Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ear, External'

While marine, anthropogenic noise pollution is a scientific and societal matter of concern, there is limited knowledge on how sea animals, particularly cetaceans, perceive their environment through sounds. Toothed whales, like all cetaceans, show a series of astonishing morphological and physiological evolutionary adaptations, of which one of the most striking can be found in the complex configuration of the hearing apparatus. The external ear canal, although no longer considered a direct actor in the sound reception process, also shows surprising adaptation with many active structures and a complex peripheral innervation, although basic knowledge on its morphology is inconclusive at the moment. This study aimed at providing fundamental knowledge on the morphology of the external ear canal in various toothed whales, associated to its sensory capabilities with in-depth morphological descriptions of its shape and course, lumen and content, epithelium, glands, lymphoid tissue, vascularization, innervation, muscular tissue, cartilage, fat and connective tissue. Furthermore, specific attention was given to the identification and morphological characterization of the sensory formations associated with the external ear canal, and the comparison with the terrestrial cetartiodactyl external ear canal, to gain perspective of a comprehensive understanding of the cetacean sensory abilities. Post-mortem samples were gathered during necropsies of wild toothed whales, in an international collaborative effort. The tissues were inspected macroscopically and subjected to microscopic studies including immunohistochemical analyses using antibodies specific for nervous tissue, various histochemical techniques, ultrastructural investigation using transmission electron microscopy, and 3D reconstruction from histological slides of the ear canal and associated tissues. The winding structure of the external ear canal revealed a complex organ that comprises a physiological function reflected in its delicate anatomical structures, all of which are discussed in detail. Remarkably, the innervation showed an extensive intramural nervous plexus with the predominant presence of simple lamellar corpuscles, similar to Pacinian corpuscles although without an outer core or capsule. There were differences in conformation along the canal, from a network that fully encompasses the ear canal to a nervous tissue ridge that bulges into the lumen. The work elaborates on hypotheses related to the external ear canal’s function and the somatosensory system in toothed whales, taking into account the importance of the perspective of sensory modalities in the marine environment. The results indicate it plays an important physiological function, which impairment may have direct effects on their sensory capabilities and compromise essential physiological processes. It also puts into question to what extent there might be an adverse effect from various sources of anthropogenic noise, as it can cause physical changes in the sensory tissues in cetaceans and other marine fauna.
Morfo-funcionalitat del canal auditiu extern en odontocets. Si bé la contaminació acústica marina antropogènica és un assumpte que preocupa la comunitat científica i la societat en general, el coneixement sobre com els animals marins, en particular els cetacis, perceben el seu entorn a través dels sons és limitat. Els odontocets, com tots els cetacis, presenten una sèrie de sorprenents adaptacions evolutives morfològiques i fisiològiques. Entre elles, una de les més notables es troba en la complexa configuració de l'aparell auditiu. El canal auditiu extern, tot i que no es considera que tingui un paper directe en el procés de recepció de el so, també mostra una sorprenent adaptació al medi marí, mostrant moltes estructures actives i una complexa innervació perifèrica. Malgrat això, els coneixements bàsics sobre la seva morfologia no són concloents de moment. Aquest estudi tenia com a objectiu la descripció fonamental de la morfologia del conducte auditiu extern en diversos odontocets, associant-la a les seves capacitats sensorials a través de descripcions morfològiques en profunditat de la seva forma i curs, lumen i contingut, epiteli, glàndules, teixit limfoide, vascularització, innervació, teixit muscular, cartílag, teixit adipós i connectiu. A més, es va parar especial atenció a la identificació i caracterització morfològica de les formacions sensorials associades al canal auditiu extern, i es va fer una comparació amb el conducte auditiu extern de cetartiodáctilos terrestres, per tal d'assolir una comprensió integral de les capacitats sensorials dels cetacis. Es van recol·lectar mostres post-mortem durant necròpsies d¿odontocets salvatges, en un esforç de col·laboració internacional. Els teixits es van inspeccionar macroscòpicament i es van sotmetre a estudis microscòpics, incloent anàlisis immunohistoquímics amb anticossos específics per teixit nerviós, diverses tècniques histoquímiques, investigació ultraestructural mitjançant microscòpia electrònica de transmissió i reconstrucció 3D a partir de talls histològics de canal auditiu i teixits associats. L'estructura sinuosa de canal auditiu extern va revelar un òrgan complex, la funció fisiològica del qual es reflecteix en les seves delicades estructures anatòmiques, que presenten una morfologia que es discuteix en detall. Sorprenentment, la innervació va mostrar un extens plexe nerviós intramural amb la presència predominant de corpuscles lamelares simples, similars als corpuscles de Pacini, encara que sense capa externa o càpsula. Es van observar diferències en la conformació dels corpuscles al llarg del canal auditiu, des d'una xarxa que abasta completament el conducte fins a una cresta de teixit nerviós que sobresurt en el lumen. El treball desenvolupa hipòtesis relacionades amb la funció del conducte auditiu extern i el sistema somatosensorial en odontocets, tenint en compte la importància de la perspectiva de les modalitats sensorials en el medi marí. Els resultats indiquen que el canal exerceix una funció fisiològica important, el deteriorament del qual pot tenir efectes directes sobre les seves capacitats sensorials i comprometre processos fisiològics essencials. També qüestiona fins a quin punt les diverses fonts de soroll antropogènic poden tenir un efecte advers, ja que poden provocar canvis físics en els teixits sensorials en cetacis i altra fauna marina
Studio morfo-funzionale del canale uditivo esterno negli odontoceti. Nonostante l'inquinamento acustico marino sia una questione che induce una crescente preoccupazione scientifica e sociale, la conoscenza su come gli animali marini, in particolare i cetacei, percepiscono il loro ambiente attraverso i suoni è ancora limitata. Gli odontoceti in particolare mostrano una serie di notevoli adattamenti evolutivi morfologici e fisiologici, di cui uno dei più eclatanti si trova nella complessa configurazione dell'apparato uditivo. Il condotto uditivo esterno, sebbene non sia più considerato una parte direttamente interessata nel processo di ricezione del suono, mostra un sorprendente adattamento con molte strutture attive e una complessa innervazione periferica. Tuttavia, le conoscenze basilari sulla sua morfologia e funzione sono incomplete al momento. Questo studio mira ad approfondire la morfologia del condotto uditivo esterno in vari odontoceti, con descrizioni morfologiche fornendo dettagli sulla sua forma e decorso, lume e contenuto, epitelio, ghiandole, tessuto linfoide, vascolarizzazione, innervazione, tessuto muscolare, cartilagine, tessuto adiposo e connettivo. Inoltre, una particolare attenzione è stata data all'identificazione e caratterizzazione morfologica delle formazioni sensoriali associate al condotto uditivo esterno, e al confronto con la medesima struttura in altri ceto-artiodattili terrestri, per ottenere una prospettiva di comprensione complessiva delle capacità sensoriali dei cetacei. I campioni sono stati raccolti durante necroscopie di odontoceti spiaggiati, in uno sforzo di collaborazione internazionale. I tessuti sono stati valutati macroscopicamente e quindi sottoposti a studi microscopici, comprendenti analisi immunoistochimiche utilizzando anticorpi specifici per il tessuto nervoso, insieme a varie tecniche istochimiche e indagini ultrastrutturali mediante microscopia elettronica a trasmissione. Ciò ha inoltre portato alla ricostruzione 3D partendo da vetrini istologici del condotto uditivo e dei tessuti associati. Il condotto uditivo esterno si è rivelato un organo complesso che comprende una funzione fisiologica riflessa nella sua delicata struttura anatomica. L'innervazione mostrava un esteso plesso nervoso intramurale con la presenza predominante di semplici corpuscoli lamellari, simili ai corpuscoli del Pacini, sebbene senza strato esterno o capsula. Lungo il decorso del condotto si sono notate alcune differenze nella sua architettura e distribuzione, da una rete che racchiude completamente il condotto uditivo a una papilla di tessuto nervoso che si gonfia nel lume. Grazie a questo studio si è potuto, al termine del lavoro, elaborare ipotesi relative alla funzione del condotto uditivo esterno e del sistema somatosensoriale nelle balene dentate, tenendo conto dell'importanza della prospettiva delle modalità sensoriali nell'ambiente marino. I risultati indicano che svolge una rilevante funzione fisiologica, la cui compromissione può avere effetti diretti sulla capacità sensoriali dei odontoceti e possibilmente compromettere i processi fisiologici essenziali. Questo studio sottolinea come potrebbe esserci effetti da varie fonti di rumore antropico, che possono causare cambiamenti fisici nei tessuti sensoriali dei cetacei e di altra fauna marina
Morfo-funcionalidad del canal auditivo externo en odontocetos. Si bien la contaminación acústica marina antropogénica es un asunto que preocupa a la comunidad científica y a la sociedad en general, existe un conocimiento limitado sobre cómo los animales marinos, en particular los cetáceos, perciben su entorno a través de los sonidos. Los odontocetos, como todos los cetáceos, presentan una serie de asombrosas adaptaciones evolutivas morfológicas y fisiológicas. Entre ellas, una de las más notables se encuentra en la compleja configuración del aparato auditivo. El canal auditivo externo, aunque no se considera que tenga un rol directo en el proceso de recepción del sonido, también muestra una sorprendente adaptación al medio marino, mostrando muchas estructuras activas y una compleja inervación periférica. No obstante, los conocimientos básicos sobre su morfología no son concluyentes por el momento. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo la descripción fundamental de la morfología del conducto auditivo externo en diversos odontocetos, asociándola a sus capacidades sensoriales a través de descripciones morfológicas en profundidad de su forma y curso, lumen y contenido, epitelio, glándulas, tejido linfoide, vascularización, inervación, tejido muscular, cartílago, tejido adiposo y conectivo. Además, se prestó especial atención a la identificación y caracterización morfológica de las formaciones sensoriales asociadas al canal auditivo externo, y se hace una comparación con el conducto auditivo externo de cetartiodáctilos terrestres, con el fin de alcanzar una comprensión integral de las capacidades sensoriales de los cetáceos. Se recolectaron muestras post-mortem durante necropsias de odontocetos salvajes, en un esfuerzo de colaboración internacional. Los tejidos se inspeccionaron macroscópicamente y se sometieron a estudios microscópicos, incluyendo análisis inmunohistoquímicos con anticuerpos específicos para tejido nervioso, diversas técnicas histoquímicas, investigación ultraestructural mediante microscopía electrónica de transmisión y reconstrucción 3D a partir de cortes histológicos del canal auditivo y tejidos asociados. La estructura sinuosa del canal auditivo externo reveló un órgano complejo cuya función fisiológica se refleja en sus delicadas estructuras anatómicas, la morfología de las cuales se discuten en detalle. Sorprendentemente, la inervación mostró un extenso plexo nervioso intramural con la presencia predominante de corpúsculos lamelares simples, similares a los corpúsculos de Pacini, aunque sin capa externa o cápsula. Se observaron diferencias en la conformación de los corpúsculos a lo largo del canal auditivo, desde una red que abarca completamente el conducto hasta una cresta de tejido nervioso que sobresale en el lumen. El trabajo desarrolla hipótesis relacionadas con la función del conducto auditivo externo y el sistema somatosensorial en odontocetos, teniendo en cuenta la importancia de la perspectiva de las modalidades sensoriales en el medio marino. Los resultados indican que el canal desempeña una función fisiológica importante, cuyo deterioro puede tener efectos directos sobre sus capacidades sensoriales y comprometer procesos fisiológicos esenciales. También cuestiona hasta qué punto las diversas fuentes de ruido antropogénico pueden tener un efecto adverso, ya que pueden provocar cambios físicos en los tejidos sensoriales en cetáceos y otra fauna marina
Ciències del mar

The acoustical properties of the external ears of rabbits, rats and guinea pigs have been investigated by means of microphone or probe implants in the ear canal or tympanic bulla and by cochlear microphone (CM) recordings. The directional properties and transfer functions of the external ears were monitored using pure tones and broadband sound under anechoic conditions.

Since the face forms over the brain in the course of embryonic development, facial anthropometry may reflect brain structure. The motor functions of each side are controlled by the side of the brain opposite the body side. The purpose of this study was to establish whether a correlation exists between handedness and the location of the external auditory meatuses, as a possible consequence of brain asymmetry. Facial photographs were taken of 78 volunteers. Straws, placed in the external ear canals, were used to mark the external auditory meatuses. The level of the top of each meatus was measured from each volunteer's visual plane, as established by connecting the center of a point of reflected light in each pupil. Each volunteer was also given the Edinburgh Laterality Inventory (Durden-Smith and DeSimone, 1984:53) to determine "true" handedness (50 right-handers and 28 left-handers). Right-handers, as determined by either writing hand or laterality inventory, were found to exhibit a greater tendency for the left auditory meatus to be lower. Specifically, 68% of the right-handers, as opposed to 39% of the left-handers, exhibited a left external auditory meatus located at a lower position on the skull than the right meatus. This was significant at the 0.05 level. The differences in external auditory meatal distances from the visual plane were greater on the left in right-handers 68% of the time, equal 10%, and greater on the right 22% of the time. A reverse correlation for the right asymmetry for left-handers was not found. Instead, for the left-handed sample a nearly even distribution for meatal location was found: 39% left asymmetry, 29% symmetry, and 32% right asymmetry.The study strongly supported the hypothesis that right-handers have a significant tendency for left asymmetry in location of the external auditory meatuses. The study did not support the hypothesis that the meatal asymmetry correlates to the side opposite the handedness of the individual. Of-perhaps greater significance is the finding that the percentages of left asymmetry of both groups match the brain asymmetry percentages found by Galaburda (1984:15) for the planum temporale, an extension on the upper surface of the temporal lobe of the brain. The level of the external auditory meatuses, as a reflection of brain asymmetry, may serve as an external measurement of the location of Wernicke's area which is located near the planum temporale and has a major role in speaking and comprehension of the spoken word and in reading and writing. Simple techniques for locating the language centers of the brain would be an advantage in developing education plans and teaching strategies for students with each of the possible hemispheric dominance patterns.
Department of Anthropology

Die Untersuchung des externen Gehörkanals stellt beim Pferd, wie auch bei anderen Tieren, einen Teil der klinischen Untersuchung dar. Bis jetzt konnte die Untersuchung des equinen externen Gehörkanals, wenn überhaupt, nur sehr oberflächlich durch Adspektion und Palpation der Ohrmuschel erfolgen. Das lag unter anderem an der großen Sensibilität des Pferdeohrs und den damit verbundenen Abwehrreaktionen, sowie auch an den fehlenden anatomischen Informationen. Zu den selten beschriebenen Erkrankungen des equinen, externen Gehörkanals zählen: Otitis externa, Polypen, Neoplasien, Chondrosen, Stenosen und Parasitenbefall (Ohrmilben). Die Diagnose solcher Erkrankungen konnte bis jetzt nur durch die endoskopische Untersuchung oder computertomographische Untersuchung des Gehörkanals post mortem oder unter Allgemeinanästhesie gestellt werden. Im ersten Teil der vorliegenden Studie wurden anatomische Präparationen an 15 Kadaverschädeln durchgeführt, um die genaue Innervation des equinen externen Gehörkanals darzustellen. Proben des Trommelfells, des N. auricularis magnus und des N. auricularis internus wurden histologisch aufbereitet. Durch die gewonnenen Informationen konnte eine Anästhesie des Gehörkanals durch lokale Infiltration des N. auricularis internus und N. auricularis magnus entwickelt werden. Im zweiten, klinischen Teil der Studie wurde die Anästhesie, nach ultrasonographischer Untersuchung der Region, an beiden Gehörkanälen von 23 Pferden durchgeführt. Die Lokalanästhesie war bei allen Pferden beidseits erfolgreich. Bei drei Pferden musste auf je einer Seite eine größere Menge Lokalanästhetikum verwendet werden, um eine vollständige Desensibilisierung zu erreichen. Dies waren die einzigen Fälle bei denen eine Komplikation durch die Anästhesie im Sinne einer temporären Facialisparese auftrat. Diese war damit klar auf die größere Menge des Lokalanästhetikums zurückzuführen. Durch die entwickelte Lokalanästhesie konnte die endoskopische Untersuchung des externen Gehörkanals bis hin zum Trommelfell am stehenden, sedierten Pferd möglich gemacht werden. Die Endoskopie wurde mit 2 verschiedenen flexiblen Endoskopen (mit 2 mm und 7 mm Durchmesser) durchgeführt. Im Rahmen der Endoskopie wurden die externen Gehörkanäle hinsichtlich ihrer Schleimhautbeschaffenheit, des Verschmutzungsgrades und auftretender Pathologien beurteilt. Der Verschmutzungsgrad variierte zwischen gering- und hochgradig (I-III). Zu den aufgetretenen Pathologien zählten zelluläre und zeruminale Akkumulationen, eine osteomähnliche Umfangsvermehrung, Granulome, Blutungen und Verengungen des externen Gehörkanals.

Thesis problem: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) can provide images with identical information and considerable dose reduction compared with reasonably low costs compared to multislice computed tomography (MSCT) especially where multiple follow up imaging studies are needed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of CBCT, using i-CAT®'s software, for detection of the anatomical landmarks of the external, middle and inner ear to answer this question whether MSCT Can be replaced by dental CBCT for evaluation of the temporal bone. Material and methods: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 63 subjects made with the same machine, with unknown clinical histories and no evidence of pathosis on CBCT images, were evaluated by two oral and maxillofacial radiologists retrospectively. Seven anatomical points (scutum, oval window, incudomalleolar joint, the tympanic/horizontal and mastoid/vertical segments of the facial nerve, anterior and posterior crura of stapes) of the right and left temporal bone (total of 120 temporal bones) were evaluated. The results were provided as percentage of the points identified by each radiologist. The intra and inter observer agreement were calculated using kappa statistic. Results: The scutum, the tympanic/horizontal segment of the facial nerve canal and the oval window of the right and left temporal bone of 63 cases (total 126 temporal bones) were visualized by the first observer as well-defined structures in 100%, 96.03% and 100% of the cases, respectively. The tympanic/horizontal segment of the facial nerve canal was visualized as a poorly-defined structure in 2.38 % and could not be identified in 1.59% of the cases. The anterior and posterior crura of stapes, the mastoid/vertical segments of the facial nerve canal and the incudomalleolar joint were visualized as well-defined structures in 24.60%, 53.17%, 99.21% and 57.94% of the cases, as poorly defined structures in 32.54%, 41.27%, 0.79% and 39.68% of the cases respectively. The anterior and posterior crura of stapes, the mastoid/vertical segments of the facial nerve canal and the incudomalleolar joint could not be identified in 42.86%, 5.56%, 0% and 2.38% of the cases respectively. The intra- and inter-observer agreement ranged from strong for tympanic/horizontal and mastoid/vertical segments of the facial nerve canal to poor for the anterior and posterior crura of stapes and also the incudomalleolar joint. Conclusion: The i-CAT CBCT machine is a promising replacement for MSCT in evaluation of the temporal bone where there is no need for evaluation of the anterior and posterior crura of stapes and the incudomalleolar joint which are the smallest anatomical structures in the temporal bone. Other CBCT machines with higher contrast to noise ratio should be evaluated for detection of those anatomical structures since CBCT can reduce the patient dose substantially where multiple follow up CT studied are needed. Key words: Computed tomography; cone beam CT; multislice helical CT; middle ear; inner ear; temporal bone.

Акустичне моделювання слухових функцій людини потребує створення математичної моделі сприйняття звуку зовнішнім відділом слухової системи, яка є невід’ємною частиною слухового апарату. На сьогоднішній день акустичне моделювання зовнішнього вуха не розглядалося, оскільки увага приділялася тільки проходженню звуку через зовнішній слуховий канал, а роль вушної раковини у сприйнятті звуку вважалася несуттєвою. Зв’язок роботи з науковими програмами, планами, темами Робота виконується на замовлення виробничого об’єднання «Фонтек–С» з ціллю впровадження у подальші розробки звукових сигналізаційних пристроїв. Мета і задачі дослідження. Розробити математичну модель зовнішнього вуха у вигляді поєднання приймального рупора з вузькою трубою із жорсткими стінками. Для досягнення мети необхідно виконати наступні завдання: - розробити математичну модель зовнішнього вуха; - виконати огляд строгих та наближених підходів до розрахунків звукового поля в рупорах різних форм; - розрахувати елементи математичної моделі; - дослідити роботу математичної моделі; - виконати аналіз отриманих результатів;
Acoustic modeling of auditory functions of a person requires the creation of a mathematical model for the perception of sound by the external department of the auditory system, which is an integral part of the auditory apparatus. Today, the acoustic modeling of the external ear has not been considered, since attention was paid only to the passage of sound through the external auditory canal, and the role of the ear bowl in the perception of sound was considered insignificant. Relationship of work with scientific programs, plans, themes The work is carried out on request of the production association "Fontec-C" for the purpose of further development of sound signaling devices. The purpose and tasks of the study. Develop a mathematical model of the external ear in the form of a combination of a horn with a narrow tube with rigid walls. To achieve the goal, you must accomplish the following tasks: - develop a mathematical model of the external ear; - to perform a review of strict and close approaches to the calculation of the sound field in the horns of various forms; - calculate the elements of the mathematical model; - to study the work of mathematical model; - to analyze the results obtained;
Акустическое моделирование слуховых функций человека требует создания математической модели восприятия звука внешним отделом слуховой системы, которая является неотъемлемой частью слухового аппарата. на сегодняшний день акустическое моделирование наружного уха не рассматривался, поскольку внимание уделялось только прохождению звука через внешний слуховой канал, а роль ушной раковины в восприятии звука считалась несущественной. Связь работы с научными программами, планами, темами Работа выполняется по заказу производственного объединения «Фонтек-С» с целью внедрения в дальнейшие разработки звуковых сигнализационных устройств. Цель и задачи исследования. Разработать математическую модель внешнего уши в виде сочетания приемного рупора с узкой трубой с жесткими стенками. Для достижения цели необходимо выполнить следующие задачи: - разработать математическую модель внешнего уха; - выполнить обзор строгих и приближенных подходов к расчетов звукового поля в рупор различных форм; - рассчитать элементы математической модели; - исследовать работу математической модели; - выполнить анализ полученных результатов;

The Auricular Branch of the Vagus Nerve (ABVN) is a sensory nerve that innervates select areas of the external auricular dermatome. Electrical stimulation of the auricular region innervated by the ABVN influences the autonomic nervous system, observed by changes in control of the heart in humans and animals. However, the pathways and mechanisms for these effects are unknown. This thesis investigated in rats the pathways mediating the effects of electrical stimulation of the external auricle, comparing an ABVN innervated site of the external ear (the tragus) to an area not reported to receive ABVN innervation, the earlobe. Injection of the neuronal tracer cholera toxin B chain (CTB) into the right tragus (n=4) and right earlobe (n=4) revealed a large degree of similarity in sensory afferent termination sites. Afferent terminals were predominantly labelled ipsilateral to the injection site, with the densest labelling within laminae III-IV of the dorsal horn of the upper cervical spinal cord. In the medulla oblongata, CTB labelled afferents were observed in the paratrigeminal nucleus, cuneate nucleus, and to a minor extent in the nucleus tractus solitarius. Efforts were made to identify the targets of labelled afferents using immunofluorescence for choline acetyltransferase, calbindin, parvalbumin, glutamate decarboxylase 67 and neurokinin receptor 1 expressing cells, but inputs to each cell type were rare. Physiological recordings of the responses to ear stimulation were made in an anaesthetic free Working Heart Brainstem Preparation (WHBP) of the rat. Autonomic profiles of WHBP rats were first examined. Recordings made from rats at night time, revealed more robust sympathetic activity in comparison to day time rats, thus subsequent experiments were conducted in rats at night time. Electrical stimulation (100 Hz, 2.5 mA) was delivered for 5 minutes into the auricular stimulation sites in the WHBP. Direct recording from the sympathetic chain revealed a central sympathoinhibition from both tragus and earlobe stimulation. Sectioning of upper cervical afferent nerve roots silenced the sympathoinhibitory effects of tragus stimulation. Considering the predominance of afferent labelling in the cervical spinal cord dorsal horn and that cervical afferent nerve section reduced the sympathoinhibition evoked by tragus stimulation, this suggests that the autonomic effects of auricular stimulation are conveyed through somatosensory afferents rather than the ABVN.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Otitis media is commonly reported in rabbits. Proposed predisposing factors include upper respiratory infection and otitis externa/ear position. Otitis media can be difficult to diagnose, as affected rabbits are often asymptomatic unless it is associated with otitis externa or interna. Computed tomography (CT) is considered the “gold standard” for evaluation of the middle ear in dogs and cats. Medical records were searched for rabbits that had a head CT scan performed. Eighty eight cases met the inclusion criteria and were assigned to 2 groups based on reason for head CT (group 1: ear related clinical signs; group 2: non-ear related clinical signs). The prevalence of clinical and subclinical middle ear disease was 57% and 27% respectively as defined by increased attenuation within the tympanic cavity. Lysis of the tympanic bulla was associated with clinical disease and weakly associated with clinical progression of subclinical middle ear disease to clinical disease. Upon follow up of rabbits with subclinical middle ear disease, most cases remained subclinical after CT exam. A strong correlation was found between otitis media and lop-ear position and otitis externa. No correlation was found between middle ear disease and upper respiratory disease.
RESUMO - A otite média ocorre frequentemente em coelhos domésticos. Os factores de risco para a ocorrência da doença em coelhos inclui doença do trato respiratório superior e otite externa/posição da orelha. A otite média nos coelhos é normalmente assintomática e difícil de diagnosticar, excepto quando associada com otite externa ou interna. A tomografia computorizada (TC) é considerada a modalidade de imagiologia de referência para o diagnóstico de otite média em animais domésticos. Para o estudo retrospectivo, foram utilizados registos clínicos de coelhos com história clínica compatível com otite média ou outros problemas na cabeça mas não relacionados com o ouvido e que incluíam TC da cabeça. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos consoante a indicação clínica para realização de TC da cabeça (grupo 1: problemas que sugerem presença de otite; grupo 2: problemas na região da cabeça mas não relacionados com o ouvido). A prevalência de otite média clínica no grupo 1 foi de 57% e de otite média sub-clínica no grupo 2 foi de 27%. O sinal mais comum na TC do ouvido médio foi aumento da densidade na cavidade tímpânica . Nos casos de otite média clínica ocorreu com mais frequência o sinal de lesão lítica da bolha timpânica comparativamente com os casos de otite média sub-clínica. Nos animais do grupo 2 com alterações do ouvido médio na TC, foi realizado acompanhamento clínico para determinar a progressão da otite média sub-clínica. Na maioria dos casos, o animal não desenvolveu sinais clínicos sugestivos de otite média. Os resultados do estudo confirmaram que existe uma relação significativa entre otite média e otite externa e posição da orelha para baixo, mas não entre otite média e doença do trato respiratório superior.

This study explores monitoring and evaluation as a critical element in the success of any EAP. This forms part of Standard 27 in the EAPA-SA standards document. The monitoring and evaluation of the EAP in an organisation refers not only to the individual employee but also to the work organisation and the impact, success, and value of the programme within these two spheres. In recent years, EAPs have been recognised for returning employees to higher levels of efficiency and productivity as a result of the brief therapy offered. In order to maintain this recognition, it is critical for EAPs to demonstrate their cost-effectiveness in terms of both employees and the organisation. This study is based on General Systems Theory and is of a qualitative nature. As is consistent with qualitative research, the aim was to gain an in-depth understanding of the meaning that participants attach to the evaluation of EAPs. This was done by interviewing identified role players, often being those dealing with the EAPs in their organisations. The sample was taken from the client base of a leading EAP service provider and each client was approached to participate voluntarily in the research. The sample size was a total of twelve participants, however the researcher took saturation levels into consideration and therefore a total of ten participants were interviewed. The results of the research highlighted that, in the represented population, there is wide use of monitoring and evaluation processes. The results of these processes are used for various reasons, at different levels of the organisation and are often associated with the success and continuation of the programme. The researcher found that, whilst monitoring and evaluation takes place, standardisation is lacking and a number of clients have mentioned the need for standardised definitions and processes as well as an automated system. It is, therefore, recommended that iv further studies take place with clients of other service providers and that a process of standardisation be considered by EAPA.
Mini Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Social Work and Criminology
MSocSci
Unrestricted

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The goals of this study were to relate cases of ceruminous and purulent external otitis canine in relation to age and breed of the dog, clinical evolution, ear conformation, clinical and microbiological findings; evaluate the effect of topical therapy associated to ceruminolytics in ears with ceruminous external otitis and, evaluate the effect of the ear flushing in ears with purulent external otitis. The ears were evaluated by type of secretion in ceruminous (OC) or purulent (OP). For the treatment of ceruminous external otitis 40 ears were divided in groups A and B, with group A being treated with ceruminolytic and ear solution, and B only with ear solution. For the treatment of purulent otitis 36 ears were divided in groups A1 and B1. The ears of both groups were treated with topical solution and systemic antimicrobial. In group A1 was performed an only ear flushing at day 0.The ears was evaluated clinically (0, 15, 30, 45 days of treatment), and the ears with no pruritus, cerumen/exudate in the acoustic conch and erythema in the clinical otoscopy were discharged. Samples for microbiological evaluation were collected in the three studies. The cases of OC in relation to OP were more frequent in the breed poodle and in the breed brazilian fila, respectivelly, in pendulous ears the evolution of OP was chronic. The average age in OC was 3.3, and in OP, 4.4. The OC were characterized by erythema in the acoustic conch and variable amount of cerumen, and the OP were characterized by the shaking of the head, bad smell, exudate in the acoustic conch, otalgia, ulcers and stenosis and the moderate to intense amount of exudate. In the OC cytology there was predominance of Gram + cocci and yeast, in OP Gram rods and Gram + cocci. In OC the main isolates were M. pachydermatis and S. intermedius. In OP they were Proteus sp., P. aeruginosa and S. intermedius. Amoxicillin associated to clavulanic acid in OC and tobramycin in OP were the antibacterial more effective. In the evaluation of the treatment of OC it was observed that, at day 45, 14 ears of group A and 10 of group B were discharged. However, statistic differences between the treatments in all evaluation were not observed. In the first collection, M. pachydermatis and S. intermedius were isolated, at day 30, none of the samples presented bacterial growth. In the treatment of OP, both groups showed reduced clinical signs at day 45, being discharged 13 ears of group A1 and 12 of group B1. Gram and Gram + were isolated, which decreased in both treatments. Gentamicin was the most effectiveness antibacterial for both studies. It was concluded that, in the conditions studied there was difference in relation to the age, breed, clinical evolution, clinical signs, cytology, isolation and sensibility to antibiotics between ceruminous and purulent otitis; the use of ceruminolytic and ear flushing at day 0, in OC and OP respectively, did not show difference in the reduction of clinical signs, bacterial and fungal isolation and in clinical discharge.
Este estudo objetivou relacionar casos de otite externa canina ceruminosa e purulenta com a idade e raça do cão, evolução clínica, conformação da orelha, achados clínicos e microbiológicos; avaliar o efeito da terapia tópica associada a ceruminolíticos em orelhas com otite externa ceruminosa e, avaliar o efeito da lavagem do canal auditivo em orelhas com otite externa purulenta. As orelhas foram avaliadas pelo tipo de secreção em otite ceruminosa (OC) ou otite purulenta (OP). Para o tratamento da otite externa ceruminosa 40 orelhas foram divididas nos grupos A e B, sendo o grupo A tratado com ceruminolítico e solução otológica e, o grupo B somente com solução otológica. Para o tratamento da otite purulenta 36 orelhas foram divididas nos grupos A1 e B1. Ambos os grupos foram tratados com solução tópica e antibacteriano sistêmico, no grupo A1 foi realizada uma única lavagem auditiva no dia 0. As orelhas foram avaliadas clinicamente (0,15,30,45 dias) e aquelas com ausência de prurido, de cerúmen/exsudato na concha acústica e de eritema na otoscopia receberam alta clínica. Nos três estudos foram colhidas amostras para avaliação microbiológica. Casos de OC em relação à OP foram mais freqüentes, respectivamente em cães da raça poodle e da raça fila brasileiro, em orelhas pendulares e a evolução das OP foi crônica. A média de idade nas OC foi 3,3 anos e nas OP 4,4 anos. As OC se caracterizaram por eritema da concha acústica e quantidade variável de cerúmen, e as OP por balançar da cabeça, odor fétido, exsudato na concha acústica, otalgia, úlceras, estenose e quantidade moderada e intensa de exsudato. Na citologia nas OC houve predomínio de cocos Gram+ e leveduras e nas OP bacilos Gram- e cocos Gram+. Nas OC, os principais isolados foram de Malassezia pachydermatis e Staphylococcus intermedius e nas OP Proteus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa e S. intermedius. Amoxicilina com ácido clavulânico nas OC e tobramicina nas OP foram os antibacterianos mais eficazes. Na avaliação do tratamento das OC aos 45 dias houve alta clínica em 14 orelhas do grupo A e 10 do grupo B, porém não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre tratamentos em todas as avaliações. Na primeira coleta foram isolados principalmente M. pachydermatis e S. intermedius, aos 30 dias nenhuma amostra apresentava crescimento bacteriano. No tratamento das OP em ambos os grupos os sinais clínicos estavam reduzidos aos 45 dias, com alta clínica de 13 orelhas do grupo A1 e em 12 do grupo B1. Foram mais isolados bacilos Gram- e cocos Gram+, que diminuíram em ambos tratamentos. Gentamicina foi o antibacteriano com maior eficácia nos dois estudos. Conclui-se que nas condições estudadas houve diferença quanto à idade, raça, evolução clínica, achados clínicos, citologia, isolamento e sensibilidade a antibacterianos entre as otites ceruminosas e purulentas; o uso de ceruminolítico e a lavagem do canal auditivo no dia 0, respectivamente nas OC e OP não demonstraram diferença na redução dos sinais clínicos, no isolamento bacteriano e fúngico e na alta clínica.

Orientador: Tânia Moron Saes Braga
Banca: Alessandra Turini Bolsoni Silva
Banca: Sadao Omote
Banca: Andréa Cintra Lopes
Banca: Maria de Lourdes Morales Horiguela
Resumo: Os defeitos estruturais de orelhas externa, média e interna representam uma classe significativa de anomalias congênitas, pouco descrita em suas consequências sociais e de aprendizagem na infância. Em função disso, esta pesquisa compõe-se de dois estudos e tem, como objetivos, descrever o perfil de uma amostra de escolares que apresentam malformação de orelhas externa e/ou média, quanto aos aspectos sociodemográficos, audiológicos, cognitivos, comportamentais e de desempenho escolar e comparar o desempenho escolar, social e comportamental destes, sem e com malformação de orelhas externa e/ou média, sob a ótica de diferentes interlocutores, correlacionando os resultados dos instrumentos de avaliação utilizados em cada um dos estudos. O Estudo 1 foi realizado na Divisão de Saúde Auditiva (DSA), pertencente ao Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais (HRAC) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Após selecionados 44 escolares com malformação de orelha e idade entre sete e 13 anos, foram aplicados, nos mesmos, o Teste de Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven - RAVEN (Escala Especial e Geral) e o Teste de Desempenho Escolar (TDE), além do Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades (SDQ) para pais e professores. Os resultados mostram, dentre outros aspectos, o nível socioeconômico baixo desses escolares e que a DA condutiva foi bilateral, de grau moderado, para a maioria, com capacidade intelectual preservada e desempenho escolar inferior à média. O Estudo 2 ocorreu nas escolas de Bauru/SP e região e dele participaram sete escolares (GP) com malformação de orelha, selecionados do Estudo 1 e 14 escolares sem malformação de orelha, sendo sete escolhidos pelos professores (GPE) e sete sorteados (GPS). Aqui, foram aplicados, nos escolares, o TDE... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The structural defects of external, middle and inner ears represent a significant class of congenital anomalies, little described in their socials impacts as well as in the learning process in childhood. Thus, this research comprises two studies which aim at describing the profile of a sample of school children, with and without external and/or middle ear malformation, in terms of socio-demographic, audiological, cognitive and school accomplishment aspects, comparing their school, social and behavioral performances, from the view of different interlocutors, by correlating the results of the assessment instruments utilized in each study. Study # 1 was carried out at the Hearing Health Division (DSA), with the Craniofacial Anomalies Rehabilitation Hospital (HRAC), University of São Paulo - USP. Forty-four school children presented with ear malformation, in the age range 7-13 yrs, were selected to take the Raven's test (Colored Progressive Matrices - Special and General Scales), and the SAT (School Accomplishment Test). The questionnaire Skills and Difficulties (SDQ) was applied to parents and teachers as well. The results show, among other aspects, the low socioeconomic level of these schoolchildren and that the conductive hearing impairment was a bilateral one, in a moderate degree for most of them, with a preserved intellectual capacity and school accomplishment inferior to the mean. Study # 2 took place in the school system of Bauru and nearby towns, with the participation of seven schoolchildren (GP) with ear malformation, selected from Study 1, and 14 schoolchildren with no ear malformation, being 7 chosen by the teachers (GPE) and 7 drawn (GPS). Here, TDE and the Multimedia Inventory of Children's Social Skills (IMHSC) were applied to the schoolchildren, and the SDQ and semi-structured questionnaires... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

O uso da geometria no dia a dia das pessoas tem importÃncia significativa por ser um assunto que utiliza desenhos, formas e teoremas como elementos de estudos para comprovar sua atuaÃÃo nos mais diversos campos da sociedade tais como engenharias, siderÃrgicas, arquiteturas, topografias, etc. Neste contexto, podemos afirmar que construÃÃes geomÃtricas propiciam a descoberta de valiosas ideias que auxiliam à compreensÃo das propriedades geomÃtricas. As avaliaÃÃes em larga escala apresentadas nos indicadores da educaÃÃo pÃblica no Estado do Cearà retratam claramente as dificuldades de aprendizagem por parte dos alunos quando relacionados aos conceitos geomÃtricos especificamente o teorema do Ãngulo externo tanto na teoria (conceito algÃbrico) como na prÃtica (conceito geomÃtrico). A partir desta analise, propomos realizar uma investigaÃÃo atravÃs da presente pesquisa que conseguisse identificar possÃveis entraves existentes no ensino de geometria para que pudesse obter avanÃos que visam melhorar no ensino relacionado ao Teorema do Ãngulo Externo e suas ConsequÃncias usando os ambientes de aprendizagens Velho Papel e Caneta (VPC) e o Ambiente virtual de Aprendizagem (AVA) com a operacionalidade do software educativo de geometria dinÃmica GeoGebra. O trabalho teve a participaÃÃo de um grupo de 12(doze) professores de matemÃtica em formaÃÃo continuada de um Curso de EspecializaÃÃo no Ensino de MatemÃtica da Universidade Vale do Acaraà (UVA) na cidade de Cascavel-Ce. O uso operacional e pedagÃgico do software de geometria dinÃmica GeoGebra foi aplicado em aulas expositivas com questionÃrios de problemas envolvendo o teorema do Ãngulo externo que busca avaliar o desempenho dos estudantes participantes da pesquisa em relaÃÃo suas prÃticas de sala de aula com o ensino de geometria. Adotamos abordagens qualitativa, exploratÃria e pesquisa-aÃÃo para caracterizar a pesquisa e buscamos tomar como base os pressupostos teÃricos e reflexivos segundo as concepÃÃes de Valente, Michele Artigue, Pais e Fiorentini e Lorenzato. A pesquisa revelou avanÃos no processo de aprendizagem dos estudantes participantes que se mostraram entusiasmados com os conhecimentos que construÃram e que os possibilitou estabelecerem um relacionamento colaborativo entre os grupos envolvidos (estudantes e professor-pesquisador)
The use of geometry in everyday life people have significant importance because it is a subject that uses designs, shapes and theorems as studies of evidence to make its activities in various fields of society such as engineering, steel, architecture, topography, etc. In this context, we can say that geometric constructions provide the discovery of valuable ideas that help the understanding of geometric properties. The large-scale assessments presented in public education indicators in the State of Ceara clearly portray the difficulties of learning by students when related to geometric concepts specifically the exterior angle theorem in theory (algebraic concept) and in practice (geometric concept). From this analysis, we propose to conduct an investigation through this research that could identify possible barriers in existing geometry teaching so he could obtain advances to improve the teaching related to the External Angle Theorem and its Consequences using the old learning environments and Paper pen (VPC) and the virtual Learning Environment (VLE) with the operation of educational software of dynamic geometry GeoGebra. The work was attended by a group of twelve (12) mathematics teachers in continuing education of a Specialization Course in Teaching of Mathematics at the University Vale do Acaraà (UVA) in the city of Cascavel-Ce. The operational and pedagogical use of dynamic geometry software GeoGebra was applied in lectures with questionnaires problems involving the exterior angle theorem that seeks to assess the performance of students participating in the survey regarding their classroom practices with the teaching of geometry. We adopted a qualitative, exploratory and action research approaches to characterize the research and seek to build on the theoretical and reflexive assumptions according to Valente conceptions, Michele Artigue, Parents and Fiorentini and Lorenzato. The survey showed progress in the learning process of participating students that were excited by the knowledge that built and that allowed establish a collaborative relationship between the groups involved (students and teacher-researcher).

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Os defeitos estruturais de orelhas externa, média e interna representam uma classe significativa de anomalias congênitas, pouco descrita em suas consequências sociais e de aprendizagem na infância. Em função disso, esta pesquisa compõe-se de dois estudos e tem, como objetivos, descrever o perfil de uma amostra de escolares que apresentam malformação de orelhas externa e/ou média, quanto aos aspectos sociodemográficos, audiológicos, cognitivos, comportamentais e de desempenho escolar e comparar o desempenho escolar, social e comportamental destes, sem e com malformação de orelhas externa e/ou média, sob a ótica de diferentes interlocutores, correlacionando os resultados dos instrumentos de avaliação utilizados em cada um dos estudos. O Estudo 1 foi realizado na Divisão de Saúde Auditiva (DSA), pertencente ao Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais (HRAC) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Após selecionados 44 escolares com malformação de orelha e idade entre sete e 13 anos, foram aplicados, nos mesmos, o Teste de Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven - RAVEN (Escala Especial e Geral) e o Teste de Desempenho Escolar (TDE), além do Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades (SDQ) para pais e professores. Os resultados mostram, dentre outros aspectos, o nível socioeconômico baixo desses escolares e que a DA condutiva foi bilateral, de grau moderado, para a maioria, com capacidade intelectual preservada e desempenho escolar inferior à média. O Estudo 2 ocorreu nas escolas de Bauru/SP e região e dele participaram sete escolares (GP) com malformação de orelha, selecionados do Estudo 1 e 14 escolares sem malformação de orelha, sendo sete escolhidos pelos professores (GPE) e sete sorteados (GPS). Aqui, foram aplicados, nos escolares, o TDE...
The structural defects of external, middle and inner ears represent a significant class of congenital anomalies, little described in their socials impacts as well as in the learning process in childhood. Thus, this research comprises two studies which aim at describing the profile of a sample of school children, with and without external and/or middle ear malformation, in terms of socio-demographic, audiological, cognitive and school accomplishment aspects, comparing their school, social and behavioral performances, from the view of different interlocutors, by correlating the results of the assessment instruments utilized in each study. Study # 1 was carried out at the Hearing Health Division (DSA), with the Craniofacial Anomalies Rehabilitation Hospital (HRAC), University of São Paulo - USP. Forty-four school children presented with ear malformation, in the age range 7-13 yrs, were selected to take the Raven´s test (Colored Progressive Matrices – Special and General Scales), and the SAT (School Accomplishment Test). The questionnaire Skills and Difficulties (SDQ) was applied to parents and teachers as well. The results show, among other aspects, the low socioeconomic level of these schoolchildren and that the conductive hearing impairment was a bilateral one, in a moderate degree for most of them, with a preserved intellectual capacity and school accomplishment inferior to the mean. Study # 2 took place in the school system of Bauru and nearby towns, with the participation of seven schoolchildren (GP) with ear malformation, selected from Study 1, and 14 schoolchildren with no ear malformation, being 7 chosen by the teachers (GPE) and 7 drawn (GPS). Here, TDE and the Multimedia Inventory of Children´s Social Skills (IMHSC) were applied to the schoolchildren, and the SDQ and semi-structured questionnaires... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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External otitis is an inflammation of the outer ear and ear canal, which may or may not be of infectious cause. Negligence will lead to recurrence, hampering treatment and causing bacterial resistance to conventional methodologies. In this context, medicinal plants and plant extracts may be an alternative. Triticum aestivum (wheat) has been shown to act as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, pain-killer, as well as used in wound healing. Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, pain-killer, anti-mutagenic, diuretic, expectorant, and antioxidant effects. In this context, the objective of this study was to assess the use of wheat and rosemary aqueous extracts, and rosemary essential oil, in the treatment of infectious external otitis. Experimental otitis was induced in rats Wistar with croton oil at 5% in acetone, followed by the introduction of Staphylococcus aureus in the outer ear canal. Animals were separated according to the treatment group: GI 25% wheat aqueous extract in propylene glycol; GII 25% rosemary aqueous extract in propylene glycol; GIII 5% rosemary essential oil in propylene glycol; GIV propylene glycol; and GV saline. The animals were treated for up to seven days, and assessed regarding clinical (according to the Emgard & Hellström method) and hitopathological alterations, on days four, six and ten. Promising results were observed on animals treated with both aqueous extracts, primarily in GI (wheat), but also in GII (rosemary), both were able to reduce clinical and histopathological parameters beyond the effect of the control. This study shows that the aqueous extract of both T. aestivum and R. oficinallis promoted the hastening of the healing process of infectious external otitis.
A otite externa é a inflamação do conduto auditivo externo, com etiologia infecciosa ou não. Casos de negligência fazem com que ocorram recidivas, dificultando tratamento e elevando a resistência microbiana aos métodos convencionais, tornando assim as plantas medicinais uma alternativa. O Triticum aestivum (trigo), já demonstrou ação antioxidante, anti-inflamatório, antimicrobiano, hepatoprotetor e cicatrizante. O Rosmarinus officinalis L. (alecrim) possui propriedades medicinais como antimicrobiano, anti-inflamatório, analgésico, antimutagênico, diurético, expectorante e antioxidante. Neste contexto, objetivou-se avaliar a utilização dos extratos aquosos de trigo e alecrim e óleo essencial de alecrim no tratamento da otite externa infecciosa experimental. A otite externa foi induzida em 64 ratos Wistar através da instilação de óleo de cróton 5% em acetona em conjunto com Staphylococcus aureus no conduto auditivo dos animais. Os tratamentos foram divididos em extrato aquoso de trigo 25% em propilenoglicol (GI), extrato aquoso de alecrim 25% em propilenoglicol (GII), óleo essencial de alecrim 5% em propilenoglicol (GIII), propilenoglicol (GIV) e solução fisiológica (GV). Os animais foram tratados por até sete dias e realizadas análises macroscópicas aos quatro, seis e dez dias através do método de Emgård & Hellström para coloração, diâmetro, efusão, além da análise histopatológica, em quatro animais por grupo. Foram observados resultados promissores com o extrato aquoso de trigo (GI), e extrato aquoso de alecrim (GII), sendo capazes de reduzir os parâmetros clínicos macroscópicos, assim como os parâmetros histopatológicos. Nas condições experimentais deste trabalho, a concentração utilizada de óleo essencial não foi efetiva. Assim, demonstrou-se que os extratos aquosos de trigo e alecrim a 25% em propilenoglicol promovem a aceleração da resolução da otite externa infecciosa.

As malformações de orelha são anomalias que ocorrem no período de desenvolvimento embrionário e podem acometer a orelha externa, média e/ou interna, podendo ser uni ou bilaterais. Na fase escolar, crianças com malformação de orelha podem ser prejudicadas pela falta de estímulos adequados ao seu potencial cognitivo, socioafetivo, linguístico e politicocultural, acarretando prejuízo considerável ao desenvolvimento da aprendizagem. Nesse contexto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo desenvolver um programa para alunos do ensino fundamental, utilizando a teleducação interativa do Projeto Jovem Doutor, visando a promoção da saúde auditiva e a inclusão do deficiente auditivo com malformação de orelha externa e/ou média, no âmbito escolar. O estudo foi dividido em duas fases. A primeira fase foi constituída pela construção de um conteúdo educacional (roteiro), avaliação por juízes da área de Fonoaudiologia, por meio de dois questionários e adequação de acordo com as sugestões dos juízes. A segunda fase constituiu da aplicação do conteúdo para 18 alunos sem malformações craniofaciais, deficiência auditiva, visual ou intelectual, utilizando a metodologia do Projeto Jovem Doutor e foi dividida em: atividade presencial informando a dinâmica do curso e introdução do tema; etapa não presencial, com apresentação on-line do roteiro e etapa presencial, para estabelecer estratégias de repassar o conteúdo aos colegas e comunidade. Anteriormente e após a aplicação do programa de capacitação, os alunos responderam ao Questionário Situação-Problema (QSP), com o objetivo de mensurar o conhecimento teórico prévio e o adquirido ao longo do programa. Posteriormente, responderam a outros dois, denominados Questionário Opinião - (QO), com o objetivo de expressar a opinião sobre o curso à distância e a Ficha de Pesquisa Motivacional - (FMP), para verificar subjetivamente os aspectos motivacionais do programa de capacitação. Os professores também avaliaram o exercício das habilidades sociais dos alunos, por meio do Questionário de Crenças e Sentimentos do Professor (CSP). Os resultados mostram que a maioria dos juízes apresentou apreciações positivas, considerando a qualidade do roteiro como excelente (1789 respostas) e muito boa (911 respostas). Em relação ao QSP, os resultados apontaram que, comparando, estatisticamente, o antes (pré-teste) e o depois (pós-teste), os resultados apontaram que metade dos pesquisados acertou até 40% no pré-teste e metade acertou até 80% no pós-teste. Assim, os dados apresentados revelam que a aplicação do programa produziu efeito positivo em relação ao aumento dos conhecimentos dos alunos. Em resposta ao QO, a maioria dos alunos apresentou opinião positiva em relação ao curso, revelando índice de alta aprovação. A análise da FMP apontou alto índice de satisfação motivacional com o programa, por parte dos alunos, considerando-o impressionante. No questionário CSP, as professoras atribuíram alta importância para o repertório de habilidades sociais, enquanto possível fator, tanto do desenvolvimento socioemocional dos alunos, como do desempenho. Concluiu-se que a implementação do programa visando a promoção da saúde auditiva e a inclusão do deficiente auditivo com malformação de orelha externa e/ou média, no âmbito escolar, foi viável para os participantes, porém sugere-se reaplicação a outros escolares.
The ear malformations are abnormalities that occur during embryonic development and can affect the outer ear, middle and/or internal, may be unilateral or bilateral. At school age children with ear malformations may be impaired by lack of appropriate incentives to its potential cognitive, socio-emotional, linguistic, political and cultural, causing considerable damage in the development of learning. In this context, this study aimed to develop a program for elementary school students using the interactive tele-education Project Young Doctor aiming to promote hearing health and the inclusion of deaf ear malformation with external and / or middle ear in the school. The study was divided into two phases. The first phase was formed by the construction of an educational content (screenplay), evaluation by judges from the area of Audiologist, through two questionnaires and adequacy in accordance with the suggestions of the judges. The second phase consisted of applying content to 18 students without craniofacial malformations, hearing impairment, visual or intellectual, using the methodology of the project and Dr. Young was divided into: classroom activity informing the dynamics of the course and introduction to the subject; step without attending, online presentation of the script and stage presence to establish strategies to pass content to colleagues and community. Before and after the implementation of the training program the students responded to the \"Questionário Situação Problema - (QSP)\" with the objective of measuring the theoretical knowledge acquired prior and during the program. And then the other two called \"Questionário Opinião (QO)\" with the aim of expressing student opinion about the distance course and \"Ficha de Pesquisa Motivacional (FMP)\" to subjectively evaluate the motivational aspects of the training program. Teachers also evaluated whether there were changes in student behavior through the \"Crenças e Sentimentos do Professor (CSP).\" The results show that most of the judges had positive assessments, considering the quality of the script as \"excellent\" (1789 responses) and \"very good\" (911 responses). Regarding the QSP results indicate that, comparing statistically the before (pretest) and after (post-test) results showed that half of respondents agreed and 40% in the pre-test and half to hit 80% in post-test. Thus, the data presented show that the implementation of the program has produced positive effect in relation to the increased knowledge of the students. In response to QO, most students showed a positive opinion about the course, revealing high approval rate. The analysis of FMP pointed motivational high level of satisfaction with the program, by the students, considering it as \"impressive\". In the questionnaire CSP teachers assigned high importance to the repertoire of social skills as much as possible factor in socio-emotional development of students as performance. It was concluded that the implementation of the program aimed at promoting hearing health and the inclusion of deaf ear malformation with external and / or average in the school was viable for those students, but it is suggested reapplying to other schools.

Despite a Presidential Order in 2004 that launched national incentives for the use of health information technology, specifically the Electronic Health Record (EHR), adoption of the EHR has been slow. This study attempts to quantify factors associated with adoption of the EHR and Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) by combining multiple organizational theories and empirical studies. The study is conducted in two phases. The primary phase of this study identifies and evaluates the effects of external environmental and internal organizational factors on healthcare organizations to adopt the EHR. From secondary data, twelve IVs (df=19) are chosen based on existing models and literature. Logistic regression is used to determine the association between the environmental factors and EHR adoption. The secondary phase of this study examines the adoption of five variations of CPOE using the same IVs from phase one. This EHR component of CPOE is chosen due to its promotion as a solution to help cross the quality chasm (IOM, 2001). Secondary data are analyzed and logistic regression is used to quantify the association between the factors of EHR adoption and CPOE adoption. Eleven of the twelve IVs are significant between the two phases (p<.1). This study uses data from 2009 because the HITECH Act was passed that year and significant government incentives were offered for those health care organizations (HCOs) that meet the qualifications of meaningful use. This study serves as a baseline for future studies, extends the work of other empirical studies, and fills a gap in the literature concerning factors associated with the adoption of the EHR and specific dimensions of CPOE. The Kruse Theory developed is strongly based in literature and reflects complexity commensurate with the health care industry.

In der veterinärmedizinischen Wissenschaft spielt das equine akustische Organ sowie dessen Erkrankungen und Funktionsstörungen bislang eine stark untergeordnete Rolle. Mangelnde Visualisierungs- und Untersuchungsmöglichkeiten, geringe Patienten- Compliance sowie fehlende Referenzen erschweren die Diagnose aurikulärer Erkrankungen (SARGENT et al. 2006; SOMMERAUER et al. 2012). Das übergeordnete langfristige Ziel dieser Forschungsarbeit ist es, humanmedizinische objektive audiometrische Messtechnik an das Pferdeohr anzupassen. Von speziellem Interesse ist dabei die Messung otoakustischer Emissionen zur objektiven Überprüfung der Innenohrfunktion. Die grundlegende Voraussetzung jeglicher Messungen und Adaptierungen ist zunächst die otoskopische Kontrolle des externen Gehörkanales und Trommelfelles. So können die Messung behindernde Faktoren, beispielsweise ein hoher Verschmutzungsgrad oder Fremdkörper im externen Gehörkanal, ausgeschlossen werden. Mit Hilfe herkömmlicher Videobronchoskope oder Videogastroskope (Durchmesser von 7 mm bzw. 9 mm) und der Anwendung eines standardisierten Protokolls konnten im Rahmen der Basisstudie die externen Gehörkanäle und Trommelfelle von 38 sedierten Pferden bilateral endoskopisch untersucht werden. Aus praktischer Sicht ist dabei hervorzuheben, dass die bislang obligatorische Leitungsanästhesie der Ohrnerven und das damit verbundene Risiko einer Fazialisparese vollständig umgangen werden konnte. Im Zuge dieses optimierten Verfahrens wurden physiologische und pathologische endoskopische Referenzen des externen Gehörkanales und Trommelfelles erstellt. Pathologische otoskopische Befunde (z.B. Tympanosklerose) sowie mangelnde veterinärmedizinische Fachliteratur verdeutlichen den Bedarf der histologischen Aufarbeitung des equinen akustischen Organs. Im Rahmen der Folgestudie wurden die Ohren von zehn Schlachtpferden für die detaillierte histologische Aufarbeitung herangezogen. Die Ergebnissedieser Arbeit beschreiben und verbildlichen erstmalig das vollständige equine akustische Organ. Im Folgenden sind nun die wesentlichen Ergebnisse der Basis- und Folgestudie zusammengefasst. Der physiologische kartilaginöse externe Gehörkanal ist pigmentiert, mit Haaren sowie mit cerumenproduzierenden Talg- und Schweißdrüsen ausgekleidet. Im Vergleich zum ossären externen Gehörkanal weist der kartilaginöse Anteil einen deutlich höheren Verschmutzungsgrad auf. Der Übergang zwischen dem kartilaginösen und ossären äußeren Gehörgang ist histologisch gekennzeichnet durch einen abrupten Wechsel zu einem unpigmentierten, haarlosen und drüsenfreien mehrschichtig verhornten Epithel. Endoskopisch ist dieser Übergang anhand kranzartig angeordneter beigefarbener Keratinschuppen erkennbar, welche Produkte des Selbstreinigungsmechanismus des knöchernen Gehörganges darstellen. Letzterer besitzt eine rund-ovale Form, ein trockenes zartrosafarbenes Epithel mit konzentrischen Keratinringen und schwach durchscheinender Gefäßzeichnung. Das physiologische equine Trommelfell stellt sich endoskopisch als eine klar in ihre Bestandteile (Pars tensa, Pars flaccida, Stria mallearis) differenzierte semitransparente Membran ohne positiven Lichtreflex dar. Auf der Grundlage der etablierten physiologischen Referenzen konnten pathologische Befunde bei sieben Pferden (vier Pferde mit Aural Plaques, drei Pferde mit Otitis externa) nachgewiesen werden. Zu den typischen Kennzeichen einer Otitis externa zählen die Schwellung und Rötung des ossären Epithels, das Verstreichen der konzentrischen Keratinringe und/oder die Ablösung der schützenden Keratinschicht im ossären Gehörkanal sowie ein positiver Lichtreflex im Bereich des Trommelfelles. Bei einem der an Otitis externa erkrankten Pferde konnte ein möglicher Zusammenhang zu einer Temporohyoidosteoarthropathie (THO) hergestellt werden. Darüber hinaus konnte bei zwei weiteren Pferden erstmalig eine Tympanosklerose diagnostiziert werden. Die Resultate dieser Dissertation liefern die Grundlage für weitere Forschungsansätze auf dem Gebiet des equinen akustischen Organs. Die Ohrendoskopie am stehenden sedierten Pferd ist eine praktikable, schonende sowie diagnostisch wertvolle Untersuchungsmöglichkeit. Sie sollte insbesondere bei der Abklärung einer THO, Fazialisparese, Vestibularsyndrom, Headshaking, Kopfscheue, parasitären Infektionen oder bei Kopftraumata zum Einsatz kommen. Die Ohrendoskopie ist zudem der Ausgangspunkt für die Anpassung und Anwendung humanmedizinischer audiometrischer Messsonden an das Pferdeohr. Die gewonnenen histologischen Erkenntnisse bilden die Basis für weiterführende Untersuchungen hinsichtlich angeborener oder erworbener Mittel- und Innenohrerkrankungen, welche Einfluss auf die Messung der otoakustischen Emissionen haben
The equine acoustic organ, including its diseases and disorders, still plays a minor role in veterinary science. Due to insufficient visualization and examination equipment, little patient compliance and sparse references the diagnosis of auricular diseases is rather difficult (SARGENT et al. 2006; SOMMERAUER et al. 2012). The overall aim of this research project is to adapt human objective audiometric testing devices onto the equine acoustic organ. Particularly, the measurement of so-called otoacoustic emissions is of importance for an objective evaluation of the inner ear function. The otoscopic examination of the external ear canal and tympanic membrane is the fundamental precondition for the adaption of probes and every audiometric testing. Circumstances that may prevent us from having successful measurements, like a high degree of ceruminous and cellular debris or even foreign bodies within the external ear canal, can be identified and eliminated by otoscopy. By the use of common veterinary videobronchoscopes or videogastroscopes (calibre 7 mm/9 mm) the external ear canal and tympanic membrane of 38 standing sedated horses were bilaterally examined following a standardized protocol. Special emphasis should be placed on the fact that the obligatory local nerve block anaesthesia of the auricular nerves and the associated risk of a facial nerve paralysis were completely eliminated. With the help of this simplified procedure physiological and pathological references could be established. Pathological findings and a lack of relevant veterinary literature prompted us to take a closer look at histological aspects of the equine acoustic organ. In this context, the ears of ten slaughter horses were histologically examined in detail. The results of this follow-up study describe and illustrate the complete histology of the equine acoustic organ for the first time. In the following the essential results of the basic- and follow-up study are summarized. The physiological cartilaginous external ear canal is pigmented and contains hair, as well as ceruminous and sebaceous glands. In comparison to the osseous external ear canal, the cartilaginous part has higher degree of ceruminous and cellular debris. The intersection between both- the cartilaginous and osseous portion- is histologically characterized by an abrupt change to a non-pigmented, hairless, aglandular keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Endoscopically, the intersection can be identified by a rim of beige keratin scales, which are products of the self-cleaning mechanism of the osseous epithelium. The osseous ear canal is round to oval shaped and lined with pale pink coloured epithelium that contains concentric keratin formations and visible capillary drawing. The physiological equine tympanic membrane is endoscopically characterized by a well-differentiated semi- transparent membrane, which shows no positive light reflex. On basis of the established physiological references pathological changes were found in seven horses (four horses with aural plaques, three horses with otitis externa). Typical sings of otitis externa were swelling and reddening of the osseous epithelium, the loss of the concentric keratin layer formation and/or detachment of the protective osseous keratin layer, as well as a positive light reflex on the tympanic membrane. In one diseased horse a possible correlation between the Otitis externa and severe temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO) could be revealed. Additionally, tympanosclerotic changes within two equine eardrums could be visualized for the first time. The results of this study provide a basis for further research on the equine acoustic organ. The otoscopic examination in standing sedated horses is a viable, safe, easy and quick to perform beneficial diagnostic procedure for a complete work-up of ear-related diseases, such as THO, facial nerve paralysis, vestibular disease, head shaking, parasitic infections or head trauma. In addition, the otoscopic examination is a basic requirement for the adaption and the use of human audiometric measuring probes in equine ears. The results obtained in the histological study can be employed as references for further research on equine congenital and acquired middle and inner ear diseases, which can influence the measurement results of otoacoustic emissions

Introdução: A otite média crônica é definida pela presença de alterações inflamatórias teciduais irreversíveis na fenda auditiva. A teoria do continuum a respeito da sua patogênese sugere que as fases mais precoces da otite média, aguda, serosa ou secretora podem progredir para cronificação. Desta forma, pode-se supor que a grande prevalência de bilateralidade da otite média secretora também pode ser observada na otite crônica. Objetivo: determinar a prevalência de alterações na orelha contralateral em ossos temporais humanos de portadores de otite média crônica. Metodologia: Os ossos temporais humanos foram analisados sob microscopia óptica. Definiu-se como orelha contralateral a orelha normal ou menos comprometida. As alterações histopatológicas foram classificadas por ordem crescente de gravidade. Para comparação entre as variáveis qualitativas, utilizou-se o teste de Chi-quadrado, nas correlações o coeficiente de Spearman, sendo estatisticamente significativos P≤0,05. Resultados: Foram estudados 85 pares de ossos temporais, 22,4% com colesteatoma no lado mais comprometido. A prevalência de orelhas contra laterais com alterações foi de 91,8%, sendo as principais tecido de granulação (81%), efusão (58%) e retração da membrana timpânica (35%). Não houve diferença na prevalência de alterações significativas na orelha contralateral entre os gêneros, crianças e adultos, imunossuprimidos ou não e com ou sem colesteatoma na pior orelha. Houve correlação da extensão do tecido de granulação (rS=0,345, P=0,004) e do colesteatoma (rS=0,617, P<0,0001) entre as orelhas. Conclusão: Podemos observar alta prevalência de alterações orelha contralateral. A correlação entre a extensão tanto do tecido de granulação quanto do colesteatoma entre os dois lados, sugere, corroborando a hipótese do continnuum, que as alterações constitucionais do indivíduo podem estar implicadas na cascada de eventos que leva à cronificação e que isto pode ocorrer bilateralmente.
Objective: To determine the prevalence of contra lateral middle ear cleft pathologic findings in human temporal bones with chronic otitis media. Study design: Transversal Material and Methods: The humam temporal bones was analised under optical microscopy. Chronic otites media was definied by the presence of irreversible inflammatory alterations in the middle ear cleft. The contralateral ear was defined as the normal or the less alterated one. The histopathologic alterations were described and classified in a crescent severity order. To compare the quantitative variables it was used the Chi square test and for correlations it was used Sperman coefficient (P≤0.05) Results: It has been studied 85 pairs of temporal bones. 22.4% had cholesteatoma in the most damaged ear. The prevalence of contra lateral ears with alterations was 91.8%. The main alterations were granulation tissue (81%), effusion (58%) and tympanic membrane retractions (35%). There was not difference between the genders, adults and children, imunossupressed or not, with or without cholesteatoma. There was a direct correlation between the both ears in relation to granulation tissue (rS=0.345, P=0.004) or cholesteatoma extension (rs=0.617, P<0.001). Conclusion: We can observe a high prevalence of contralateral ears alterations and the granulation tissue was the most frequent. The correlation between the ears about the granulation tissue and cholesteatoma extension suggest, in agreement with the continuum, that the individual constitutional alterations are involved in the sequential events that go to cronification.

L'amelioration du rendement energetique des reacteurs a eau pressurisee, envisagee actuellement, peut induire des regimes d'ebullition locale a la paroi des gaines des elements combustibles situes dans les canaux les plus chauds du cur (augmentation des flux de chaleur et de la temperature du refrigerant). Ces nouvelles conditions de fonctionnement des rep pourraient etre a l'origine d'une acceleration des cinetiques de corrosion des gaines de combustible en zircaloy-4. Le but de cette these est d'etudier l'effet de l'ebullition sur la corrosion du materiau de gainage a partir des essais de corrosion en boucle hors pile conduits dans des conditions thermohydrauliques et chimiques sollicitantes (ebullition, teneur en lithium elevee). Les resultats obtenus revelent une acceleration de la corrosion externe des gaines en regime d'ebullition en presence de lithium dans l'eau. Cette acceleration est d'autant plus marquee que les teneurs en lithium dans l'eau sont elevees. Les analyses chimiques par spectroscopie de masse d'ions secondaires des couches de zircone formees lors de ces tests ont montre que l'ebullition conduit a des phenomenes de surconcentration des additifs chimiques de l'eau primaire (bore, lithium) a la paroi des gaines, entrainant une incorporation accrue du lithium dans l'oxyde. Sur la base de ces resultats, une modelisation des processus d'enrichissement des additifs chimiques a la paroi des gaines en presence d'ebullition est developpee et permet d'etendre le code de corrosion cochise a la prediction des vitesses de corrosion du zircaloy-4 en milieu diphasique

ABSTRACT External otitis and its treatment. Is a group III steroid without antibiotics sufficient therapy? – Experimental and clinical studies Per Emgård, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Umeå and Ystad Hospital, Umeå and Ystad, Sweden External otitis is one of the most common ear, nose and throat (ENT) diagnoses in out-patient clinics. The clinical course of external otitis includes itching, pain, redness, swelling and effusion of the external auditory canal (EAC) with normal tympanic membrane status. The inflammatory condition is often associated with infection by bacteria, e.g. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or skin bacteria such as Staphylococcus species. Fungi are present only in a low percentage of cases and if present Candida albicans infection is the most frequent in northern countries such as Sweden and the UK. Topical therapy is recommended in most countries and dominates the therapy in most studies. Topical drugs used are usually a combination of antibiotics and a steroid. However, external otitis is treated with surprisingly many strategies – eleven different ones in Sweden, for example, and 18 in the UK. The aims of the present studies were to – -establish an animal model, infected and uninfected, suitable for testing various treatment strategies of external otitis; and -perform a clinical study in patients to elucidate whether a group III steroid alone is as efficient for treatment of external otitis as is the commonly used topical drug containing a combination of a steroid and antibiotics. The animal model was established through mechanical irritation of the external ear canal skin of Sprague-Dawley rats. An evaluation scale for characterization of the clinical status of the ear canal was introduced, recording redness, swelling and occurrence of effusion in a standardized way. Specimens of the ear canal skin were analysed by histological techniques. A topical solution of 0.05% bethametasone dipropionate (BD) was compared with a 1% hydrocortisone solution with antibiotics oxytetracycline and polymyxin B added (HCPB), administered in the external otitis model infected or non-infected with bacteria (P. aeruginosa) and a fungus (C. albicans). The same drugs were tested in a randomized parallel-group multi-centre study in 51 patients. The clinical status of the external otitis patients was evaluated on a similar scale as used in the animal model. Early normalization of the ear canal skin status and frequency of relapses during the 6-month follow-up period were used as end-points of the study. The studies showed the following: -An animal model for external otitis, infected or uninfected, could be established. -A new scale for evaluation of the external ear canal status with regard to redness, swelling and occurrence of effusion was introduced for the animal model as well as for the investigations in patients. -Treatment with a group III steroid topical solution without antibiotics was superior to treatment with a group I steroid with antibiotics added in achieving resolution of external otitis. -The effectiveness of the topical drugs in the clinical studies in external otitis patients was similar to that in animal external otitis models. We conclude that a group III steroid solution cures external otitis more effectively than does a solution containing a group I steroid combined with antibiotics, whether infected by bacteria or by fungi. No difference was evident regarding adverse effects. Furthermore, costs favour a solution without any antibiotic components. In view of these observations a group III steroid solution is preferred for remedy of external otitis in the clinical situation. Key words: external otitis, external auditory canal (EAC), animal model, treatment, betamethasone, hydrocortisone, antibiotics, human study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans.

SANTANA, Marciano Araújo. Proposta de abordagem do teorema do ângulo externo na formação continuada de professores de matemática da educação a distância (ead) com o uso do geogebra. 2015. 99 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ensino de Ciências e Matemática) – Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2015.
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The use of geometry in everyday life people have significant importance because it is a subject that uses designs, shapes and theorems as studies of evidence to make its activities in various fields of society such as engineering, steel, architecture, topography, etc. In this context, we can say that geometric constructions provide the discovery of valuable ideas that help the understanding of geometric properties. The large-scale assessments presented in public education indicators in the State of Ceara clearly portray the difficulties of learning by students when related to geometric concepts specifically the exterior angle theorem in theory (algebraic concept) and in practice (geometric concept). From this analysis, we propose to conduct an investigation through this research that could identify possible barriers in existing geometry teaching so he could obtain advances to improve the teaching related to the External Angle Theorem and its Consequences using the old learning environments and Paper pen (VPC) and the virtual Learning Environment (VLE) with the operation of educational software of dynamic geometry GeoGebra. The work was attended by a group of twelve (12) mathematics teachers in continuing education of a Specialization Course in Teaching of Mathematics at the University Vale do Acaraú (UVA) in the city of Cascavel-Ce. The operational and pedagogical use of dynamic geometry software GeoGebra was applied in lectures with questionnaires problems involving the exterior angle theorem that seeks to assess the performance of students participating in the survey regarding their classroom practices with the teaching of geometry. We adopted a qualitative, exploratory and action research approaches to characterize the research and seek to build on the theoretical and reflexive assumptions according to Valente conceptions, Michele Artigue, Parents and Fiorentini and Lorenzato. The survey showed progress in the learning process of participating students that were excited by the knowledge that built and that allowed establish a collaborative relationship between the groups involved (students and teacher-researcher).
O uso da geometria no dia a dia das pessoas tem importância significativa por ser um assunto que utiliza desenhos, formas e teoremas como elementos de estudos para comprovar sua atuação nos mais diversos campos da sociedade tais como engenharias, siderúrgicas, arquiteturas, topografias, etc. Neste contexto, podemos afirmar que construções geométricas propiciam a descoberta de valiosas ideias que auxiliam à compreensão das propriedades geométricas. As avaliações em larga escala apresentadas nos indicadores da educação pública no Estado do Ceará retratam claramente as dificuldades de aprendizagem por parte dos alunos quando relacionados aos conceitos geométricos especificamente o teorema do ângulo externo tanto na teoria (conceito algébrico) como na prática (conceito geométrico). A partir desta analise, propomos realizar uma investigação através da presente pesquisa que conseguisse identificar possíveis entraves existentes no ensino de geometria para que pudesse obter avanços que visam melhorar no ensino relacionado ao Teorema do Ângulo Externo e suas Consequências usando os ambientes de aprendizagens Velho Papel e Caneta (VPC) e o Ambiente virtual de Aprendizagem (AVA) com a operacionalidade do software educativo de geometria dinâmica GeoGebra. O trabalho teve a participação de um grupo de 12(doze) professores de matemática em formação continuada de um Curso de Especialização no Ensino de Matemática da Universidade Vale do Acaraú (UVA) na cidade de Cascavel-Ce. O uso operacional e pedagógico do software de geometria dinâmica GeoGebra foi aplicado em aulas expositivas com questionários de problemas envolvendo o teorema do ângulo externo que busca avaliar o desempenho dos estudantes participantes da pesquisa em relação suas práticas de sala de aula com o ensino de geometria. Adotamos abordagens qualitativa, exploratória e pesquisa-ação para caracterizar a pesquisa e buscamos tomar como base os pressupostos teóricos e reflexivos segundo as concepções de Valente, Michele Artigue, Pais e Fiorentini e Lorenzato. A pesquisa revelou avanços no processo de aprendizagem dos estudantes participantes que se mostraram entusiasmados com os conhecimentos que construíram e que os possibilitou estabelecerem um relacionamento colaborativo entre os grupos envolvidos (estudantes e professor-pesquisador)

Les phénomènes d’encrassement et de colmatage des Générateurs de Vapeur (GV), essentiellement par la magnétite, constituent des enjeux majeurs pour la sureté et la performance des centrales nucléaires à réacteurs à eau sous pression. Ils ont pour origine principale la corrosion des tuyauteries en acier au carbone du poste d’eau du circuit secondaire. Depuis 2006, la stratégie de maintenance à long terme des GV du Parc nucléaire français repose sur l’application de nettoyages chimiques. Ce travail a pour objectif d’étudier l’effet des nettoyages chimiques sur la réactivité de la surface externe des tubes de GV des centrales REP. L’étude expérimentale s’est d’abord concentrée sur la synthèse de dépôts de magnétite, par voie électrochimique et hydrothermale, aboutissant à la formation de dépôts encrassants aux propriétés contrôlées. Parallèlement, l’encrassement des tubes de GV a été étudié in-situ sur la boucle d’essais FORTRAND (FORmation et Transport des Dépôts) par la reproduction des conditions physico-chimiques de corrosion-érosion du poste d’eau et des conditions représentatives de formation de dépôts dans les GV. Au préalable, l’oxydation des tubes a assuré la formation d’une couche de passivation en surface. Suite à l’encrassement, les caractérisations de surface indiquent la formation d’un dépôt encrassant de magnétite parfaitement recouvrant et dense. L’étude de l’effet des nettoyages chimiques a ensuite été réalisée dans la boucle d’essais spécifique ECCLIPS, conçue et construite dans le cadre de l’étude. La reproduction des procédés de nettoyages chimiques selon les conditions d’applications en vigueur sur le Parc français conduit à la dissolution pratiquement totale des dépôts encrassants. La conservation de la structure et de la composition de la couche de passivation confirme l’innocuité globale des procédés pour les tubes de GV. Enfin, le réencrassement des tubes nettoyés confirme l’absence d’effet des nettoyages sur la cinétique de formation des dépôts à court terme, donnée importante en vue de définir une fréquence de nettoyage des GV. A court terme, la différence de morphologie des dépôts réencrassants semble induire une porosité plus importante susceptible d’influer sur les performances thermiques des GV. A long terme, l’application plus régulière des nettoyages chimiques devrait limiter la densification des dépôts, particulièrement néfaste pour le transfert thermique, et donc produire des effets bénéfiques sur l’évolution des performances des GV
In the secondary circuit of nuclear Pressurized Water Reactors, magnetite (Fe3O4) deposits lead to Steam Generator (SG) fouling, decreasing the thermal performance and possibly enhancing the risk of SG tube cracking. As a counteraction, chemical cleanings have become the primary strategy to remove oxide deposits in SGs of the EDF fleet. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of chemical cleaning on SG tubes surface reactivity. First, an electrochemical study was performed to deposit magnetite on substrates made of Inconel 600 and 690 (SG tubes materials). Thermodynamic calculations, voltamperometric studies and deposit characterizations were performed to define the experimental protocol. Magnetite films with a thickness up to several dozen on micrometers were grown by cathodic electrodeposition. Then, SG tubes were fouled in a specific experimental loop, FORTRAND. In this device, magnetite and soluble iron were formed and released in solution by carbon steel pipes corrosion in feedwater circuit representative conditions. Then, corrosion products were flow-carried to the autoclave where their precipitation and deposition on heated SG tubes led to tubes fouling. To reproduce surface characteristics of SG tubes surface, a static oxidation step was first performed in FORTRAND autoclave and result in the formation of a fully covering passive layer on the SG tubes surface.Then in-situ fouling test was done by recirculation in FORTRAND test loop. The magnetite deposit formed on tubes was composed of a dense layer of small crystals. Second, chemical cleaning processes were applied on fouled substrates and tubes in a specific experimental device ECCLIPS designed for this purpose. SG industrial cleaning processes timing and thermochemical conditions were strictly respected during these operations and lead to the dissolution of most of the fouling deposit. The passive layer was still covering the whole surface of the tube and no variation in its thickness or composition was noticed which could indicate that chemical cleaning have no effect on the SG tubes integrity. Finally, cleaned tubes fouling was performed in FORTRAND in the same experimental conditions as before the cleaning test. It could be concluded that there is no effect of chemical cleaning on the fouling kinetics of SG tubes for a short period as the amount of deposit formed before and after cleaning was identical. Nevertheless, the small crystallite dense layer observed before cleaning was not present on cleaned tubes and the size of crystallites were bigger after cleaning. For a short period, this morphology could result in the formation of a fouling deposit with more porosity. As the increase of deposit porosity can impact the thermal transfer at the SG tube surface, morphology changes, hardly predictible, could be important for the SG thermal performance after chemical cleaning. For a longer period, frequent SG cleaning applications should prevent the densification of the deposit and thus delay performance loss over time

Une des solutions très prometteuses pour la réduction des émissions polluantes et de la consommation des moteurs à combustion interne est la mise en place de combustions alternatives pour une optimisation à la source. En particulier, de nombreuses études sont menées autour du développement d’une combustion en charge homogène par auto inflammation appelée « Homogeneous Charged Compression Ignition ». Cependant, le contrôle de ce mode de combustion nécessite une recherche avancée incluant une approche interdisciplinaire associant la chimie, la mécanique des fluides et les contraintes d’un fonctionnement moteur. Cette thèse a pour objet l’étude de l’auto inflammation en mode homogène traité d’un point de vue numérique et expérimental. L'étude numérique s’intéresse au développement de mécanismes réduits de carburants de référence. Ces mécanismes réduits sont introduits dans le cadre de modèles plus généraux simulant un fonctionnement de cycle moteur, se focalisant sur trois carburants de référence ; le n-heptane, l'isooctane et le toluène. Trois mécanismes et un mécanisme « mélange » sont ainsi proposés et font l’objet tout d’abord d’une validation numérique et ensuite d’une validation expérimentale. Le mécanisme final « mélange » est composé de 62 réactions et de 49 espèces. En outre, l'interaction des oxydes d’azote NO avec les hydrocarbures est incluse par un appendice cinétique. La validation expérimentale est effectuée dans une gamme de paramètres respectant les conditions de fonctionnement d’un mode HCCI. Les gammes de température d'admission sont comprise entre 35 et 70 °C, avec une richesse entre 0,28 et 0,64 et des taux de compression entre 7 et 14, et ceci pour différentes teneurs des 3 composées de base formant le carburant. En particulier, les carburants testés présentent une gamme complète de proportion de n-heptane/iso-octane. En ce qui concerne le cas des mélanges de n-heptane/toluène, la valeur maximum étudiée du pourcentage volumique de toluène est de 40 %. Des analyses comparatives entre l'essence, le gasoil et leurs substituts de référence sont proposées. En outre, l'effet de NO sur le processus d'auto-inflammation est étudié jusqu'à une addition de 170 ppm. Une étude complète des effets de l’introduction d’EGR est présentée avec en particulier les effets de la dilution par N2 et CO2, les effets du niveau thermiques sur une gamme de 30 à 120 °C, et les effets chimiques de certaines espèces comme le CO, le CH2O et de CH3CHO. L'analyse expérimentale a été soutenue par le mécanisme validé. De cette analyse aboutit un ensemble de conclusions en ce qui concerne le contrôle du processus d'auto-inflammation en mode HCCI.

La problématique concernant la présence et les risques potentiels liés aux micropolluants dans l'environnement est devenue une préoccupation d'actualité. Aujourd'hui, les stations d'épuration ne sont pas en mesure de traiter de manière adéquate ce nouveau type de pollution. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, l'application de la technologie des bioréacteurs à membrane a été envisagée afin d'évaluer leur potentiel pour la dégradation d'un médicament anticancéreux : le cyclophosphamide (CP). Les objectifs de cette étude sont d'une part évaluer le potentiel des bioréacteurs à membrane pour la dégradation du cyclophosphamide, ainsi que pour l'élimination de sa toxicité, d'autre part rechercher l'effet du CP et de ses métabolites sur les performances globales du procédé et sur l'activité de la biomasse épuratrice ainsi que sur les propriétés physico-chimiques de la liqueur mixte et les conséquences sur le colmatage. Deux âges de boues ont été évalués, 50 jours lors de la première campagne et 70 jours lors de la deuxième. L'élimination du CP et du métabolite 4-Keto-CP durant les deux campagnes expérimentales est d'environ 80% pour les deux composés. Les processus d'adsorption et de biodégradation contribuent à l'élimination du CP de l'eau résiduaire traitée. Le cocktail de CP et ces métabolites aux conditions opératoires étudiées n'a pas d'influence significative sur l'élimination globale de la DCO et de l'azote total. Cependant, la toxicité du cocktail des composés pharmaceutiques sur la boue activée modifie les caractéristiques de la matrice biologique : Une diminution de la production de boues du BÀM R1 CP par rapport au BÀM R2 contrôle est observée. La présence du CP et ses principaux métabolites stimule les mécanismes de survie et de production des EPS avec une production légèrement plus forte des polysaccharides que des protéines. Les résultats mettent en évidence que la réponse des boues activées des BÀM au cisaillement est dépendante de la présence de ces molécules. Cette étude démontre au final l'intérêt des BÀM pour traiter ce type d'effluents, et limiter la pollution relarguée dans le milieu naturel
In hospital or pharmaceutical discharges, but also in wastewater treatment plants and more generally in the aquatic environment, toxics pollutants have been identified. Some pharmaceuticals are not completely eliminated in the municipal wastewater treatment plants and are discharged as contaminants into receiving waters. The application of membrane bioreactor process is investigated here with the aim of evaluating the potential for removal of cyclophosphamide (CP). In this study, two membrane bioreactors (MBR) were operated: one of the MBR served as a control, whereas to the other CP and its main metabolites were continuously added. Two sludge retention times were assessed, 50 days and 70 days. Removal of CP in a MBR and its effects on the membrane performance, COD and total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency were studied. CP and 4-Ketocyclophosphamide removals up to 80% were achieved under studied operating conditions. The sludge adsorption and biodegradation (cometabolism) play an important role in the process of CP removal. CP and its metabolites toxicity do not alter COD and total nitrogen removal efficiency of MBRs. However, it induces a modification of the biological suspended solids and in doing so a modification on the membrane fouling: a decrease in the production of sludge MBR CP compared to MBR control is observed; the presence of CP and its main metabolites stimulates mechanisms of protection and production of EPS with a slightly higher production of polysaccharides than proteins. The results underline that the response of activated sludge to shear stress is dependent on the presence of these molecules. This study demonstrates the interest of MBR to treat this type of effluent and reduce the pollution released into the environment

Analyse d'environ 6250 groupes de muons enregistres par le detecteur du frejus situe a une profondeur equivalente a 4800 m d'eau. La comparaison de la distribution de la multiplicite observee avec une loi de puissance a permis de constater une deviation au-dela de m=11. Etude de la distribution laterale des muons. En supposant une dependance exponentielle par rapport a la distance a l'axe de la gerbe, on analyse l'evolution de la distance caracteristique par rapport a la multiplicite vraie n a la profondeur du laboratoire. L'interpretation des resultats en termes de composition chimique du rayonnement cosmique primaire dans la region du pev est en faveur d'une composition relativement legere: loga=0,8

Ce projet vise a construire une image dynamique de la circulation de l'ocean atlantique sud en realisant une simulation numerique prognostique resolvant les tourbillons synoptiques et s'appuyant sur une description adequate des forcages. Le modele moca utilise dans une configuration realiste de l'atlantique sud le code de circulation oceanique spem, un code aux equations primitives dont la coordonnee verticale suit la topographie () et pour lequel les frontieres ouvertes sont implantees. Une fois les resultats des simulations valides, ils constituent un jeu de donnees complementaire des observations, en particulier par leur apport sur la variabilite saisonniere et les flux turbulents, ou dans des zones non-couvertes par les observations. Le forcage de surface utilise la moyenne climatologique mensuelle des reanalyses du cepmmt (1979-93) et un modele de couche de melange de type kraus et turner. Le forcage en sel dans le modele est original par la grande liberte qu'il donne a la salinite. De meme, en cas de glace de mer, l'evolution de la salinite est donnee par un modele quasi-diagnostique de glace de mer utilisant une temperature de surface de glace et prend donc en compte la dynamique du modele moca. La simulation est repesentative sous beaucoup d'aspects des circulations observees dans l'ocean atlantique sud. Les trajectoires de flotteurs permettent une etude complementaire des phenomenes dynamiques. Par comparaison aux sections hydrographiques woce, certaines masses d'eau ont vu leur proprietes parfois largement modifiees au cours de la simulation par melange turbulent (forte activite meso-echelle). Les masses d'eau presentes dans la simulation sont repertoriees en classes de densite et leurs caracteristiques moyennes en temperature, salinite, profondeur et epaisseur sont exposees. Des etudes de la variabilite dans les regions de la mer de weddell, de la confluence, du benguela et des aiguilles sont entreprises.

Ce travail est centre sur l'etude des differents aspects lies au raffinement local, fixe ou adaptatif, de maillage dans le contexte de la modelisation oceanique. Apres avoir rappele les principales methodes de raffinement pour les maillages structures, nous insistons sur l'algorithme de berger et oliger, que nous avons choisi pour la suite. Une analyse numerique de cet algorithme mene, sous certaines hypotheses simplificatrices, a des conditions de stabilite et des estimations d'erreur faisant intervenir les operateurs de discretisation et de transferts inter-grilles (interpolations, restrictions). Les resultats mettent notamment en relief l'influence des petites echelles contenues dans la solution haute resolution sur la stabilite de l'algorithme, ainsi que le role de l'intervalle de temps entre les etapes de remaillage. Des applications a deux modeles d'ocean simplifies (modele quasi-geostrophique multicouches et modele en eau peu profonde) montrent les potentialites de la methode dans un cadre academique. Les solutions sont en effet tres proches de celles obtenues avec un maillage haute resolution couvrant l'ensemble du domaine, et ce pour un cout nettement moindre. Les difficultes de l'extension de ces resultats a un modele realiste sont ensuite exposees. L'attention est notamment portee sur la gestion de la topographie du fond de l'ocean, sur la non divergence du transport barotrope (hypothese du toit rigide) et sur la gestion des iles. De premieres experiences numeriques sont effectuees dans un modele aux equations primitives de l'ocean atlantique nord et equatorial. Enfin du point de vue informatique, l'insertion du raffinement adaptatif de maillage dans un code numerique existant est une tache difficile qui a pu etre grandement simplifiee grace au developpement de librairies specifiques. Le probleme de la parallelisation de l'algorithme de berger oliger est egalement evoque.

Le massif de Combeynot, sur la bordure nord-orientale du massif du Haut-Dauphiné (massifs cristallins externes, Alpes Françaises) est constitué de deux unités fondamentales (1) un socle, déformé et métamorphisé, représenté par un ensemble migmatitique et un orthogneiss oeillé ; ce socle se rattache aux formations du noyau du massif du Haut-Dauphiné, (2) un complexe annulaire subvolcanique, intrusif dans le socle, composé de formations volcaniques et volcano-détritiques, d'un réseau filonien microgranitique et rhyolitique très dense, de deux unités granitiques disposées de manière concentrique et de filons doléritiques tardifs terminant l'épisode magmatique. Une étude comparative sur la pétrographie, la structure, la typologie des zircons et la géochimie des éléments majeurs, en traces (Y, Nb, Zr, Rb, Sr, U, Th, Hf, Sc, Cs et Ta) et Terres Rares du complexe de Combeynot ont permis de retracer l'histoire magmatique de la série et de tester sa signification géodynamique. Le magmatisme de Combeynot est de nature alcaline intraplaque et traduit un environnement géotectonique de distension. Il trouve son origine dans le manteau à partir duquel plusieurs magmas subcontemporains s'individualisent par des taux de fusion partielle différents et conduisent aux unités acides par cristallisation fractionnée. Leur mise en place superficielle dans une zone orogénique encore non consolidée, riche en fluides et la participation des phases fluides juvéniles et/ou des eaux météoriques conditionnent la nature pétrographique acide, sursaturée et subsolvus des unités granitiques du complexe ainsi que les processus d'altération hydrothermale post- et tardi- magmatiques.

Monografia przedstawia zagadnienie nośności na ścinanie stref przypodporowych w belkach żelbetowych, które ze względu na niedobór nośności istniejącego zbrojenia poprzecznego wymagają wzmocnienia. Praca jest efektem analizy obcych i własnych badań doświadczalnych, które umożliwiły autorce ocenę efektywności wzmocnienia w zależności od wybranych parametrów badawczych: stopnia poprzecznego zbrojenia stalowego i kompozytowego, cech wytrzymałościowych zbrojenia, wytrzymałości betonu, smukłości strefy ścinania i sposobu aplikacji kompozytu.
The monograph presents a problem of shear capacity of the support regions in reinforced concrete (RC) beams, which due to deficiency of the capacity need strengthening. The work is the result of the analysis of the other and author’s experimental studies, which enabled the author to evaluate the strengthening effectiveness, depending on the chosen investigated parameters: degree of transversal steel and composite reinforcement, strength characteristics of steel and composites, concrete strength, shear span to depth ratio and composite applications.

La caracterisation de la variabilite spatio-temporelle de la pluie est l'une des etapes importantes de l'etude du cycle de l'eau. L'information sur la distribution granulometrique de la pluie familiere aux physiciens de l'atmosphere et aux specialistes des telecommunications apparaitra utile en hydrologie si l'utilisation des radars meteorologiques se generalise. C'est cette description, a l'echelle de la goutte de pluie que nous avons aborde dans ce travail. La metrologie des distributions granulometriques des gouttes de pluie est realisee par l'intermediaire d'un capteur de mesure (le spectro-pluviometre optique) que nous avons analyse et qualifie en detail. L'analyse de la variabilite des comptages de gouttes nous a ensuite permis d'aborder la question de l'echantillonnage. Deux points essentiels se sont degages: i) l'effet d'echantillonnage est en general insuffisant pour expliquer les fluctuations des comptages de gouttes. Ii) il existe des precipitations pour lesquelles certains diametres de gouttes ne sont pas representes (lacune dans les spectres de gouttes). L'analyse spectrale des distributions granulometriques proposee en derniere partie du document s'est appuyee sur la technique d'analyse en composantes principales. Cette analyse a permis de distinguer deux types d'ecart au spectre moyen: des ecarts que l'on peut attribuer aux processus microphysiques et des ecarts de type bruit blanc vraisemblablement dus a l'echantillonnage. Un generateur de distribution granulometrique a ete propose d'apres cette analyse puis il a ete teste en simulation numerique de mesure radar. La comparaison des resultats obtenus avec ceux d'un generateur plus classique confirme l'interet de cette nouvelle approche

Dans le sud ouest de l'ocean indien, les parametres du systeme des carbonates ont ete mesures en ete (mars 1985) et en hiver (juillet 1984 et aout 1985) afin d'estimer des flux de gaz carbonique a travers l'interface ocean-atmosphere dans cette region. L'evolution mensuelle de la pression partielle de co dans la zone melangee des zones subtropicale et subantarctique de l'ocean indien a ete estimee a partir d'un modele qui tient compte des echanges avec l'atmosphere et des effets de l'activite biologique

Les mecanismes de corrosion des alliages de zr, utilises comme tubes de gainage du combustible nucleaire, ne sont actuellement pas totalement elucides du fait, notamment, de la complexite des materiaux et de l'environnement de corrosion. La cinetique est generalement consideree comme pilotee par la diffusion des ions oxydes a travers une couche barriere dont les caracteristiques evoluent dans le temps. Cependant, certaines constatations experimentales, comme l'effet du couplage sur la croissance du film d'oxyde, motivent fortement l'introduction de processus electrochimiques dans la description des etapes-cles de l'oxydation. La finalite de la presente etude est de contribuer a lever l'indetermination quant a la nature des etapes cinetiquement limitantes de la corrosion de deux alliages de zirconium, le zircaloy-4 (zy-4) et le zr-nb(1%)o(0,13%). La complementarite des caracterisations in situ de l'oxydation sous air sec a 500\c sur des criteres cinetiques (analyses thermogravimetriques), electrochimiques (spectroscopie d'impedance) et microstructuraux (meb), et de l'influence de la polarisation des gaines sur l'oxydation et l'hydruration en milieu rep a 360\c, a permis de mettre en evidence le contraste entre les deux alliages en termes de processus limitants. Alors que les resultats obtenus pour le zy-4 satisfont a l'hypothese de la diffusion de l'oxygene a travers le film de zircone, l'acceleration de l'oxydation du zr-nb(1%)o(0,13%) sous polarisation anodique en milieu liquide, et en presence d'un metal noble catalyseur de la reduction de l'oxygene en milieu gazeux, est incompatible avec un tel mecanisme. Les essais menes en milieu rep peuvent s'expliquer a la fois par un mecanisme pilote par la conductivite electronique de l'oxyde mais egalement par un controle de type interfacial. En complement, les caracterisations electriques des films de zircone formes en eau et etudies en environnement gazeux confirment la difference entre les deux alliages. La prise en compte du caractere mixte (diffusion-interface) de l'oxydation du zr-nb(1%)o(0,13%) a conduit a un essai de modelisation base sur une approche propre a la cinetique heterogene ainsi qu'a une description electrochimique.

Ce travail de these s'inscrit dans le cadre de l'etude de la corrosion des gaines de combustible dans les reacteurs a eau pressurisee. Parmi les alliages de zirconium destines au gainage, nous nous sommes plus particulierement interesses au zircaloy-4 pour lequel, le fer et le chrome, elements d'addition insolubles dans zr, forment des precipites intermetalliques. Le but de notre etude est de justifier de facon theorique le role de la concentration en fer remise en solution dans le metal comme dans l'oxyde (zircone) sur le processus d'oxydation des gaines sous irradiation. Pour ce faire, nous nous sommes tournes vers des calculs de structure electronique bases sur la theorie de la fonctionnelle de la densite et plus particulierement vers la technique des pseudopotentiels. Nous avons travaille en collaboration avec g. Kresse et j. Hafner de l'institut de physique des materiaux de l'universite de vienne qui nous ont fourni leur code vasp (vienna ab inito simulation package). Apres une rapide etape de validation de notre outil de calcul, nous avons entrepris l'etude des premiers stades de l'oxydation de la surface (0001) de - zr. En couplant des calculs statiques a des calculs dynamiques, nous avons clairement montre la possibilite pour l'oxygene moleculaire de se dissocier et d'oxyder le metal a la fois sous la surface et sur la surface. Nous avons enfin utilise notre outil numerique pour aborder le probleme technologique qui est a l'origine de ce travail. Nos conclusions sont les suivantes : la sous-stchiometrie peut expliquer a elle seule la stabilisation des phases hautes temperatures de la zircone (structures quadratique et cubique) ; cette stabilisation est plus nette dans le cas ou les lacunes sont chargees ; le dopage au fer ne participe pas directement a la stabilisation des phases quadratique et cubique, mais peut y contribuer indirectement en favorisant la formation de lacunes d'oxygene dont l'effet stabilisant a ete demontre.

Au cours de cette etude, de nombreuses experiences ont ete menees sur le devenir de la composition isotopique de l'eau dans le continuum sol-plante-atmosphere. Les processus qui gouvernent l'evolution des teneurs en isotopes stables de l'eau des feuilles ont pu etre identifiees et discutes. L'evolution tempiorelle des abondances relatives en oxygene-18 et en deuterium dans l'eau foliaire ont ete egalement modelisee. Ce modele prend en compte des parametres de nature differente, tels que des parametres climatiques (humidite relative, temperature de l'air), de l'envirronement (vitesse du vent), isotopiques (teneurs en isotopes lourds de l'eau d'alimentation, de la vapeur d'eau atmospherique qui participe aux echanges avec le reservoir d'eau foliaire, facteurs de fractionnement isotopique) et intrinseques a la plante

La rupture des versants rocheux est une source de risque majeur dans toutes les regions montagneuses. Les terrains metamorphiques anisotropes presentent tout l'eventail des mecanismes de deformation, lesquels sont analyses dans la premiere partie de ce travail a partir d'exemples europeens. L'etude pluridisciplinaire des ruines de sechilienne, presentee en seconde partie, revet un interet particulier du fait de la complexite du phenomene et par l'ampleur des moyens d'auscultation et de surveillance mis en uvre pendant une decennie (1988-1998). Nous avons menees trois approches complementaires : geologique, geomecanique, hydrogeologique. L'approche geologique a permise une description fine de la structure du versant a toutes les echelles. L'approche geomecanique a consiste a elaborer un modele structural simplifie et a tester numeriquement differentes hypotheses par la methodes des elements distincts. Ceci nous autorise a proposer un mecanisme en accord qualitatif avec les observations de terrain et les mesures de deplacement. Ce mecanisme de rupture interne, controle par les grandes familles de discontinuites preexistantes, induit des concentrations de contrainte et des efforts de traction pouvant provoquer un endommagement progressif et irreversible du massif. Enfin, l'approche hydrogeologique s'est attachee a analyser le debit, la temperature ainsi que la composition chimique et isotopique des eaux du massif, pour preciser leur origine et leur mode d'ecoulement. En couplant les trois approches, on a pu proposer un modele hydromecanique global expliquant l'influence de la pluviometrie sur le rythme de la deformation du versant. Des pistes sont avancees pour etudier la geometrie probable de la rupture. Par contre, la prevision de la date de la rupture reste hors d'atteinte. Enfin, l'observation du versant sud de la toura, a saint-christophe-en-oisans, suggere que le mecanisme de rupture interne pourrait etre plus repandu qu'on ne le croit.

Le cycle des composes de l'hydrogene dans la stratosphere et la mesosphere est etudie a l'aide d'un modele numerique 2d. La premiere partie est consacree a l'etude du bilan de la vapeur d'eau, avec un traitement detaille de sa production par l'oxydation du methane et de l'hydrogene moleculaire. Dans la seconde partie, le mecanisme photochimique et la variabilite saisonniere de l'emission mesospherique de oh dans les bandes de meinel sont abordes d'un point de vue theorique

Le probleme de l'assimilation de donnees sous sa forme generale peut se formuler: comment utiliser simultanement un modele theorique et des observations pour obtenir la meilleure prevision meteorologique ou oceanographique ?, sa resolution est tres couteuse, pour la prochaine generation de modeles elle necessitera une puissance de calcul de l'ordre de 10 tflops. A l'heure actuelle, aucun calculateur n'est capable de fournir de telles performances mais cela devrait etre possible dans quelques annees, en particulier grace aux ordinateurs paralleles a memoire distribuee. Mais, la programmation de ces machines reste un processus complique et on ne connait pas de methode generale pour paralleliser de maniere optimale un algorithme donne. Nous tenterons, de repondre au probleme de la parallelisation de l'assimilation de donnees variationnelle, ce qui nous conduira a etudier la parallelisation d'algorithmes numeriques d'optimisation assez generaux. Pour cela, nous etendrons la methodologie de l'ecriture des modeles adjoints au cas ou le modele direct est parallele avec echanges de messages explicites. Nous etudierons les differentes approches possibles pour paralleliser la resolution du probleme de l'assimilation de donnees: au niveau des modeles meteorologiques direct et adjoints, au niveau de l'algorithme d'optimisation ou enfin au niveau du probleme lui-meme. Cela nous conduira a transformer un probleme sequentiel d'optimisation sans contraintes en un ensemble de problemes d'optimisation relativement independants qui pourront etre resolus en parallele. Nous etudierons plusieurs variantes de ces trois approches tres generales et leur utilite dans le cadre du probleme de l'assimilation de donnees. Nous terminerons par l'application des methodes de parallelisation precedentes au modele de shallow water et comparerons leurs performances. Nous presenterons egalement une parallelisation du modele meteorologique arps (advanced regional prediction system)

Nous etudions a l'aide de la theorie de l'eau peu profonde une onde interne plane dans le contexte d'un fluide tournant stratifie en bicouche. Differents cas ont ete traites pour lesquels les hypotheses de faible ecart de densite entre les couches et de faibles epaisseurs de couches sont considerees independamment ou en meme temps. Nous apportons la demonstration qu'une equation d'ostrovsky gouverne les ondes internes non-lineaires d'interface dans le cas faiblement tournant. Nous demontrons que reduire l'ecart de densite conduit a augmenter les effets de la rotation. Enfin nous etablissons les equations qui gouvernent les ondes internes dans quelques cas particuliers et nous donnons la forme de celle-ci. Des experiences ont ete menees dans la grande cuve tournante du laboratoire coriolis pour etudier l'influence de la rotation sur des ondes internes axisymetriques. Nous avons mis en evidence quelques phenomenes interessant et les conclusions experimentales confirment nos resultats analytiques en ce qui concerne les influences respectives de l'ecart de densite et de la rotation. La rotation modifie considerablement les lois d'evolution de l'amplitude en fonction de la distance au centre de la cuve. Une autre partie de l'etude a ete consacree a la recherche experimentale de la generation des ondes internes non-lineaires par la maree en presence du talus continental ainsi que leur propagation. L'originalite de ce travail reside dans la generation d'ondes internes tridimensionnelles ainsi que dans la prise en compte des effets de la rotation sur le mecanisme de generation et la propagation des ondes. Nous avons montre que seul le jusant engendre la maree interne sur le plateau et le talus. La rotation n'agit pas sur le mecanisme de generation mais sur la propagation des ondes, de plus elle en diminue l'amplitude et en augmente la vitesse de propagation.

Une analyse theorique detaillee des equations de boussinesq et de serre a ete realisee. Les domaines de validite de chaque equation ont ete determines theoriquement. Ces equations d'ondes longues sont discretisees selon un schema aux differences finies pour des ondes de surface libre sur fond plat et fond variable. Par le biais d'une comparaison numerique avec des essais experimentaux d'ondes longues sur fond plat, les modeles numeriques ont ete etendus a la description des ondes courtes. Un terme dispersif correctif a ete introduit pour ameliorer les capacites dispersives des modeles. Des essais numeriques de propagation d'ondes longues sur un talus ont egalement ete compares aux experiences. Une etude de l'interaction d'une houle courte de haute frequence avec une onde solitaire nous a conduit a mesurer le dephasage que subit l'onde courte apres le passage du soliton. Nous nous sommes consacres a la validation experimentale d'une comparaison entre les modeles de boussinesq et de serre sur des plages peu inclinees, ainsi qu'a l'evolution du nombre d'ursell le long de la plage. L'etude experimentale a ensuite ete etendue aux phenomenes de run up, de run down et aux calculs des coefficients de reflexion des plages etudiees. Pour calculer numeriquement les run up, nous avons ameliore le modele de serre par des conditions de trait de cote variable

Des experiences ont ete menees dans la grande cuve tournante du laboratoire coriolis pour etudier la stabilite d'un courant d'eau intermediaire. On introduit a l'interface d'un bicouche une eau de densite intermediaire le long de la paroi verticale. Le debit du courant a la sortie de l'injecteur et la hauteur d'eau dans la cuve sont constants. Un tel courant est caracterise par cinq nombres adimensionnels : trois rapports geometriques, le nombre de rossby ou de froude et le nombre d'ekman. On a observe cinq comportements principaux d'une veine d'eau intermediaire : (1) un courant stable le long de la paroi de la cuve pour des grands nombres de rossby et d'ekman definis a la sortie de l'injecteur ; une nette evolution du comportement du courant quand ces nombres diminuent avec (2) une serie de tourbillons cycloniques en aval d'une partie stable, (3) une instabilite anticyclonique, (4) des dipoles se detachant du courant et (5) le detachement de lentilles d'eau intermediaire anticycloniques s'apparentant aux meddies pour les plus petites valeurs des nombres de rossby et d'ekman. Chaque instabilite est aussi caracterisee par les nombres adimensionnels locaux definis juste en amont de l'instabilite. Un modele analytique en shallow-water a ete developpe et s'adapte aux experiences presentant un caractere instable. Le calcul des transferts d'energie montre que la nature des differentes instabilites est mixte c'est a dire a la fois barotrope et barocline. En fait, le type de phenomene qui apparait depend de l'importance relative de l'instabilite barotrope par rapport a l'instabilite barocline. Un courant stable, quant a lui, est geostrophique. Son elargissement en aval peut s'expliquer avec l'existence de transports d'ekman aux interfaces et des instabilites de type kelvin-helmholtz.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de réaliser un système de transmission optique bas coût en multiplexage temporel (OTDM), pour un débit global de 10 Gb/s. Le train de pulses optique nécessaire au système a été généré par modulation externe d'une source optique continue, avec une modulateur d'intensité. Les simulations ont été concluantes quant à la faisabilité du système étudié. Une étude théorique a permis de résoudre le problème lié aux interférences cohérentes dues à la nature de la source utilisée. Les performances du système de multiplexage expérimental ont été comparées pour deux sources optiques différentes. Le démultiplexage est réalisé avec un modulateur à électroabsorption (EAM). Des valeurs de Taux d'Erreur Binaire (TEB) inférieures à 10-10 ont été obtenues expérimentalement sur chaque canal extrait. Le système est adapté pour une combinaison avec la technique de multiplexage en longueur d'onde (WDM).

Le traceur transitoire que constitue le tritium est devenu l'un des outils les plus prometteurs dens l'etude de la circulation oceanique generale et de la capacite de l'ocean a absorber le gaz carbonique anthropogene. L'utilisation simultanee du tritium et de son descendant par voie radioactive l'helium-3 ajoute une information supplementaire: la paire de traceurs tritium et helium-3 constitue une horloge dans l'etude des masses d'eau. En plus de son origine "tritiumgenique", l'helium-3 est emis au niveau des dorsales oceaniques et il constitue un traceur de choix dans l'etude de la circulation oceanique profonde. Toutes les mesures d'helium-3 et de tritium ont ete faites par spectrometrie de masse. Protocole analytique, limite de detection et reproductibilite de la methode sont reportes dans ce travail. Sont abordes au niveau de l'interpretation des resultats: -1) les donnees d'helium-3 a la campagne merou a (ete 1982) ont permis de localiser une source active et de mettre en evidence un courant de retour intermediaire (centre vers 1000 m de profondeur), prolongement du courant profond upwelle dans la partie meridionale du bassin. -2) l'utilisation des donnees de tritium concernant la mission phycemed 1 (avril 1981) a permis de decrire la grande variabilite spatio-temporelle des processus de convection ayant lieu dans le bassin nord; le temps de renouvellement des eaux profonbdes du golfe du lion est evalue a 11 +ou- 2 ans. Les circulations profondes et de subsurface au niveau des detroits de sardaigne et de gibraltar sont precisees. -3) l'etude simultanee, suivant des niveaux isopycnaux, des donnees tritium et helium-3 de la mission topogulf (ete 1983) a permis de localiser les zones ou les processus de convection sont actifs. Une approche theorique relative a l'utilisation simultanee du tritium et de l'helium-3 est abordee. Elle utilise un modele de melange distinguant, pour une masse d'eau consideree, le temps de transit du temps de ventilation. La validite de "age tritium-helium" est testee par comparaison avec les temps de transit et de ventilation determines par le modele

碩士
聖約翰科技大學
工業工程與管理系碩士在職專班
100
ABSTRACT Because earphones are widely used for listening to music, it is urgent to examine the sizes of earphones used by teenagers. The purpose of this study is collect the anthropometric reference data from the junior high school students’ exteral ears such as the pinna length, the pinna width, and the earhole length, to realize the changes between the characteristics of their ears and the students’ ages, and to analyze these data for designing the comfortable and proper products for them. With the digital photography and the overhead projector, the images of 128 junior high students are quickly accumulated and analyzed by CorelDwaw software program. The statistic reference data presents that when focusing on the boy junior high students, the left and the right pinna length are 45.34and 58.87 mm. The left and the right pinna width are 29.57 and 36.96 mm. The left and the right earhole length are 11.74 and 15.66 mm. However, when focusing on the girl junior high students, the left and the right pinna length are 41.95 and 55.79 mm. the left and the right pinna width are 30.15 and 35.38 mm. And the left and the right earhole length are 11.00 and 14.52 mm.We conclude that first, the measurements of the right pinna width, pinna length, and earhole length are larger than the left ones. And the boys’ external ear sizes are larger than the girls’.There is an obvious difference between the external ears of the junior high students and adults. The sizes of the earphone products from the famous manufacturers are designed for everyone, not just for junior high students. It still leaves designers plenty of room to think about ways to improve these difficulties.