Academic literature on the topic 'Early 1970s'
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Journal articles on the topic "Early 1970s"
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Eero, Margit. "Reconstructing the population dynamics of sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus) in the Baltic Sea in the 20th century." ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, no. 6 (2012): 1010–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss051.
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Abstract Eero, M. 2012. Reconstructing the population dynamics of sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus) in the Baltic Sea in the 20th century. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1010–1018 . Long time-series of population dynamics are increasingly needed in order to understand human impacts on marine ecosystems and support their sustainable management. In this study, the estimates of sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus) biomass in the Baltic Sea were extended back from the beginning of ICES stock assessments in 1974 to the early 1900s. The analyses identified peaks in sprat spawner biomass in the beginning of the 1930s, 1960s, and 1970s at ∼900 kt. Only a half of that biomass was estimated for the late 1930s, for the period from the late 1940s to the mid-1950s, and for the mid-1960s. For the 1900s, fisheries landings suggest a relatively high biomass, similar to the early 1930s. The exploitation rate of sprat was low until the development of pelagic fisheries in the 1960s. Spatially resolved analyses from the 1960s onwards demonstrate changes in the distribution of sprat biomass over time. The average body weight of sprat by age in the 1950s to 1970s was higher than at present, but lower than during the 1980s to 1990s. The results of this study facilitate new analyses of the effects of climate, predation, and anthropogenic drivers on sprat, and contribute to setting long-term management strategies for the Baltic Sea.
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Bashilov, V. A., and V. I. Gulyaev. "A Bibliography of Soviet Studies of the Ancient Cultures of Latin America." Latin American Antiquity 1, no. 1 (1990): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/971707.
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The study in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics of the earliest history of native Latin Americans falls into two distinct periods. The first, associated with an interest in the ancient Mexican and Peruvian civilizations, can be divided into two stages: the 1920s to the early 1940s, when Soviet scholars first acquainted themselves with antiquities from the region and used them for historical parallels; and the late 1940s and early 1950s, when Soviet historians turned to an analysis of Latin American materials. The second period went through three stages: the first, from the early 1950s to the early 1960s, mainly was dominated by Yury Knorozov, who was engaged in deciphering the language of the Maya, and Rostislav Kinzhalov, who studied their art and culture. During the second stage, the early 1960s to the mid-1970s, more scholars and research institutions undertook studies of the early cultures of Latin America. The thematic range became wider as well, covering—besides Mesoamerica and the central Andean region—the Intermediate region and the Caribbean. The third stage, which started in the late 1970s and continues to the present day, witnesses ethnographers and archaeologists pooling their efforts in studying the region. There were several conferences in which specialists engaged in various fields of Latin American studies participated. Their contacts with foreign colleagues became wider; Soviet archaeologists and ethnologists took part in fieldwork in Latin America. The primary aims today are to introduce Soviet readers to archaeological materials from a number of cultural-historical regions (such as the southern fringes of Mesoamerica, Amazonia, the southern Andes, etc.), to detail Soviet studies of cultural complexes and historical processes in ancient America, and to compare them to the processes that took place in the Old World, with the aim of establishing shared historical “laws” and patterns.
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Quinn, Norman W. S. "Reconstructing Changes in Abundance of White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, Moose, Alces alces, and Beaver, Castor canadensis, in Algonquin Park, Ontario, 1860-2004." Canadian Field-Naturalist 119, no. 3 (2005): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v119i3.142.
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The history of White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, Moose, Alces alces, and Beaver, Castor canadensis, in Algonquin Park since the 1860s is reviewed and placed in the context of changes to the forest, weather, and parasitic disease. Deer seem to have been abundant in the late 1800s and early 1900s whereas Moose were also common but less so than deer. Deer declined through the 1920s as Moose probably increased. Deer had recovered by the 1940s when Moose seem to have been scarce. The deer population declined again in the 1960s, suffered major mortality in the early 1970s, and has never recovered; deer are essentially absent from the present day Algonquin landscape in winter. Moose increased steadily following the decline of deer and have numbered around 3500 since the mid-1980s. Beaver were scarce in the Park in the late 1800s but recovered by 1910 and appear to have been abundant through the early 1900s and at high numbers through mid-century. The Beaver population has, however, declined sharply since the mid-1970s. These changes can best be explained by the history of change to the structure and composition of the Park's forests. After extensive fire and logging in the late 1800s and early 1900s, the forest is now in an essentially mature state. Weather and parasitic disease, however, have also played a role. These three species form the prey base of Algonquin's Wolves, Canis lycaon, and the net decline of prey, especially deer, has important implications for the future of wolves in the Park.
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Didenko, К. "INVOLVEMENT OF THE THEORY OF SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION FOR CONSIDERATION OF ARCHITECTURAL AND CITY BUILDING PRACTICE." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 154 (2020): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-1-154-185-191.
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Social aspects of the formation of architectural complexes in metropolian Kharkov have not yet been analyzed in homeland architectural theory. The study into "Kharkov constructivism", due to unfortunate historical ocurrence, is still in fact at the initial stage. Thesises of Kharkov authors illuminate this phenomenon in general or analyze some of the most significant sights. Approaches to the study of social aspects of architecture and urban development went through several stages. Architectural theory of the late 1940s- the beginning of 1950s was sharply critical of the architectural and urban planning experiments in the 1920s. The XXth century Soviet history of architecture in the 1960s and 1970s was marked by ideological rehabilitation of constructivism, including social experiments of the 1920s - early 1930s. A turn from apologetics of the 1960s - 1980s to critical analysis of the architecture and urban development of the avant-garde was indicated at the beginning of 2000s by the studies considering Soviet architectural and urban planning practice in the context of public behavior management as a tool for structuring general population to achieve political goals. Foreign studies into the Soviet avant-garde sprang up in the 1970s - early 1980s affected by Western sociology where architecture began to be viewed as a tool for managing social processes and new types of structures and models of urban planning organization- as “a transition from social to material”. Many studies highlighted the influence of Soviet architectural and urban planning programs of the 1920s and 1930s on the system and structure of public consciousness. There was established that large-scale housing, cultural and domestic construction was carried out as part of the capital's administrative and government center creation programs and the formation of an industrial complex. There were identified four conceptual approaches for housing construction, they were consistently implemented during the realization of the two above-mentioned programs: garden city, communal house, housing complex and social city. In these programs, the concepts of "garden city" and "communal houses" were practically tested and reasonably rejected, and the most productive models were residential complexes and social city. Keywords: social construction, architectural and urban concepts, soviet human, metropolian Kharkov.
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Pavlovskaya, A. Y. "Siege diary and memory of war in 1950s–1970s: stages of archiving and canonization of egodocuments in public discourse." Memoirs of NovSU, no. 6 (2023): 637–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.34680/2411-7951.2023.6(51).637-645.
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The article examines the discourse of the siege diary in the context of the cultural memory of the Great Patriotic War in the 1950s–1970s. The author shows that current understandings of the siege diary as a historical source and a symbol have its own genealogy, the roots of which are in the 1940s. Analyzing the processes of archiving and canonization of siege diaries, the author comes to the conclusion that it is possible to distinguish three stage of the discourse about the siege diary, which are based on the ideas about the value of the document and the range of its possible interpretations. The first period (1950s–early 1960s) is characterized by attention to the literary integrity of the texts, while the second (1960s–1970s) is the time of the discovery of the historical and factual value of the siege diaries. The period that began in the late 1970s with the publication of The Siege Book by D. Granin and A. Adamovich is associated with the idea of the unconditional value of the siege diary.
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Powell, Douglas R., and Karen E. Diamond. "Approaches to Parent-Teacher Relationships in U.S. Early Childhood Programs during the Twentieth Century." Journal of Education 177, no. 3 (1995): 71–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002205749517700306.
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The nature of parent-teacher relationships in early childhood programs, including interventions for children with disabilities, is examined within a sociopolitical context across five eras of the twentieth century. Two general approaches are discerned: practices that view parents as learners in need of expert information and advice about child rearing, prevalent through the 1950s, and strategies involving parents as partners with educators in program decision-making, which began to surface in the 1960s. Attention is given to the influence of the Parent Teacher Association in the early 1900s as a response to societal changes stemming from the Industrial Revolution; contributions of the child study movement of the 1920s to parent education activities; effects of the Great Depression on ideas and practices related to individuals with disabilities; the growth of parent advocacy on behalf of children with disabilities; and the influence of the civil rights movement of the 1960s and widespread demographic changes of the 1970s on parent-teacher relationships. Current issues in forming and sustaining parent-teacher partnerships in early childhood programs are identified.
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Goldstein, Melvyn C. "The United States, Tibet, and the Cold War." Journal of Cold War Studies 8, no. 3 (2006): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2006.8.3.145.
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This article examines U.S. policy toward Tibet from the end of the 1940s to the end of the 1980s, especially the 1950s and 1960s. U.S. policy during this period operated on two levels. At the strategic level, the United States consistently supported China's claim of sovereignty over Tibet. But at the tactical level, U.S. policy varied a great deal over time, ranging from the provision of military and financial aid to Tibetan guerrilla forces in the 1950s and 1960s to the almost complete lack of official attention to Tibet in the 1970s and early 1980s. The article explains why the U.S. government has never accepted Tibet's claim to independence and why the question of Tibet, after falling into obscurity in the 1970s, reemerged on the U.S. agenda in the mid- to late 1980s. The article highlights the cynicism that has often characterized tactical shifts in U.S. policy.
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Vesić, Ivana, and Vesna Peno. "The structural transformation of the sphere of musical amateurism in socialist Yugoslavia: A case study of the Beogradski madrigalisti choir." New Sound, no. 51 (2018): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/newso1851043v.
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In this paper we focused on investigating how the sphere of musical amateurism functioned in Yugoslavia in the decades following the end of WWII. Observing through changes in the role and significance of amateur music ensembles, specifically choirs, in Yugoslav society from the late 1940s until the late 1960s/early 1970s that were manifest in their de-massification, gradual professionalisation and extensive use in cultural diplomacy, we sought to explain that this involved multiple factors - above all, the shifts in Yugoslav international policy after the confrontation with the Soviet Union in 1948, and, consequently, the revisions of its cultural policies. Their influence was observed through a detailed examination of the activities of the Beogradski madrigalisti choir, from its foundation in 1951 until the late 1960s/early 1970s. Although it was unique among Yugoslav choirs in many respects, the early history of this ensemble clearly reflected the demand for excellence in the sphere of amateur performance from the 1950s onwards, one of the most prominent indicators of its deep structural transformation.
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Hall, Wayne. "Why was early therapeutic research on psychedelic drugs abandoned?" Psychological Medicine 52, no. 1 (2021): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291721004207.
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AbstractBackgroundAdvocates of the therapeutic use of psychedelic drugs have argued that a promising approach to treatment was prematurely abandoned in the 1960s primarily because of Richard Nixon's ‘War on Drugs’.This paper (1) briefly describes research in the 1950s and 1960s in North America on the use of LSD to treat alcohol dependence, anxiety in terminal illness, and anxiety and depression; and (2) discusses the factors that led to its abandonment.MethodAn analysis of historical scholarship on psychedelic research in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s in North America.ResultsResearch on psychedelic drugs in psychiatry was abandoned for a number of reasons that acted in concert. A major factor was that clinical research on psychedelic drugs was caught up in the tighter regulation of pharmaceutical research after the Thalidomide disaster in 1963. Psychedelic drugs also presented special challenges for randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trials in the 1970s that were not as positive as the claims made by their advocates in the 1950s and 1960s. Clinical research became more difficult after 1965 when Sandoz ceased providing psychedelic drugs for research and their nonmedical use was prohibited in 1970.ConclusionsThe demise of psychedelic drug research was not solely due to the ‘War on Drugs’. It was hastened by tighter regulation of pharmaceutical research, the failure of controlled clinical trials to live up to the claims of psychedelic advocates, and the pharmaceutical industry's lack of interest in funding clinical trials.
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Mathews, Timoty. "Observations from the U.S. Federal Income Tax to Distinguish Between Measures of Progressivity and Redistributive Capacity." Central European Public Administration Review 14, no. 1 (2016): 11–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17573/ipar.2016.1.01.
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This study provides insights on the attributes of a tax that are measured by two different classes of progressivity indices – those defined by Kakwani (1977), Suits (1977), Stroup (2005), and Mathews (2016) and those defined by Musgrave & Thin (1948) and Reynolds & Smolensky (1977). Index values are determined for the U.S. Federal Income Tax from 1929 through 2010. These values illustrate that the indices of Kakwani, Suits, Stroup, and Mathews gauge the progressivity of the tax, while those of Musgrave & Thin and Reynolds & Smolensky measure the redistributive capacity of the tax. In the early 1940s the progressivity of this tax significantly decreased at the same time when the redistributive capacity of the tax significantly increased. Since the mid-1970s this tax has (i) been more progressive than it was from the early 1950s through the mid-1970s and (ii) redistributed income to a greater degree than it did from the early 1950s through the mid-1970s.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Early 1970s"
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Feldman, Paula. "Made to order : American minimal art in the Netherlands, late 1960s to early 1970s." Thesis, Courtauld Institute of Art (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414492.
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Christofides, Sheila School of Art History & Theory UNSW. "The intransigent critic: reconsidering the reasons for Clement Greenberg???s formalist stance from the early 1930s to the early 1970s." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Art History and Theory, 2004. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20562.
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This thesis investigates the reasons for Greenberg???s aesthetic intransigence ??? that is, his adherence to a formalist/purist stance, and his refusal to countenance non-purist twentiethcentury avant-garde trends evident in the art he ignored or denigrated, and in the art he promoted. The most substantial body of work challenged is Cold War revisionism (exemplified by the scholarship of Francis Frascina, Serge Guilbaut, and John O???Brian) which casts Greenberg as a politically expedient party to the imperialist agendas of various CIA-funded organisations. The major conclusions reached are that: Greenberg???s aesthetic intransigence was driven by a similarly intransigent ethico-political position, and that his critical method reflected patterns of argumentation set up in ???Avant-Garde and Kitsch??? (1939). This essay, and Greenberg???s ethico-political position, derived, not least, from his direct encounter with American Nazism and anti-Semitism which led him to realise that America (with what he saw as its decadence, cultural apathy, and low-level mass taste) was as vulnerable to the threat of totalitarianism as Europe and Russia. Reflecting this fear, ???Avant-Garde and Kitsch??? had juxtaposed a stagnant, impure culture with a vigorous avantgarde culture of impeccable vintage ??? in the process infusing politics into a formalist, historical conception of modernism Greenberg first devised in the early 1930s and then augmented, during 1938-9, with Hans Hofmann???s theories and others. Thus established, this rudimentary paradigm for Greenberg???s art writing was elaborated upon and made canonical in ???Towards a Newer Laocoon??? (1940), and entrenched after the war concurrent with the entrenchment of his ethico-political position. In the face of a Stalinist/capitalist war of wills, continuing anti-Semitism, and what Greenberg perceived as increasing decadence, he continued to argue for a serious, professionally-skilled (predominantly abstract) art, which would be resistant to the ersatz, yet not dehumanized by excluding the natural. By promoting this as the only genuine avant-garde art (while ignoring or denigrating playful, humorous and anarchic avant-garde tendencies), and by reiterating in the 1950s his pre-war Marxist sympathies, Greenberg was effectively demonstrating his continued hope for a utopian culture (luxuriant, formal, informed and socialist) first visualised in the late 1930s.
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Field, Andrew Thomas. "How can performance act historiographically? : enacting the New York avant-gardes of 1960s and early 1970s." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3711.
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This thesis is concerned with extending the role that live performance might play in our understanding of the work of the interrelated avant-garde performance communities that emerged in New York in the 1960s and early 1970s. This is a practice-led project that uses my own performance work as the site of its enquiry. In the last decade performance itself has begun to play a significant role in our understanding of and relationship to past performances, in the main through the increasing pervasion of re-enactment as an acknowledged historiographical trope. However, as a consequence of its association with re-enactment, the nature of the historiographical role afforded to performance is still primarily determined by its proximity to the archive and institutionalised modes of performance history. Challenging the primacy of the re-enactment as a means of embodied engagement with past performance, this research project explores how manipulation of my own performance practice might generate new forms of historical knowledge. In particular my focus is on using this practice to develop a new understanding of how the work of this earlier period altered y the experience of the urban landscape for those participating in the work, audience and performers alike. Structured around a rigorous analysis of three specific works from across this earlier period, I conceived a series of spatial ‘blueprints’ that were applied to my practice to create three new performance pieces. Using my own research and practice to renegotiate the relationship between live performance and the archive, I demonstrate the possibility for a new historiographical approach to past performance. This approach emphasises the role of the participants in the performance as generators of an alternative form of historical understanding embedded in ways of operating in the city.
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Dye, David. "Backwards into the future : an exploration into revisiting , representing and rewriting art of the late 1960s and early 1970s." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2010. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/3217/.
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Ploberger, Christian. "Regime change and development in China and Japan from the early 1970s to the late 1990s : an integrated analysis." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5543/.
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The underlying theme of this dissertation is to focus on analysing complex and incremental change by applying the concept of regime change. Only when we undertake an analysis, which focuses on changes within a specific political-economic setting, will we be able to assess the extent and dynamic of political-economic change that occurred over a specific period of time. Regime as applied in this dissertation refers to a middle level of cohesion in the political economy of a nation state. It therefore differs from its common usage in linking a regime to a specific government or the state; as such this thesis also contributes towards generating additional awareness in distinguishing between the state, the government and a regime. It is further argued that the concept of regime change is both specific and flexible enough to cover a diverse range of case studies. To test the application of the theoretical framework two distinctive case studies, China and Japan, were selected. The concept or regime change also informs our understanding of the complexity and particularity of specific cases and the processes of complex change they experienced, like in the cases of China and Japan.
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Harper, Sharon Patricia. "Strategy in context : the work and practice of New York's downtown artists in the late 1970s and early 1980s." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446648/.
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The rise of neo-conservatism defined the critical context of many appraisals of artistic work produced in downtown New York in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Although initial reviews of the scene were largely enthusiastic, subsequent assessments of artistic work from this period have been largely negative. Artists like Keith Haring, Jean-Michel Basquiat and Kenny Scharf have been assessed primarily in terms of gentrification, commodification, and political commitment relying upon various theoretical assumptions about social processes. The conclusions reached have primarily centred upon the lack of resistance by these artists to postindustrial capitalism in its various manifestations. My investigation engages in a debate with these texts by challenging these assumptions by which the downtown artists have been understood. I address the work of Richard Bolton, Suzi Gablik, Hal Foster and Craig Owens, amongst others, by critiquing their differing conceptions of structure and agency and introducing the analytical dualist approach of sociologist Margaret Archer, one which theorises the agency of social actors within social structures in a superior manner. After making my case, I investigate five economic and political conditions facing these artists, including corporate expansion, entrepreneurialism, the entertainment industry, the rise of the neo-conservative political agenda and the struggle for dominance amongst critics themselves. In each, I investigate the production and distribution practices of a wide range of downtown artists in relation to the historical context, from groups such as Colab and PADD to individuals including Ann Magnuson, David McDermott, Jenny Holzer, Richard Hambleton, John Fekner, Jane Dickson and David Wojnarowicz, in order to illuminate the relationship between such practices and the social structures which shaped such activity. In so doing, I conclude that artists were both constrained and enabled by these contexts, thus providing a more complex picture of their place in art history.
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Reyes, ortiz Luis. "Economic Policy and Income Distribution : The case of France since the early 1970s." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCD105/document.
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L’idée centrale de notre analyse sur l’économie française concerne la suprématie des taux d’intérêt et des dépenses publiques comme instruments de politique économique. Avec la forte hausse des taux d’intérêt au début des années 1980, les entreprises non financières ont commencé à demander moins de crédit, tandis que les ménages français, ainsi que d’autres économies en voie de développement en ont demandé davantage. Parallèlement à ces développements, les marchés spéculatifs ont dominé la bourse, le taux de chômage a augmenté, et un processus de libéralisation a suivi. Nous analysons les conséquences de ce processus de financiarisation et certains scénarios possibles en France, tout en utilisant un modèle de type Cowles Commission, qui est à son tour fondé sur la littérature stock-flux. Une attention particulière est donnée aux variables de répartition et fiscales. Les résultats du modèle indiquent que (étant donné que les entreprises françaises sont prises dans une trappe à liquidité) le taux d’intérêt a perdu son pouvoir comme une variable de politique. En revanche, les dépenses publiques ont une puissance expansionniste importante<br>The core of our analysis of the French economy concerns the supremacy of interest rates and government spending as policy instruments in this economy. With the strong increase in interest rates at the beginning of the 1980s, non-financial firms started to demand less credit, whereas French households and other developing economies demanded more. Parallel to these developments, bulls became more abundant in stock markets, the unemployment rate soared and a full process of liberalization ensued. We analyze the consequences of this financialization process and some feasible scenarios in France by means of a Cowles Commission-type model that is in turn based on the stock-flow literature. Particular emphasis is given to distributive and fiscalvariables. The model’s results indicate that (given that French firms are caught in a liquidity trap) the interest rate has lost its power as a policy variable. In contrast, public spending has an important expansionary power
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Breen, Edward George. "The performance practice of David Munrow and the early music consort of London : medieval music in the 1960s and 1970s." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.646010.
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Breen, Edward George. "The performance practice of David Munrow and the early music consort of London : medieval music in the 1960s and 1970s." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2015. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-performance-practice-of-david-munrow-and-the-early-music-consort-of-london(6153a225-144d-4664-96c4-125cd150f535).html.
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This thesis focuses on the musical contribution of David Munrow and his Early Music Consort of London (EMC) to the so-called early music revival of the 1960s and 1970s. By exploring the notion of shared cultural space in performances of medieval music by leading ensembles of the time, this thesis seeks to isolate aspects of performance practice unique to the EMC. An assessment of literary sources documenting the early music revival reveals clear nodes of discussion around Munrow’s methods of presenting early music in concert performance which are frequently classified as ‘showmanship’ with a focus on more scholarly performance practice decisions only evident in the post-Munrow period. Close readings of these sources are undertaken which are, in turn, weighed against Munrow’s early biography to map out the web of influences contributing to his musical life. Having established David Munrow’s intentions in performance, this thesis uses techniques of performance analysis to question whether he and the EMC achieved such stated aims in performance, and identifies how different approaches are made manifest in recordings by other ensembles. The findings, which seek to marry sonic analysis with reception history, are interpreted in the light of the New Cultural History of Music and reposition David Munrow, often seen as a showman who evangelized early music, as a musician who profoundly influenced the modern aesthetics and surface details of performance for subsequent generations of early musicians.
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Tan, Jeffery. "The Shaw Brothers' exploitation of sex in Hong Kong films of the early 1970s." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609580.
Full textBooks on the topic "Early 1970s"
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Ettinger, Roseann. Psychedelic chic: Artistic fashions of the late 1960s & early 1970s. Schiffer Pub., 1999.
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Colakis, Marianthe. The classics in the American theater of the 1960s and early 1970s. University Press of America, 1993.
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Hua, Hsüan. Timely teachings: Gold Mountain Monastery in the early 1970s. Buddhist Text Translation Society, 2008.
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Hua, Hsüan. Timely teachings: Gold Mountain Chan Monastery in the early 1970s. Buddhist Text Translation Society, 2007.
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I, Velihot͡s︡ʹka N., and Z͡H︡oholʹ L. I͡E︡, eds. Dekorativno-prikladnoe iskusstvo Ukrainskoĭ SSR: 1970-e--nachalo 1980-kh godov = The decorative-applied arts of the Ukraine : 1970s and early 1980s. "Sov. khudozhnik", 1986.
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I, Velihot︠s︡ʹka N., and Z︠H︡oholʹ L. I︠E︡, eds. Dekorativno-prikladnoe iskusstvo Ukrainskoĭ SSR: 1970-e--nachalo 1980-kh godov = The decorative-applied arts of the Ukraine : 1970s and early 1980s. "Sov. khudozhnik", 1986.
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Mathey, François. American realism: A pictorial survey from the early eighteenth century to the 1970s. Portland House, 1987.
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1911-, Hanna Willard Anderson, ed. Bali chronicles: A lively account of the island's history from early times to the 1970s. Periplus, 2004.
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Puoskari, Pentti. Transformation of the public sector: A comparative study of British and Finnish developments from the late 1970s to the early 1990s. Ministry of Finance, Public Management Dept., 1996.
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Barr, Todd. No swank here?: The development of the Whitsundays as a tourist destination to the early 1970s. Dept. of Tourism, James Cook University, 1990.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Early 1970s"
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Arnett, Robert. "Transitional Noir, 1960s–Early 1970s." In Neo-Noir as Post-Classical Hollywood Cinema. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43668-1_2.
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Cohen, Michael A. "The Early 1970s." In Infrastructure Policy and Inequality. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032655796-6.
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Ornstein, Paul H. "On Courage (early 1970s)." In The Search for the Self. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429483110-4.
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Gallagher, Mark. "Omega Men: Late 1960s and Early 1970s Action Heroes." In Action Figures. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403977236_4.
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Sternberg, Claudia Schrag. "Peace, Prosperity, and Progress: Early Legitimating Narratives, 1950s–1970s." In The Struggle for EU Legitimacy. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137327840_2.
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Sternberg, Claudia Schrag. "Democracy and Other Challenges: Early Counter-Discourses, 1950s–1970s." In The Struggle for EU Legitimacy. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137327840_3.
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Clarke, Colin. "The Caribbean in the Early 1970s." In Mexico and the Caribbean Under Castro's Eyes. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77170-0_4.
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Sutherland, Jeanne. "The 1970s and the Early 1980s: Portrait of the Soviet School before Perestroika – Some Personal Impressions of the 1970s and Early 1980s." In Schooling in New Russia. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230372733_2.
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Brennan, Claire, and Nicolas Tredell. "1970s: Unifying Strategies and Early Feminist Readings." In The Poetry of Sylvia Plath. Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-19380-3_3.
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Regan, Daniel. "Malaysian Intellectual Life in the Early 1970s." In Intellectual Conversations. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4814-3_1.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Early 1970s"
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Whittaker, G. S. "Materials Performance Experience in Industrial Waste Incinerators at Tennessee Eastman Company." In CORROSION 1986. NACE International, 1986. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1986-86108.
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Abstract Since the early 1960s, the Tennessee Eastman Company has been disposing of solid and liquid waste in several waste incinerators. Solid waste is burned in two rotary kilns, and liquid waste is incincerated in a single chemical destructor. Additionally, a tar refining furnace is operated to recover a valuable catalyst. Experience has led to many improvements in all of these systems. Refractory life in the rotary kilns has increased from 90 days to 18 months. The rotary kiln off-gas handling system has been completely redesigned to eliminate many corrosion problems. The first chemical destructor was replaced in the late 1970s because of poor reliability, and the second generation system was installed applying the lessons learned in the first destructor as well as the kilns. The tar refining furnace has been in operation for two years and has also required modification. The external shell was replaced due to severe oxidation. The internals, on the other hand, have been reliable. A corrosion test was carried out in the furnace, and the results show that Cabot Alloy 214 is the best performer in this environment. The improvement process applied to all of the waste handling systems has produced very reliable systems which will be in use for many years to come.
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Bird, Kenneth W., Patricia G. Breig, and Thomas C. Spence. "Advantages of Zr 705 in the Acetic Acid Industry." In CORROSION 1995. NACE International, 1995. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1995-95249.
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Abstract Zirconium 705 (Zr + 2-3% niobium) is finding its way into more acetic acid plants as a replacement for Zirconium 702 (unalloyed Zr). The alloy was first proposed for the Chemical Process Industry(CPI) use in the early 1970s, but has not found wide spread use because of a few problems early in its history. Research revealed that the problems encountered were related to delayed hydride cracking (DHC). However, proper processing of the alloy after welding produces components free of DHC. The main advantage of Zirconium 705 (Zr 705) as compared to Zirconium 702 (Zr 702) is higher tensile and yield strengths. This allows pressure containing components to be rated at higher pressures which can increase plant efficiencies or they can be fabricated with thinner wall sections, thus reducing equipment cost. These advantages of Zr 705 will be reviewed as well as actual plant history of the alloy in acetic acid services.
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Fukuda, Masafumi, Eiji Saito, Yoshinori Tanaka, et al. "Advanced USC Technology Development in Japan." In AM-EPRI 2010, edited by D. Gandy, J. Shingledecker, and R. Viswanathan. ASM International, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.am-epri-2010p0325.
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Abstract The “Cool Earth-Innovative Energy Technology Program,” launched by the Japanese government in March 2008, aims to significantly reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. Among the 21 selected technologies is the Advanced Ultra Super Critical (A-USC) pressure power generation, which targets the commercialization of a 700°C class pulverized coal power system with a power generation efficiency of 46% by around 2015. As of 2004, Japan's pulverized coal power plant capacity reached 35 GW, with the latest plants achieving a steam temperature of 600°C and a net thermal efficiency of approximately 42% (HHV). Older plants from the 1970s and early 1980s, with steam temperatures of 538°C or 566°C, are nearing the need for refurbishment or rebuilding. A case study on retrofitting these older plants with A-USC technology, which uses a 700°C class steam temperature, demonstrated that this technology is suitable for such upgrades and can reduce CO2 emissions by about 15%. Following this study, a large-scale development of A-USC technology began in August 2008, focusing on developing 700°C class boiler, turbine, and valve technologies, including high-temperature material technology. Candidate materials for boilers and turbine rotor and casing materials are being developed and tested. Two years into the project, useful test results regarding these candidate materials have been obtained, contributing to the advancement of A-USC technology.
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Ulrich, Lloyd W. "Dot’s Perspective on In-Line Inspection." In CORROSION 1996. NACE International, 1996. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1996-96053.
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Abstract The Department of Transportation and its Office of Pipeline Safety have been involved with in-line inspection (ILI) pigs since the construction of the Alaska crude oil pipeline in the early 1970s. Two Congressionally mandated reports concerning ILI pigs and a regulation requiring new and replaced pipe and components to be designed and constructed to accommodate ILI pigs have been issued by the Department. Although there is no present federal requirement to run ILI pigs, they are required by the Office of Pipeline Safety in selected compliance cases. The Department will continue to use ILI pigs in compliance cases. It also supports future ILI pig research, and the use of ILI pig surveys incorporated in any pipeline operator’s future risk management plans developed as safety alternatives to the established pipeline safety regulations. The Department also in the future may require ILI pigs to be run on some pipelines.
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Kosenkova, Yulia. "Changes in the Idea of a Soviet City in 1960s — Early 1970s." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education (ICASSEE 2018). Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icassee-18.2018.122.
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Bergen, James R. "Theories of visual texture perception." In OSA Annual Meeting. Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.thz2.
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The development of theories of visual texture perception is reviewed in the context of recent computational approaches. Visual texture is difficult to define precisely; one definition is that it is the visual phenomenon underlying the perception of the texture of surfaces of objects. There have been two major thrusts in thinking about texture segregation phenomena: one begins with the stimulus intensity distribution and the other with the perceptual entities that it contains. The history of the development of these two schools of thought can be described as a slow convergence toward an intermediate point. The former approach is characteristic of the work of L. A. Jones and other authors in the 1940s and early 1950s and of the early work of Bela Julesz and his various colleagues in the 1960s and early 1970s. The other approach is characteristic of the work of Jacob Beck and other perceptual psychological work on texture, which has its roots in the Gestalt theories of grouping and integration. The constructs used in recent computational work in texture modeling exist at a level somewhere between a simple description of image intensities and a true representation of meaningful perceptual objects.
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Napolitano, Matteo. "BIPOLARITY BETWEEN CRISES AND ATTEMPTS AT DIALOGUE. INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS FROM THE 1950s TO THE EARLY 1970s." In 6th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2019v/2.1/s05.003.
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Nuccio, Patrizio. "Research on the Automobile Aerodynamic Field at the Politecnico di Torino in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0015.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">With this paper the author first of all wants to honor the memory of Professor Alberto Morelli with whom he had the privilege of working for many years at the Politecnico di Torino. Morelli radically changed the way of designing car body shapes, while bringing the aspect of reducing the aerodynamic resistance of a vehicle to the attention of car designers. Morelli’s research activity began in the early 1950s and, between the 1950s and 1960s, he designed and built a number of car prototypes, whose coefficient of aerodynamic resistance was substantially reduced compared to that of the cars of that time, sometimes resorting to revolutionary architectures such as a “diamond” arrangement of the wheels. A fundamental step of Morelli's research in the field of vehicle aerodynamics was the Pininfarina full-scale wind tunnel project, which was set up between the end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s, and was inaugurated in 1972: fifty years have therefore passed since that occasion. An impressive result, obtained in the second half of the 1970s, was the maquette of the Pininfarina-CNR car, which had front air intakes, internal flows as well as other external details, such as rear-view mirrors: in this case, the C<sub>x</sub> value was 0.20. His activity continued with significant results in the field of car aerodynamics, in particular concerning the interaction between the wakes of the car and of the wheels.</div></div>
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Willies, Lynn. "The Wills Founder water-pressure engine from Winster, Derbyshire." In 2nd International Early Engines Conference. International Early Engines Conference & ISSES, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54267/ieec2-2-12.
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The recovery of the Wills Founder water-pressure engine and its pumps, and their subsequent re-erection in the Peak District Mining Museum provided a unique opportunity to handle and study a complete example of this mid-19th century mine pumping technology. A substantial amount of photography was undertaken at the time, some in near impossible conditions in the 1970s. The historical background of the Winster area, and the occurrence of other hydraulic engines at nearby Alport is briefly noted. The components of the system and their purpose are described in some detail, although several vital parts are missing. It is possible that it was never used in practice due to technical difficulties, and the work abandoned as costs rose at a time of falling lead prices in the 1850s. Passage of time allows for a re-appraisal of the installation and the engineer’s original intentions.
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Wingate, E., Y. Liu, R. Prasad, R. Atmuri, and W. Liang. "Thermal phosphorus – it’s a hot commodity with a hot process." In 12th International Conference of Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts (MOLTEN 2024) Proceedings. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62053/trla2623.
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Yellow phosphorus (YP) has been commercially produced since the 1920s. First in the USA by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), next in Russian (Kazakhstan) in the 1950s, and finally in China in the late 1970s and early 1980s. There are operations in Vietnam and Sarawak on a smaller scale. YP has become very in vogue due to its use in the production of lithium iron phosphate battery cathode precursor materials by the Chinese and other western battery manufacturers. The YP is also used to produce purified phosphoric acid and higher grades of acid using a thermal oxidation process after smelting. This paper will look at the basics of the smelting including slag chemistry, alloy chemistry and off-gas chemistry. The paper will look at the design of the furnaces used in the YP production process as well as the downstream recovery of phosphorus from the smelter off-gas stream to YP. The next part of the discussion will focus on the operations of a YP smelter with regards to control of the furnace to optimise phosphorus recovery to YP. Will discuss tapping cycles for alloy and slag with a view to optimal phosphorus recovery. The discussion will close out with a review of operational challenges in the smelter and a brief description of the downstream conversion of YP to high purity phosphoric acid.
Reports on the topic "Early 1970s"
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Ffrench-Davis, Ricardo, and Robert Devlin. Towards an Evaluation of Regional Integration in Latin America in the 1990s. Inter-American Development Bank, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011085.
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The decade of the 1990s has witnessed a wave of regional integration initiatives in Latin America: more than 14 agreements -free trade areas or customs unions- since 1990 with a handful more in varying degrees of negotiation (see Table 1). However, this was not just a Latin American phenomenon, as regionalism has more than ever become a global trend (Mistry [1996]). Indeed, now Japan, South Korea and Hong Kong are the only World Trade Organization (WTO) members which are not signatories to at least one preferential trade agreement (WTO [1995]). Regional integration is not new to Latin America. Economic integration played an important role in the region¿s early Post-War economic history. The 1960s and 1970s saw a number of very ambitious initiatives inspired by the successful Western European experience (Ffrench-Davis, Muñoz and Palma [1994]). Indeed, at its peak in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the topic of integration was hard to avoid in the discussion of Latin American development. However, disillusionment with integration processes had clearly set in by the late 1970s and the discussion of regional integration was all but silenced by the external crisis of the early 1980s.
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Cribb, Jonathan, Zoe Oldfield, Paul Johnson, and Robert Joyce. Jubilees compared: incomes, spending and work in the late 1970s and early 2010s. Institute for Fiscal Studies, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/bn.ifs.2012.00128.
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Chumacero, Rómulo A., and J. Rodrigo Fuentes. On the Determinants of Chilean Economic Growth. Inter-American Development Bank, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008718.
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This paper is part of the project "Explaining Economic Growth Performance" launched by the Global Development Network (GDN). The purpose of this project is to explain economic growth performances across seven regions of the world. This paper provides a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the main factors behind Chilean growth: the main characteristics that made economic performance so average through the 1960s, so sensitive to the two major international crises in the early 1970s and early 1980s, and so simulative to growth rates and dampening to volatility from the mid-1980s onward. The first section looks at the history for the period under analysis. The next section uses a growth accounting exercise to approximate Total Factor Productivity (TFP). The results from that exercise are then used to conduct a multivariate time series analysis that includes several measures of economic distortions to assess which are important determinants (or consequences) of Chile's economic performance. Features found to be relevant are then incorporated into a model that attempts to quantify the growth effects of several shocks. Finally, the last section summarizes the main analytic conclusions and draws policy implications.
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Johnson, Emily, Sofia Andeskie, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Mojave National Preserve: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299742.
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Mojave National Preserve (MOJA) in the Mojave Desert of southern California hosts an extensive geologic record, with units ranging in age from the Paleoproterozoic (2.5 to 1.7 billion years ago) to the Quaternary (present day). MOJA topography is dominated by numerous mountain ranges hosting extensive geological exposures divided by expansive valleys, dunes, and a low elevation dry salt lake. Some geological units are fossil-bearing, both within the preserve and in adjacent lands outside the boundaries of the preserve. The fossils preserved within MOJA span from the Proterozoic Eon (uncertain maximum age of fossiliferous rocks, but at least approximately 550 million years ago) to the Holocene Epoch (beginning 11,700 years ago). Abundant and diverse marine fossils are preserved in units dated from the late Proterozoic through most of the Cambrian, as well as from the Devonian through the early Permian. More recent volcanic tuff and unconsolidated sedimentary deposits in valleys preserve Cenozoic flora and fauna. Geologic surveys documented paleontological resources within the modern (2023) boundaries of MOJA as early as 1914, but fossils were rarely the focus of detailed study, and no comprehensive inventory was compiled. John Hazzard was the first geologist to devote significant attention to the study of paleontology within MOJA. Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Hazzard and collaborators identified Paleozoic assemblages within the Kelso and Providence Mountains. Between the 1950s to 1980s, several dissertations and theses described the geology of various areas within MOJA, in which the authors provided limited paleontological descriptions and fossil locality information. Jack Mount conducted extensive paleontological research in the Cambrian sections of the Providence Mountains in the 1970s and 1980s, focusing on olenellid trilobites in the Latham Shale. As early as the 1960s, rockhounds collecting opalite and petrified wood discovered fossilized plant material and vertebrate bones in areas now in south-central MOJA and notified paleontologists at San Bernardino County Museum (SBCM). This resulted in one of the only paleontological excavations in what is now MOJA, with collections of Miocene vertebrate fauna including camelid and early rhino material. More recently, James Hagadorn reported the late-surviving Ediacaran organism Swartpuntia in an assemblage from the Wood Canyon Formation of the Kelso Mountains in 2000. From October 2021 to January 2022, a field inventory was conducted to determine the scope and distribution (both temporal and geospatial) of paleontological resources at MOJA. An additional week of field work was conducted in December 2022. A total of thirteen localities were documented and field-checked throughout the preserve. These localities resulted from field checks of previously reported fossil sites, as well as new discoveries based on literature searches and information provided by MOJA staff. The findings of this report constitute a baseline of paleontology resource data for MOJA, and reflect the current understanding of the scope, significance, and distribution of MOJA’s fossil record. This report provides a foundation for the management and protection of paleontological resources within MOJA and supports future education, interpretation,
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Johnson, Emily, Sofia Andeskie, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Mojave National Preserve: Paleontological resource inventory (sensitive version). National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299463.
Full textAbstract:
Mojave National Preserve (MOJA) in the Mojave Desert of southern California hosts an extensive geologic record, with units ranging in age from the Paleoproterozoic (2.5 to 1.7 billion years ago) to the Quaternary (present day). MOJA topography is dominated by numerous mountain ranges hosting extensive geological exposures divided by expansive valleys, dunes, and a low elevation dry salt lake. Some geological units are fossil-bearing, both within the preserve and in adjacent lands outside the boundaries of the preserve. The fossils preserved within MOJA span from the Proterozoic Eon (uncertain maximum age of fossiliferous rocks, but at least approximately 550 million years ago) to the Holocene Epoch (beginning 11,700 years ago). Abundant and diverse marine fossils are preserved in units dated from the late Proterozoic through most of the Cambrian, as well as from the Devonian through the early Permian. More recent volcanic tuff and unconsolidated sedimentary deposits in valleys preserve Cenozoic flora and fauna. Geologic surveys documented paleontological resources within the modern (2023) boundaries of MOJA as early as 1914, but fossils were rarely the focus of detailed study, and no comprehensive inventory was compiled. John Hazzard was the first geologist to devote significant attention to the study of paleontology within MOJA. Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Hazzard and collaborators identified Paleozoic assemblages within the Kelso and Providence Mountains. Between the 1950s to 1980s, several dissertations and theses described the geology of various areas within MOJA, in which the authors provided limited paleontological descriptions and fossil locality information. Jack Mount conducted extensive paleontological research in the Cambrian sections of the Providence Mountains in the 1970s and 1980s, focusing on olenellid trilobites in the Latham Shale. As early as the 1960s, rockhounds collecting opalite and petrified wood at Hackberry Wash discovered fossilized plant material and vertebrate bones and notified paleontologists at San Bernardino County Museum (SBCM). This resulted in one of the only paleontological excavations in what is now MOJA, with collections of Miocene vertebrate fauna including camelid and early rhino material. More recently, James Hagadorn reported the late-surviving Ediacaran organism Swartpuntia in an assemblage from the Wood Canyon Formation of the Kelso Mountains in 2000. From October 2021 to January 2022, a field inventory was conducted to determine the scope and distribution (both temporal and geospatial) of paleontological resources at MOJA. An additional week of field work was conducted in December 2022. A total of thirteen localities were documented and field-checked throughout the preserve. These localities resulted from field checks of previously reported fossil sites, as well as new discoveries based on literature searches and information provided by MOJA staff. The findings of this report constitute a baseline of paleontology resource data for MOJA, and reflect the current understanding of the scope, significance, and distribution of MOJA’s fossil record. This report provides a foundation for the management and protection of paleontological resources within MOJA and supports future education, interpretation, and research.
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Scarpetta, Stefano. Labour Market Reforms and Unemployment: Lessons from the Experience of the OECD Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011555.
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The OECD labor market has undergone major changes over the past two decades. The most evident of these changes is the rise in the number of job-seekers. In 1997, there were more than 35 million people unemployed in the OECD area as a whole, some 6 million more than in the mid-1980s and almost 25 million more than in the early 1970s. These figures hide profound differences across countries. In the major European countries, unemployment has increased dramatically over the past two decades and in some of them, including Italy, Spain, and France, increases that were initially cyclical have tended to become structural over time.
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Haggart, J. W., L. T. Dafoe, K. M. Bell, et al. Historical development of a litho- and biostratigraphic framework for onshore Cretaceous-Paleocene deposits along western Baffin Bay. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/321828.
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Cretaceous-Paleogene strata along the eastern coast of Baffin Island, on Bylot Island, and on associated islands north of Cape Dyer, have been known since the early days of exploration of Baffin Bay in the mid-nineteenth century. Studies of these strata in the 1970s-1990s established their clastic nature and revealed details of their stratigraphy, ages, and depositional settings. Onshore strata in the Cape Dyer area accumulated in close association with volcanic deposits related to late-stage rifting in the Late Cretaceous to Early Paleocene that eventually formed Baffin Bay. In contrast, deposits in more northerly areas, such as the Eclipse and North Bylot troughs on Bylot Island, exhibit similar clastic rocks, but lack conspicuous volcanic strata, and have been associated with either the Sverdrup Basin or the Baffin Bay rift. The litho- and biostratigraphy of these deposits are summarized and discussed in terms of differing and contrasting stratigraphic interpretations, age assignments, and depositional environments.
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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. The Unmaking of the Black Blue-Collar Middle Class. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp159.
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In the decade after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans made historic gains in accessing employment opportunities in racially integrated workplaces in U.S. business firms and government agencies. In the previous working papers in this series, we have shown that in the 1960s and 1970s, Blacks without college degrees were gaining access to the American middle class by moving into well-paid unionized jobs in capital-intensive mass production industries. At that time, major U.S. companies paid these blue-collar workers middle-class wages, offered stable employment, and provided employees with health and retirement benefits. Of particular importance to Blacks was the opening up to them of unionized semiskilled operative and skilled craft jobs, for which in a number of industries, and particularly those in the automobile and electronic manufacturing sectors, there was strong demand. In addition, by the end of the 1970s, buoyed by affirmative action and the growth of public-service employment, Blacks were experiencing upward mobility through employment in government agencies at local, state, and federal levels as well as in civil-society organizations, largely funded by government, to operate social and community development programs aimed at urban areas where Blacks lived. By the end of the 1970s, there was an emergent blue-collar Black middle class in the United States. Most of these workers had no more than high-school educations but had sufficient earnings and benefits to provide their families with economic security, including realistic expectations that their children would have the opportunity to move up the economic ladder to join the ranks of the college-educated white-collar middle class. That is what had happened for whites in the post-World War II decades, and given the momentum provided by the dominant position of the United States in global manufacturing and the nation’s equal employment opportunity legislation, there was every reason to believe that Blacks would experience intergenerational upward mobility along a similar education-and-employment career path. That did not happen. Overall, the 1980s and 1990s were decades of economic growth in the United States. For the emerging blue-collar Black middle class, however, the experience was of job loss, economic insecurity, and downward mobility. As the twentieth century ended and the twenty-first century began, moreover, it became apparent that this downward spiral was not confined to Blacks. Whites with only high-school educations also saw their blue-collar employment opportunities disappear, accompanied by lower wages, fewer benefits, and less security for those who continued to find employment in these jobs. The distress experienced by white Americans with the decline of the blue-collar middle class follows the downward trajectory that has adversely affected the socioeconomic positions of the much more vulnerable blue-collar Black middle class from the early 1980s. In this paper, we document when, how, and why the unmaking of the blue-collar Black middle class occurred and intergenerational upward mobility of Blacks to the college-educated middle class was stifled. We focus on blue-collar layoffs and manufacturing-plant closings in an important sector for Black employment, the automobile industry from the early 1980s. We then document the adverse impact on Blacks that has occurred in government-sector employment in a financialized economy in which the dominant ideology is that concentration of income among the richest households promotes productive investment, with government spending only impeding that objective. Reduction of taxes primarily on the wealthy and the corporate sector, the ascendancy of political and economic beliefs that celebrate the efficiency and dynamism of “free market” business enterprise, and the denigration of the idea that government can solve social problems all combined to shrink government budgets, diminish regulatory enforcement, and scuttle initiatives that previously provided greater opportunity for African Americans in the government and civil-society sectors.
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Winkler-McCue, Erin. Issues in State Modernization in Ecuador. Inter-American Development Bank, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008532.
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Ecuador's current political economy is largely a product of the boom that took place in the country's oil sector in the early 1970s. The pressure of heightened revenue flows created an oil-exporting factional democracy, and a dichotomy between policies focused on minimizing the pitfalls of natural resource rents (widespread corruption, Dutch disease, etc.) and individual actors driven to maximize their profits. Today, these pressures continue to mount for the country and in the face of significant positive growth indicators.
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Maxey and Eiber. L51562 A Study of the Yield-Tensile Ratio and Its Effect on Line Pipe Behavior. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010069.
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Considerable research has been conducted to define the significance of the yield-to-tensile (Y/T) ratio for line-pipe steels. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, a study was completed in which a series of burst tests was conducted on 41 pipes ranging from 8 to 42 inches in diameter and representing API Specification 5L Grades A through X65. In this study, only 2 of the 41 materials studied had a yield-to-tensile ratio greater than 0.9, and these were artificially created. With the advent of the X70 and X80 steels, higher yield-to-tensile ratios have developed as the yield strength increased. A re-examination of this question in terms of the higher strength materials is presented herein. The objective of this research is to determine if the high yield-to-tensile ratio of X70 and X80 line-pipe steels in any way restricts such operating practices as hydrostatic testing, operating stress level, and flaw behavior.