arthritis (RA) guidelines highlight the importance of early treatment to reduce disease activity and prevent long term damage [1-4]. Infection risk must be considered when starting biologic therapy as infections account for significant morbidity and mortality in RA [5]. Tocilizumab and sarilumab are anti-interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor antibodies also effective in treating RA symptoms and preventing progression of structural damage [6-9]. Risk of infections in RA patients treated with IL-6 inhibitors have also been reported [10]. However, IL-6 inhibitor monotherapy has a superior efficacy than adalimumab [11]. More information is required to assess real-life burden and predict infection risk in RA patients using biologics [12].ObjectivesExamine the treatment pathway, factors associated with drug initiation and treatment discontinuation in patients with RA treated with either IL-6 inhibitors versus non-IL-6 biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs).MethodsA retrospective cohort study of RA patients in the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage databank, including primary care, secondary care and rheumatology clinic records of over 90% of the population in Wales, UK. Patients initiated on first treatment initiation, discontinuation and clinical outcomes including infection and hospitalisation were analysed using cox regression analysis.ResultsData from 4922 patients with RA were analysed. The majority of patients had taken at least one conventional synthetic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug (csDMARD) 95.7%, (4,691/4,922) while 29.6% (1,457) went on to take bDMARDs. Of these, 2% (97) biologic-naïve patients were treated with IL-6 inhibitors. Earlier treatment with bDMARDs was associated with increasing disease duration (HR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.15) while younger age at diagnosis, orthopaedic surgery pre-treatment and kidney disease reduced the likelihood of being treated with biologics. Previous history of infection was associated with increased likelihood of treatment with IL-6 inhibitors rather than non-IL-6 bDMARDs (HR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.15 to 2.59). The rate of treatment discontinuation was significantly higher in the non-IL-6 bDMARDs-treated patients compared to the IL-6 inhibitor treated individuals (difference: 9.4, 95% CI: 1.1 to 15.7). Treatment failure, orthopaedic surgery pre-treatment and steroid use was associated with non-IL-6 bDMARDs treatment failure (HR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.00 to 2.68; HR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.26 to 2.08, respectively). No factors were associated with treatment failure in the IL-6 inhibitor treated patients.ConclusionPatients treated with IL-6 inhibitors and other biologics were similar in demographics but had a different comorbidities pre- treatment; there was more orthopaedic surgery in those who went on to be treated with non-IL-6 biologics and more prior history of infections and kidney disease in those treated with IL-6 inhibitors. Treatment failure was higher in the non-IL-6 bDMARDs-treated patients.References[1]Drug treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2018)[2]Bykerk VP, Akhavan P, Hazlewood GS, Schieir O, Dooley A, Haraoui B, et al. (2012)[3]Singh JA, Saag KG, Bridges SL, Jr., Akl EA, Bannuru RR, Sullivan MC, et al. (2015)[4]Smolen JS, Landewe R, Bijlsma J, Burmester G, Chatzidionysiou K, Dougados M, et al. (2017)[5]Hazlewood GS, Bombardier C, Tomlinson G, Thorne C, Bykerk VP, Thompson A, et al. (2016)[6]Nishimoto N, Hashimoto J, Miyasaka N, Yamamoto K, Kawai S, Takeuchi T, et al. (2007)[7]Maini RN, Taylor PC, Szechinski J, Pavelka K, Broll J, Balint G, et al. (2006)[8]Smolen JS, Beaulieu A, Rubbert-Roth A, Ramos-Remus C, Rovensky J, Alecock E, et al. (2008)[9]Jones G, Sebba A, Gu J, Lowenstein MB, Calvo A, Gomez-Reino JJ, et al. (2010)[10]Lang VR, Englbrecht M, Rech J, Nusslein H, Manger K, Schuch F, et al. (2012)[11]Gabay C, Emery P, van Vollenhoven R, Dikranian A, Alten R, Pavelka K, et al. (2013)[12]Jani M, Barton A, Hyrich K. (2019).AcknowledgementsThis work uses data provided by patients and collected by the National Health Service as part of their care and support held in the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) databank which is part of the national e-health-records research infrastructure for Wales. This work was conducted as part of the Health Data Research – UK (HDRUK) project and the National Centre for Population Health and Wellbeing Research centre.Disclosure of InterestsRoxanne Cooksey Grant/research support from: Grant support from Pfizer. Conducted work for Sanofi, Biogen and Novartis., Jonathan Kennedey: None declared, Rahman Muhammad: None declared, Sinead Brophy: None declared, Ernest Choy Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Amgen, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chugai Pharma, Eli Lilly, Fresenius Kai, Galapagos, Gilead, Hospira, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, and UCB, Consultant of: Abbvie, Amgen, Biogen, Chugai Pharma, Eli Lilly, Fresenius Kai, Gilead, Janssen, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Grant/research support from: Bio-Cancer, Biogen, Pfizer, Sanofi.

<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> <strong>Background:</strong> The role of statins in sepsis patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) is still unclear. This study was done to evaluate the effects of oral Simvastatin and low dose intravenous norepinephrine as an adjunctive therapy in early acute kidney injury associated with sepsis. <strong>Methods:</strong>&nbsp; we enrolled 60 patients with severe sepsis had early diagnosed acute kidney injury with high plasma NGAL* test.&nbsp; They were randomly assigned to 2 groups; Group A (n =30) received oral Simvastatin 80 mg/day and low dose intravenous norepinephrine (2 to 4 &mu;g /min) plus conventional sepsis treatment., Group B (n =30) received only conventional sepsis treatment. Then both were followed by: CRP*, PCT*, SOFA score* monitoring, RIFLE criteria* and Need for organ supportive measures, Length of ICU stay and 28-day Mortality. <strong>Results:</strong> Group A showed no any statistically significant differences except a significant reduction in Mean SOFA score on day 2 and 3 only (p value = 0.012 and 0.013 respectively) and in need for vasopressor (p value = 0.004). <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Simvastatin and low dose norepinephrine did not show any improvement in patients with sepsis associated AKI. <strong>Abb.</strong> NGAL: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, CRP:C-reactive protein, PCT: Procalcitonin, SOFA score: Sequential organ failure assessment score, RIFLE criteria: Risk, Injury, and Failure, Loss and End-stage renal disease. <strong>Keywords: </strong>Critical; Sepsis; AKI; Norepinephrine; simvastatin <strong>REFERENCES</strong> Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, et al. 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<em>Ja</em><em>m</em><em>u</em><em>rt</em><em>i</em><em>r</em><em>a</em><em>m&nbsp;</em><em>(</em><em>P</em><em>leu</em><em>r</em><em>o</em><em>t</em><em>u</em><em>s</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>o</em><em>s</em><em>tr</em><em>ea</em><em>t</em><em>u</em><em>s</em><em>)&nbsp;</em><em>ad</em><em>a</em><em>la</em><em>h</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>ja</em><em>m</em><em>u</em><em>r</em><em>&nbsp;y</em><em>a</em><em>n</em><em>g&nbsp;</em><em>m</em><em>e</em><em>m</em><em>il</em><em>i</em><em>k</em><em>i&nbsp;</em><em>ka</em><em>n</em><em>du</em><em>n</em><em>ga</em><em>n&nbsp;</em><em>p</em><em>r</em><em>o</em><em>t</em><em>ei</em><em>n</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>yan</em><em>g</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>t</em><em>in</em><em>g</em><em>g</em><em>i</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>s</em><em>e</em><em>rta</em><em>&nbsp;kan</em><em>d</em><em>un</em><em>g</em><em>a</em><em>n</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>O</em><em>m</em><em>eg</em><em>a</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>3</em><em>&nbsp;y</em><em>a</em><em>n</em><em>g</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>s</em><em>ei</em><em>m</em><em>ang</em><em>,</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>se</em><em>h</em><em>in</em><em>g</em><em>gg</em><em>a</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>s</em><em>nga</em><em>t</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>b</em><em>a</em><em>i</em><em>k</em><em>&nbsp;un</em><em>t</em><em>u</em><em>k</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>dik</em><em>o</em><em>nsu</em><em>ms</em><em>i</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>ole</em><em>h</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>a</em><em>na</em><em>k</em><em>-a</em><em>n</em><em>a</em><em>k</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>yan</em><em>g</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>s</em><em>eda</em><em>n</em><em>g&nbsp;</em><em>dala</em><em>m</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>t</em><em>a</em><em>h</em><em>a</em><em>p</em><em>&nbsp;pe</em><em>rt</em><em>u</em><em>m</em><em>buh</em><em>a</em><em>n</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>o</em><em>t</em><em>a</em><em>k</em><em>p</em><em>.</em><em>&nbsp;Art</em><em>ik</em><em>e</em><em>l</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>i</em><em>n</em><em>i</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>di</em><em>b</em><em>ua</em><em>t</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>s</em><em>e</em><em>bag</em><em>a</em><em>i</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>s</em><em>ala</em><em>h</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>s</em><em>a</em><em>tu</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>lua</em><em>r</em><em>a</em><em>n</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>K</em><em>e</em><em>gi</em><em>a</em><em>t</em><em>a</em><em>n P</em><em>enga</em><em>b</em><em>di</em><em>a</em><em>n</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>K</em><em>e</em><em>pad</em><em>a&nbsp;</em><em>M</em><em>asya</em><em>r</em><em>aka</em><em>t&nbsp;</em><em>dala</em><em>m</em><em>&nbsp;b</em><em>e</em><em>n</em><em>t</em><em>u</em><em>k</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>I</em><em>p</em><em>t</em><em>e</em><em>k</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>B</em><em>a</em><em>g</em><em>i</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>M</em><em>asya</em><em>r</em><em>a</em><em>k</em><em>a</em><em>t</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>(I</em><em>b</em><em>M</em><em>)</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>s</em><em>e</em><em>bag</em><em>i</em><em>a</em><em>n</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>b</em><em>esa</em><em>r</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>t</em><em>el</em><em>a</em><em>h&nbsp;</em><em>sel</em><em>e</em><em>s</em><em>a</em><em>i</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>dil</em><em>a</em><em>k</em><em>s</em><em>an</em><em>a</em><em>ka</em><em>n</em><em>.</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>S</em><em>eca</em><em>r</em><em>a</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>u</em><em>m</em><em>u</em><em>m&nbsp;</em><em>kegia</em><em>t</em><em>a</em><em>n</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>di</em><em>b</em><em>ag</em><em>i</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>m</em><em>en</em><em>j</em><em>a</em><em>d</em><em>i</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>3</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>kelo</em><em>m</em><em>p</em><em>ok</em><em>,</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>a</em><em>n</em><em>t</em><em>a</em><em>ra&nbsp;</em><em>lain:</em> <em>-&nbsp;</em><em>P</em><em>enga</em><em>d</em><em>aa</em><em>n&nbsp;</em><em>M</em><em>esi</em><em>n P</em><em>e</em><em>ngg</em><em>o</em><em>r</em><em>e</em><em>nga</em><em>n&nbsp;</em><em>p</em><em>ad</em><em>a&nbsp;</em><em>t</em><em>ek</em><em>a</em><em>na</em><em>n&nbsp;</em><em>r</em><em>end</em><em>a</em><em>h (V</em><em>acuu</em><em>m</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>F</em><em>r</em><em>ying</em><em>)</em><em>,&nbsp;</em><em>yan</em><em>g</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>be</em><em>r</em><em>f</em><em>un</em><em>g</em><em>s</em><em>i</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>u</em><em>n</em><em>t</em><em>u</em><em>k</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>m</em><em>eng</em><em>g</em><em>o</em><em>r</em><em>en</em><em>g</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>Ja</em><em>m</em><em>u</em><em>r&nbsp;</em><em>Ti</em><em>r</em><em>a</em><em>m</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>pad</em><em>a</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>s</em><em>u</em><em>h</em><em>u</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>r</em><em>enda</em><em>h</em><em>.</em> <em>-&nbsp;</em><em>M</em><em>elaksan</em><em>a</em><em>ka</em><em>n&nbsp;</em><em>ke</em><em>g</em><em>ia</em><em>t</em><em>a</em><em>n&nbsp;</em><em>pe</em><em>l</em><em>a</em><em>t</em><em>ih</em><em>a</em><em>n&nbsp;</em><em>k</em><em>e</em><em>pad</em><em>a UKM&nbsp;</em><em>m</em><em>i</em><em>tr</em><em>a</em><em>.</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>M</em><em>a</em><em>t</em><em>e</em><em>ri&nbsp;</em><em>ke</em><em>g</em><em>ia</em><em>t</em><em>a</em><em>n&nbsp;</em><em>m</em><em>elipu</em><em>t</em><em>i</em><em>:&nbsp;</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>P</em><em>eng</em><em>o</em><em>pe</em><em>r</em><em>a</em><em>si</em><em>a</em><em>n&nbsp;</em><em>m</em><em>esi</em><em>n&nbsp;</em><em>den</em><em>g</em><em>a</em><em>n&nbsp;</em><em>be</em><em>n</em><em>a</em><em>r,</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>P</em><em>e</em><em>r</em><em>a</em><em>wa</em><em>t</em><em>a</em><em>n</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>se</em><em>rta</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>pe</em><em>r</em><em>b</em><em>a</em><em>i</em><em>k</em><em>a</em><em>n</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>m</em><em>esi</em><em>n</em> -&nbsp;<em>M</em><em>e</em><em>m</em><em>bua</em><em>t&nbsp;</em><em>lapo</em><em>r</em><em>a</em><em>n&nbsp;</em><em>ke</em><em>g</em><em>ia</em><em>t</em><em>an</em><em>,&nbsp;</em><em>t</em><em>e</em><em>r</em><em>di</em><em>ri&nbsp;</em><em>d</em><em>a</em><em>ri&nbsp;</em><em>La</em><em>p</em><em>o</em><em>r</em><em>a</em><em>n K</em><em>e</em><em>m</em><em>aj</em><em>ua</em><em>n</em><em>,&nbsp;</em><em>Lapo</em><em>r</em><em>a</em><em>n A</em><em>k</em><em>h</em><em>i</em><em>r</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>K</em><em>egia</em><em>t</em><em>a</em><em>n</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>se</em><em>rta</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>D</em><em>esi</em><em>m</em><em>i</em><em>na</em><em>s</em><em>i</em><em>.</em> <em>Ha</em><em>si</em><em>l</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>pe</em><em>n</em><em>gu</em><em>j</em><em>ia</em><em>n</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>m</em><em>es</em><em>i</em><em>n</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>ya</em><em>n</em><em>g</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>t</em><em>ela</em><em>h</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>d</em><em>i</em><em>l</em><em>a</em><em>ks</em><em>n</em><em>a</em><em>k</em><em>a</em><em>n</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>d</em><em>i</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>UKM&nbsp;</em><em>m</em><em>i</em><em>tr</em><em>a</em><em>,</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>pad</em><em>a</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>p</em><em>r</em><em>o</em><em>se</em><em>s&nbsp;</em><em>peng</em><em>g</em><em>o</em><em>r</em><em>e</em><em>n</em><em>ga</em><em>n</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>Ja</em><em>m</em><em>u</em><em>r</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>T</em><em>i</em><em>r</em><em>a</em><em>m</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>deng</em><em>a</em><em>n</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>t</em><em>ek</em><em>a</em><em>na</em><em>n</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>v</em><em>a</em><em>ku</em><em>m</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>d</em><em>is</em><em>e</em><em>t</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>s</em><em>e</em><em>ki</em><em>t</em><em>a</em><em>r</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>a</em><em>n</em><em>gk</em><em>a</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>&ndash;</em><em>&nbsp;70c</em><em>m</em><em>Hg,</em><em>&nbsp;pa</em><em>d</em><em>a</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>3</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>va</em><em>r</em><em>i</em><em>as</em><em>i</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>s</em><em>u</em><em>h</em><em>u</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>a</em><em>n</em><em>t</em><em>a</em><em>ra</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>l</em><em>ai</em><em>n</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>ad</em><em>a</em><em>lah</em><em>:</em> -&nbsp;<em>P</em><em>ad</em><em>a t</em><em>e</em><em>m</em><em>pe</em><em>r</em><em>a</em><em>t</em><em>u</em><em>re&nbsp;</em><em>pe</em><em>n</em><em>ggo</em><em>re</em><em>nga</em><em>n&nbsp;</em><em>7</em><em>0</em><em>0</em><em>C&nbsp;</em><em>du</em><em>r</em><em>a</em><em>s</em><em>i&nbsp;</em><em>pen</em><em>g</em><em>go</em><em>r</em><em>e</em><em>nga</em><em>n&nbsp;</em><em>op</em><em>t</em><em>i</em><em>m</em><em>u</em><em>m&nbsp;</em><em>7</em><em>0&nbsp;</em><em>m</em><em>eni</em><em>t</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>k</em><em>ond</em><em>i</em><em>s</em><em>i</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>ja</em><em>m</em><em>u</em><em>r r</em><em>e</em><em>ny</em><em>a</em><em>h</em><em>&nbsp;d</em><em>a</em><em>n</em><em>&nbsp;ke</em><em>r</em><em>in</em><em>g</em> -&nbsp;<em>P</em><em>ad</em><em>a t</em><em>e</em><em>m</em><em>pe</em><em>r</em><em>a</em><em>t</em><em>u</em><em>re&nbsp;</em><em>pe</em><em>n</em><em>ggo</em><em>re</em><em>nga</em><em>n&nbsp;</em><em>8</em><em>0</em><em>0</em><em>C&nbsp;</em><em>du</em><em>r</em><em>a</em><em>s</em><em>i&nbsp;</em><em>pen</em><em>g</em><em>go</em><em>r</em><em>e</em><em>nga</em><em>n&nbsp;</em><em>op</em><em>t</em><em>i</em><em>m</em><em>u</em><em>m&nbsp;</em><em>6</em><em>0&nbsp;</em><em>m</em><em>eni</em><em>t</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>k</em><em>ond</em><em>i</em><em>s</em><em>i</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>ja</em><em>m</em><em>u</em><em>r r</em><em>e</em><em>ny</em><em>a</em><em>h</em><em>&nbsp;d</em><em>a</em><em>n</em><em>&nbsp;ke</em><em>r</em><em>in</em><em>g</em> -&nbsp;<em>P</em><em>ad</em><em>a t</em><em>e</em><em>m</em><em>pe</em><em>r</em><em>a</em><em>t</em><em>u</em><em>re&nbsp;</em><em>pe</em><em>n</em><em>ggo</em><em>re</em><em>nga</em><em>n&nbsp;</em><em>9</em><em>0</em><em>0</em><em>C&nbsp;</em><em>du</em><em>r</em><em>a</em><em>s</em><em>i&nbsp;</em><em>pen</em><em>g</em><em>go</em><em>r</em><em>e</em><em>nga</em><em>n&nbsp;</em><em>op</em><em>t</em><em>i</em><em>m</em><em>u</em><em>m&nbsp;</em><em>5</em><em>0&nbsp;</em><em>m</em><em>eni</em><em>t</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>k</em><em>ond</em><em>i</em><em>s</em><em>i</em><em>&nbsp;</em><em>ja</em><em>m</em><em>u</em><em>r r</em><em>e</em><em>ny</em><em>a</em><em>h</em><em>&nbsp;d</em><em>a</em><em>n</em><em>&nbsp;ke</em><em>r</em><em>ing</em><em>.</em>

Title <strong>Methods to Enhance Accessibility of Japanese Medical Literature in English Journals</strong> Abstract To address the challenges of accurately citing Japanese medical literature in English journals, the essential guidelines &ldquo;Citing Medicine&rdquo; by the National Library of Medicine were reviewed, focusing on practical adjustments to enhance accessibility. Key proposals include the use of persistent identifiers (Digital Object Identifier, PubMed Identifier, and International Standard Book Number), proper citation of online content, and the inclusion of romanized Japanese article titles. The selection of accessible journal titles and the importance of consistency were also discussed to avoid confusion. Given the significant volume of Japanese medical literature, cross-lingual citation is critical for preventing the isolation of scientific discoveries. These proposals highlight the need for improved citation practices to make Japanese research activities more accessible to the global research community. Original Publication <strong>Journal</strong>: <em>JMA Journal</em> <strong>Publication Date</strong>: 2024 Oct 15 (Epub 2024 Oct 3) <strong>Volume/Issue</strong>: 7(4) <strong>Pages</strong>: 461&ndash;470 <strong>DOI</strong>: 10.31662/jmaj.2024-0140 License This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.You are free to share (copy, distribute, transmit) and adapt the work for any purpose, even commercially, provided you give appropriate credit to the original authors and source. Copyright Copyright &copy; 2024 The Japan Medical Association.All works published in <em>JMA Journal</em> apply the CC BY 4.0 license.No additional permission is required from the publisher for reuse under this license. &nbsp; <strong>Introduction</strong> The accuracy and completeness of reference lists in academic papers significantly both enhance the accessibility of previous research for readers⁽¹⁾, and show respect for preceding researchers⁽²⁾. Additionally, complete references allow readers to judge for themselves the necessity of consulting the cited works⁽²⁾. However, the challenges of accurately citing Japanese medical literature in English journals are seldom discussed. Even native Japanese speakers may struggle to locate original sources, with undoubtedly higher barriers for English speakers attempting to access Japanese-only texts. In this review, we examine the current guidelines and practices for citing Japanese medical literature in English journals. Our lead author authored a paper on the practical use of software for three-dimensional visualization of CT images available in Japan and reported the findings in the JMA journal⁽³⁾. During the process of reviewing technical literature on the use of this software, considerations were made on how to cite Japanese papers in English to enhance accessibility for readers. Drawing from this experience, we aim to highlight key considerations and propose practical methods for improving accessibility in the cross-lingual citing process. These recommendations are particularly relevant for readers of the JMA journal, who are likely to frequently encounter such references. It is important to note that the insights presented here are not novel but are distilled from widely recommended style manuals. By reviewing these guidelines and offering proposals for improvement, we seek to address the existing challenges and enhance the accessibility of Japanese research for the global academic community. <strong>Style manuals referenced</strong> In the realm of medical literature, the de facto standard for reference lists is the Vancouver style, utilized by databases such as MEDLINE and PubMed⁽⁴⁾. This style is also endorsed by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)⁽⁵⁾ and is detailed in "Citing Medicine," published by the National Library of Medicine (NLM)⁽⁶⁾. The AMA Manual of Style, created by the American Medical Association⁽⁷⁾, follows similar principles but includes variations such as italicizing journal names ⁸⁾. The JMA journal, published by the Japan Medical Association, recommends "Citing Medicine" in its Instructions for Authors⁽⁹⁾, which includes numerous guidelines for citing non-English literature. This review explains practical adjustments based on "Citing Medicine" to improve accessibility to Japanese journal articles, with additional references to the AMA Manual of Style where necessary. Table 1 presents practical examples of reference styles for citing Japanese literature in English journals, with detailed explanations provided in subsequent sections. <strong>Proposals for practical adjustments for enhancing accessibility of Japanese medical literature in English Journals</strong> <em>Indicating persistent identifiers</em> Since the late 20th century, digital systems have been collecting information on research activities⁽¹⁰⁾. Persistent identifiers are essential for accurately and efficiently linking this information⁽¹¹⁾. In life sciences and medicine, the PubMed Identifier (PMID), a unique identifier assigned to documents within the PubMed database, has played this role but is being gradually replaced by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) established in 1997⁽¹⁰⁾. DOIs permanently identify digital content, significantly enhancing the utility, visibility, and impact of scholarly works⁽¹²⁾. Adding "https://doi.org/" before the DOI creates a complete Uniform Resource Locator (URL) link⁽¹³⁾ and, in Japan, the Japan Link Center (JaLC) manages DOI registration, accounting for 3% of the 2.2 billion DOIs registered in 2020⁽¹⁴⁾. According to "Citing Medicine," PMIDs and DOIs can be included in the note section of most journal article references (Chapter 1, Examples for Notes 70 and 71)⁽⁶⁾. Similarly, the AMA Manual of Style, in its newly established strong recommendations in the 11th edition, states that DOIs should be included whenever possible. Ideally, all content should have a DOI but, for pre-DOI content, the corresponding PMID should be sought. Table 1a shows a style example with PMID, and Table 1b with DOI. &nbsp; <em>Online content without persistent identifiers</em> "Citing Medicine" anticipates the existence of online content that lacks persistent identifiers. Such content may be nearly identical to printed journal articles or books. However, "Citing Medicine" emphasizes the importance of not treating these online resources as if they were print materials as it is crucial to accurately reference the online nature of these resources to maintain proper citation practices. The key is to first gather the necessary details for citing the printed version and then add internet-specific elements (in the beginning of Chapter 22 and 23)⁽⁶⁾. &ldquo;Citing Medicine&rdquo; directs to indicate online access by placing "Internet" in square brackets after the title, followed by a period (Chapter 22 and 23, &ldquo;Type of Medium&rdquo;)⁽⁶⁾, contrasting with the AMA Manual of Style, which does not specify whether the type of medium is online content or not but requires either a DOI or a URL (DOI preferred)⁽⁷⁾. After the location (pagination), start with "Available from:", followed by the URL. If the URL ends with a slash, add a period; otherwise, no punctuation is needed (Chapter 22 and 23, &ldquo;Availability&rdquo;)⁽⁶⁾. Multiple URLs can be separated by a space, semicolon, and another space (Chapter 22, Box 67; Chapter 23, Box 59)⁽⁶⁾. "Citing Medicine" also requires indicating the date of citation after the date of publication, as online content is often updated (Chapter 22 and 23, &ldquo;Date of Citation&rdquo;)⁽⁶⁾. Including a DOI, if available, is also allowed (Chapter 22, Box 69; Chapter 23, Box 61)⁽⁶⁾. This contrasts with the AMA Manual of Style, which does not include URLs or accessed dates when a DOI is available⁽⁷⁾. Table 1c shows an example with multiple URLs for an article without any persistent identifiers. Table 1d provides an example with a DOI and multiple URLs. Table 1e demonstrates archived content of a book accessible from the National Diet Library's digital collection, where even older content may have a DOI available, promoting DOI usage⁽¹⁵⁾. Additionally, "Citing Medicine" allows including an International Standard Book Number (ISBN) at the end of online book references (Chapter 22, Box 71)⁽⁶⁾. ISBNs function as persistent identifiers, uniquely specifying bibliographic records⁽¹¹⁾. According to a 2021 report based on a survey of 1,100 biomedical journals and a questionnaire sent to 125 editors or editorial offices, no journals required ISBNs, while two-thirds of the respondents considered ISBNs to be important identifiers⁽¹⁶⁾. ISBNs have been included in Japanese publications since January, 1981⁽¹⁷⁾. Table 1f illustrates an example of an online book with both DOI and ISBN. &nbsp; <em>Including romanized Japanese titles</em> "Citing Medicine" outlines the following specific rules for article titles in languages other than English (Chapter 1, Box 14): Rule 1, translate titles into English; Rule 2, enclose translated titles in square brackets; Rule 3, indicate the original language after the location (pagination) with a period; and Rule 4, if possible, place the original or romanized title before the translation⁽⁶⁾. When no official translation is available, a novel one must be created. Fortunately, many Japanese medical journals provide official English titles. However, if such titles are unavailable, resources like Medical*Online-E (Meteo Inc., Tokyo (Japan)), a Japanese medical literature database, offer machine translations for other journals, which can be helpful (Table 1d, Figure 1). For books, databases like CiNii (National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo (Japan)) or WorldCat (OCLC Inc., Dublin (OH)) may reveal official English titles (Figure 2). It is crucial to recognize that the way article titles are presented can significantly affect accessibility and reader comprehension. Rules 2 and 3 are more often omitted than Rule 1⁽¹⁶⁾, and Rule 4 (because of official title availability) is almost never currently followed. However, these rules are also important for indicating non-English content and preventing reader confusion. Unfortunately, many Japanese articles are not found even when searched by their official English article titles in various databases. If such an article is thusly mistaken for an English one, readers may waste time searching; therefore, Rule 3 must be strictly followed, as Rule 2 alone is insufficient. Surprisingly, despite Rule 4 being optional, some guidelines suggest prioritizing the original language title over its translation to clearly indicate that the document is written in a language other than English⁽⁴⁾. However, romanized titles are also beneficial for Japanese speakers searching in Japanese. Table 1 demonstrates examples of romanized Japanese titles alongside their English translations. It is noteworthy that, as seen in Table 1f, the official English translation of the article title is significantly shorter due to the omission of the Japanese article subtitle, highlighting the importance of including the original language. One of the challenges in implementing Rule 4 is the romanization of Japanese titles. Japanese has a long history of multiple, often confusing, romanization systems such as Hepburn and Kunrei, and standardization remains unachieved⁽¹⁸⁾, posing a chalenge in bibliographic management⁽¹⁹⁾. "Citing Medicine" considers the American Library Association &ndash; Library of Congress (ALA-LC) Romanization Tables, which are based on the Hepburn system, as a reliable authority (Chapter 1, Box 6)⁽⁶⁾. However, these tables use macrons (a type of diacritic, indicated by a horizontal bar written above vowels such as ā, ī, ū, ē, ō to denote long vowels in Japanese)^{(19, 20)}, conflicting with "Citing Medicine's" rule to ignore diacritics (Chapter 1, Box 14)⁽⁶⁾. While macrons are typically not used in the romanization of personal names or well-known place names in Japanese, they are crucial for preserving meaning in general Japanese text. Without macrons, many Japanese words can have altered meanings, leading to potential misunderstandings. This review demonstrates examples with macrons for titles only, considering technological advancements that make diacritics less problematic. There are various character encoding standards used for electronic communication, among which UTF-8, an international character encoding standard that supports macrons⁽²¹⁾, is now widely used across major systems and websites (98.3% as of Jun 2024)⁽²²⁾. The AMA Manual of Style and PubMed also accept diacritics, indicating a shift towards their inclusion⁽⁷⁾. Additionally, WorldCat also accepts a romanization system that uses macrons (Figure 2)⁽¹⁹⁾. &nbsp; <em>Choosing accessible journal titles</em> When citing Japanese journal titles in English papers, there are two options: romanizing the Japanese journal title or using an English (or occasionally Latin) alternative journal title. According to "Citing Medicine," if the former is chosen, the journal title should NOT be abbreviated, whereas, for the latter, specific abbreviation rules apply (Chapter 1, Box 22)⁽⁶⁾. Additionally, "Citing Medicine" allows the inclusion of both romanized and English titles for article titles but does not permit this for journal titles, so one or the other must be chosen (Chapter 1, Box 22)⁽⁶⁾. For journals indexed in PubMed, the romanized original language journal title is preferred. For example, "Hinyokika kiyo", which is indexed in PubMed, is the romanized journal title used over its Latin counterpart, "Acta Urologica Japonica," as it enhances accessibility for PubMed readers (Table 1a). The NLM Catalog can provide further details, such as International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) for assigning unique identifiers to periodicals and abbreviations of journal titles, making them easier to reference (Figure 3) (Chapter 1, Box 22)⁽⁶⁾. For journals not indexed in PubMed, while the choice of journal title can be freely chosen. English (or Latin) journal titles can help non-Japanese readers infer the journal's subject area, as even Japanese speakers may find it challenging to deduce the original Japanese journal title from its romanized form⁽²³⁾. Thus, finding English (or Latin) journal titles for non-indexed journals is valuable. Ichushi, a medical literature search service by the Japan Medical Abstracts Society (Tokyo (Japan)), can help identify these alternative journal titles (Table 1c, Figure 4a). "Citing Medicine" also recommends using the ISSN International Centre&rsquo;s List of Title Word Abbreviations (LTWA) for standard abbreviations (Appendix A)⁽⁶⁾. This resource clarifies abbreviations such as "Journal" to "J," "Japan" to "Jpn," "Academ-" to "Acad," "Gerontolog-" to "Gerontol," and "Nursing" to "Nurs" (Figure 3b). According to Citing Medicine, abbreviated words should be capitalized, and conjunctions and prepositions should be omitted (Chapter 1, Box 22)⁽⁶⁾. By applying these rules, the journal title "Journal of Japan Academy of Gerontological Nursing" can be abbreviated to "J Jpn Acad Gerontol Nurs" (Table 1c, Figure 4a) (Chapter 1, Box 22)⁽⁶⁾. Moreover, according to "Citing Medicine," single-word journal titles should not be abbreviated (Chapter 1, Box 22)⁽⁶⁾. Additionally, if there is a risk of confusion with another journal of the same name, adding the place of publication can clarify (Chapter 1, Box 22)⁽⁶⁾. For example, the journal "Urology", published by Kagaku Hyoronsha Co., Ltd (ISSN 2435-192X), can be listed as "Urology (Tokyo)" to distinguish it from another journal with the same name published by Elsevier (ISSN 0090-4295). Similarly, the AMA Manual of Style allows for the title to be listed as "<em>Urology (Tokyo, Japan)</em>."⁽⁷⁾ <strong>Discussion</strong> In this review, we addressed the main challenges and proposed solutions for citing Japanese literature in English journals, following the guidelines of "Citing Medicine." Specifically, we highlighted the importance of using persistent identifiers (DOIs and PMIDs), properly citing online content, including romanized Japanese titles, and selecting accessible journal titles. These strategies enhance the accessibility of Japanese literature, making it more usable for non-Japanese speakers. Since the Meiji Restoration in the late 19th century, which marked the beginning of Japan&rsquo;s modernization and westernization, a vast number of Japanese medical journal articles have been published⁽²⁴⁾. Considering that Japanese is spoken by approximately 125 million people worldwide and ranks as the eighth most powerful language according to the Power Language Index⁽²⁵⁾, which evaluates languages based on geography, economy, business communication, knowledge and media, and diplomacy, it is estimated that the volume of these articles is among the highest per capita in the world. Indeed, the Ichushi Web, a comprehensive bibliographic database of medical literature in Japan, includes 15 million references⁽²⁶⁾. Additionally, with 1.23 million members in clinical medicine societies alone, representing one-third of all academic societies in Japan⁽²⁷⁾, it is evident that there is a significant number of medical researchers who are native Japanese speakers. Data also show that 40% of researchers whose first language is not English publish their papers in languages other than English⁽²⁸⁾. Therefore, Japanese medical researchers often need to cite Japanese journal articles, even when their research findings are published in English. This is especially true for topics deeply rooted in Japanese culture and history, which are frequently recorded only in Japanese⁽²⁹⁾. Cross-lingual citation is crucial to prevent the siloing of scientific discoveries within specific linguistic or cultural groups⁽³⁰⁾. Given that English serves as the de facto common language in academia, citations from non-English sources to English are quite common⁽³⁰⁾. As the frequency of citing Japanese journal articles in English papers increases, access to these references becomes essential. In the past century, when print media dominated, rare Japanese journals accessible only in a few domestic libraries were often overlooked by international researchers⁽³¹⁾. However, the rise of online journals has dramatically changed this scenario⁽³²⁾. By 2021, about 30% of Japanese journals offered full-text online links and this number is steadily growing⁽²⁶⁾. Moreover, advances in machine translation have expanded access to Japanese journal articles for non-native speakers⁽³³⁾. For example, the Medical*Online-E database offers machine translations of Japanese articles into English, Chinese, and Korean⁽³⁴⁾. Additionally, Japanese medical libraries have played a crucial role in supporting evidence-based medicine (EBM) by providing specialized literature search skills through the Japan Hand Search &amp; Electronic Search Society, and since 1999, the Japan Medical Library Association (JMLA) has encouraged consortium activities to negotiate favorable terms for electronic resources, collaborating with the Japan Pharmaceutical Library Association (JPLA)⁽³⁵⁾. Despite these advances, citing Japanese journal articles in English journals may still be a cumbersome task for busy researchers. However ignoring research written in languages other than English can introduce bias into meta-analyses⁽³⁶⁾. While reference management software like EndNote (Thomson Reuters, New York (NY)) and Mendeley (Elsevier, Amsterdam (Netherlands)) is becoming more widespread⁽³⁷⁾, and future software updates may ease the burden somewhat, the responsibility for accurate bibliographic information ultimately rests with authors⁽³⁸⁾. We hope that this review will reach the many diligent researchers in Japan and help improve the situation. Publishers also play a critical role in establishing and ensuring accessibility between published articles and the online environment that supports them within the research community⁽³⁹⁾. Japanese publishers, in particular, have a significant role in improving accessibility for non-Japanese speakers due to their familiarity with unique publishing practices in the Japanese cultural sphere. For example, consider the variations in the common Japanese surname Sato, which can be rendered as Sato, Satou, Satoh, or Satoo in romanized form⁽⁴⁰⁾. Romanization serves as a bridge between different languages⁽⁴¹⁾, but such inconsistencies can create confusion and hinder accurate bibliographic identification. Many Japanese journals now require authors to provide English versions of their names, titles, and abstracts. Given the varying requirements across cultural and academic domains, it may not be practical to radically and strictly unify citation styles⁽⁴²⁾. However, as efforts to minimize inconsistencies and confusion in Japanese names and other details demonstrate a commitment to making research accessible to a global audience, such initiatives should require continuous strengthening. In conclusion, the ongoing efforts by Japanese researchers and publishers to enhance the accessibility of Japanese literature are crucial steps toward contributing to the international academic community. Continued dedication to this cause will ultimately strengthen the impact and integration of Japanese scholarship in the broader academic world. <strong>References</strong> 1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Referencing an article. Nurs Stand. 1999;14(7): suppl 1-2. Cited in: Pubmed; PMID 11075112. 2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Japan Science and Technology Agency. Sankōbunken no yakuwari to kakikata: kagakugijutu jōhō ryūtsū gijutsu kijun no katsuyō [Reference writing and its role: applying the Standards for Informataion of Science and Technology (SIST)] [Internet]. Tokyo (Japan): Japan Science and Technology Agency; 2011 Mar. [updated; cited. Japanese. 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Ea Kao là một trong những hồ nhân tạo lớn của tỉnh Đăk Lăk, hồ chứa sản lượng cá trung bình khoảng 50 tấn/năm, có năm lên tới 120 tấn/năm [5]. Do nhu cầu tiêu thụ cá lăng đuôi đỏ tăng cao nên hiện nay người dân Buôn Ma Thuột đang phát triển nuôi cá lăng đuôi đỏ trên các hồ chứa. Kết quả nghiên cứu này cho thấy các yếu tố môi trường như nhiệt độ, pH, DO, NH3 của hồ Ea Kao nằm trong giới hạn cho phép, thích hợp cho sự phát triển của cá. Nuôi cá lăng đuôi đỏ ở mật độ 20 con/m2 cho tốc độ tăng trưởng và tỷ lệ sống cao hơn so với mật độ 25con/m2 và 30 con/m2. Từ khóa: cá lăng đuôi đỏ, mật độ, tăng trưởng, nuôi lồng, hồ Ea Kao.

Rệp s&aacute;p hại rễ hồ ti&ecirc;u l&agrave; lo&agrave;i c&ocirc;n tr&ugrave;ng g&acirc;y hại ảnh hưởng đến sản xuất c&acirc;y hồ ti&ecirc;u tại T&acirc;y Nguy&ecirc;n. Kiểm so&aacute;t rệp s&aacute;p hại rễ bằng c&aacute;ch l&agrave;m tăng mật số nấm k&iacute; sinh c&ocirc;n tr&ugrave;ng đất c&oacute; &yacute; nghĩa cả về kinh tế lẫn m&ocirc;i trường. Sự thiết lập quần thể v&agrave; hiệu quả ở điều kiện đồng ruộng của 2 chủng nấm k&iacute; sinh c&ocirc;n tr&ugrave;ng ML1 v&agrave; PB1 trong ph&ograve;ng trừ rệp s&aacute;p hại rễ hồ ti&ecirc;u được bố tr&iacute; th&iacute; nghiệm tr&ecirc;n vườn hồ ti&ecirc;u giống Vĩnh Linh ở giai đoạn kinh doanh thuộc x&atilde; Ea Kao, th&agrave;nh phố Bu&ocirc;n Ma Thuột, tỉnh Đắk Lắk. Kết quả th&iacute; nghiệm khẳng định cả 2 chủng nấm đều thiết lập được quần thể tr&ecirc;n vườn ti&ecirc;u sau khi xử l&yacute; ch&uacute;ng v&agrave;o trong đất. Mật độ Metarhizium sp. tăng khoảng 10 lần so với ban đầu khi xử l&yacute; với 300 ml với nồng độ 107 b&agrave;o tử ML1/ml/gốc hồ ti&ecirc;u. Mật độ, Paecilomyces sp. tăng khoảng 3,5 lần so với ban đầu khi xử l&yacute; với 300 ml với nồng độ 107 b&agrave;o tử PB1/ml/gốc hồ ti&ecirc;u. Tất cả c&aacute;c c&ocirc;ng thức c&oacute; xử l&yacute; 2 chủng nấm k&iacute; sinh c&ocirc;n tr&ugrave;ng ML1 v&agrave; PB1 đều cho hiệu quả kiểm so&aacute;t rệp s&aacute;p hại rễ hồ ti&ecirc;u. Trong đ&oacute;, hiệu lực ph&ograve;ng trừ ở CT3 (300 ml ML1), CT6 (300 ml PB1), CT8 (125 ml ML1+ 125 ml PB1), CT9 (150 ml ML1+ 150 ml PB1) đều đạt hiệu quả cao tại 60 ng&agrave;y sau xử l&yacute;.

Amaç: Dietilnitrozamin (DEN) ve fenobarbital (PB), metabolizması sırasında reaktif oksijen türlerini (ROS) üretilmektedir. Ellagik asit (EA), antioksidan aktiviteye sahip, biyolojik olarak aktif, doğal bir polifenoldür. Bu çalışma, sıçanlarda DEN-PB'nin neden olduğu karaciğer hasarı üzerinde EA'nın önleyici ve koruyucu etkilerini değerlendirmek için yapılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: 60 yetişkin Sprague-Dawley sıçan 6 gruba ayrıldı: Negatif kontrol, DEN, EA, DEN-PB (pozitif kontrol), DEN-PB-EA (tedavi) ve EA-DEN-PB (ön tedavi). DEN, pozitif kontrol, tedavi ve ön tedavi gruplarına 150 mg/kg DEN verildi. İki hafta sonra pozitif kontrol ve tedavi gruplarına 500 ppm PB uygulandı. EA ve ön tedavi gruplarına 50 mg/kg/gün EA oral yolla sekiz hafta ve tedavi grubuna ise dört hafta boyunca günaşırı verildi. Sekiz hafta sonra sıçanlar dekapite edildi, karaciğer ve kan biyokimyasal değerlendirmeye tabi tutuldu. Bulgular: DEN’in tek başına veya PB ile birlikte karaciğer MDA düzeylerini önemli ölçüde arttırdığı; ancak plazma MDA seviyelerini değiştirmediği görüldü (p&lt;0,001). EA ön tedavisi, karaciğer MDA seviyelerini azalttı. CAT aktivitesinin, pozitif kontrol grubunun karaciğer ve eritrositlerinde değişmediği belirlendi. Karaciğer CAT aktivitesi, ön tedavide önemsiz ve tedavide ise anlamlı olarak arttı (p&lt;0,05). SOD aktivitesi, DEN ve pozitif kontrol gruplarının karaciğer ve eritrositlerinde değişkenlik göstermedi. EA, karaciğer SOD aktivitesini önemli ölçüde arttırdı (p&lt;0,001). Tek başına veya PB ile birlikte DEN uygulaması hem karaciğer hem de kan GSH düzeylerini önemli ölçüde düşürürken (p&lt;0,05), EA uygulaması tedavi grubunda karaciğer GSH düzeylerini arttırdı (p&lt;0,05). Tedavi grubunda kan GSH seviyeleri önemli ölçüde azaldı (p&lt;0,001). Öneri: EA koruyucu tedavisinin, sıçanlarda DEN ve PB kaynaklı karaciğer oksidatif stresinde EA tedavisinden daha etkili olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Dietilnitrozamin, ellagik asit, fenobarbital, oksidatif stress

ABSTRACT The water level in the downstream approach channel (DAC) of the multi-line ship lock exhibits intricately nonlinear fluctuations. This research integrated Kolmogorov–Arnold networks (KANs), convolutional neural networks (CNNs), external attention (EA), and time-varying filter empirical mode decomposition (TVFEMD) with long short-term memory (LSTM) or gate recurrent unit (GRU) to enhance prediction performance. Compared to the GRU, mean absolute error (MAE) of TVFEMD–EA–CNN–GRU–KAN decreased by 46% to 0.131 m, root mean square deviation (RMSD) by 46% to 0.153 m, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) by 45 to 0.322%, combined accuracy (CA) index by 49% to 0.103, and coefficient of determination (R2) increased by 7% to 0.971. Compared to LSTM, MAE of TVFEMD–EA–CNN–LSTM–KAN decreased by 52% to 0.140 m, RMSD by 51% to 0.164 m, MAPE by 52 to 0.345%, CA by 55% to 0.111, and R2 increased by 11% to 0.968. A novel contribution was considering the influence of outflow changes caused by hydraulic project regulations in water level prediction, which was rarely addressed in existing studies. By collecting outflow data as one of the input features, the prediction accuracy of hybrid models was enhanced substantially. For TVFEMD–EA–CNN–GRU–KAN and TVFEMD–EA–CNN–LSTM–KAN, including outflow among the input features decreases CA by 20 and 22%, respectively.

AbstractThe mixed modifier effect (MME) is one of the most challenging puzzles in the field of oxide glasses, as there exists no universal quantitative theoretical model for accurately describing and predicting the nonlinear deviation of property values. In this paper, pairwise and ternary interactions are examined experimentally to understand the mixed modifier effect (MME) in a series of aluminosilicate glasses. By keeping the glass network former concentration constant and adjusting the molar ratios of three network modifiers (Na2O, K2O, and CaO), the MMEs in glass transition temperature (Tg), Vickers hardness (Hv) and activation energy (Ea) for aqueous dissolution for each modifier cation are investigated. We examine whether a pairwise interaction model is sufficient, or if ternary interactions also need to be included to predict the MME in these aluminosilicate glass systems. This work reveals that the pairwise model can be used to predict the mixed modifier effect for Tg in complex multiple‐modifier glass systems using only two‐body interaction factors. However, ternary mixed‐modifier interactions are present in other properties such as Hv and Ea.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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&nbsp; S1 : Study Area: Geology, Geomorphology &nbsp; Lothal is one of the fascinating remnants of the ancient Harappan (also known as ~ Indus Valley) civilization, which was first excavated by Dr. S.R Rao, ASI, during 1955. Lothal, situated 23 km from the present-day shoreline (Pandya et al., 1977; Vora et al., 2006; Gaur et al., 2006) is believed to be one of the most ancient dockyards (Rao et al., 1979, Khadkikar et al., 2004, Gaur et al., 2006). The Lothal site is believed to have been occupied during the 5600 yr BP to 3800 yr BP, and the reasons of its abandonment are yet to be ascertained (Vora et al., 2006). The site was used as trade center with maritime trade link with western Asia and Africa (Gaur and Vora, 1999). Lothal was connected with other important cities of Sindh by ancient tributary of Sabarmati, i.e., Bhogavo River. The Sabarmati River originates from the Aravalli ranges and drains southwards in the Gulf of Khambat. The geological framework of mainland Gujarat suggests that the study area as well as the major part of mainland Gujarat is covered by Quaternary sediments of fluvial to aeolian origin (Merh, 1995). A precise elevation of 7.1 &plusmn; 0.1 m above the high water line, was measured at the top of the LH trench site, based on a Real Time Kinematics survey using a Differential Global Positioning System (D-GPS). The accuracy of the D-GPS measurements (better than &plusmn; 0.1m) was verified by taking multiple trench depth readings, which were simultaneously measured using a conventional measuring tape. The nearest tide station is at Bhavnagar (~ &gt;80 km south), which has a tidal range of approx ~ 12m (www.tides4fishing.com). The data was available in Mean lower low water (convention used in Indian tide gauge stations) which was converted to Mean Sea Level datum. The Mean High Water (MHW) was 8.8m above msl, the Mean Low Water (MLW) was 1.8m msl, the High Astronomical Tide (HAT) was 11.1m msl whereas the Mean Tide Level (MTL) was 5.3m msl. S2: Chronology &nbsp; Sand grains at the bottom of the sequence were dated to be 3080 &plusmn; 400 BCE and foraminifers at the 0.5 m depth from the top yield date 2070 &plusmn; 215 yr BP (336 BCE&ndash;94 CE) (Table S1 and S2). The horizon at 2.5 m depth was dated using both foraminifera C-14 content and OSL of sand grains; both gave an overlapping age ~ 4200 yr BP (OSL: 4330 &plusmn; 400 yr BP; AMS ¹⁴C: 4150 &plusmn; 230 yr BP). Additionally, a horizon at 2.1 m depth was dated using foraminifera AMS C-14 content which yielded an age of 3625 &plusmn; 200 yr BP (Table S2). Hence, the depositional record provides depositional history of the entire Meghalayan era and prior ~ 5030 &ndash; 2070 yr BP.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<strong>TABLE S1: </strong>OSL CHRONOLOGY OF LOTHAL (LH) SITE AND EQUIVALENT HARAPPAN PHASES. Sample no Depth (m) U (ppm) Th (ppm) K (%) Cosmic ray dose rate (&mu;Gy /a) Dose rate (&mu;Gy/a) <strong>CA M</strong> <strong><em>D</em></strong><strong>e (gy)</strong> <strong>CAM A</strong> <strong>ge (ka)</strong> Over-dispersion (%) Median Age In yr BP Equivalent Harappan phase (Kenoyer, 1998; Possehl , 2002) ISR- 71 3.4 1.3 &plusmn; 0.06 14.2 &plusmn; 0.7 0.41 &plusmn; 0.01 153 &plusmn; 40 1522 &plusmn; 130 <strong>7.7 &plusmn; 0.2</strong> <strong>5.1 &plusmn; 0.4</strong> 26 <strong>5030&plusmn;</strong> <strong>400</strong> Early Harappan ISR 372 2.5 1.1 &plusmn; 0.06 15.9 &plusmn; 0.8 0.38 &plusmn; 0.01 163 &plusmn; 36 1588 &plusmn; 136 <strong>6.9 &plusmn; 0.2</strong> <strong>4.4 &plusmn; 0.4</strong> 24 <strong>4330 &plusmn; 400</strong> Mature Harappan &nbsp; <strong>TABLE 2</strong>: AMS ¹⁴C DATE AND ITS CALIBRATED RANGE. <strong>Lab No</strong> <strong>Depth (m)</strong> <strong>14C age</strong> <strong>&plusmn; 1&sigma;</strong> &nbsp; <strong>Year BC</strong> <strong>Calibrated age &plusmn;2&sigma;</strong> &nbsp; <strong>Calendar Year</strong> <strong>Med-ian age</strong> &nbsp; <strong>BP/</strong> &nbsp; <strong>Calibrated age &plusmn;2&sigma;</strong> &nbsp; <strong>Calendar Year</strong> <strong>Med-ian age</strong> &nbsp; <strong>BCE/</strong> <strong>CE </strong> <strong>Equivalent Harappan Phase</strong> <strong>(Kenoyer., 1998; Possehl., 2002)</strong> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>Max&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </strong> <strong>Min</strong> &nbsp; <strong>Max&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </strong> <strong>Min</strong> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>(BP)</strong> <strong>(BP)</strong> &nbsp; <strong>(BCE)</strong> <strong>(BCE/CE)</strong> &nbsp; &nbsp; Poz-103208 0.50 2450&plusmn;35 <strong>1856</strong> <strong>2285</strong> <strong>2070&plusmn;</strong> <strong>215 BP </strong> <strong>336&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </strong> <strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; 94</strong> <strong>120&plusmn;</strong> <strong>215 BCE</strong> &nbsp; ---- D-AMS 042905 2.13 3727&plusmn;24 <strong>3424</strong> <strong>3825</strong> <strong>3625&plusmn;</strong> <strong>200 BP </strong> <strong>1874&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </strong> <strong>1475</strong> <strong>1675&plusmn;</strong> <strong>200 BCE</strong> &nbsp; Late Harappan &nbsp; &nbsp; IUACD#20C3314 2.50 4132&plusmn;42 <strong>3918</strong> <strong>4385</strong> <strong>4150&plusmn;</strong> <strong>230 BP </strong> <strong>2437 </strong> <strong>1969</strong> <strong>2200&plusmn;</strong> <strong>200 BCE</strong> Mature Harappan &nbsp; <strong>Note: </strong>Radiocarbon date is calibrated by using Calib8.20 (Marine20.14c) online software. The marine reservoir correction (DR= &ndash;106 &plusmn; 51) is taken from the nearest station (i.e. Pirotan Island, 70.0E; 22.6N) to the Lothal along the Gujarat coast (Source: http://calib.org/calib/calib.html). All the cited chronology in the paper has been converted into &ldquo;yr BP&rdquo;. In addition to the same, the entire chronology of the LH trench section, too, (both OSL and AMS ages) has been converted into the &ldquo;yr BP&rdquo; ages in order to maintain the chronological synchronicity with respect to the archaeological context. &nbsp; S3: Micropalaeontology &nbsp; A total of thirty-four representative samples covering all litho units of the sequence were analyzed for the micropalaeontological study. A three-step technique (soaking, sieving, and drying) was used for 50 g of each bulk sediment in the laboratory to prepare and concentrate the sample for examination. The sediment sample was soaked in distilled water with 5 ml of sodium hexa-meta-phosphate to disaggregate and disperse the mud; the sample was then washed through a sieve with 63-micron mesh openings (Synder and Huber, 1996). In the laboratory, a fraction of &gt;63-micron sediment samples were collected and oven dried at 50 &deg;C (close to room temperature) to avoid the potential loss of agglutinated foram tests (Synder and Huber, 1996). The dried sample was further observed with a stereoscopic binocular microscope (Fig S1). Approximately 300 foraminifera specimens were picked, and the number of foraminifera specimens per species per sample was calculated for representative samples. The number of foraminifer specimens were counted on per gram basis for all the samples and termed as Total Foraminifera Number (TFN), which is used as a measure of abundance of calcareous foraminifers in the sediments. The classification criteria (Loeblich and Tappan 1988; Sen Gupta, 1999; Milker and Schmiedl, 2012) was applied here for foraminifera classification. The microfossil assemblage in the LH trench sediment contained foraminifers (Fig S1). The relative percentages of major foraminifer assemblage (<em>Ammonia-Elphidium assemblage, Globigerinoides and Bolivina</em>) were counted and TFN was calculated. Units 1&ndash;4 show higher TFN (&gt;300) with the dominant presence of <em>Ammonia-Elphidium assemblage </em>(35&ndash;51%), planktic <em>Globigerinoides </em>(6&ndash;24%), <em>Bolivina </em>(1&ndash;12%), and small amounts of gastropods and ostracods. However, in contrast the overlying units 5 and 6 showed a gradual reduction in the content of TFN (&lt;300) (<em>Ammonia: 65-76%, Bolivina</em>: 3-17% and <em>Globigerinoides: </em>2&ndash;13%) hinting towards the gradual dominance of the estuarine environment in the LH trench site.&nbsp; &nbsp; <strong><em>Figure S1</em></strong><em>: Photomicrograph of selected foraminifers extracted from LH sedimentary record.</em> &nbsp; S4: X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis &nbsp; For the geochemical analysis (major and trace elements), the samples were dried at 50&deg;C and further crushed to a size of &lt;63 &micro;m. The crushed samples were packed in sample cups using a thin propylene film and were analyzed in XEPOS HE XRF at the Institute of Seismological Research, India. The analytical precision was checked using replicate measurements better than 5% and 10% for major and trace elements (Das et al., 2017). The ratio of TiO2/Al2O3 was used, to determine the role of the provenance change within the Bhogawo river channel. Whereas, the ratio of K2O/Al2O3 was used, as an indicator of the chemical weathering intensity in the source area (Yarincik et al., 2000; Bloemsma et al., 2012). The ratio of TiO2/Al2O3 tends increase with the increase in the marine influence within the Bhogawo channel. This increase is attributed to the tidal channel which brings in materials from longshore currents which are often derived from Deccan Trap rich sources (Saha et al., 2012). &nbsp; <strong>S5: Total Carbon (TC), Total Sulphur (TS), and Stable Isotopic Composition (</strong><strong>d</strong><strong>13</strong><strong>C,</strong> &nbsp; <strong>d</strong><strong>34</strong><strong>S)</strong> &nbsp; Content of carbon, sulphur and their isotopes (d<em>13</em><em>C, </em>d<em>34</em><em>S</em>) are often modulated by the plants and environments of their origin. Various environments show characteristic values, which are often used to deduce past environmental conditions (Deines P., 1980; Veizer et al., 1999; Agnihotri et al., 2008; Yu et al., 2010). In present study the sediment samples were powdered and stored overnight in a hot air oven at ~55&ordm;C for complete moisture removal. The required amounts (~30&ndash;40 mg) of dried samples were packed in tin capsules to measure the TC%, TS%, and stable isotopic ratios (<em>d</em>¹³C,<em> d</em>³⁴S). The instrumental setup was comprised of an Elemental Analyser (EA; model VARIO Isotope Select) and Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (IRMS; model Isoprime precision) at the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow, India. The accuracy and reproducibility of the generated data was checked by running a suite of international IAEA-supplied reference standards and two laboratory (control) standards: e-Amino-n-Caproic acid [C6H15NO2] (abbreviated as ACA) andIAEA-S2 and IAEA-S3 (both silver sulphide compounds) were principally used for the primary calibration of the isotopic data. Sulphanilamide (the BSIP internal standard) was frequently used for assessing analytical precision better than ~2&ndash;3% for C and S concentrations and ~ 0.2&permil; for isotopic data (for details refer to Agnihotri et al., 2020). S6: Clay Mineralogy &nbsp; For the clay mineralogy analysis, oriented clay sample slides were prepared by pipetting 1 ml of clay solution onto a glass slide and air dried. The clay slides were treated with ethylene glycol for 1 hr at 100 &deg;C and scanned from 3&ndash;30&deg; 2Ѳ at 1&deg; 2Ѳ/min on a Rigaku X-ray diffractometer using Ni-filtered and Cu K&alpha; radiation. The slides were scanned from 24^&deg;to 26^&deg; 2Ѳ at 1/2^&deg; 2Ѳ/min to differentiate between kaolinite and chlorite peaks. Clay minerals were identified by the basal (001) diffraction lines on glycolated samples. Four major clay minerals (smectite, illite, kaolinite, and chlorite) were identified and semi-quantified following Biscaye (1965); the peak area ratios were calculated. &nbsp; S7: Relative Sea Level Index Point &nbsp; Past changes in the sea stand have often been studied based on marine limiting, foraminifera distribution, <em>d</em>¹³C and <em>d</em>³⁴S distribution in sediments (Horton and Edwards, 2006; Engelhart et al., 2009; Kemp et al., 2009, 2010, 2012; Engelhart et al., 2013). Well dated sedimentary sequences with precise information of foraminiferal assemblage, distribution of isotopic fractions of Carbon and Sulphur along with presence of characteristic marine dwelling diatoms/organisms and information pertaining to elevation and tidal range, are best suited to infer magnitude of past sea stand (Engelhart et al., 2013). In order to estimate the relative sea stand change, we used the information pertaining to indicative meaning in terms of age, location, relationship of sample with tidal datum and calculated errors involved in all associated parameters (Shennan, 1986; Van de Plassche, 1991; Kemp et al., 2009; Horton et al., 2009; Engelhart et al., 2009; Engelhart and Horton, 2012). Based on the relationship suggested by Engelhart and Horton, (2012) the Relative Sea Level Index point is calculated as, &nbsp; RSLi= Ai- RWLi&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (1) Where, RSLi is the Relative Sea Level Index point, Ai is the depth of the sample in the trench, where trench top altitude was established precisely with respect to tidal datum and RWLi is the Reference Water Level. In addition to that it is important to assess the error involved in each RSL estimated. Every sample has an error involved, depending on parameters used to estimate the relative sea stand (Shennan, 1986; Engelhart and Horton, 2012). The cumulative error is expressed as &nbsp; n Ei = (e12&nbsp; + e22+ e ²)^1/2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (2) &nbsp; &nbsp; Where e1 =altitude error, e2 =benchmark value error, e3=sampling thickness error and e4= sampling interval error. For error calculations, we considered the error values as, e1 =altitude error = &plusmn; 0.1m, e2 &nbsp; =benchmark value error = &plusmn; 0.1m, e3=sampling thickness error= &plusmn; 0.0125m, e4= sampling interval error= &plusmn; 0.025m. S8: Archaeological Context &nbsp; Datasets from various coastal Harappan sites indicate that coastal settlements were often profoundly involved in trade activities (Rao, 1979; Gaur and Vora, 1999; Vora et al., 2006) and less dependent on agrarian culture. The shoreline stood landward from 3000&ndash;2000 BCE with a peak stand &ge;1m above current msl (Hashimi et al., 1995; Banerji et al., 2015; Das et al., 2017; Makwana et al., 2019 and present study). For example, Lothal had a dockyard approximately ~ 23 km from the present-day shoreline. Despite its riverine nature, the dockyard was likely not dry at any time of the year and helped settlers in Lothal perform maritime trade practices with the Middle East. This would only be possible if the riverine route was under the influence of a tidal environment that ensured the year-round presence of water in an otherwise present ephemeral river. The present investigation at the LH site suggests that the area experienced marine environment from &gt;5000 yr BP&ndash;1200 yr BP (Fig. 3). This agrees with the peak of the Middle Holocene high sea stand from 5000&ndash;4000 yr BP (Hashimi et al., 1995; Das et al., 2017). The present-day elevation of 7.1 &plusmn; 0.1 m msl of the LH site and the depth of the estuarine zone indicate a marine limiting higher sea stand (~1.2 m &plusmn; 0.2m msl) during the pre-Meghalayan period (Early and Mature Harappan phase) which continued up to beginning of the Christian era (Fig. 2). The falling sea stand after ~4200 yr BP possibly eliminated the marine influence, which (along with monsoonal aridity) resulted in a complete scarcity of water (Fig. 2). Hence, the Lothal port could no longer support ship transport. The region might have witnessed estuarine influence upto ~2070 yr BP, but it appears it could not support ship movements. Therefore, we surmise that the sea stand fall occurred after the beginning of the Meghalayan era caused the dockyard at Lothal to be dysfunctional. Our results, despite the lack of precision in ascertaining the exact timing of the transition environmental changes, suggest marine environment at the LH site prior to and at 4200yr BP and an estuarine conditions upto~2070 yr BP. This information, coupled with that from other studies, strongly favors changes in the Middle Holocene Sea stand with a peak from 5000&ndash;4000 yr BP and a gradual fall approximately 4000 yr BP. We argue that the sea stand fall&mdash;coinciding with the end of the Mature Harappan era&mdash;adversely impacted maritime trade of ancient settlers. Hence, our study suggests the plausible role of sea level change at the circa inception of the Meghalayan period (the terminal part of the Mature Harappan phase ~ 4150 - 3625 yr BP) that likely coincided with a period of global aridity.