Academic literature on the topic 'Earl Grey (Ship)'

This article explores wealth accumulation among European immigrants who arrived in the United States between 1840 and 1850. It uses a new sample of immigrants linked from passenger-ship records to the 1850 and 1860 federal census manuscripts. These immigrants rapidly accumulated real and personal wealth. Their real wealth grew 10 percent with each year≈s residence in the United States. This was not because immigrants arriving in the early 1840s were wealthier at arrival than later arrivals, nor was the rapid accumulation of wealth confined to one nationality or occupation. Rather, it reflects these immigrants≈ abilities to adapt to new circumstances after their arrival.

The Shias grew rapidly since the Iranian Revolution in 1979 and has prompted debates of Islamic thought around the world. The encounter with the Shias implicates religion the Muslim community in Malaysia. This is evidenced by the increasing number of Shia groups in Malaysia, a country which the majority are Ahl al-Sunah wa al-Jamaah. This is likely because the Shias use the human rights approach as an argument for spreading their creed. In the meantime one of the states in Malaysia that the Shia teachings spread widely is the State of Kedah. Therefore, this study is aimed at identifying the perception of the Shias against the aqidah of Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah in Kedah. The al-Zahra's Husainiyah Center located in the Pendang district was chosen as the location of the study. In addition, three types of data collection techniques are used for document analysis, observation and interview. Then data analysis is made narrative. The findings show that Shia development in Kedah was active in the early 1990s. In addition, the findings illustrate the good interactions between the Shias and the Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah. Meanwhile, the study finds a contradiction between the beliefs, perceptions and practices among the Shias. Even the Shias accept the differences in the question of Imamah found between the Shias and the Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah. This study contributes information on the development of Shias in Kedah, and helps religious institutions deal with Shia influence in the country. At the same time, this study provides guidance to the society on the difference between the Shia and the Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah

For over two centuries (from the 17th Century to the early 19th Century), the Nguyen Lords in Cochinchina spent a lot of efforts to develop the navy forces to protect the sovereignty of sea & islands. The navy forces in Cochinchina rapidly grew in terms of troop strength, means and weapons. The Nguyen Lords were greatly concerned about this and frequently urged the recruiting of new troops to expand the fleet. Through trade, the Nguyen Lords established close relationship with Western merchants. With their help in weapon trading and manufacturing, Cochinchina was successfully equipped with fire arms for both infantry and navy forces. The Nguyen Lords were also interested in ship building and troops drilling. War ships in this time significant advanced in technical and combat abilities and capabilities. Therefore, Nguyen Lords’ Navy achieved a lot of notable victories, keeping up with the illustrious tradition of our nation's sea warfare. Typical of these feats included - To sink Japanese pirate ships in 1585; - To defeat the attack of the Dutch East India Company fleets (Vereenigde OostIndische Compagnie, VOC) in 1643; - To fight back the British troops, occupying Kunlun Islands in 1705; etc. In addition to powerful professional army, Nguyen Lords also built many military patrols, to protect and exploit marine resources in the East Sea. The military sea patrols named Hoang Sa, Bac Hai, Que Huong, Dai Mao Hai Ba, Que Huong Ham, etc. were born one by one. They came from fishermen who voluntarily joined military forces in the capacity of draftee (in the sense of military duty personnel); therefore, they were usually called by the name of “military personnel" or "military fishermen". In addition to collecting gold, silver, tools, etc.... of shipwreck to bring back to Nguyen Lords, they were also ready to fight every enemy who violated national sea sovereignty. They really were "war heroes" on the sea. The task of “the military fisherman troops” could be said to be extremely heavy, not just for economic life, but always associated with military tasks, such as going out on reconnaissance, spying, watching out and reporting on pirates, fighting pirates to protect the East sea. They face a lot of dangers to defend the sea-land sovereignty for the nation’s welfare. In this light, “the military fisherman troops” existed throughout the reign of the Nguyen Lords and the later Nguyen dynasty. Recent new findings have reflected a lot of interesting facts about the activities of “the military fisherman troops” as well as their living on the sea during the time of their mission. With all their achievements, “the then military fisherman troops” built up beautiful images shining with patriotism and the spirit of sacrificing their life for the country. The Nguyen Lords set up the Shipping Department in charge of registering, supervising and dealing with boats and ships from abroad to supervise and control the security at the sea.

AbstractMeteorological and air-quality model simulations are analyzed alongside observations to investigate the role of the Chesapeake Bay breeze on surface air quality, pollutant transport, and boundary layer venting. A case study was conducted to understand why a particular day was the only one during an 11-day ship-based field campaign on which surface ozone was not elevated in concentration over the Chesapeake Bay relative to the closest upwind site and why high ozone concentrations were observed aloft by in situ aircraft observations. Results show that southerly winds during the overnight and early-morning hours prevented the advection of air pollutants from the Washington, D.C., and Baltimore, Maryland, metropolitan areas over the surface waters of the bay. A strong and prolonged bay breeze developed during the late morning and early afternoon along the western coastline of the bay. The strength and duration of the bay breeze allowed pollutants to converge, resulting in high concentrations locally near the bay-breeze front within the Baltimore metropolitan area, where they were then lofted to the top of the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Near the top of the PBL, these pollutants were horizontally advected to a region with lower PBL heights, resulting in pollution transport out of the boundary layer and into the free troposphere. This elevated layer of air pollution aloft was transported downwind into New England by early the following morning where it likely mixed down to the surface, affecting air quality as the boundary layer grew.

Abstract. Reverend Richard Davis (1790–1863) was a colonial-era missionary stationed in the Far North of New Zealand who was a key figure in the early efforts of the Church Mission Society. He kept meticulous meteorological records for the early settlements of Waimate North and Kaikohe, and his observations are preserved in a two-volume set in the Sir George Grey Special Collections in the Auckland Central Library. The Davis diary volumes are significant because they constitute some of the earliest land-based meteorological measurements that were continually chronicled for New Zealand. The diary measurements cover nine years within the 1839–1851 time span that are broken into two parts: 1839–1844 and 1848–1851. Davis' meteorological recordings include daily 9 a.m. and noon temperatures and midday pressure measurements. Qualitative comments in the diary note prevailing wind flow, wind strength, cloud cover, climate variability impacts, bio-indicators suggestive of drought, and notes on extreme weather events. "Dirty weather" comments scattered throughout the diary describe disturbed conditions with strong winds and driving rainfall. The Davis diary entries coincide with the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA) and they indicate southerly and westerly circulation influences and cooler winter temperatures were more frequent than today. A comparison of climate field reconstructions derived from the Davis diary data and tree-ring-based winter temperature reconstructions are supported by tropical coral palaeotemperature evidence. Davis' pressure measurements were corroborated using ship log data from vessels associated with iconic Antarctic exploration voyages that were anchored in the Bay of Islands, and suggest the pressure series he recorded are robust and can be used as "station data". The Reverend Davis meteorological data are expected to make a significant contribution to the Atmospheric Circulation Reconstructions across the Earth (ACRE) project, which feeds the major data requirements for the longest historical reanalysis – the 20th Century Reanalysis Project (20CR). Thus these new data will help extend surface pressure-based reanalysis reconstructions of past weather covering New Zealand within the data-sparse Southern Hemisphere.

AbstractTHAT something remarkable was happening in England in the quarter millennium separating the late sixteenth century from the early nineteenth is plain. In Elizabeth I's reign the Spanish Armada was perceived as a grave threat: the English ships were scarcely a match for the Spanish, and the weather played a major part in the deliverance of the nation. By the later eighteenth century the Royal Navy was unchallenged by the naval forces of any other single country, and during the generation of war which followed the French revolution, it proved capable of controlling the seas in the face of the combined naval forces mustered by Napoleon in an attempt to break the British oceanic stranglehold. Growing naval dominance was a symbol of a far more pervasive phenomenon. In the later sixteenth century England was not a leading European power and could exercise little influence over events at a distance from its shores. The Napoleonic wars showed that, even when faced by a coalition of countries occupying the bulk of Europe west of Russia and led by one of the greatest of military commanders, Britain possessed the depth of resources to weather a very long war, enabling her to outlast her challenger and secure a victory. The combination of a large and assertive Navy and dominant financial and commercial strength meant that, in the early decades of the nineteenth century, Britain was able to impose her will over large tracts of every continent. But her dominance did not grow out of the barrel of a gun. It derived chiefly from exceptional economic success: it grew out of the corn sack, the cotton mill, and the coal mine.

New Zealand experienced a massive influx of European immigrants in the 1870s and early 1880s after the introduction of Julius Vogel's assisted immigration programme. Single women under the age of thirty-five were a significant target group of recruitment schemes. They were expected to contribute to the colony's labour force as domestic servants and balance New Zealand's surplus of male settlers by becoming wives and mothers. Many of these young women had never been away from home until they embarked on their hazardous journey halfway around the world. Elizabeth Fairbairn, a single woman emigrant herself, was the matron in charge of the young women travelling to New Zealand on board the Oamaru in 1877–78. She narrates in her shipboard diary that Christmas Day made many of the single women homesick: “A great many of the girls grew downhearted last night and had such a good cry, poor things I was sorry for them, for the heart does feel things at a time like this and it is the first time a good many of them have been from home” (25 Dec. 1877). Jane Finlayson was one of these homesick “girls” on the same ship a year earlier. On 22 September 1876 she writes in her diary: “After parting with our friends at Greenock and thinking that ‘Whatever be our earthly lot, Wherever we may roam, Still to our heart the brightest spot, Is round the hearth at home’ we came with the tug on board this ship.” Having left their old home, the women emigrants spent three months crammed into an uncomfortable steerage compartment, honing domestic skills such as sewing and knitting. The ship became a temporary home in which the emigrants prepared for their future life in New Zealand. Metropolitan notions of femininity which located women in the private, domestic sphere had to be questioned and modified on board. While the single women's compartment was supposed both to become a home away from home and to represent a domestic setting, the transitional and public nature of shipboard space complicated both of these projects. This ambiguity relates to an image of single women which was similarly contradictory. The single woman emigrant was a figure at the centre of discourses of femininity and community: on her centred hope but also anxiety. Like in other settler colonies, it was imagined in New Zealand that women would exert beneficial moral and religious influence upon male-dominated colonial society. Women were thus expected to act as creators of community, both ideologically through their moral influence and physically by bearing children. However, until they got married, single women also represented a threat: they were often held responsible for the increase in prostitution in New Zealand (Macdonald 180). This illustrates the danger women could embody: again, both ideologically, since prostitution was seen as contaminating the moral character of society, and physically, since deviant sexual activity was often seen as undermining the biological purity of the community. How did such notions of femininity and community travel from Britain to New Zealand? How were they constructed and redefined during the transitional period of the voyage? In order to explore these questions this essay discusses two texts that also travelled, and narrate travelling: the two shipboard diaries by Elizabeth Fairbairn and Jane Finlayson referenced above, which look at single women's experience of emigration from the slightly different perspectives of a matron and a young woman under the care of a matron. The figure of the matron is an ambiguous one within the notion of women as representing both hope and anxiety: she is not married but nevertheless in a position of relative authority compared to the other single women on board. Elizabeth Fairbairn's diary represents her efforts to create unity among the women under her charge by submitting all of them to the same ideology of femininity. However, her text also has to deal with her own complicated status within the social structure of the ship. Jane Finlayson's text aims to contain anxiety and ambiguity by framing subversive and frightening events within the generic conventions of a shipboard diary. It negotiates the position of the single women on board while simultaneously reaffirming this position.

The old fishing ports in the Netherlands are considered to have been isolated communities, both culturally and socially. Traditions were being kept alive and interaction with the outer world was limited to commercial activities related to fishing. Although this view is valid for some fishing ports up to the present, in the past exceptions were present as well. This article points to the differences in this perspective between two Dutch towns, Vlaardingen and Scheveningen between 1870 and 1950. In origin these towns were both traditional fishing ports, but where Scheveningen kept its relative isolation, Vlaardingen developed as an open labour market for fishermen. Whereas the Scheveningen fleet throughout this period was predominantly (around 95 per cent) manned with fisherman from the hometown, the crew of Vlaardingen ships was mixed with both local fisherman and labour migrants from other Dutch towns and even Germany. From the late 1870s the percentage of non-native crew aboard Vlaardingen vessels grew from just under half to almost three quarters in 1950. Explanations can be sought in the economic, cultural and geographical conditions of both towns. Vlaardingen had a more ‘open’ economy than Scheveningen, which culminated in the second half of the nineteenth century when it gradually industrialised. Scheveningen on the other hand stuck to fishing. Immigration in Scheveningen was limited, while Vlaardingen since early modern times hosted a substantial amount of labour migrants, both seasonal and permanent. Culturally Vlaardingen was far more diverse than Scheveningen. It had for example a large Protestant community, but often fishermen were Roman Catholics. Vlaardingen was situated on the banks of the river Meuse, which geographic position connected the town to the economically important Dutch ‘water network’. Scheveningen on the contrary lay isolated between the seaside and The Hague.

Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) is known as “the king of flowers” for its beautiful and showy flowers. It is regarded as the symbol flower of China and is cultivated throughout the country. During the summer of 2006, a leaf spot was observed on tree peony cultivated in the Zhengzhou area of Henan Province, and in 2007, the leaf spot was observed in the Luoyang area. In some gardens, the leaf spot affected more than 50% of the plants. Early symptoms appeared as small, round, water-soaked lesions on the leaves. Lesions expanded into 5 to 35-mm-diameter spots that were circular or irregular, brown to dark brown, with pale brown margins. Later, the center of some lesions dropped out. Signs of the suspected pathogen were usually seen on the leaf spots after an abundant rainfall. Lesions contained numerous, pale brown, cupulate conidiomata with salmon-colored spore masses. Conidiophores (70 × 1 to 2 μm) were hyaline, branched, septate, and filiform. Conidia (5.5 to 7.5 × 1.5 to 2 μm) were hyaline, aseptate, and cymbiform to allantoid. The pathogen was identified as Hainesia lythri on the basis of the morphology. This fungus infects a wide variety of hosts including P. suffruticosa, Acer pseudoplatanus, Calluna sp., Dissotis paucistellata, Epilobium angustifolium, and Eucalyptus saligna (3). The fungus was isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium using conidia from conidiomata found on symptomatic leaf tissue; the fungus produced gray-to-brown colonies. Pathogenicity was tested by inoculating 10 leaves on one 5-year-old tree with a mycelia plug from the colony (0.5 cm in diameter); leaves inoculated with plugs of PDA medium served as controls. Inoculated leaves were covered with plastic for 24 h to maintain high relative humidity and incubated at 25 to 28°C. After 5 days, 100% of the inoculated leaves showed symptoms identical to those observed on leaves from P. suffruticosa infected in the field while controls remained symptom free. Reisolation of the fungus from lesions on inoculated leaves confirmed that the causal agent was H. lythri. Thus, we concluded that H. lythri is the causal agent of leaf spots of P. suffruticosa. To our knowledge, this is the first report of H. lythri infecting P. suffruticosa in China. H. lythri has been previously reported on Paeonia in Japan and Korea (1,2). References: (1) W. D. Cho and H. D. Shin, eds. List of Plant Diseases in Korea. 4th ed. Korean Society of Plant Pathology, 2004. (2) M. E. Palm. Mycologia 83:787, 1991. (3) B. C. Sutton. The Coelomycetes. CAB International Publishing, New York, 1980.

Udo, Aralia cordata Thumb, Araliaceae, is a traditional Japanese perennial vegetable and used in Chinese herbal medicines. During the last 10 days of July 2008, before the period of flower, leaf spots were observed on udo growing under pine trees in Nasushiobara, Tochigi, Japan. Leaf spots affected more than 40% of the plants. Early symptoms appeared as small, round or irregular, water-soaked, dark brown lesions on the leaves. These areas expanded to 15 to 30 mm in diameter, were irregular and pale brown in the central area and the margin of the lesions were water soaked and dark brown. Later, some lesions coalesced. In continuously wet or humid conditions, conidiophores with conidia appeared on the surface of leaf spots. Conidiophores were medium brown and simple (approximately 70 to 160 × 6 to 8 μm). Well-developed conidia were long-obclavate, base obtuse, straight, yellowish brown, smooth walled, with six to nine transverse septa and three to five longitudinal or oblique septa, constricted at some main septa, some cells easily swelled, conidium body was 72 to 100 × 19 to 34 μm, and the rostra extension was 40 to 90 × 4 to 5 μm. The pathogen was identified as Alternaria panax on the basis of the morphology and sequence of ITS1-5.8s-ITS2 of rDNA. The sequence (GenBank Accession No. FJ607183) exactly matched the sequences of two A. panax (e.g., GenBank Accession Nos. AY898639 and AY898640) (2–4). The fungus was isolated on V8 agar from a single conidium found on symptomatic leaf tissue. Colonies of A. panax were gray-to-black and did not easily produce conidia on the agar. Koch's postulates were performed with the leaves of three branches on a field plant of Aralia cordata. Leaves were inoculated with a mycelial plug harvested from the periphery of a 7-day-old colony; an equal number of leaves on the same plant inoculated with plugs of V8 medium served as the control. All test leaves were covered with plastic bags for 24 h to maintain high relative humidity and incubated at a natural temperature (approximately 24 to 28°C). After 7 days, all inoculated leaves showed symptoms identical to those observed in natural conditions, whereas the controls remained symptom free. Reisolation of the fungus from lesions on inoculated leaves confirmed that the causal agent was A. panax. This species has been previously reported on Aralia cordata in Korea (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spots caused by A. panax on Aralia cordata in Japan. References: (1) W. D. Cho and H. D. Shin. List of Plant Diseases in Korea. 4th ed. Korean Society of Plant Pathology, 2004. (2) E. G. Simmons. Mycotaxon 14:17, 1982. (3) E. G. Simmons. Alternaria: An Identification Manual. CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 2007. (4) T. Y. Zhang et al. Flora Fungorum Sinicorum: Alternaria. Vol. 16. Science Press (in Chinese), Beijing, 2003.

Early childhood embodied a pleasant mix of sand and sea - and ships. Home was the curiously named Borwick Rails, facing south across the beautiful Duddon Estuary in the extreme south of Cumberland. The house, which was a prominent sea-mark for ships, was situated only a few hundred yards from a wharf or quay, connected by a railway to an ironworks nearby with six blast furnaces. Behind the house was the Victorian town of Millom, created in mid-century as the result of the discovery of a large ore body of extremely high quality. Once mining had begun at Hodbarrow, an ironworks soon followed, and settlement at Millom grew rapidly, drawing workers from Cornwall and North Wales as well as from rural Cumberland....

The entrepreneur from San Antonio - Conrad Hilton 1 is often associated with Texas, however, he was actually born and raised in San Antonio, New Mexico, an area near the Rio Grande, surrounded by vast high deserts and stark mountains. He was born on Christmas Day, 1887, second of nine children and, being the firstborn son, he was expected to quickly learn business skills from his father in hope that he could take over the family shop business when he grew up. Conrad discusses his childhood and early years of his career in much detail in his autobiography Be My Guest (Hilton, 1957) and states there that it was in his family home he learnt two values which would guide his whole life: work and faith.

In the tropical zones of mainland America and the Caribbean islands, plantations became a key vehicle for imperial expansion—an early hothouse of intensive production which boosted Caribbean populations from 200,000 to two million over a couple of centuries. The indigenous population, as noted in the last chapter, had no place in this system and was largely destroyed or its remnants absorbed. But the labour requirements of the plantation system, its location, and the diseases it engendered also shaped a demography weighted against white settlers, especially in the Caribbean. At the northern limits of European intrusion, on the Atlantic coast, down the St Lawrence River, and on the shores of the Hudson Bay, the imperial frontier was extended more by trade than by agrarian settlement. In this chapter, we illustrate how the natural environment of this region, as well as economic and political forces, influenced the routes of intrusion and patterns of interaction. In contrast to the Caribbean, Native Americans had a major role in supplying imperial markets. Coastal settler society in the Americas, from Boston north, grew partly around the cod fisheries. The Grand Banks off the Canadian coast were a particularly rich source of cod and had been fished by the Spanish, Portuguese, and Basques since the sixteenth century or before. By the early seventeenth century, as many as 300 French and 150 British ships were recorded at one time on what became the Canadian coast. Cod fisheries were largely run by Europeans and based on European technology. They became the basis for an important export trade in dried and salted cod, bacalhau, to Europe and the Caribbean, where sources of protein were in short supply. On the sugar islands, especially, there were severe constraints on keeping livestock, and a lack of indigenous species to hunt. Dried cod, traded from North to Central America, to some degree filled this dietary gap; not only did it last well but it was also light to transport. Crosby has argued that North America was particularly porous with respect to the absorption of Eurasian animal and plant species and that these greatly facilitated settler colonialism.