Academic literature on the topic 'Earliest times to present day'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Earliest times to present day.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Earliest times to present day"
1
Tomlin, D. H. "The RSRE: a brief history, from earliest times to present day." IEE Review 34, no. 10 (1988): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ir:19880161.
Full text
2
Taiwo, Rotimi. "The functions of English in Nigeria from the earliest times to the present day." English Today 25, no. 2 (May 26, 2009): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078409000121.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThe use of the English language in Nigeria dates back to the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century when British merchants and Christian missionaries settled in the coastal towns called Badagry, near Lagos in the present day South Western Nigeria and Calabar, a town in the present day South Eastern Nigeria. The merchants initially traded in slaves until the slave trade was abolished in 1807, at which time freed slaves of Nigerian origin returned to the country. Many of them, who had been exposed to Western education and Christianity, later served as translators or interpreters for the Christian missionaries. The primary aim of the Christian mission was not to make their converts speak English; rather, it was to make them literate enough to read the bible in their indigenous languages. This must be the reason why Samuel Ajayi Crowder translated the English bible into Yoruba, the major language in South Western Nigeria.With the attainment of independence, English gradually grew to become the major medium for inter-ethnic communication. Like most African nations, the country, after independence, had to grapple with multi-ethnicity and acute multilingualism. In this article, we shall examine the expansion in the functions of English during the post-colonial period.
3
Thielhelm, Tara, Bernard Lewis, and Stanley Burstein. "Land of Enchanters: Egyptian Short Stories from the Earliest Times to the Present Day." International Journal of African Historical Studies 35, no. 2/3 (2002): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3097634.
Full text
4
Klajn, Ivan. "Purism and antipurism in present-day Serbian." Juznoslovenski filolog, no. 64 (2008): 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi0864153k.
Full textAbstract:
As in other Balkan languages, Serbo-Croatian vocabulary is of mixed origin Ever since its earliest days, some of the commonest words were borrowed from Greek, Latin, Italian, Turkish, Hungarian, and in more recent times from Russian, Czech and German. For this reason most loanwords are received without resistance in Serbia. The same openness is shared by practically all Serbian linguists, while purist attitudes are only to be found among laymen. A less relaxed policy might prove to be advisable towards the Anglicisms of today, since global English is more universally present and more penetrating than any foreign language in the past. In Croatia, on the other hand, purism was adopted as an official policy, first as a response to the threats of Germanization (within the Austro-Hungarian empire) and later to the presumed Serbian domination (in Yugoslavia). As a consequence, the mechanisms of word formation are better developed in Croatian, but at the same time many artificial coinages and recycled archaisms have been launched, leading to what is known as the 'Croatian Newspeak'. While Croatian linguists are constantly on the guard against Serbianisms, in Serbia many Croatian words have been adopted almost without resistance, especially when they are shorter, more practical or more precise than their Serbian equivalents.
5
Schokkenbroek, J. C. A. "Book Review: The History of the Ship: The Story of Seafaring from the Earliest Times to the Present Day." International Journal of Maritime History 15, no. 1 (June 2003): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387140301500111.
Full text
6
Lonsdale, David. "English Spirituality, volume I: From Earliest Times to 1700, and: English Spirituality, volume II: From 1700 to the Present Day (review)." Spiritus: A Journal of Christian Spirituality 3, no. 1 (2003): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/scs.2003.0014.
Full text
7
James, Stuart. "Historical Dictionary of Aviation: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day200977David Wragg. Historical Dictionary of Aviation: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Stroud: The History Press 2008. viii+344 pp., ISBN: 978 0 7509 4527 1 £25." Reference Reviews 23, no. 2 (February 13, 2009): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09504120910935309.
Full text
8
Collishaw, Neil E. "Historique de l’évolution des modes de financement des services de santé au Canada." Articles 56, no. 2 (January 21, 2009): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/600912ar.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The history of Canadian government involvement in health care financing from the earliest colonial times to the present day is briefly reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the institution of major health care insurance programs and the underlying reasons for their implementation. The current financing arrangements, as dictated by the Established Programs Financing Act of 1977, are reviewed in some detail with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of these arrangements.
9
Bratkin, D. A. "О латинском произношении (некоторые методические рекомендации для студентов-итальянистов)." Studia Culturae, no. 55 (June 30, 2023): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31312/2310-1245-2023-55-42-69.
Full textAbstract:
Students of the Italian Сulture would often face certain difficulties with the pronunciation of Latin quotations in their essays. The author addresses this issue, aiming at the educated lay audience untrained in either linguistics or Classical philology. He provides an outline of the history of the pronunciation from the earliest Roman times to the present day, including that of the Ecclesiastical Latin and national pronunciations of Latin. Finally, he gives some practical advice on the pronunciation for the conference paper presentations and the like.
10
Miller, Tara K., Amanda S. Gallinat, Linnea C. Smith, and Richard B. Primack. "Comparing fruiting phenology across two historical datasets: Thoreau’s observations and herbarium specimens." Annals of Botany 128, no. 2 (April 8, 2021): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcab019.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background and Aims Fruiting remains under-represented in long-term phenology records, relative to leaf and flower phenology. Herbarium specimens and historical field notes can fill this gap, but selecting and synthesizing these records for modern-day comparison requires an understanding of whether different historical data sources contain similar information, and whether similar, but not equivalent, fruiting metrics are comparable with one another. Methods For 67 fleshy-fruited plant species, we compared observations of fruiting phenology made by Henry David Thoreau in Concord, Massachusetts (1850s), with phenology data gathered from herbarium specimens collected across New England (mid-1800s to 2000s). To identify whether fruiting times and the order of fruiting among species are similar between datasets, we compared dates of first, peak and last observed fruiting (recorded by Thoreau), and earliest, mean and latest specimen (collected from herbarium records), as well as fruiting durations. Key Results On average, earliest herbarium specimen dates were earlier than first fruiting dates observed by Thoreau; mean specimen dates were similar to Thoreau’s peak fruiting dates; latest specimen dates were later than Thoreau’s last fruiting dates; and durations of fruiting captured by herbarium specimens were longer than durations of fruiting observed by Thoreau. All metrics of fruiting phenology except duration were significantly, positively correlated within (r: 0.69–0.88) and between (r: 0.59–0.85) datasets. Conclusions Strong correlations in fruiting phenology between Thoreau’s observations and data from herbaria suggest that field and herbarium methods capture similar broad-scale phenological information, including relative fruiting times among plant species in New England. Differences in the timing of first, last and duration of fruiting suggest that historical datasets collected with different methods, scales and metrics may not be comparable when exact timing is important. Researchers should strongly consider matching methodology when selecting historical records of fruiting phenology for present-day comparisons.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Earliest times to present day"
1
Allotey, Janette Christine. "Discourses on the function of the pelvis in childbearing from ancient times until the present day." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2007. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3607/.
Full textAbstract:
This historical research traces evolving beliefs about the function of the pelvis in childbirth from ancient times until the present day. The female pelvis was considered facilitative of birth in ancient times, acquiring an increasingly negative image adjacent to developments in the study of anatomy and medicine. The ancient doctrine of humours highlighted constitutional differences between the sexes, which sixteenth-century anatomists refined down to the level of the pelvis. The idea that the female pelvis was perfect for childbearing was exalted as a natural reason for women's domestic and childrearing roles in society. Paradoxically, men midwives (now obstetricians) contended pelvic pathology often meant women failed miserably in this role. The pelvis was also harnessed by men midwives to demonstrate traditional midwives' ignorance of reproductive anatomy. The midwife authors discussed in this thesis were aware of this, and the need for all midwives to have a contemporary knowledge of the bony pelvis and female reproductive anatomy, in order to converse with doctors and maintain public confidence. Whilst forceps could overcome mild degrees of obstructed labour caused by a narrow pelvis, surgical techniques were employed to explore ways of widening or bypassing it, such as symphysiotomy or caesarean section. The foray into pelvic mensuration which began in the eighteenth century, continued unabated until the late twentieth century. Seemingly objective medical studies were also cultural markers which aimed to justify social differences between sex, race, and class. As maternal mortality declined in the late twentieth century, and the safety and versatility of the caesarean operation increased alongside developments in fetal medicine, concerns about the size and shape of the pelvis became of less consequence. Despite tremendous medical endeavour, the old adage, the fetal head is the best pelvimeter, continues to underpin practice to this day.
2
Schindler, Agata. "Oskar Elschek (Hg.): A History of Slovak Music. From the Earliest Times to the Present, Bratislava (Veda, Publisher of the Slovak Academy of Sciences) 2003 [Rezension]." Arbeitsgemeinschaft für die Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa an der Universität Leipzig, 2005. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A15998.
Full text
3
Zavatti, Francesco. "The Burden of Sad Times. Another Face of the Twentieth Century : Review of Stefano Bottoni's book 'Un altro Novecento L’Europa orientale dal 1919 a oggi' ['Another twentieth century: Eastern Europe from 1919 to the present day']." Södertörns högskola, Centrum för Östersjö- och Östeuropaforskning (CBEES), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-17688.
Full text
4
Tolley, Rebecca. "Review of Historical Statistics of the United States: Earliest Times to the Present: v.1, Part A: Population; v.2, Part B: Work and Welfare; v.3, Part C: Economic Structure and Performance; v.4, Part D: Economic Sectors; v.5, Part E: Governance and International Relations." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5634.
Full textAbstract:
Review of Review of Historical Statistics of the United States: Earliest Times to the Present: v.1, Part A: Population; v.2, Part B: Work and Welfare; v.3, Part C: Economic Structure and Performance; v.4, Part D: Economic Sectors; v.5, Part E: Governance and International Relations. Susan B. Carter et al Cambridge. 2006. 5v, 0521817919, $825.00
5
Kroupová, Veronika. "Klavírní školy současnosti a jejich využití v praxi na ZUŠ." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-349185.
Full textAbstract:
Bc. Veronika Landkammerová Résumé The thesis Contemporary piano methods and their usage in practice at Elementary schools of art deals with the most common and also the most suitable piano methods used in the Czech Republic. It's based on new trends at the turn of the 19th and 20th century, whose one of the pioneers was Ludwig Deppe. The issue is making music ideas and the need of using the weight of our arm while playing. It condemns the old methodology and gives examples. In the first part of the thesis there is described the evolution of piano - a musical instrument and the evolution of piano methods. These are interdependent of course. There was a quest to form a method only for piano which we can understand only if we know the historical changes. Since, in view of the fact that piano is a relatively young instrument we can't be surprised that its methodology of teaching is still a hot issue. The other parts are devoted to particular piano methods which are commonly used at Elementary school of art including examples of methodically obsolete methods. Unfortunately these are still very often used by many teachers. It's necessary to remind again that the pieces itself are not reprehensible but it's the method. On the other hand the thesis presents methods which are more or less suitable for teaching. It...
Books on the topic "Earliest times to present day"
1
1948-, Matthews John, ed. The Druid source book: From earliest times to the present day. [London]: Brockhampton Press, 1998.
Find full text
2
Parthasarathy, Rangaswami. Journalism in India: From the earliest times to the present day. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1989.
Find full text
3
1948-, Matthews John, ed. The Druid source book: From earliest times to the present day. London: Blandford, 1997.
Find full text
4
1948-, Matthews John, ed. The Druid source book: From earliest times to the present day. London: Blandford Press, 1996.
Find full text
5
Wragg, David W. Historical dictionary of aviation: From earliest times to the present day. Stroud, Gloucestershire: History Press, 2008.
Find full text
6
Leeson, Francis L. A directory of British peerages: From the earliest times to the present day. London: Society of Genealogists Enterprises, 2002.
Find full text
7
F, Dunkelberger Geo. The story of Snyder County: From its earliest times to the present day ... Baltimore, MD: Gateway Press, 1997.
Find full text
8
Leeson, Francis L. A directory of British peerages: From the earliest times to the present day. Baltimore: Genealogical Pub. Co., 1985.
Find full text
9
History of the World: Earliest Times to the Present Day. World Publications Group, Incorporated, 1997.
Find full text
10
Dhalla, Maneckji Nusservanji. Zoroastrian Theology: From The Earliest Times To The Present Day. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2006.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Earliest times to present day"
1
von Meyer, Ernst. "A History of Chemistry from Earliest Times to the Present Day." In Scientific and Medical Knowledge Production, 1796-1918, 174–78. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003009337-25.
Full text
2
Gavrilova, Sofia. "‘From ancient times to the present day’." In Russia's Regional Museums, 83–92. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003264965-7.
Full text
3
Hunter, Alistair. "Minorities In, Minorities Out: Cemeteries, Religious Diversity and the French Body Politic in Contemporary and Historical Perspective." In IMISCOE Research Series, 105–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28284-3_6.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis chapter focuses on religious diversity and cemeteries in France, comparing historical practice with the contemporary management of death in diversity. Its starting point is the present-day intransigence of local authorities in creating space for Muslims in French municipal cemeteries. The chapter proceeds to link these contemporary manifestations with historical perspectives. In earlier times, Jews, Protestants and free-thinkers were regularly denied burial as equals in French cemeteries, and sometimes expelled entirely from cemeteries (refus de sépulture). The laicising state of the nineteenth century intervened to ensure equality of burial and by extension full membership of the French body politic. The second part of the paper argues that today’s refusal to create Muslim sections in French municipal cemeteries constitutes a modern-day refus de sépulture which harms social harmony and cohesion. Nonetheless, the scale at which this rejection takes place is of a different magnitude: not removal from the consecrated part of the cemetery, but potentially complete ejection from the national territory, with perverse effects for the integration of migrant-origin communities. The chapter is based on qualitative fieldwork undertaken in France in 2016, drawing from semi-structured interviews with religious representatives, funerary professionals and politicians, combined with an analysis of secondary sources for the presentation of historical perspectives.
4
Griffiths, John. "Gerald Massey, ‘The Relief of Lucknow’, in F. Langbridge (ED.), Ballads of the Brave: Poems of Chivalry, Enterprise, Courage and Constancy, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day, (London: Methuen, 1890), pp. 347–349." In Empire and Popular Culture, 347–50. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351024709-51.
Full text
5
Vevere, Velga. "Existence and Communication: Challenge of the Times." In Phenomenology of Life. Meeting the Challenges of the Present-Day World, 165–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3065-7_12.
Full text
6
Eisen, Gustavus. "The Characteristics of Eye Beads from the Earliest Times to the Present." In The Characteristics of Eye Beads from the Earliest Times to the Present, 1–24. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463220518-001.
Full text
7
Forli, Maurizio, and Andrea Guerrini. "Miscellaneous News about Gastropods, from the Earliest Printed Images to the Present Day." In The History of Fossils Over Centuries, 213–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04687-2_14.
Full text
8
Cuthbertson, W. F. J. "Infant foods in the United Kingdom from Victorian times to the present day." In Infant Nutrition, 1–34. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3212-9_1.
Full text
9
Chow, Yiu Fai, Jeroen de Kloet, and Leonie Schmidt. "The Worst of Times, The Best of Music." In Contemporary East Asian Visual Cultures, Societies and Politics, 71–107. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6710-0_3.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn September 2014, thousands of people started occupying different areas of Hong Kong, demanding “true democracy,” ushering in what was known as the “Umbrella Movement.” The popular protest might have taken the world by surprise; for us, it can be read as a logical outcome of a much longer process of postcolonial anxiety. Popular culture, among which popular music, constitutes an important domain to narrate versions of the past, present, and future that present alternatives to official versions. We therefore shift our eyes and ears from the tumultuous and politically explicit street protests to the aestheticised show of popular sentiments: the 2012 and 2017 Tat Ming Pair concerts. How does Tat Ming’s performance imagine the postcolonial city and its histories? How does it negotiate Hong Kong’s current socio-historical moment? And what kinds of futures does it fantasise for Hong Kong? And what differences can we distinguish between both concerts, one before and the other after the Umbrella Movement? For both concert series, we zoom in onto three songs: “Today Could Have Been a Happy Day 今天應該很高興,” “Tonight the Stars are Bright 今夜星光燦爛,” and “It’s My Party.” These three songs present different articulations of temporality; we start with reflecting on how the (colonial) history of Hong Kong is represented, then move on to analyse how Hong Kong’s present-day predicament is articulated, finally to probe into imaginations of the future in the concerts. These three temporalities, in conjunction with the two different moments the concerts took place, 2012 and 2017, are always already implicated with each other. Following our introduction in Chapter 1, they allow us to study how the constructs of the past, the present, and the possible futures of the city, are woven into the fibre of the concerts.
10
"History: from earliest times to the present day." In The Treasury in Public Policy-Making, 25–71. Routledge, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203217900-6.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Earliest times to present day"
1
Plyku Demaj, Marsela, Joli Mitrojorgji, and Klodjana Gjata. "Beyond the walls - The impact of urban sprawl on the fortifications in Albania." In FORTMED2024 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2024.2024.17946.
Full textAbstract:
The need for protection of human settlements has existed since the earliest times of human society. It is reflected in the choice of the terrain, strategic location and through the construction of castles and fortification walls to protect the life inside the settlement. Being interdependent to the human settlement that they aim to protect, fortifications, apart from reflecting the building and military techniques of the time, are also a significant indicator of the life and extent of the historic built settlement within the walls, its accessibility, main transportation routes, etc. In Albania, fortifications, based on a classification on typology, function, building techniques, among others, are one of the first architectural genre designated as monuments of culture in the first national List of Cultural Monuments back in 1948. When in urban areas, these elements often constituted the core of the settlement. As such, they are permanent urban nodes in times of growth, development and change during the centuries and often conditioning/determining the growth policies around them. In present days, many only preserve traces of the protective structures and the walls and few still continue to host living neighborhoods within the perimeter. This article focuses on the fortifications in urban areas linked to historic settlements and impacted from the urban sprawl through history or currently due to urban development pressures. How do these permanent features of the city face urban growth, offering a categorization of the impacts being: building within, out or close to the encirclement of walls, or even the impact on the traditional landscape? By displaying a detailed view of the nature and range of impacts the study aims at helping national and local authorities dealing with cultural heritage, to undertake informed decisions for the protection and management of cultural heritage facing risk or loss of cultural values, and to be able to produce contemporary urban landscapes where historical layers combine.
2
Terrones Brand, Carlos Alejandro, Miguel Alejandro Basso Mora, Rajeswary Kandasamy, Sergio Comarin, Felipe Rene Bustos Guevara, Beatriz Vega, and Susana Pasaran. "Leveraging a New Well Delivery Methodology for Stellar Drilling Results Steam Injection Project Case Study." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204618-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Mexico has set challenging oil and gas production to meet worldwide demand. In order to deliver promised oil production outputs in this challenging environment, the operator came up with efficient partnerships with key service providers to leverage resources and technical know-how whilst encouraging knowledge transfer and drilling project cost reduction. By working with various service companies, the operator creates a competitive environment where each strives to outperform the other. One such success case is in the "S" field, a heavy oil field producing via steam injection in the South of Mexico. Utilizing a creative design and execution methodology, the "S" project team succeeded to deliver improved project performance over the course of drilling the 14 wells in the campaign. The average well operational time was successfully reduced by 10%, hence maximizing the well construction index to 122 m/day and reducing overall well costs. The main strategy to optimize performance is to re-engineer solutions for profitability such as performing a study to replace OBM by WBM, designing a new wellhead system, collaborating with the rig contractor to reduce flat time activities, redesigning cement properties for losses mitigation, improvement of ROP by merging new technologies and local practices, among others. Complementary to this, the strategy is to prioritize realistic areas of improvement by the development and utilization of a new tool called Best of the Best (BoB), a methodology breaking down all well activities in order to measure its fastest time per well and then aiming to achieve that aggressive goal. Detailed follow up in the field allows to reduce operational times by allowing the wellsite team monitor and suggest new and improved ways of doing a routine task all of which result in lower costs per foot. Utilizing this BoB approach and stringent performance monitoring while drilling (pre-actual-post) activity analysis, allowed superior performance to be achieved. The project reached a 60% improvement on well times from the first well drilled to the best performing well. The best well was drilled in 8.68 days versus a field average of 18 days (217 m/day construction index). This generated 369,000 bbls of earlier oil production, 176 days ahead vs client expectations. Furthermore, in coordination with field staff, lessons learned were captured. But this is not enough since fast and effective communication is required, and the BoB methodology provides the solution to share optimization tricks quickly and effectively between crews, to continue well to well improvement and overall project and field level learning. Improved well delivery results is possible only by aligning the detailed planning and execution follow up in both the wellsite and a remote operations centre which monitored drilling activity in real time from town. This synergy and proactive communication system is also a key factor in the project delivery. This paper will present the results from the first application of the ‘Best of Best' (BoB) methodology in Mexico. This successful application enforces the idea that by coupling re-engineering practices to develop a more creative well design along with stringent performance monitoring; any field performance can be improved to deliver stellar results.
3
Smith, D. Barton, Barbara J. Frame, Lawrence M. Anovitz, and Christopher Makselon. "Feasibility of Using Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Pipelines for Hydrogen Delivery." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63683.
Full textAbstract:
Pipelines are a practicable means for delivering large quantities of gaseous hydrogen over long distances and for distributing it as a transportation fuel at fueling stations in urban and rural settings. Glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) pipelines are a promising alternative to the present-day use of low-alloy steel in pipelines for hydrogen transmission. GFRP pipelines offer advantages of lower capital cost and improved lifecycle performance, compared to steel pipelines. The technical challenges for adapting GRFP pipeline technology from oil and natural gas transmission, where it is in extensive service worldwide, to hydrogen transmission consists of evaluating the hydrogen compatibility of the constituent materials and composite construction, identifying the advantages and challenges of the various manufacturing methods, testing polymeric liners and pipelines to determine hydrogen permeability and leak rates, selecting options for pipeline joining technologies, establishing the necessary modifications to existing codes and standards to validate the safe and reliable implementation of the pipeline. We performed examined the technical feasibility of using a commercially available spoolable glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) pipeline for hydrogen transmission. We used an accelerated aging process based on the Arrhenius model to screen for hydrogen-induced damage in the pipeline and in the pipeline’s constituent materials. We also measured hydrogen leakage rates in short lengths of the pipeline. The accelerated aging process involved immersing GRFP pipeline specimens in pipeline-pressure hydrogen (6.9 MPa/1000 psi) at an elevated temperature (60°C) to promote an accelerated interaction of hydrogen with the pipeline structure. To assess specific effects on the constituent materials in the pipeline, specimens of fiberglass rovings, resin matrix and liner materials were immersed together with the pipeline specimens, and specimens of all types were subjected to either a one-month or an eight-month exposure to hydrogen at the elevated temperature. At the conclusion of each exposure interval the pipeline specimens were evaluated for degradation using hydrostatic burst pressure tests to assess the overall integrity of the structure, compression tests to assess the integrity of the polymer matrix, and bend testing to assess the integrity of the laminate. The results of these tests were compared to the results obtained from identical tests performed on un-conditioned specimens from the same manufacturing run. Tensile tests and dynamic mechanical analysis were performed on multiple specimens of constituent materials. We measured the hydrogen leak rate in GFRP pipeline lined with pipeline-grade high-density polyethylene (PE-3408). The thickness of the liner was 0.526 cm and its inside diameter was 10.1 cm. The hydrogen pressurization during the leak rate measurements was 10.3 MPa (1500 psia) — the maximum recommended pressure — and all measurements were done at ambient temperatures in an air-conditioned laboratory. The pipeline was closed on each end using a steel cap with elastomer (O-ring) seals. The leak rate was calculated from the temperature-compensated pressure decay curve. Changes in pipeline volume that occurred due to pressure-induced dimensional changes in the pipeline length and circumference were measured using strain gauge sensors. These volumetric changes occurred at the earliest measurement times and diminished to near zero at the long measurement times during which the steady-state leak rate was determined. Leak rate measurements in three different lengths of pipeline yielded a leak rate was significantly lower than the predicted rate from the standard analytical model for a cylindrical vessel.
4
Xu, Jia. "Pre-Run-Time Scheduling of Asynchronous and Periodic Processes With Offsets, Release Times, Deadlines, Precedence and Exclusion Relations." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87769.
Full textAbstract:
Utilizing non-zero offsets when scheduling real-time periodic processes significantly increases the chances of satisfying all the timing constraints in a real-time system. In this paper, a method that enables the utilization of non-zero offsets in the pre-run-time scheduling of asynchronous and periodic processes with release times, deadlines, precedence and exclusion relations on either a uniprocessor or on a multiprocessor in real-time embedded systems is presented. This paper also identifies for the first time, the set of general conditions that a periodic process newpi with release time rnewpi, computation time cnewpi, deadline dnewpi, period prdnewpi, permitted range of offset onewpi, must satisfy, in order to satisfy the timing constraints of any given asynchronous process ai with computation time cai, deadline dai, minimum time between two consecutive requests minai, and earliest time that asynchronous process ai can make a request for execution lai. A method based on these general conditions for converting asynchronous processes with earliest request times into new periodic processes with offset constraints is also introduced.
5
Hetelekides, Eleftherios, Verlin Joseph, Adrian Bravo, Mark Prince, Bradley Conner, and Matthew Pearson. "Early Birds and Night Owls: Distinguishing Profiles of Cannabis Use Habits by Use Times with Latent Class Analysis." In 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.19.
Full textAbstract:
Negative consequences associated with excessive use of cannabis are well documented. Previous findings indicate timing of use is an important factor when assessing severity of dependence for use of substances including alcohol and cigarettes. However, little attention in the academic literature has been paid to timing of cannabis use and its associations with negative consequences. The present study employed a latent class analysis on data collected from college students who use cannabis, located across four U.S. universities in four different states (N = 1,122). The goal was to examine whether distinct classifications of cannabis use exist based on timing (i.e., hour of day and day of week), and whether these classifications differ on cannabis use indicators (Marijuana Use Grid; MUG), cannabis-related negative consequences (Marijuana Consequences Questionnaire; MACQ), and cannabis use disorder symptoms (Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test-Revised; CUDIT-R). The MUG assesses the amount (in grams) of cannabis used during a week of typical marijuana use in the past 30 days on each of the seven days per week (Monday-Sunday) during each of six 4-hour time periods (12a-4a, 4a-8a, 8a-12p, 12p-4p, 4p-8p, 8p-12p). By summing across time periods for each day, we binarized the presence of cannabis use (0 = no use, 1 = use) for each day of the week. By summing across days for each time period, we binarized the presence of cannabis use for each time period. Based on the Lo-Mendell-Rubin Likelihood Ratio Test (LRT) and other fit indices, we found support for a 4-class solution with high classification precision (relative entropy = .905). The four classes were characterized as follows: (1) daily (greater than 98% of the class endorsed use on each day of the week), common morning use (N = 140.17, 12.5%), (2) daily (greater than 88% of the class endorsed use each day of the week), uncommon morning use (N = 241.02, 21.5%), (3) weekend, common morning use (N = 72.22, 6.4%), and (4) weekend, uncommon morning use (N = 668.59, 59.6%). Individuals reporting daily, common morning use experienced the highest cannabis-related negative consequences (MACQ M = 7.53) and reported the highest levels of cannabis use disorder symptoms (CUDIT-R M = 15.74), whereas individuals reporting weekend, uncommon morning use experienced few cannabis-related negative consequences (MACQ M = 2.24)) and reported low cannabis use disorder symptoms (CUDIT-R M = 5.45). Taken together, our classes were defined by crossing the presence/absence of morning cannabis use by the presence/absence of weekday cannabis use, and we found evidence that both the timing of week and timing of day contribute to the level of cannabis-related harms that individuals experience. Additional research is needed to explore the unique contributions of time of week and time of day while controlling for other characteristics of one’s cannabis use (i.e., frequency, quantity, product type, route of administration, etc.).
6
Poberezhets, H. "Historical development and formation of communities in Ukraine." In international scientific-practical conference. MYKOLAYIV NATIONAL AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/978-617-7149-78-0-92.
Full textAbstract:
This work explored the historical development and formation of communities in Ukraine as a key aspect that reflects its centuries-old history, cultural, social, and political changes. Utilizing detailed historical analysis, the author examined how, from the times of Kievan Rus to the present day, there has been a continuous formation and evolution of community structures, their impact on Ukrainian national identity, self-determination, and self-governance
7
Plyakin, Vladislav, and Vladislav Protasov. "Evolutionary matching method for face recognition using neural networks." In International Conference "Computing for Physics and Technology - CPT2020". ANO «Scientific and Research Center for Information in Physics and Technique», 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/conferencearticle_5fd755bf868b47.13424079.
Full textAbstract:
The problem of formalizing and automating the process of recognizing human faces was touched upon at the earliest stages of the development of image recognition systems and remains relevant to this day. Moreover, over the past ten years, the number of scientific studies and publications on this topic has increased several times, which indicates an increase in the urgency of this problem. This can be explained by the fact that modern computing technology opens up new possibilities for its application in various fields, and, accordingly, a lot of applied problems have appeared that require their speedy resolution. One of the practical applications of the pattern recognition theory is face recognition, the task of which is to automatically localize a face in an image and identify a person by face. The interest in the procedures underlying the process of localization and face recognition is quite significant due to the variety of their practical applications in areas such as security systems, verification, forensic examination, teleconferences, computer games, etc. For example, the face recognition system developed at Beijing Tsinghua University has been certified by the Chinese Ministry of Public Security for use in public places. Omron Japan, which specializes in recognition, automation and control technologies, has developed a human face recognition system for mobile phones. Riya, founded by a group of specialists in facial recognition algorithms from Stanford University, has begun open testing of a Web service for contextual search of facial images in digital photo albums. The abundance of such examples indicates the practical importance and relevance of face recognition methods.
8
Arapu, Valentin. "Leprosy in the context of medical folklore and magical medicine (ethnocultural aspects)." In Simpozion internațional de etnologie: Tradiții și procese etnice, Ediția III. Institute of Cultural Heritage, Republic of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/9789975841733.02.
Full textAbstract:
Leprosy has been known since ancient times, and has been reported in civilizations that have survived from antiquity to the present day. Lepers were treated in a contradictory way, being simultaneously excluded from social life, but also tolerated by certain secular and ecclesiastical institutions. Th e plague terrifi ed the people even though they had never seen a leper alive. Leprosy is considered an ugly disease, „destroying body and soul”, „serious and bad disease of the skin and of the body”, „an evil without cure”, a hideous disease that cripples, disfi gures man until you cannot recognize him. In Romanian folklore, the appearance of leprosy is attributed to curse. According to a legend collected in Ialoveni, Emperor Alexander of Macedon cursed the gypsies with leprosy disease for lying to him, when they declared that they had nothing to pay tribute with, because of poverty, in fact having sumptuous houses, covered with gold. In another folklore source collected in Wallachia, an emperor’s daughter was cured of leprosy by Saint Basil, who used a stew of tobacco fl owers as a remedy. Leprosy has been known since ancient times, and has been reported in civilizations that have survived from antiquity to the present day. Lepers were treated in a contradictory way, being simultaneously excluded from social life, but also tolerated by certain secular and ecclesiastical institutions. Th e plague terrifi ed the people even though they had never seen a leper alive. Leprosy is considered an ugly disease, „destroying body and soul”, „serious and bad disease of the skin”.
9
Lloyd, Timothy M. "Solving the Challenges of Early Storage of Spent Fuel: the SENTRY™ Spent Fuel Management System." In 2021 28th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone28-66590.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Placing spent fuel into dry cask storage as soon as possible allows decommissioning plants to lower site risk, reduce costs associated with management and maintenance of the spent fuel pool, and accelerate decommissioning. The SENTRY™ Spent Fuel Management System1 is a dual-purpose system satisfying requirements for both storage and eventual transportation of the spent fuel. This paper describes the features and characteristics of the SENTRY system and explains the key areas where the product family represents a step change from existing industry offerings. Fuel being loaded into casks within times as low as 1.5 to 2 years presents substantial new challenges to electric utilities and cask vendors. Decay heat falls off as a sum of exponentials and is much higher at early times. By the 1.5 to 2 year timeframe, heat loads are decreasing on the order of 10% per month. Radiological source terms are not only falling in strength, but are also changing in energy intensity and type. Harder neutron and photon spectra at these earlier times must also be addressed. Thermal and radiological source term data for the SENTRY system have been established through the use of an NRC-approved Westinghouse data set characterizing fuel over a wide range of burnup, enrichment, and decay time values. This data is used to construct cooling tables which provide loading rules in the form of the minimum cooling time required to load the assembly in a particular zone of a SENTRY canister. No further plant-specific calculations or demonstrations are required by the utility. Unique to Westinghouse is the use of adjoint methods to develop shielding results, which are de-coupled from the source term associated with specific assemblies. As the industry’s leading performer of Reactor Vessel Surveillance Programs, Westinghouse makes routine use of a combined forward/adjoint approach to radiation transport. The adjoint shielding methodology allows for the explicit calculation of dose rates over a very large range of source term values with essentially no additional computation. As a result, Westinghouse can make use of its ADSORB computer code to develop shielding results for the full set of enrichment, burnup, and decay times described above. ADSORB also uses an equivalent process to determine the earliest time that ensures the fuel’s decay heat will fall below the analyzed values used to demonstrate acceptable thermal performance. The use of this methodology allows Westinghouse to establish the shortest overall time for which fuel can safely be placed into defined regions of a spent fuel canister.
10
Newslow, Debby. "“HACCP” for Citrus Processing." In ASME 1999 Citrus Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cec1999-4505.
Full textAbstract:
“HACCP” for Citrus Processing is a topic that I have presented five different times in five years and each time the urgency of this topic becomes more critical. Five years ago when one spoke of HACCP, concern in the citrus industry other than foreign material, was a mute point. No one ever believed that pathogens could survive at such a low pH. But after several reported food safety instances that related to microbes and juice, the time has come for citrus processors to seriously evaluate their process and establish and maintain a HACCP Plan that will control existing and potential food safety hazards as defined by present day standards and concerns. Paper published with permission.
Reports on the topic "Earliest times to present day"
1
Kulhandjian, Hovannes. AI-based Pedestrian Detection and Avoidance at Night using an IR Camera, Radar, and a Video Camera. Mineta Transportation Institute, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2127.
Full textAbstract:
In 2019, the United States experienced more than 6,500 pedestrian fatalities involving motor vehicles which resulted in a 67% rise in nighttime pedestrian fatalities and only a 10% rise in daytime pedestrian fatalities. In an effort to reduce fatalities, this research developed a pedestrian detection and alert system through the application of a visual camera, infrared camera, and radar sensors combined with machine learning. The research team designed the system concept to achieve a high level of accuracy in pedestrian detection and avoidance during both the day and at night to avoid potentially fatal accidents involving pedestrians crossing a street. The working prototype of pedestrian detection and collision avoidance can be installed in present-day vehicles, with the visible camera used to detect pedestrians during the day and the infrared camera to detect pedestrians primarily during the night as well as at high glare from the sun during the day. The radar sensor is also used to detect the presence of a pedestrian and calculate their range and direction of motion relative to the vehicle. Through data fusion and deep learning, the ability to quickly analyze and classify a pedestrian’s presence at all times in a real-time monitoring system is achieved. The system can also be extended to cyclist and animal detection and avoidance, and could be deployed in an autonomous vehicle to assist in automatic braking systems (ABS).
2
Jones, Landon R., Jared A. Elmore, B. S. Krishnan, Sathishkumar Samiappan, Kristine O. Evans, Morgan B. Pfeiffer, Bradley F. Blackwell, and Raymond B. Iglay. Dataset for Controllable factors affecting accuracy and precision of human identification of animals from drone imagery. Mississippi State University, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54718/xblo5500.
Full textAbstract:
Dataset from the results of an experiment to determine how three controllable factors, flight altitude, camera angle, and time of day, affect human identification and counts of animals from drone images to inform best practices to survey animal communities with drones. We used a drone (unoccupied aircraft system, or UAS) to survey known numbers of eight animal decoy species, representing a range of body sizes and colors, at four GSD (ground sampling distance) values (0.35, 0.70, 1.06, 1.41 cm/pixel) representing equivalent flight altitudes (15.2, 30.5, 45.7, 61.0 m) at two camera angles (45° and 90°) and across a range of times of day (morning to late afternoon). Expert human observers identified and counted animals in drone images to determine how the three controllable factors affected accuracy and precision. Observer precision was high and unaffected by tested factors. However, results for observer accuracy revealed an interaction among all three controllable factors. Increasing flight altitude resulted in decreased accuracy in animal counts overall; however, accuracy was best at midday compared to morning and afternoon hours, when decoy and structure shadows were present or more pronounced. Surprisingly, the 45° camera enhanced accuracy compared to 90°, but only when animals were most difficult to identify and count, such as at higher flight altitudes or during the early morning and late afternoon. We provide recommendations based on our results to design future surveys to improve human accuracy in identifying and counting animals from drone images for monitoring animal populations and communities.
3
Schat, Karel Antoni, Irit Davidson, and Dan Heller. Chicken infectious anemia virus: immunosuppression, transmission and impact on other diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695591.bard.
Full textAbstract:
1. Original Objectives. The original broad objectives of the grant were to determine A) the impact of CAV on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) (CU), B). the interactions between chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Marek’s disease virus (MDV) with an emphasis on horizontal spread of CAV through feathers (KVI), and C) the impact of CAV infection on Salmonella typhimurium (STM) (HUJI). During the third year and the one year no cost extension the CU group included some work on the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine for CAV, which was partially funded by the US Poultry and Egg Association. 2. Background to the topic. CAV is a major pathogen causing clinical disease if maternal antibody-free chickens are infected vertically or horizontally between 1 and 14 days of age. Infection after 3 weeks of age when maternal antibodies are not longer present can cause severe subclinical immunosuppression affecting CTL and cytokine expression. The subclinical immunosuppression can aggravate many diseases including Marek’s disease (MD) and several bacterial infections. 3. Major conclusions and achievements. The overall project contributed in the following ways to the knowledge about CAV infection in poultry. As expected CAV infections occur frequently in Israel causing problems to the industry. To control subclinical infections vaccination may be needed and our work indicates that the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine is feasible. It was previously known that CAV can spread vertically and horizontally, but the exact routes of the latter had not been confirmed. Our results clearly show that CAV can be shed into the environment through feathers. A potential interaction between CAV and MD virus (MDV) in the feathers was noted which may interfere with MDV replication. It was also learned that inoculation of 7-day-old embryos causes growth retardation and lesions. The potential of CAV to cause immunosuppression was further examined using CTL responses to REV. CTL were obtained from chickens between 36 and 44 days of age with REV and CAV given at different time points. In contrast to our earlier studies, in these experiments we were unable to detect a direct impact of CAV on REV-specific CTL, perhaps because the CTL were obtained from older birds. Inoculation of CAV at one day of age decreased the IgG antibody responses to inactivated STM administered at 10 days of age. 4. Scientific and Agricultural Implications The impact of the research was especially important for the poultry industry in Israel. The producers have been educated on the importance of the disease through the many presentations. It is now well known to the stakeholders that CAV can aggravate other diseases, decrease productivity and profitability. As a consequence they monitor the antibody status of the breeders so that the maternal antibody status of the broilers is known. Also vaccination of breeder flock that remain antibody negative may become feasible further reducing the negative impact of CAV infection. Vaccination may become more important because improved biosecurity of the breeder flocks to prevent avian influenza and Salmonella may delay the onset of seroconversion for CAV by natural exposure resulting in CAV susceptible broilers lacking maternal antibodies. Scientifically, the research added important information on the horizontal spread of CAV through feathers, the interactions with Salmonella typhimurium and the demonstration that antigen-antibody complex vaccines may provide protective immunity.
4
Dammeyer, Nathan, Jarrett Wansley, and Jeb Wofford. Status and trends of water quality in the Mid-Atlantic Inventory and Monitoring Network, water years 2011?2023. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2303698.
Full textAbstract:
The Mid-Atlantic Inventory and Monitoring Network (MIDN) monitors water quality due to the ecological, management, and policy significance of aquatic resources in MIDN parks. Specifically, water quality is monitored due to the direct effect it has on aquatic communities, the National Park Service?s responsibilities for the protection and improvement of water quality, and the clear connection to state-based regulatory programs. Here we provide a summary report on the status and trends in ?core? water quality parameters as defined by the National Park Service (i.e., pH, dissolved oxygen, water temperature, and specific conductivity). We include data from discrete monthly or quarterly observations for water years 2011 to 2023 at 47 sites distributed across eight MIDN parks. Overall, the status of water quality at most sites met state standards for the parameters monitored. Where water quality observations deviated from state standards, this was often due to natural conditions in the associated watershed such as underlying acidic soils or beaver activity. Out of 141 site-parameter combinations, only 10 showed more than 10% of observations outside state standards. And, of these 10, only three are believed to be associated with anthropogenic activity. In those few locations, upstream agricultural use or development is negatively impacting water quality. In terms of trend, significant trends in water quality parameters were rare across the network, and when present, were relatively small. Even though current monitoring suggests relatively good water quality across the MIDN, these conclusions are based on discrete monthly or quarterly samples, and it is possible that field observations during other times of the day would reveal additional water quality issues given large diel changes in water quality in some streams. Although state water quality standards were generally met for the observed ?core? parameters, it is important to note that these parameters represent a small portion of the many factors necessary for healthy stream ecosystems. Traits such as quality substrate, habitat complexity, good riparian condition, and other water quality criteria (e.g., nutrients and heavy metals) are also important. A more complete understanding of stream ecosystem health must include other components such as biological and physical habitat assessments.
5
Livensperger, Carolyn, Rebecca Weissinger, Luke Gommermann, and Alice Wondrak Biel. Riparian monitoring of wadeable streams on the Fremont River, Capitol Reef National Park, 2009?2021. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301391.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of Northern Colorado Plateau Network (NCPN) riparian monitoring is to deter-mine long-term trends in hydrologic, geomorphic, and vegetative properties of wadeable streams in the context of changes in other ecological drivers, stressors, and processes. This information is intended to provide early warning of resource degradation and determine natural variability of wadeable streams. This report summarizes NCPN monitoring of the Fremont River in Capitol Reef National Park (NP) from water years 2009 to 2021. The focus of this report is to (1) examine patterns in water availability at one monitoring reach from 2010 to 2021, and (2) present geomorphology and vegetation data from four reaches monitored from 2009 to 2021. Vegetation sampling and geomorphology surveys were completed at varying intervals throughout the time period; this report looks at changes within single reaches and establishes a baseline for future comparisons. There are four monitoring reaches established on the Fremont River: (1) F-01, approximately 2.5 kilometers upstream of a knickpoint (sharp change in channel slope) and associated waterfall that emerged following construction of State Highway 24 in 1964, (2) F-07, in a large oxbow that was cut off due to the highway construction, (3) F-04, approximately 1.5 kilometers downstream of the knickpoint, and (4) F-14, approximately 4.8 kilometers downstream of the knickpoint. Geomorphic and vegetation surveys took place at all reaches. Hydrologic monitoring occurred only at F-01. From 2001 to 2021, the entire range of flows recorded at a gaging station on the Fremont River upstream of the park near Bicknell, Utah, decreased, with the steepest decreases occurring in the highest flow percentiles. Continuous hydrologic monitoring at reach F-01 in the park from 2010 to 2021 showed perennial flows in the Fremont River, with lower flows during the irrigation season (April 1?October 31). The irrigation season was also characterized by greater evapotranspiration, which may be exacerbated in the future due to higher air temperatures. Lower observed inputs and greater evapotranspiration suggest the Fremont River is at risk for progressively lower flows over time. While overbank flows occurred infrequently in the monitoring reach, inhibiting cottonwood recruitment, groundwater levels remained shallow enough to support mature cottonwood trees. Protecting spring snowmelt flows of 94 cfs (the average annual maximum 14-day rolling mean at reach F-01), or greater should maintain the current wetland vegetated zone. Maintaining the hydrologic record was challenging due to high-magnitude flood events and turbid flows; the park should consider a gaging station for an accurate discharge record. Geomorphic surveys showed net sediment deposition at reaches F-01 and F-14 in the channels, banks, and floodplains from 2009 to 2021, with more deposition occurring earlier in the study period. A large flood event in 2013 resulted in high flows and deposition of close to one meter at F-01. Only localized erosion occurred, and thalweg surveys showed that stream channels were either stable or increasing in elevation. Reach F-07, the abandoned oxbow, exhibited little geomorphic change over the study period. Riparian vegetation was characteristic of a Fremont cottonwood woodland, with canopy closure up to 30% and a mixed understory of shrubs and herbaceous species. Obligate wetland vegetation cover of 5%?10% was present at reaches F-01, F-04, and F-14. Reach F-07, in the oxbow, has transitioned to an upland system, with little to no canopy cover and no obligate wetland species. While mature cottonwoods were present in reaches F-01, F-04, and F-14, there was limited evidence of seedlings or saplings graduating into larger size classes. Cottonwood seedlings are primarily resprouts from beaver-browsed trees, although one seedling recruitment event was observed in 2014, following high flows in late 2013. Protecting some cottonwoods with chicken wire may help protect the larger size classes and maintain a mixed-age woodland. Exotic plant species cover was less than 10% in reaches F-01, F-04, and F-14. Efforts to control Russian olive (Eleagnus angustifolia) along the Fremont River appear to have been successful in these reaches. In reach F-07, exotic plant cover ranged from 9% to 25%, with notable spikes in Russian thistle (Salsola tragus) and cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) in 2010 and 2011, respectively.
6
MacFarlane, Andrew. 2021 medical student essay prize winner - A case of grief. Society for Academic Primary Care, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37361/medstudessay.2021.1.1.
Full textAbstract:
As a student undertaking a Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship (LIC)1 based in a GP practice in a rural community in the North of Scotland, I have been lucky to be given responsibility and my own clinic lists. Every day I conduct consultations that change my practice: the challenge of clinically applying the theory I have studied, controlling a consultation and efficiently exploring a patient's problems, empathising with and empowering them to play a part in their own care2 – and most difficult I feel – dealing with the vast amount of uncertainty that medicine, and particularly primary care, presents to both clinician and patient. I initially consulted with a lady in her 60s who attended with her husband, complaining of severe lower back pain who was very difficult to assess due to her pain level. Her husband was understandably concerned about the degree of pain she was in. After assessment and discussion with one of the GPs, we agreed some pain relief and a physio assessment in the next few days would be a practical plan. The patient had one red flag, some leg weakness and numbness, which was her ‘normal’ on account of her multiple sclerosis. At the physio assessment a few days later, the physio felt things were worse and some urgent bloods were ordered, unfortunately finding raised cancer and inflammatory markers. A CT scan of the lung found widespread cancer, a later CT of the head after some developing some acute confusion found brain metastases, and a week and a half after presenting to me, the patient sadly died in hospital. While that was all impactful enough on me, it was the follow-up appointment with the husband who attended on the last triage slot of the evening two weeks later that I found completely altered my understanding of grief and the mourning of a loved one. The husband had asked to speak to a Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 2 doctor just to talk about what had happened to his wife. The GP decided that it would be better if he came into the practice - strictly he probably should have been consulted with over the phone due to coronavirus restrictions - but he was asked what he would prefer and he opted to come in. I sat in on the consultation, I had been helping with any examinations the triage doctor needed and I recognised that this was the husband of the lady I had seen a few weeks earlier. He came in and sat down, head lowered, hands fiddling with the zip on his jacket, trying to find what to say. The GP sat, turned so that they were opposite each other with no desk between them - I was seated off to the side, an onlooker, but acknowledged by the patient with a kind nod when he entered the room. The GP asked gently, “How are you doing?” and roughly 30 seconds passed (a long time in a conversation) before the patient spoke. “I just really miss her…” he whispered with great effort, “I don’t understand how this all happened.” Over the next 45 minutes, he spoke about his wife, how much pain she had been in, the rapid deterioration he witnessed, the cancer being found, and cruelly how she had passed away after he had gone home to get some rest after being by her bedside all day in the hospital. He talked about how they had met, how much he missed her, how empty the house felt without her, and asking himself and us how he was meant to move forward with his life. He had a lot of questions for us, and for himself. Had we missed anything – had he missed anything? The GP really just listened for almost the whole consultation, speaking to him gently, reassuring him that this wasn’t his or anyone’s fault. She stated that this was an awful time for him and that what he was feeling was entirely normal and something we will all universally go through. She emphasised that while it wasn’t helpful at the moment, that things would get better over time.3 He was really glad I was there – having shared a consultation with his wife and I – he thanked me emphatically even though I felt like I hadn’t really helped at all. After some tears, frequent moments of silence and a lot of questions, he left having gotten a lot off his chest. “You just have to listen to people, be there for them as they go through things, and answer their questions as best you can” urged my GP as we discussed the case when the patient left. Almost all family caregivers contact their GP with regards to grief and this consultation really made me realise how important an aspect of my practice it will be in the future.4 It has also made me reflect on the emphasis on undergraduate teaching around ‘breaking bad news’ to patients, but nothing taught about when patients are in the process of grieving further down the line.5 The skill Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 3 required to manage a grieving patient is not one limited to general practice. Patients may grieve the loss of function from acute trauma through to chronic illness in all specialties of medicine - in addition to ‘traditional’ grief from loss of family or friends.6 There wasn’t anything ‘medical’ in the consultation, but I came away from it with a real sense of purpose as to why this career is such a privilege. We look after patients so they can spend as much quality time as they are given with their loved ones, and their loved ones are the ones we care for after they are gone. We as doctors are the constant, and we have to meet patients with compassion at their most difficult times – because it is as much a part of the job as the knowledge and the science – and it is the part of us that patients will remember long after they leave our clinic room. Word Count: 993 words References 1. ScotGEM MBChB - Subjects - University of St Andrews [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/subjects/medicine/scotgem-mbchb/ 2. Shared decision making in realistic medicine: what works - gov.scot [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/works-support-promote-shared-decisionmaking-synthesis-recent-evidence/pages/1/ 3. Ghesquiere AR, Patel SR, Kaplan DB, Bruce ML. Primary care providers’ bereavement care practices: Recommendations for research directions. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014 Dec;29(12):1221–9. 4. Nielsen MK, Christensen K, Neergaard MA, Bidstrup PE, Guldin M-B. Grief symptoms and primary care use: a prospective study of family caregivers. BJGP Open [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1 [cited 2021 Mar 27];4(3). Available from: https://bjgpopen.org/content/4/3/bjgpopen20X101063 5. O’Connor M, Breen LJ. General Practitioners’ experiences of bereavement care and their educational support needs: a qualitative study. BMC Medical Education. 2014 Mar 27;14(1):59. 6. Sikstrom L, Saikaly R, Ferguson G, Mosher PJ, Bonato S, Soklaridis S. Being there: A scoping review of grief support training in medical education. PLOS ONE. 2019 Nov 27;14(11):e0224325.