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1

Umar, Muhammad, Sajjad Rasoul Chaudhary, and Muhammad Habib Ur Rehman. "EXTERNAL EAR;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 05 (May 6, 2017): 778–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.05.1378.

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Objectives: To determine morphometric measurements of external ear amongmedical students of Nawaz Sharif Medical College, University of Gujrat. Study Design: Crosssectional. Setting: This study was done among students of First & Second year MBBS classesat Nawaz sharif Medical College, University of Gujrat. Period: 2015. Methodology: The studygroup consisted of 120 girls and 80 boys with age range 18 to 22 (median 20). Total Ear height,lobular height, lobular width and distances of helical root and insertion of the lobule from thelateral palpebral commissure were measured by using vernier caliper. Results: With analysisof normative cross-sectional data, this study endeavors to show anatomic and aestheticdifferences between boys and girls. The average total ear height across the study group forboth left and right ears was 6.50cm. The average lobular height was 1.9cm. The average lobularwidth was 2cm. The height of the pinna was significantly larger in boys than girls. The distancebetween helical root and lateral palpebral commissure was significantly larger among boys ascompared to girls. The average height and width of the lobule of boys and girls were statisticallyinsignificant.
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2

Fan, Hao, Mengcheng Wang, Carisa Harris Adamson, Yihui Ren, Jianjie Chu, and Suihuai Yu. "Anthropometric Analysis of External Acoustic Meatus for Ergonomic Design." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, no. 1 (December 2020): 1833–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641441.

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Ear-related wearable products have become ubiquitous and are used daily for instant communication, entertainment, hearing protection (occupational noise) and noise reduction. The proper fit of ear related wearables is imperative to their function and comfort. Prior studies have demonstrated that some anthropometric measures of the ear changes with age. However, despite this, there is a lack of relevant studies on how key dimensions of the ear, like the external acoustic meatus (EAM), change with age. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to define EAM measurements that are important for the ergonomic design of ear-related wearable products and explore how the EAM anthropometry changes with age.
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3

Meyer, Rodolphe. "External Ear Reconstruction." Facial Plastic Surgery 5, no. 05 (October 1988): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1064779.

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4

Kaufman, Roger S. "The external ear." American Journal of Otolaryngology 17, no. 5 (September 1996): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0709(96)90027-7.

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5

Wiatrak, Brian J. "The external ear." International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 35, no. 2 (April 1996): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-5876(96)90057-9.

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6

Saddoud, Nadia, Salma Kchaou, Asma Louati, and Mohamed Habib Daghfous. "External Ear Arteriovenous Malformation." Otology & Neurotology 39, no. 3 (March 2018): e216-e217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mao.0000000000001714.

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7

Hartley, Christopher, Andrew R. Birzgalis, Timothy J. Lyons, Ruskin H. Hartley, and William T. Farrington. "External Ear Canal Cholesteatoma." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 104, no. 11 (November 1995): 868–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949510401108.

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External ear canal cholesteatoma is a rare condition in otologic practice. A case in a 43-year-old woman is presented in which despite the extensive nature of the lesion, minimal symptoms and absence of signs delayed diagnosis. The cause of the lesion and its treatment are discussed.
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8

Arons, Marvin S. "REPOSITIONING THE EXTERNAL EAR." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 87, no. 4 (April 1991): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199104000-00051.

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9

Shu, Min-Tsan, Hung-Ching Lin, Cheng-Chien Yang, and Kuo-Ming Chang. "Squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the external auditory canal." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 120, no. 8 (May 24, 2006): 684–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215106001538.

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We report two cases of carcinoma in situ in the external auditory canal (EAC), presenting with symptoms such as pain, long-term itching of the ear, easy contact bleeding, canal otorrhea and hearing loss. Otoscopic examination revealed granulation tissue and a greyish-black tumour with irregular surface. The first patient had previously been diagnosed with otitis externa with persistent ear itching for the past three years. The second patient had received tympanoplasty for treatment of chronic otitis media on the right ear ten years ago. The first case was treated with wide excision, whereas the second patient received resection of the skin of the EAC together with its adjacent soft tissue, followed by skin grafting. No tumour recurrence was noted in the fourth and third post-operative year for the first and second patient respectively. We suggest that EAC carcinoma can be detected early and treated.
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10

S., Sneha, Sowmya Gajapathy, Srikanth G., Ramesh V., and Jayita Das Poduval. "External auditory canal osteoma: a case report." International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 7, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 1704. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20213910.

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<p>External auditory canal (EAC) osteomas are rare, solitary benign unilateral lesion. Small lesions are incidentally diagnosed and larger lesions produce symptoms of pain, ear discharge and defective hearing. Diagnosis is made based on a combination of clinical history and examination, radiographic imaging, and histopathology. They are usually confused with exostosis which are multiple, bilateral, smooth-bordered, broad-based lesions without deep extension. We present a case of 21-year-old male patient who came to our outpatient department, with complaints of left ear blocking sensation for past 6 months. On evaluation, it was diagnosed as left EAC osteoma and the same was excised via post-auricular approach. This case is being presented for its rarity</p>
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11

Charlton, Alexander, Noor Janjua, and Darius Rejali. "Cotton bud in external ear canal causing necrotising otitis externa and subdural abscess." BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 3 (March 2019): e227971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-227971.

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Necrotising otitis externa (NOE) is an infection originating in the soft tissues of the external auditory canal (EAC) spreading to the surrounding bone and rarely causing intracranial complications. It is usually caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and has historically occurred in elderly patients with diabetes or immunodeficiency. EAC foreign body is a risk factor for otitis externa but has not been described in NOE. A healthy 31-year-old man presented with new-onset seizures and worsening left-sided otalgia and otorrhoea. Brain imaging revealed left temporal subdural abscesses superior to the petrous bone. A retained cotton bud was identified in the left EAC, along with osseocartilaginous junction and mastoid granulation tissue. The foreign body was removed; a cortical mastoidectomy performed and intravenous antibiotic administered. At 10 weeks, the patient remained well, with no neurological deficit and no residual ear symptoms, and CT demonstrated complete resolution of the intracranial abscesses.
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12

Kondhula, Sreenivasreddy, and Archana Alzapur. "MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF EXTERNAL EAR OF MEDICAL STUDENTS." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 6, no. 3.3 (September 5, 2018): 5722–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2018.323.

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13

Ahmed, Salahuddin, Syed Atif Imran Zaheer, Syed Muhammad Asad Shabbir, Sibghatullah Rao, Tauhidul Islam, and Bashir Ahmed. "Association of Dermatological Conditions of External Ear with the Use of Cotton Buds." Journal of Enam Medical College 4, no. 3 (November 25, 2014): 174–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v4i3.20956.

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Background: The habit of cleaning the external auditory canal with cotton buds is a common practice of the masses. It has strong association with neurodermatitis and contact dermatitis of the external ear. It is also associated with acute otitis externa, rupture of tympanic membrane causing bleeding and temporary hearing loss in some cases. In many cases the injury will heal but damage to minuscule bones deep inside the ear can cause permanent deafness. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the association of dermatological condition of external ear with the use of cotton buds. Materials and Methods: This case control study was done from January to October 2012 in the Ear Nose Throat Department of Pakistan Level III Hospital, Darfur, Sudan. Sixty seven patients with dermatological diseases of external ear were cases and 83 subjects without dermatological diseases of external ear were selected as controls. Results: Among 67 cases, 58 were cotton bud users and among 83 controls only 29 were cotton bud users. Different types of dermatological diseases were neurodermatitis (34.32%), otitis externa (28.36%), contact dermatitis (26.87%) and wax impaction (8.95%). Ninety three percent of cotton bud users were ignorant of harmful effects of this bad habit. Conclusion: There is a strong association of dermatological diseases of external ear with the use of cotton bud which should be discouraged by fortifying the warning by manufacturers and health education at various educational levels. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v4i3.20956 J Enam Med Col 2014; 4(3): 174-176
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14

Deepak, Anupama, and Saravana Kumar. "Anthropometric Measurements of External Ear." Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 9, no. 9 (2016): 1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2016.00264.x.

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15

Amundson, Loren H. "Disorders of the External Ear." Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 17, no. 2 (June 1990): 213–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4543(21)00860-5.

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16

Victorian, Thomas A. "External Ear Canal Voice Detection." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 130, no. 4 (2011): 2307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3650317.

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17

Bono, Aldo, Cesare Bartoli, Andrea Maurichi, Daniele Moglia, and Gabrina Tragni. "Melanoma of the External Ear." Tumori Journal 83, no. 5 (September 1997): 814–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089169708300507.

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Aims and background Melanoma of the external ear is a rare disease, and its management is controversial. To address this problem, we reviewed the data concerning the patients observed at our Institution. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of the 20 patients bearing primary ear melanoma observed over a period of about 20 years at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan. Results Initial evaluation of the patients revealed 7 stage I, 12 stage II and 1 stage III. The thickness of the tumors varied from 0.39 to 6.62 mm. Fourteen patients underwent a wedge resection of the skin and cartilage with primary closure, and 6 patients had a partial amputation of the ear. In 8 cases the section was performed at about 1 cm from the border of the tumor, in 6 cases at about 0.5 cm, and in 6 cases at more than 1 cm. The average follow-up was 57 months (range, 1-18 years). Since there was no local recurrence, it could not be related to type and extent of the local resection performed. In contrast, the development of metastases was related to tumor thickness. Conclusions A conservative excision with margins of 1 cm can be a safe procedure for invasive ear melanoma, irrespective of tumor thickness. Like melanomas of other sites, the prognosis is linked to the thickness of the tumor.
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18

Dubach, Patrick, Georgios Mantokoudis, Yara Banz, Marco Caversaccio, and Pascal Senn. "Idiopathic External Ear Canal Cholesteatoma." Otology & Neurotology 34, no. 5 (July 2013): e40-e41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mao.0b013e318278bcf9.

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19

Venker-van Haagen, A. J., and I. van der Gaag. "Tumors of the External Ear." Veterinary Quarterly 20, sup1 (January 1998): S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.1998.10807380.

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20

Pappas, Dennis G. "Book Review: The External Ear." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 106, no. 8 (August 1997): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949710600822.

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21

Shute, C. C. D., and A. d'A Bellairs. "The external ear in Crocodilia." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 124, no. 4 (May 7, 2010): 741–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1955.tb07813.x.

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22

Mason, Julian, Paul O'Flynn, and Kevin Gibbin. "Cannabis in the external ear." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 107, no. 5 (May 1993): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100123382.

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ENT surgeons may well be asked to remove cannabis from the external ear where it has been lodged for various reasons. We report two cases and review four other cases we found in the literature to illustrate some of the difficulties. It is important that anyone working with people who abuse drugs are aware that cannabis can be concealed in the external ear.
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23

Templer, Jerry, and Gregory J. Renner. "Injuries of the External Ear." Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 23, no. 5 (October 1990): 1003–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-6665(20)31223-8.

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24

Miura, Maurı́cio Schreiner, José Faibes Lubianca Neto, Rita Carolina Krumenauer, Kátia Prates, Rodrigo de Castro, and Moacyr Saffer. "Behçet’s disease: external ear involvement." International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 68, no. 6 (June 2004): 817–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2003.12.016.

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25

Heras-González, S., L. Aspe-Unanue, and R. González-Pérez. "Nodule on the External Ear." Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (English Edition) 108, no. 6 (July 2017): 581–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adengl.2017.05.008.

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26

Busch, Richard F. "Coccidioidomycosis of the External Ear." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 107, no. 3 (September 1992): 491–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459989210700331.

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27

SPILMAN, LYNN. "EXAMINATION OF THE EXTERNAL EAR." Advances in Neonatal Care 2, no. 2 (April 2002): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/adnc.2002.32041.

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28

Buchwald, Chr, Holme Nielsen, and J. Rosborg. "Keloids of the External Ear." ORL 54, no. 2 (1992): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000276275.

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29

Savage, Alexandra, Melissa K. Nadler, and Rafael Ortega. "External ear findings during anaphylaxis." Journal of Anesthesia 31, no. 5 (March 28, 2017): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00540-017-2342-2.

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30

Hirsch, Barry E. "Infections of the external ear." American Journal of Otolaryngology 13, no. 3 (May 1992): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-0709(92)90115-a.

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31

Ramos, H. V. L., V. C. Guimarães, I. J. L. Amaral, and J. V. B. Castro. "Paracoccidioidomycosis in the external ear." IDCases 15 (2019): e00504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2019.e00504.

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32

Cole, David J., Gregory J. Mackay, Bruce F. Walker, William A. Wooden, Douglas R. Murray, and John J. Coleman. "Melanoma of the external ear." Journal of Surgical Oncology 50, no. 2 (June 1992): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jso.2930500211.

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33

Wynne, Michael K., Jonathan M. Kahn, Debra J. Abel, and Rose L. Allen. "External and Middle Ear Trauma Resulting From Ear Impressions." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 11, no. 07 (July 2000): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1748122.

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AbstractWhen taking an impression of the external ear canal and ear, the audiologist is engaged in an invasive procedure whereby a foreign body is first placed into the ear canal and then removed. There is always an element of risk for significant medical problems when a clinician is performing an invasive procedure. Although some minor patient discomfort and, at times, some slight trauma to the ear canal occur when taking ear impressions, the incidence of significant trauma to the external or middle ear appears to be low. The purpose of this report is to provide some illustrative cases of significant external and middle ear trauma as a result of taking impressions of the external ear. Audiologists are advised to develop and implement an appropriate risk management program for taking ear impressions to reduce the potential risks associated with this procedure to their patients and to their practices. Abbreviations: CIC = completely in the canal, HPD = hearing protection device, OR = operating room, PROS = pressure relief oto-dam system
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34

Vathulya, Madhubari. "Unclassified congenital deformities of the external ear." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 51, no. 01 (January 2018): 098–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijps.ijps_163_17.

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ABSTRACTCongenital ear deformities are a common entity. They are found in isolation or as a part of syndrome in patients. They may involve the external, middle or inner ear or in any of these combinations. Three patients of different ages presented with deformities including mirror image duplication of the superior auricle, unclassified deformities of ear lobule (wavy lobule) and deformity of superior auricle with unclassified variety of lateral ear pit. This article highlights that there are further cases of ear deformities that are noticed in the general population who come for cosmetic correction, and hence, there is a need for further modifying the classification of ear deformities.
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35

Wolff, Lawrence J. "Necrotizing Otitis Externa During Induction Therapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia." Pediatrics 84, no. 5 (November 1, 1989): 882–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.5.882.

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In three children who were receiving acute lymphoblastic leukemia induction therapy and were severely neutropenic, necrotizing otitis externa developed. Two patients had a probing maneuver to their ear canal. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated in heavy growth from the external canal of three patients and other tissues of one patient. Staphylococcus aureus was cultured from the ear canal and tissues of one patient and Streptococcus faecalis from the ear canal of another patient. Necrotizing otitis externa resolved in two patients after 2 weeks of intravenous antibiotics, debridement, and resolution of neutropenia. One patient required prolonged intravenous antibiotics and several surgical procedures. The occurrence of necrotizing otitis externa in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and severe neutropenia, the association of Gram-positive cocci with necrotizing otitis externa, and the importance of protecting anatomic barriers like the external ear canal in immunocompromised patients are emphasized.
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36

Prasad, Ram Jiban, Arbin Shakya, Apurba Acharya, and Ganesh Prasad Neupane. "Anthropometric Study of External Ear: A Comparative Study." Med Phoenix 7, no. 1 (August 19, 2022): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/medphoenix.v7i1.43195.

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Introduction: Ear is the most defining feature of the face and its structure shows the signs of age and sex. The external ears consist of the auricle and the external acoustic meatus. This study was specifically under taken to study the variations in the auricle dimensions, specially height and width, amongst Nepalese medical and nursing students and compare them. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on medical and nursing students of National Medical College, Birgunj, Nepal, with no evidence of congenital ear anomalies or previous ear surgeries. The study consisted of 110 females and 110 males, aged 18–25 years. Results: The descriptive statistics of the ear variables evaluated and measured on both right and left sides. The ear length ranged from 6.31- 6.30 cm with the right ear length being significantly larger than the left ear length (p=0.010). Similarly, the right ear breadth was significantly wider in comparison to the left ear breadth, range from 3.39- 3. 38 cm (p=0.084). The lobular length range 2.38- 2.36 cm (p=0.001) and the lobular breadth range 1.96- 1.93 cm (p=0.000) which were also larger in the right ear compared with the left ear and the differences reached the level of statistically significant. Conclusion: The ear anthropometric measurements of male students showed higher value when compared to the female nursing students. These results support the findings that the sexual dimorphism does exit and showed the statistically significant differences between the sexes. The length of the ear was found to be higher when compared to the width of the ear in both sexes.
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37

Anikin, I. A., S. A. Eremin, A. E. Shinkareva, and S. I. Sitnikov. "Features of external auditory canal anatomy." Russian Otorhinolaryngology 20, no. 1 (2021): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18692/1810-4800-2021-1-72-77.

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The external auditory canal is not only a part of the external ear, but also an integral part of the human auditory system, which conducts and amplifies the sound wave. In the field of otosurgery, it is often the priority access to the tympanic cavity, and therefore it is necessary to clearly understand the features of its anatomy. The dimensions and anatomy of the external auditory canal are extremely variable: the length is 2–3,5 cm, the diameter ranges from 5-9 mm, it is somewhat curved in the horizontal and frontal planes and consists of a membranous cartilaginous part and a bony part, between which there is the most the bottleneck – the isthmus. The ear canal is covered with skin, the thickness and structure of which depends on the section of the ear canal. The membranous cartilaginous section contains sebaceous and sulfur glands. Studies identify several forms of the bony part of the ear canal: conical, hourglass-shaped, ovoid, reverse conical, and cylindrical. The endoscopic scale (CES) for the visibility of the tympanic membrane was also proposed for the convenience of assessment. It has been suggested that the shape of the external auditory canal is an etiological factor in chronic otitis externa. Unambiguous interpretations of the relationship between ear diseases and the shape of the external auditory canal have not yet been obtained, but modern developments tend to consider its importance in the development of ear diseases. Clinical observations show that certain anatomical forms of it may be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation, since they interfere with proper self-cleaning.
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Nigam, Rashi, Kiran Kumar P, and Saurabh Kulshreshtha. "ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY OF EXTERNAL EAR IN NORTH INDIAN POPULATION." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 7, no. 3.2 (August 5, 2019): 6800–6803. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2019.228.

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39

Żurek, Michał, Anna Rzepakowska, and Kazimierz Niemczyk. "Difficulties in clinical staging of external ear canal carcinoma– a case report." Polski Przegląd Otorynolaryngologiczny 7, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.6697.

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Carcinoma of the external auditory canal (EAC) is known to be very rare with a rate of 1-6 per million people. It affects mostly people over the age of 50 regardless of gender. The most common type of carcinoma of EAC is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The aim of this paper is to present the case of a 56-year-old woman with carcinoma of EAC. She was admitted to otolaryngology clinic due to ear buzzing lasting for five months, periodic otorrhea and hearing deterioration in her right ear. In otoscopic examination a tumor in the right ear meatus was identified. It filled almost the entire canal. Biopsy confirmed the presence of squamous-cell cancer. Tumor advancement was diagnosed using computer tomography of the temporal bones, magnetic resonance imaging of the head and ultrasonography of the neck. Imaging examinations indicated T3 N0 stage. Doctors decided to perform lateral petrosectomy with elective neck dissection. During the operation, the results of histopathological examination of frozen specimens from marginal tissues revealed an invasion of the anterior wall of the ear canal, capsule of temporomandibular joint and parotid gland. The resection eventually included also parotid gland and temporo-mandibular joint with the caput of the mandible. After recuperation, the patient had complementary radiotherapy. The presented case shows that precise imaging is necessary before surgical treatment, but unfortunately the invasion of cancer may not be estimated properly. Based on literature, the best prognosis concerns wide resection with complementary radiotherapy, although the schedule of treatment is not determined.
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40

Bollez, Anouck, Hilde de Rooster, Alessandra Furcas, and Sophie Vandenabeele. "Prevalence of external ear disorders in Belgian stray cats." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 20, no. 2 (April 4, 2017): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x17700808.

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Objectives Feline otitis externa is a multifactorial dermatological disorder about which very little is known. The objective of this study was to map the prevalence of external ear canal disorders and the pathogens causing otitis externa in stray cats roaming around the region of Ghent, Belgium. Methods One hundred and thirty stray cats were randomly selected during a local trap–neuter–return programme. All cats were European Shorthairs. This study included clinical, otoscopic and cytological evaluation of both external ears of each cat. Prospective data used as parameters in this study included the sex, age and body condition score of each cat, as well as the presence of nasal and/or ocular discharge, and the results of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) Snap tests. Results Remarkably, very few (sub)clinical problems of the external ear canal were found in the stray cat population. Malassezia species was by far the most common organism found in the external ear canals of the 130 stray cats. A total of 96/130 (74%) cats were found to have Malassezia species organisms present in one or both ears based on the cytological examination. No correlation was found between the parameters of sex, age, body condition score, the presence of nasal and/or ocular discharge and FIV and FeLV status, and the presence of parasites, bacteria or yeasts. Conclusions and relevance This study provides more information about the normal state of the external ear canal of stray cats. The ears of most stray cats are relatively healthy. The presence of Malassezia species organisms in the external ear canal is not rare among stray cats.
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Silva, Aline Papin Roedas da, Wanderléia Quinhoneiro Blasca, José Roberto Pereira Lauris, and Jerusa Roberta Massola de Oliveira. "Correlation between the characteristics of resonance and aging of the external ear." CoDAS 26, no. 2 (April 2014): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/2014211in.

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PURPOSE: Aging causes changes in the external ear as a collapse of the external auditory canal and tympanic membrane senile. Knowing them is appropriate for the diagnosis of hearing loss and selection of hearing aids. For this reason, the study aimed to verify the influence of the anatomical changes of the external ear resonance in the auditory canal in the elderly. METHODS: The sample consisted of objective measures of the external ear of elderly with collapse (group A), senile tympanic membrane (group B) and without changing the external auditory canal or tympanic membrane (group C) and adults without changing the external ear (group D). In the retrospective/clinical study were performed comparisons of measures of individuals with and without alteration of the external ear through the gain and response external ear resonant frequency and the primary peak to the right ear. RESULTS: In groups A, B and C was no statistically significant difference between Real Ear Unaided Response (REUR) and Real Ear Unaided Gain (REUG), but not for the peak frequency. For groups A and B were shown significant differences in REUR and REUG. Between the C and D groups were significant statistics to the REUR and REUG, but not for the frequency of the primary peak. CONCLUSION: Changes influence the external ear resonance, decreasing its amplitude. However, the frequency of the primary peak is not affected
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Yu, Jen Fang, and Wei De Cheng. "Effect of Canal Depth on Sound Pressure Level Distribution in Human Bilateral Ears." Applied Mechanics and Materials 145 (December 2011): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.145.63.

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This study was to measure the sound pressure level distribution by ear canal resonance in the human left and right external auditory canals (EAC). The gain for different stimulus frequencies was analyzed at four different measuring depths (0.5 cm, 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm and 2.0 cm) from the entrance of the ear canal bilaterally. Comparative evaluation showed that the gain for different stimulus frequencies at a depth of 2.0 cm was consistent with the results of Dillon’s study. In addition, the gain for the right EAC at 4000 Hz was larger than that of the left EAC by 1.2 dB at 0.5 cm, 1.8 dB at 1.0 cm, and 0.8 dB at 1.5 cm. This seems to suggest that gain at 4000 Hz is more affected by depth in the right EAC than in the left EAC. This study further found that the gain at the stimulus frequency of 4000 Hz was more affected by the depth than at 2000 Hz for the bilateral ear canals respectively. These gain differences between the right and left ears were statistically significant (p<0.05) at any of four measuring depths. The findings of this study may have an understanding of gain distribution to have implications for microphone placement of custom-made bilateral hearing aids (i.e. ITC or CIC) as these are placed at different depths within the ear canal. Keywords: Sound pressure level; Canal depth; Ear canal resonance; Real ear measurement; External auditory canal
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43

Karsli, Cengiz H., Oleh M. Antonyshyn, Christopher R. Forrest, Dalai Assaad, and Ida Ackerman. "Malignant Tumours of the External Ear." Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery 1, no. 4 (December 1993): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/229255039300100404.

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CH Karsli, OM Antonyshyn, CR Forrest, D Assaad, I Ackerman. Malignant tumours of the external ear. Can J Plast Surg 1994;1(4): 177-183. This study employs a retrospective chart review to describe the demographic features, clinical presentation and treatment of malignant tumours of the external ear. This series includes 129 tumours of the external ear in as many consecutive patients presenting to the Toronto Bayview Regional Cancer Centre between January 1986 and December 1991. Sixty-seven per cent of those tumours were basal cell carcinomas, 32% were squamous cell carcinomas, and a single case of Kaposi's sarcoma was encountered. The majority of patients was male and the mean age was 70.1 years. The helical rim was the most common site of involvement, followed by the postauricular, conchal and antihelical regions. Small tumours were located in the visually obvious areas of the ear, namely the helix and lobule, whereas larger tumours were found in the deeper central portions such as the concha and external auditory meatus. Twelve per cent of squamous cell carcinomas were metastatic at the time of treatment. Treatment methods included electrodesiccation and curettage, surgical excision with or without frozen sections, radiotherapy or combination therapy. Surgical excision, with frozen section control in carefully selected cases, remains the treatment of choice for the majority of external ear tumours. Various methods of reconstruction of the resulting defects are described.
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44

Schusser, G. F. "Examination of the external ear canal." Equine Veterinary Education 27, no. 9 (August 2, 2015): 467–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eve.12424.

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Shireen, Sidra, and Vrushali P. Karadkhelkar. "ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF HUMAN EXTERNAL EAR." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 4, no. 59 (July 22, 2015): 10333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2015/1489.

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Loock, J. "Keratosis obturans and external ear cholesteatoma." Clinical Otolaryngology 30, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2273.2005.00999.x.

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LaFrentz, John R. "Unusual Anomaly of the External Ear." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 83, no. 8 (August 2004): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014556130408300811.

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Liaw, Jeffrey, Vijay A. Patel, and Michele M. Carr. "Congenital anomalies of the external ear." Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 28, no. 2 (June 2017): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otot.2017.03.012.

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Hsiao, Shih-Hsuan, and Tien-Chen Liu. "Osteoma of the External Ear Canal." Otology & Neurotology 24, no. 6 (November 2003): 960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00129492-200311000-00025.

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Izquierdo Cuenca, Marta, Magdalena Pérez Ortín, and José M. Gómez Martín-Zarco. "Kaposi Sarcoma in the External Ear." Acta Otorrinolaringologica (English Edition) 64, no. 6 (November 2013): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otoeng.2013.11.004.

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