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Gul, Tayyaba Naheed Sirinan Kittisuksathit. "Early marriage among women in Pakistan /." Abstract, 2004. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2547/cd368/4638502.pdf.
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Uluduz, Ozlem. "Changing Patterns Of Marriage And Family In England From The Late Medieval To The Early Modern Ages." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/761387/index.pdf.
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ABSTRACT
CHANGING PATTERNS OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY IN ENGLAND FROM THE LATE MEDIEVAL TO THE EARLY MODERN AGES
ULUDÜ<br>Z, Ö<br>ZLEM
M.S. Department of History
Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Recep Boztemur
August 2003, 132 pages
This thesis analyzes the changing patterns of the institutions of family and marriage in England. The period covers the late medieval ages to the early modern ages until the middle of the eighteenth century, 1753, which represents the acceptance of an important Act on marriage by the English Parliament that ended ambiguities on the law of marriage. This study attempts to investigate the family institution and marriage practices of England, which represented a different character from other European countries throughout the period. Many important historical factors occurred throughout the period, which influenced the family structure and marriage practices such as the Reformation. Within this framework, throughout this thesis, the religious, political, economic and social factors that paved the way for transition in family and marriage will be analyzed.
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Duncan, Sarah. "The Sensory and Haptic Nature of Art Therapy Materials With Young Children Ages 0-5yrs Old of Complex Trauma." Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School, 2019. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/773.
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This survey study with an art response aims to further understand how the sensory and haptic nature of art therapy materials can aid in healing within the therapeutic process. Specifically, it will explore young children, ages 0-5yrs old, of complex trauma and how they respond to art materials within the therapeutic process. Surveys were distributed to mental health therapists working with the 0-5 year old population in order to gather baseline information about how young children who have experienced trauma, respond to methods of interventions, including art materials. Through analysis of the participants’ survey responses and artwork, emergent themes revealed insight for further research and reinforced the importance of a consistent, nurturing caregiving relationship. These findings and themes illuminated the importance of relationship and revealed inquiries about the sensory and haptic nature of art materials being utilized for assessment in dyadic therapy with children 0-5 years old.
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Vue, Chuesee. "Hmong youth attitude toward early marriage." Online version, 1999. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/1999/1999vuec.pdf.
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Mutgan, Selcan. "Trends in Early Marriage in Shashemene, Ethiopia." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-104612.
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Despite the Family Code of 2000 that raised the legal age at marriage to 18 for both sexes; early family formation is still a common practice which affect many children in Ethiopia. Previous research has shown that girls in rural areas are more disadvantaged and suffer the consequences of early marriage the most. The purpose of this thesis is to study the risk factors for early marriage for both girls and boys in an urban area, Shashemene. Also, using longitudinal data, trends in early family formation between 1973 and 2008 have been analyzed with an event history approach. The data were collected as part of the project “Changing Ethiopia: Urban livelihood, gender, and ethnicity in Shashemene after 35 years: A case study”. The discrete-time complementary log-log regression estimates have provided evidence of gender inequality in early marriage formations, showing that girls are more prone to experience early marriage than boys. While area of birth (rural-urban) has no direct impact on the risk of early marriage, it is found that living in an urban area offsets the effect of area of birth, suggesting a selection process into migration. It is also found that school attendance decreases the likelihood of early marriage, while literacy has little effect. Moreover, among people living in Shashemene, religious affiliation has more impact on early marriage risks than ethnic identity and the first language. Finally, there was little evidence on period and cohort effects for early family formation.
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Nyi, Nyi Guest Philip. "The determinants of age at first marriage in Myanmar /." Abstract, 2005. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2548/cd380/4738657.pdf.
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Barnes, Kristi A. "Examining predictors of marital satisfaction among age similar and age discrepant older couples." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2003. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=3297.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2003.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 116 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-94).
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Bakhtibekova, Zulfiya. "Early girls' marriage in Tajikistan : causes and continuity." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/17438.
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Although there is little official data, early girls’ marriage before the age of 18 appears to have increased in Tajikistan over recent years, due to the limited socio-economic opportunities. This study aimed to explore the main causes behind the fall in the age of marriage for girls. As Tajikistan is based on patriarchal values, where family is the core of decision-making, the study looks into the family dynamics and interrelationships to analyse the driving forces behind the decision to arrange marriage for the girls at an earlier age. Using triangulated methods of qualitative data collection, such as interviews, focus group discussions and case studies, the study was conducted in urban, semi rural/semi urban and rural areas of Tajikistan. The findings confirm that early marriage exists in Tajikistan. Although marriage has always been important for Tajiks, recently early age of marriage has been more prioritized. The young girls today leave school when they reach puberty, limit their socialization with their friends outside of the house and rigorously learn skills that qualify them as a ‘desirable’ kelin [bride] to increase their chances of getting a marriage proposal within what is a short marriage window. At the same time, the study argues that the family decision to pursue an early age of marriage for daughters is not because of the low status of the women as it has been suggested in some earlier research. Instead, the study argues that marriage is a strategy to provide girls with what is often the only opportunity of an economically and socially secure future in the country under the current socio-economic and political context. Relations within the families are more complicated than dominant-subordinate as previously portrayed but are based on respect, love and responsibility towards each other. This ‘connectivity’ assists in shaping the girls as potent Tajik women ready for their future roles of mothers and wives. The young girls, as this study suggests, are usually not completely powerless either, as they exercise the limited agency provided by the patriarchal system and actively engage in negotiating their interests. Thus, the study aimed to (1) draw attention to the issue of early marriage among girls in Tajikistan and (2) to contribute to the scholarly discussion on early marriage and on gender and family dynamics in Tajikistan. Based on the findings, it is recommended that more research needs to be conducted to discuss the phenomenon of early girls’ marriage in Tajikistan. Further, legal, political and social changes are necessary to provide a safety net for women married at an early age but divorced or abandoned later. Although bringing changes to the marriage values might be a challenging task, it is hoped that this research and others similar to this one will demonstrate the importance of the issue and will result in appropriate attention and an effective policy response.
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Pettitt, Rhiannon Gwawr. "Materiality in Early Bronze Age Wales." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/materiality-in-early-bronze-age-wales(109f8a47-b259-4bba-8d41-11cdcb660a6a).html.
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This thesis contributes an original approach to the understanding of human-object relations at funerary and ceremonial sites during the period c.2200 BC - 1400 BC within Wales. A primary review of archaeological work within this region contextualises this thesis and challenges the notion that this area is materially-poor during the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age. Drawing on existing excavation reports and archived material, a database of archaeological sites detailing context and material culture was created. Additionally a calibrated set of dates, was mapped against architectural, depositional and material practice. These data sets provided the opportunity to compare different Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age archaeological features in terms of the character and variety of associated objects and materials. Analysis of this data has illustrated key contrasts and similarities in the treatment of material culture across architecturally distinct ceremonial and funerary site types. This interpretation is framed by a discussion of materiality, arguing for a model which is located in past perspectives rather than a deconstruction of Western material values. Materiality is explored as a contextual, often learned understanding of the world, which is not restricted to the physical qualities of materials. Potential concepts of materiality were considered with particular attention given to the treatment of human remains in funerary and ceremonial contexts. The result of this thesis is an enhanced understanding of depositional practices and their role in the construction, use and perception of funerary and ceremonial sites within the Early Bronze Age of Wales.
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Mason, Philip. "The Early Iron Age of Slovenia /." Oxford : BAR : Tempus reparatum, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36693131c.
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Holt, Erika E. "Early age autogenous shrinkage of concrete /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10113.
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luo, Cheng Hong. "Early age thermal cracking of concrete." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1998. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.589517.
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曾福怡 and Fook-yee Connie Tsang. "Attitudes of elderly people towards second marriage in old age." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31977492.
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Tsang, Fook-yee Connie. "Attitudes of elderly people towards second marriage in old age." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13745104.
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Zhang, Xu. "Fecundity and husband-wife age and education gaps at first marriage." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.
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Dagdelen, Gozde. "Early Marriage: The Case Of Van Province In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613262/index.pdf.
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The early marriage as a patriarchal cultural fact is not a retrospective solved up, ended issue but a problem lasting with all its tragedy.
The early marriage which is the subject of this study is a form of actualisation of child abuse within the family, in the prison of privacy. This abuse may only be expressed within the repertoire of femaleness. Regarding this language, which is functionalized with destiny, fortune, luck, sin, immoral, the comprehension of what it means to be child-bride, how the patriarchy institutionalize the early marriage which we may call as legitimate child abuse was tried.
If marriage occurs between persons either one of them or both of them is under 18 is called early marriage.Although child marriages are no legitimacy in the sense of jurisprudence, child marriage is still occurring as a cultural practice. This study based on some presumption such as everybody who is under the age of 18 is accepted as a child. Marriage is an important issue for feminism. Although there are different feminst perspectives, all of them are critical towards marriage. For instance<br>according to radical feminists&rsquo<br>theoreticians&rsquo<br>marriage is a systematic way of oppressing women hence being a child likely to intensified adverse consequences of marriage.
The main concerns of this study how their child status affects their marriage experiences. In this frame work early marriaged studied based on a field research conducted on 19 women in Van province .In order to get diversity in Van, four districts were chosen. The scopes that women&rsquo<br>s marriage experiences are questioned are the following women&rsquo<br>s domestic labor, women participating in social life, violence against women, sexuality, motherhood and childcare. In order to get more insight about the issue 8 representatives of non governmental organizations and 10 public officials who interested in women issue are met.
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Torr, Berna Miller. "The marriage gradient transition : changing selection into marriage by education and income for men and women, 1940-2000 /." View online version; access limited to Brown University users, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3174682.
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Graham, William L. "The development of the age of marriage in the Corpus juris canonici." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2001. http://www.tren.com.
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Mercer, Catherine Heather. "The age difference between spouses : cross-national and within-country variations." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252209.
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Meadows, Jason Lee. "Early-age cracking of mass concrete structures." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2007%20Spring%20Theses/MEADOWS_JASON_53.pdf.
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Meadows, Jason Lee Schindler Anton K. "Early-age cracking of mass concrete structures." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2007%20Spring%20Theses/MEADOWS_JASON_53.pdf.
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Morgenroth, Ulrich. "Southern Iberia in the early Iron Age." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a6b4918f-9cd0-4246-a87c-c814274ce56a.
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During the first half of the 8th century, people from the Phoenician Levant came to southern Iberia and founded a chain of settlements along the Spanish Mediterranean coast, as well as the city of Gadir (modern Cadiz) on the Atlantic seaboard. It is generally agreed that these colonisers came to the region to exploit the rich deposits of precious metals. Oriental style objects, which indicate the exchange between the Phoenician settlers and indigenous communities, can be found in almost all indigenous early Iron Age sites in the region. Initially, the purpose of this study had been to detect the elements of Greek and Phoenician influence in the material culture of the early Iron Age (the 8th century until around 600 BC), but as work progressed it became increasingly clear that this undertaking was far more complex than it had been assumed. The Phoenicians turned out to be only one factor in a complex process of transformation from the late Bronze Age way of life to the development of the early Iberian states after 600 BC. While the examination of the interaction between the indigenous communities and the eastern Mediterranean colonisers remained an important part of the study, my investigation now attempts to generate a more general picture of the early Iron Age in modern Andalusia, including the analysis of the social and economic processes which transformed society throughout the period. The investigation is organised on the basis of three major parts: An introduction: including the geography and climate of the region, as well as the history and archaeology of the Pheonician colonisation (with a certain emphasis on Gadir, and the excellently excavated site of Castillo Doña Blanca); as well as the indigenous Bronze Age background, and a number of theoretical considerations. The central part introduces the archaeological evidence, organised in two sections: a topographical section, describing the settlement and cemetery evidence; and a second section, discussing a selection of artefacts which, in my opinion, are particularly useful for a reconstruction of the social processes. Finally, the synthesis attempts to reconstruct various aspects of the early Iron Age culture in the region: such as the economic organisation, social development, ritual practice, and significance of the Phoenician presence for the development of the local cultures, as well as to introduce a regional division of the area under discussion.
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Li, Qiu. "The nature of early age hydration products." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493296.
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This study focuses on the nature of C-S-H in the early age hydration products. Early age hydration products of neat white Portland cement (WPC) paste, WPC with IM calcium chloride paste, WPC with O.IM calcium chloride paste, WPC with 20% malic acid paste, WPC with 20% sodium gluconate paste and tricalcium silicate paste at 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours were analysed by various techniques, namely SEM EDX, TEM EDX, MAS NMR, STA-EGA, XRD, FTIR and calorimetry. The morphology, chemical composition and nanostructure of hydration products, among which the most important is C-S-H, are obtained. Ti The nature and formation of C-S-H in early age are discussed in detail.
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Frost, Julia. "Uncertain age : late motherhood and early miscarriage." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398781.
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Morgenroth, Ulrich. "Southern Iberia in the early Iron Age /." Oxford : Archaeopress, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39949116t.
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Young, Tyler B. "Early Age Assessment of Cement Treated Materials." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2007. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/885.
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In order to avoid the occurrence of early-age damage, cement-treated base (CTB) materials must be allowed to cure for a period of time before the pavement can be opened to traffic. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the utility of the soil stiffness gauge (SSG), heavy Clegg impact soil tester (CIST), portable falling-weight deflectometer (PFWD), dynamic cone penetrometer, and falling-weight deflectometer for assessing early-age strength gain of cement-stabilized materials. Experimentation was performed at four sites on a pavement reconstruction project along Interstate 84 near Morgan, Utah, and three sites along Highway 91 near Richmond, Utah; cement stabilization was used to construct CTB layers at both locations. Each site was stationed to facilitate repeated measurements at the same locations with different devices and at different curing times. Because of the considerable attention they have received in the pavement construction industry for routine quality control and quality assurance programs, the SSG, CIST, and PFWD were the primary focus of the research. Statistical techniques were utilized to evaluate the sensitivity to curing time, repeatability, and efficiency of these devices. In addition, the ruggedness and ease of use of each device were evaluated. The test results indicate that the CIST data were more sensitive to curing time than the SSG and PFWD data at the majority of the cement-treated sites during the first 72 hours after construction. Furthermore, the results indicate that the CIST is superior to the other instruments with respect to repeatability, efficiency, ruggedness, and ease of use. Because the CIST is less expensive than the SSG and PFWD, it is more likely to be purchased by pavement engineers and contractors involved with construction of CTBs. For these reasons, this research suggests that the CIST offers greater overall utility than the SSG or PFWD for monitoring early-age strength gain of CTB. Further research is needed to identify appropriate threshold CIST values at which CTB layers develop sufficient strength to resist permanent deformation or marring under different types of trafficking.
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Aboagye, Lauren Lee. "Strengths that contribute towards resilience in the early years of marriage." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1667.
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Divorce is a common phenomenon in South Africa, affecting many families across the country. On the other hand, there are many couples who choose to remain married, despite having endured significant stress. In a review of literature there have been studies conducted exploring enduring marriages (marriages that have lasted twenty years or more), but little on resilience in the early years of marriage. With many couples choosing to divorce within the first ten years of marriage, there is value in exploring the strengths of young marriages that contribute towards resilience. The following question then arises: what are the stressors that couples experience during the early years of marriage (under ten years) and how does the way they cope with these challenges enhance resilience in their marriages? This question has resulted in this qualitative study, employing an exploratory descriptive and contextual research design with the aim of exploring the strengths that contribute towards resilience in the early years of marriage. The study is based within the framework of positive psychology, as this facilitates the exploration of the factors that have contributed towards the resilience of the couples that were interviewed. A non-probability, purposive sampling technique was employed to obtain research participants. Data was collected through the use of individual semistructured interviews conducted with five couples (ten individuals) who have been married for ten years or less, have endured significant stress, have chosen to remain married, and experience their relationship as satisfying. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic content analysis. The results of the study may be used to develop a strengths based-intervention programme for couples in the early years of marriage.
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Bennett, Diane. "Still at odds : highly educated women and marriage." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28578.
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This research examines the relationship between higher education and eventual marriage in Canada using statistical, ethnographic and historical data. Data from the 1971, 1976 and 1981 Canadian census Public Use Sample Tapes are used to determine if the inverse relationship between higher education and eventual marriage for women in the United States is observed in the Canadian population. The data indicate a strong, negative relationship between higher education and eventual marriage for women in Canada. Although the relationship appears to be weakening, in 1981 20 percent of women, age 50-64 with a bachelor's degree and 27 percent with a graduate or professional degree never married compared to 5 percent of women with a high school education. For men in the same age group there was no difference in the percent who never married by educational level. Men with a high school education, bachelor's or graduate degree all had a nonmarriage rate of 8 percent. To account for this relationship for women, census data is also used to analyze mating preferences and sex ratios in Canada. With respect to education the preferences are in the predicted direction. Men tend to marry women with equal or less education and women tend to marry men with equal or greater education. This contributes to an unfavorable ratio of eligible males to highly educated females who have postponed marriage until their thirties.
In addition, this research examines the relationship between education and marriage as it is perceived by the highly educated, unmarried woman. The data are from in-depth interviews with a sample of 15 never married women with professional and graduate degrees engaged in professional careers. The study profiles the career goals of these women and their expectations and perceptions about marriage. The women were not found to be antimarriage or antifamily. The major factor contributing to the women's postponement of marriage is the incompatibility of traditional marriage with career commitment, especially during the early stages of career development. The combination of both family life and participation in the labor force is difficult for women to manage, but add to that many years of post-secondary schooling, long hours of weekend work, geographic mobility and a competitive work environment and it is not difficult to understand that these women wait until their careers are established before trying to combine family life (as it is now structured) and career. Another important factor contributing to the women's postponement of marriage is their perception that most men have not changed their expectations of what men and women do for each other in a marital arrangement. They feel the majority of eligible males prefer a wife that will subordinate her own career development to the demands of family. For these women, the ideal marriage is one where both husband and wife have continuous and self-fulfilling extra-domestic career roles as well as meaningful and involving family roles.
Finally, this research also provides a historical perspective on the relationship between education and marriage. Although higher education for women carried within it the potential for dramatic change in women's occupational as well as psychological states, a survey of one hundred years of college and domesticity in America shows that this dramatic shift did not occur. Unlike feminists involved in political struggle, the earliest women in higher education did not have clearly defined targets or goals. Even into the mid-twentieth century higher education for
women insured a clinging to traditional values of domesticity, placed in a frame
of professionalism, and hindered the ease with which college-educated women could choose life styles not sanctioned by domesticity. Where possible, data in this study are placed in a historic framework to emphasize that, while the barriers to combining family and career are falling, many problems remain for highly educated women.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>Anthropology, Department of<br>Graduate
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Dwairi, Orwah. "Determining the minimum legal age for marriage in Islamic Fiqh with a focus on its impact on young married women's rights : a case study of Family Law No 36 of 2010 in Jordan." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=226815.
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The present thesis has been designed to discuss how the minimum age for marriage has been determined in Islamic Fiqh with a focus on the case study of the Family Law No 36 of 2010 in Jordan. It is the contention of the present researcher that the marriage of minors cannot comply with the guidance of both the Holy Quran and Hadith because neither specified a clear cut minimum age for marriage. A considerable confusion exists among Muslim scholars regarding the determination of the minimum age for marriage leading to the prevalence of child marriage in some Muslim societies. This confusion has arisen when Muslim scholars have sought to derive the minimum age for marriage from de – contextualised verses of the Holy Quran and texts of the Hadith that refer to the physical and natural symptoms of puberty and encourage both young men and women to marry at an early age. In order to fully examine such a problematic issue, identify the root causes lying behind it and, hopefully make a contribution towards solving it, the present study has sought to jurisprudentially contextualise such an issue within the Islamic Fiqh. The researcher has argued that determining the appropriate age for marriage based on the original context of pertinent verses of the Holy Quran and texts of the Hadith as well as the international criteria for human rights is the sole legal guarantee that safeguards the right of women to express their full and free consent to marriage.
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Park, Jeongeun. "Clerical marriage and buddhist modernity in early twentieth-century Korea." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/58303.
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This dissertation examines the issue of clerical marriage among Korean Buddhist clerics during the Japanese colonial period in Korea. The majority of celibate monks and scholars in South Korea accuse clerical marriage of bringing about the deterioration of “pure” Korean Buddhist tradition. This dissertation argues that clerical marriage was, in fact, one of the survival tactics of Korean Buddhist monks who were confronted with significant changes foisted upon them under Japanese colonial rule, changes that included the introduction of the modern household register system and the change in the relationship between teacher and pupil in Korean Buddhist monasteries. Clerical marriage can be seen as a barometer that exposes the complicated relationship of Buddhist ethics and colonial rule. The dissertation is divided into five major chapters that proceed in chronological order. Chapter One revisits late Chosŏn Buddhism, a period which saw the emergence of a “dharma family” that allowed monks to bequeath their private property to their dharma descendants with the purpose of its being used for memorial services. Chapter Two examines the temple bylaws and clerical marriage in the 1910s. Temple bylaws brought the issue of “clerical marriage and meat-eating” to the surface for the first time in the history of Korean Buddhism. Chapter Three discusses the revision of the temple bylaws in the 1920s that, in essence, removed the disadvantages previously experienced by monks who married and ate meat. Chapter Four centers on the hot debate over clerical marriage in 1926, and analyzes the way in which Korean Buddhists understood clerical marriage and the revision of the temple bylaws. Chapter Five traces the practice of clerical marriage through an examination of the household registers of Korean monks, and addresses the way that the modern household register system became intertwined with the spread of clerical marriage. This chapter also shows that clerical marriage was practiced by full-fledged monks in the early 1920s. A close examination of clerical marriage and its multiple facets by presenting concrete and tangible examples of Korean married monks may provide a deeper understanding of just how Buddhist ethics, modernity, and colonialism were interwoven.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>Asian Studies, Department of<br>Graduate
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Chavez, Joy. "Couple leisure time| Building bonds early in marriage through leisure." Thesis, Utah State University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1586601.
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<p> Participation in couple leisure is related to marital satisfaction as well as lower divorce rates; however, Americans seem to have less time available to participate in couple leisure and may have a harder time attaining role balance. There is currently limited research about how role balance may affect leisure as well as how couples manage to balance their leisure time with their other responsibilities, ensuring they have time to spend together in high interaction leisure. We also know very little about other possible benefits couples may experience as a result of participating in couple leisure and the factors that may either facilitate or constrain positive leisure. Using a qualitative approach to data collection and analysis, and informed by symbolic interaction theory, I interviewed nine couples in order to explore the phenomenon of newlywed couple leisure, and address these issues. Couples found significant benefits and meaning through participation in couple leisure activities. They also perceived that participation in leisure together increased satisfaction with their marriages. Many factors were found to constrain or facilitate a positive leisure experience, including time, money, and others. It was found that role balance plays a large part in finding time to participate in leisure as a couple. Being able to role balance helped couples to better enjoy the benefits and meaning couple leisure provided.</p>
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Ahmad, Riadh. "Temporary Marriage "Mut'a": a Juridical Analysis of its Early History." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=108791.
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From the beginning and throughout Islamic history, mut-c-a marriage has been a controversial issue, the subject of constant dispute between the jurists of the different legal school in Islam. The view that mut-c-a marriage was permitted by the Prophet and practised by the most prominent Companions in the early period of Islam is not disputed by any Muslim jurist. Rather, the debate between Sunnî and Shî-c-î jurists centers around its legality after that early period.<br>Dès le début et tout au long de l'histore de l'Islam, le mariage de mut-c-a fut un theme controversé, sujet de longues disputes parmi les docteurs de la loi affiliés a différentes écoles juridiques islamiques. L'affirmation que le mariage de mut-c-a, dans la période matinale de l'Islam, était permis par le Prophete et pratiqué par ses compagnons les plus éminents, n'est contestée par aucun juriste. Le débat entre les juristes sunnites et shi-c-ites est plutôt centré sur sa légalité après cette prèmiere période.
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Chavez, Joy Lynne. "Couple Leisure Time: Building Bonds Early in Marriage Through Leisure." DigitalCommons@USU, 2015. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4262.
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Participation in couple leisure is related to marital satisfaction as well as lower divorce rates; however, Americans seem to have less time available to participate in couple leisure and may have a harder time attaining role balance. There is currently limited research about how role balance may affect leisure as well as how couples manage to balance their leisure time with their other responsibilities, ensuring they have time to spend together in high interaction leisure. We also know very little about other possible benefits couples may experience as a result of participating in couple leisure and the factors that may either facilitate or constrain positive leisure. Using a qualitative approach to data collection and analysis, and informed by symbolic interaction theory, I interviewed nine couples in order to explore the phenomenon of newlywed couple leisure, and address these issues. Couples found significant benefits and meaning through participation in couple leisure activities. They also perceived that participation in leisure together increased satisfaction with their marriages. Many factors were found to constrain or facilitate a positive leisure experience, including time, money, and others. It was found that role balance plays a large part in finding time to participate in leisure as a couple. Being able to role balance helped couples to better enjoy the benefits and meaning couple leisure provided.
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Lima, Sarah. "Feasting in the Bronze Age and early Iron Age Aegean variability and meaning /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1182187762.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Cincinnati, 2007.<br>Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Oct. 8, 2007). Includes abstract. Keywords: Bronze Age, Iron Age, Euboea, Thebes, Pylos, Palace of Nestor, Nichoria, Lefkandi, Xeropolis, Toumba, Heröon, feasting, banqueting, dining, diacritical. Includes bibliographical references.
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Parker, Catherine Ruth. "Arkadia in transition : exploring late Bronze Age and early Iron Age human landscape." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2008. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/235/.
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This research explores the region of Arkadia in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age using an interpretative and phenomenologically inspired approach. It is region associated with many myths pointing to a continuing population throughout the period, yet beset with a problematic archaeological record. This has been the result of a number of factors ranging from the nature of the landscape to the history of research. However, the ability to locate sites of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age within the landscape, allows insight into a region we had little hope of enlightening using more conventional approaches to the archaeological record. This theoretical and methodological stance is illustrated through an exploration of different aspects of the human experience such as religion, death and burial and the everyday. The ways in which these aspects can and usually are interpreted are considered, followed by a number of case studies, which are employed to explore how human actions were embedded within and informed by the very physicality of the landscape, and the differences apparent throughout time.
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LIMA, SARAH WHITNEY. "FEASTING IN THE BRONZE AGE AND EARLY IRON AGE AEGEAN: VARIABILITY AND MEANING." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1182187762.
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Taghvatalab, Golnaz. "The Economics of Marriage and Divorce in Iran." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77981.
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This dissertation consists of four chapters on the economics of marriage and divorce in Iran. The first chapter outlines major forces driving the recent transitions in Iran's marriage market. Age structure of the population, the rise of women's education, marriage and divorce laws, and fertility decline are the four main forces influencing marriage transitions, that is, the age of marriage, couple's age and education gaps, quality of marriage (stability, education status of children), and women's power within marriage.
Chapter two looks at the change in age structure that influences the sex ratio. I consider the influence of the sex ratio on couples' age and education gaps using data from multiple national surveys from 1984-2007. The findings of this chapter show that a lower sex ratio, i.e. a greater supply of marriage-age women, increases the bargaining power of men at the time of marriage and thereby increases their ability to marry younger and more educated women.
In chapter three, I evaluate the effects of demographic change, the sex ratio, and policy change, particularly the provision of family planning programs through health clinics on delayed marriage in rural Iran. I use data from Iran's 2000 Demographic and Health Survey to estimate a hazard model of timing of marriage. The results show that a lower sex ratio decreases the chances of a woman finding a man five years older, and easier access to family planning decreases her probability of marriage.
In chapter four, I provide a legal history of Iran's marriage and divorce laws and then discuss how changes in the legal structure of marriage and divorce alter the terms of marital bargaining and force women to circumvent inequitable Iranian laws to improve their position. Then, I present a model of how Mahrieh could improve a woman's position within the household in light of the unequal divorce rights favoring men. As women cannot exit their marriage, they request a conditional and legally enforceable bond known as Mahrieh from their husbands to secure themselves against the risks of divorce or maltreatment within marriage.<br>Ph. D.
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Wheeler, Brandan E. "Age Differences in Marriage: Exploring Predictors of Marital Quality in Husband-Older, Wife-Older, and Same-Age Marriages." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2572.
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Using data from a nationally representative sample of 723 married adults, this study explored the association of age differences between spouses at the time of marriage on various aspects of marital quality years into the marriage. Four groups (full sample, husband-older, wife-older, and same-age marriages) were compared to see how marital quality was affected by age difference and several other moderating variables. Spousal interactions increased among wife-older marriages, but not among the other groups. An increased level of husband participation in household labor was linked with an increase in marital happiness and a decrease in marital problems for wife-older marriages. It also was related to a decrease in marital happiness for husband-older marriages as well as a decrease in spousal interaction for all groups except wife-older marriages, which showed no significant association to the division of household labor. Finally, a more traditional approach to gender roles among the same-age marriages was associated with a decrease in marital problems and a decrease in spousal interaction.
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Bleakney, Sarah Wing. ""Inconsistent" desire self-government and age-disparate marriage in George Eliot's Middlemarch /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0011862.
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Boughton, Dot. "The Early Iron Age socketed axes in Britain." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2015. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/14716/.
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This thesis examines metalwork deposition, distribution and association in the British Early Iron Age (800-600BC) through the medium of the socketed axe. Out of 1412 known Early Iron Age axes, 954 specimens were analysed in detail for this thesis: 680 associated finds and 274 single finds. The methodology was governed by two main objectives: firstly, to propose a reworked and more comprehensive typology of Early Iron Age cast copper-alloy and wrought iron socketed axes in conjunction with their metallurgy, distribution and deposition, and secondly, to discuss their place within Early Iron Age society and what part they may have played in the people’s life, work, trade and exchange, ritual and death. As a result, this thesis introduces, defines and discusses 12 new types of transitional and Early Iron Age socketed axes. While the transitional type can be dated to the Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age transition (c. 850-750BC), the remaining 11 types can be dated to the fully developed Early Iron Age (800-600BC). The 11 types of bronze Early Iron Age socketed axes display a great variety of decoration, shape, size, weight and colour. While Late Bronze Age axes are plain or simply ribbed, almost all Early Iron Age socketed axes are decorated with ribs-and-pellets, ribs-and-circlets or a more elaborate version thereof. Some axe have a shiny silver surface colour (Portland, Blandford, East Rudham and Hindon types). More than three quarters of Early Iron Age socketed axes were found in association with other metalwork. These hoards can be divided into two main groups: axe hoards and mixed hoards. The eight geographical regions outlined in this thesis are defined by different contexts, associations and the predominance of different Early Iron Age axe types, and in terms of depositional contexts this research suggests that the depositional contexts of Early Iron Age hoards containing socketed axes was different from the deposition of single finds: while hoards were often found in retrievable places, single finds were not. The survival of a large number of complete and almost undamaged bronze axes suggests that in the British Early Iron Age socketed axes were not just commonplace tools that were in use until they reached the end of their life. The changes in looks and shape, and consequently the adaption of a new and improved typology of socketed axes in the British Early Iron Age were accompanied by a change in conceptualisation and the overall meaning of socketed axes. Even when used in a different context their basic, very recognisable socketed-axe-shape was always maintained, that is a wedge of different dimensions with a socket and a small side loop for suspension or possible attachment of other items of metalwork. Throughout British prehistory axes were one of the most familiar objects in daily use: as a tool, socketed axes were omnipresent and thus an established part of British Late Bronze Age life – a life that appeared to be foremost practical rather than ritual, with the majority of Late Bronze Age socketed axes showing clear signs of use and resharpening. In the Early Iron Age socketed axes adopted a previously unseen duality in function and meaning (that is materialistic and symbolic). Thus, while Late Bronze Age axe may have been regarded as common woodworking tool, types of Early Iron Age axes were understood as ingots, weapons, or objects needed for certain displays or performances, with their unique ornaments communicating their role in both display and society as well as perhaps their users regional identity and status.
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Eaby, Melissa Suzanne Haggis Donald C. "Mortuary variability in early iron age Cretan burials." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1033.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.<br>Title from electronic title page (viewed Mar. 27, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics." Discipline: Classics; Department/School: Classics.
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Tajik, Nosratollah. "The early age thermal cracking in concrete structures." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.502220.
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Investigations on the assumptions, the limitations and the factors influencing the development of early age thermal cracking in concrete have been carried out for many decades, but there is a better understanding of these phenomena in the recent years. Review of the literature on the early age thermal cracking (EATC) of concrete structures has shown that this phenomenon is very important and has significant influence on the durability, serviceability and aesthetically aspects of concrete structures, however despite this its mechanisms are still not well understood. Furthermore, most efforts to control this type of cracking have been by specifically designing distribution reinforcement, but this is proving uneconomic and is not a failsafe technique. The experimental technique carried out in this research investigation is an improvement on the past research on early age cracking. The experiments were carried out successfully and the effects of internal and external restraints were studied. Further methods of assessing the risk of early age thermal cracking in mass concrete under natural environmental conditions developed and the results were compared with those recorded under laboratory conditions. It has been shown that the early age· thermal cracking in concrete resulted from either internal restraint caused by differential expansion within concrete member during heating due to larger temperatures gradient between the core, and that the adjacent media or by external restraint to contract on cooling from a temperature peak of the concrete specimen are the critical factors in developing early age thermal cracking. It has been found that the temperature differential that causes early age thermal cracking . in concrete is greater than that figure found previous research. Other factors influencing the development of the thermal cracking were investigated and recommendations on controlling the early age thermal cracking were given.
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Cormack, Julie Lindgren. "Early Stone Age heavy duty implements of Africa." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387264.
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Damilati, Krystalli. "Dealing with inequality in Early Bronze Age Crete." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2005. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14870/.
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This study seeks to shed light on problems associated with current views of social inequality as they have been applied to the Early Bronze Age in Crete. The aim is to elucidate the epistemological status of the concept of inequality in Aegean archaeological discourse and to disclose the tacit assumptions that have made problematic our dealings with the phenomenon of inequality. My critique of classic approaches to inequality stems from two facts: first, from their inclination to treat inequality as a phenomenon limited in time and space and second, from their largely untheorised treatment of the relationship between wealth and relational inequalities when it is exactly this relationship that needs to be brought into the open. Wishing to deal with critique in a constructive manner, I suggest a few ways in which one may go beyond current approaches to inequality, toward a new and more rewarding way of inquiring into the matter. This is supported with an archeological example from the Early Bronze Age cemetery at the site of Mochlos. The central argument is that inequality is a universal social fact and that by continuing to pursue its origins we perpetuate the arbitrary and misleading ethnocentric constructions of modernity. There is no such thing as a division between egalitarian and hierarchical social formations but rather societies as moral communities. Being is not fixed but is recursively formed through processes of valuation always presenced within the realm of social practice and interaction. Both power and what we call 'status' are transactional affairs as well as practical accomplishments. People do not simply find themselves in relations of power; they achieve, perpetuate, reinvent or resist debts and structures of influence. The value of different resources, the efficacy of debt obligations and structures of influence are realised in usage. In the case of resources this is achieved in the manner of their employment, in that of debts and influence this is attained as lived commitments among agents. Drawing upon the concept of performance, I suggest that an alternative approach can enable us both to rethink inequality along more productive lines and to answer questions that previous accounts have been proved incapable of dealing with.
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Young, Tyler Blaine. "Early-age strength assessment of cement-treated materials /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1779.pdf.
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Demetriou, Andreas. "Cypro-Aegean relations in the early Iron Age /." Göteborg (Sweden) : P. Ǻströms, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb388956655.
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Bahrami, Hossein. "Early age shrinkage of alkali activated slag paste." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10026057/.
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In recent years, alkali-activated slag (AAS) as an alternative low-carbon emission and high strength cementitious material has received increased attention. However, high shrinkage and crack tendency of AAS limit its wider industrial applications. Although considerable researches have already been carried out on the early age shrinkage of Portland cement based systems, the information and understanding on the early age shrinkage of AAS is still limited. On the other hand, early age shrinkage occurs mainly due to a high rate of water evaporation from the surface of fresh concrete. Therefore, identifying the relationship between evaporation and shrinkage is important to understand the mechanism of early age shrinkage. However, in the literature, there is no available experiment that monitors both the evaporation and the shrinkage at the same time under a controlled environmental condition. This research aims to a) understand fundamental concept behind higher early age shrinkage of AAS paste than that of the PC paste based on moisture loss and shrinkage behaviour by developing new experimental technique, b) Identify influence of different parameters on early-age shrinkage of AAS which is vital to enable competent concrete mix design and long-term performance; and to assist engineers in designing AAS mixes with minimal shrinkage, c) Simulate the experiments to predict the early age shrinkage and crack width at the surface of paste specimens. In this research work, a drying technique based on low-pressure condition was developed so that both the weight loss and the early age shrinkage could be measured under controlled environment in the early drying period from placement to 24 hours. Lateral and vertical shrinkage were measured using two laser displacement sensors. The tests can be performed at different levels of humidity and temperatures which simulate a dry atmospheric condition. Using this system, a comprehensive study can be carried out to compare the early age shrinkage behaviour between sodium silicate activated slag and PC paste. The evaporation and the shrinkage curves of both systems show that the early-age drying under the constant external condition occurs at four distinct stages. Stage I is a period of constant evaporation rate with the rate of the lateral shrinkage of all the samples increased. Stage II is a period with reduced evaporation rate in AAS, in which the lateral shrinkage rate increases until it reaches the critical value which start to fall. The evaporation rate of the PC at stage II is raising due to hydration reactions. At stage III, for both PC and AAS, the evaporation rate is falling with low rate. At stage IV, volumetric contraction stops and the evaporation rate reduces to very low as the water is drawn from the inside of the specimen. The amount of early age shrinkage of AAS is about two times more than that of the PC paste at stage I and II. However, the amount of moisture loss in AAS is about half of the PC paste owing to higher surface tension and viscosity of sodium silicate solution than water. Since the amount of early age shrinkage in stages I and II contributes to about 80% of the total shrinkage, it means that drying at these stages plays an important role in the high early age shrinkage behaviour of the AAS. In another part of this study seeks to explore the potential of three typical mineral additions, namely, pulverised fuel ash (PFA), metakaolin (MK) and limestone powder (LSP), on improving the early age shrinkage of AAS. The slag was replaced by different additions at 5% or 15% by the mass of slag. The mini-slump, setting time, rheology (yield stress & plastic viscosity), early age shrinkage and drying shrinkage were measured. The most significant findings to emerge from this study is that, whilst all the additions showed some potential in reducing the early age shrinkage of AAS, MK also demonstrated its superb performance in diminishing shrinkage, which is rather encouraging. On the other hand, it is interesting to note that PFA also demonstrated some possibilities for improving the rheological characteristics of AAS. The effect of w/b ratio, Na2O content and waterglass modulus was studied on moisture loss and shrinkage of AAS. Parameters including waterglass modulus and Na2O content have significant effects on shrinkage results of sodium silicate activated slag. AAS paste with moduli of 0.75 and activator content of 4% showed lower amount of early age shrinkage. Moreover, the particle size, and specimen’s geometry influence significantly on early age shrinkage and water loss. The cumulative moisture loss is not affected by increase of particle size in PC and AAS. However, the shrinkage is increasing with the reduction median particle size for both AAS and PC pastes. With reduction of sample thickness, the evaporated water and early age shrinkage decreased. However, for both AAS and PC pastes, the increase in surface area showed a lower early age shrinkage. A micromechanical model for autogenous and plastic shrinkage predictions of AAS paste at early-age is developed. The model is based on the capillary tension created in capillary pores in paste and uses the interior humidity (RH) that can relate to the moisture loss in paste directly as driving parameter for shrinkage predictions. The developed model can be used for shrinkage prediction of AAS paste, whatever the shrinkage is caused by self-desiccation or by dying. In addition, because the model can reflect the effect on moisture loss of age and position from one parameter, RH, the model can predict shrinkage strain in paste structures not only for different time but also for different positions. The model predictions on the development of shrinkage strain are compared with experimental results and a good agreement between them is found.
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Hosseini, Yassin Seyed Hadi. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EARLY ATTACHMENT AND MARITAL SATISFACTION IN EARLY ADULTHOOD." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/118.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between early attachment and marital satisfaction. Whereas partner attachment has been found to be related to marital satisfaction, little research has examined the relationship of early attachment to marital satisfaction. It was hypothesized that early attachment would impact the three components of marital satisfaction, i.e., communication, sexual satisfaction, and love/partner attachment in early adulthood. Participants were 35 male and 119 female college students ages 18 to 40 years (M = 27 yrs), who completed a questionnaire comprised of Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) (Spanier, 1976), the sexual satisfaction subscale from the ENRICH measure (Olson, Fournier, & Druckman, 1983), the Communications Patterns Questionnaire (CPQ) (Christensen & Sullaaway, 1984), the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987), and the Experience in Close Relationships ‑Revised (ECR ‑R) Questionnaire (Fraley, Waller, & Brennan, 2000). Results supported the hypothesized relationship between early attachment and marital satisfaction as early attachment was found to have a direct effect on partner attachment and an indirect effect on communication and sexual satisfaction. The results of this study suggest that early secure interactions between a child and caregiver promotes adult partner attachment, which in turn impacts marital satisfaction.
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Jongizulu, Siziwe. "Causes and consequences of early marriage in Lusikisiki: a research paper." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1008414.
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The purpose of the study was to identify causes and consequences of early marriages in Lusikisiki. The population of this study is a convenience sample from Lusikisiki. The researcher thought that this was appropriate because these subjects would be sharing their personal experiences in the form of case studies. The ages of subjects that were interviewed were 40 years & 47 years old (both married early) and those that married late were both 50 years old. The idea that guided the study was an exploratory one aimed at understanding the phenomenon of early marriage. The aim was to explore the following ideas: Young girls are being given into marriage at their early age by their parents because of the bride price (ilobola)Women that are given into marriage early feel victimized by this process early marriage disrupts the school pattern of young girls Men are the main beneficiaries of early marriage.
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Swezey, Margaret F. Wittig Joseph S. "Courtship and the making of marriage in early Middle English romance." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2482.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.<br>Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 5, 2009). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English and Comparative Literature." Discipline: English and Comparative Literature; Department/School: English and Comparative Literature.