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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Early-age concrete'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Meadows, Jason Lee. "Early-age cracking of mass concrete structures." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2007%20Spring%20Theses/MEADOWS_JASON_53.pdf.

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2

Meadows, Jason Lee Schindler Anton K. "Early-age cracking of mass concrete structures." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2007%20Spring%20Theses/MEADOWS_JASON_53.pdf.

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3

Holt, Erika E. "Early age autogenous shrinkage of concrete /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10113.

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4

luo, Cheng Hong. "Early age thermal cracking of concrete." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1998. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.589517.

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5

Altoubat, Salah Ahmed. "Early age stresses and creep-shrinkage interaction of restrained concrete." Full text available online (restricted access), 2000. http://images.lib.monash.edu.au/ts/theses/Altoubat.pdf.

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6

Tajik, Nosratollah. "The early age thermal cracking in concrete structures." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.502220.

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Investigations on the assumptions, the limitations and the factors influencing the development of early age thermal cracking in concrete have been carried out for many decades, but there is a better understanding of these phenomena in the recent years. Review of the literature on the early age thermal cracking (EATC) of concrete structures has shown that this phenomenon is very important and has significant influence on the durability, serviceability and aesthetically aspects of concrete structures, however despite this its mechanisms are still not well understood. Furthermore, most efforts to

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7

Zhuang, Jianmin. "Evaluation of concrete mix designs to mitigate early-age shrinkage cracking in bridge decks." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2009/j_zhuang_072709.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in civil engineering)--Washington State University, August 2009.<br>Title from PDF title page (viewed on Sept. 21, 2009). "Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering." Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-96).

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8

Ye, Gang. "Carbon dioxide uptake by concrete through early-age curing." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19587.

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Due to the anthropogenic activities, the increasing carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere is disturbing the natural equilibrium of the greenhouse gas, and causes the global temperature rise. In 1990, the CO2 emission from fossil fuel fired power plants contributed 30% of global emissions. In the same year, the cement industry contributed about 5% of the total. According to Kyoto Protocol, a tremendous effort is required to reduce the carbon dioxide emission. One potential technology in CO2 mitigation responses is the use of concrete products as carbon sink through the early age fast c

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9

Schmidt, Markus Norbert. "Early age concrete curing based on capillary pressure measurement." Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.645202.

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10

Schell, Troy H. "Field observations of the early-age behavior of jointed plain concrete pavements." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1963.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 313 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 301-304).

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11

Rao, Akash Schindler Anton K. "Evaluation of early-age cracking sensitivity in bridge deck concrete." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/FALL/Civil_Engineering/Thesis/Rao_Akash_56.pdf.

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12

Young, Tyler Blaine. "Early-age strength assessment of cement-treated materials /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1779.pdf.

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13

Al-Kaisi, Ali Farhan. "Early age strength and creep of slag cement concretes." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329041.

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14

Bishop, Jonathan W. "The early age behaviour of concrete industrial ground floor slabs." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2001. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6786.

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This thesis is concerned with the early-life behaviour of concrete industrial ground floors. Advances in construction methods are placing increased demands on the performance of industrial floors and pushing the limits of the current design guidance. Uncertainties about the true behaviour of industrial floors have been addressed by a programme of in-situ monitoring. An in-situ instrumentation methodology has been developed to monitor the slab and the local climate. Vibrating wire strain gauges and demecs were used to collect concrete shrinkage and joint performance data, whilst thermocouple ar

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15

Whigham, Jared Anthony. "Evaluation of restraint stresses and cracking in early-age concrete with the rigid cracking frame." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Summer/master's/WHIGHAM_JARED_54.pdf.

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16

Millard, Marcus J. "Effects of Lithium Nitrate Admixture on Early Age Concrete Behavior." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11615.

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Alkali silica reaction (ASR), a reaction which occurs between reactive siliceous mineral components in the aggregate and the alkaline pore solution in concrete, is responsible for substantial damage to concrete structures in the U. S. and across the world. Lithium admixtures, including lithium nitrate (LiNO3), have been demonstrated to mitigate ASR damage, and are of particular interest for use in concrete airfield pavement construction, where ASR damage has been recently linked to the use of certain de-icing chemicals. Although the effectiveness of lithium admixtures at ASR-mitigation is we

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17

Liu, Juanyu. "Early age delamination in concrete pavements made with gravel aggregates." Thesis, [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1767.

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18

Lin, Xiaolu 1975. "Effect of early age carbonation on strength and pH of concrete." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100230.

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Carbonation curing of concrete products has shown potentials for CO2 capture and storage with environmental, technical and economical benefits in global greenhouse gas mitigation exercise. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the effect of early age carbonation on mechanical performance and pH of concrete in an attempt to understand the process and promote large scale applications.<br>It was found that significant early strength was developed in cement and concrete through early age carbonation curing. The early strength could be maintained and improved due to subsequent hydra

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19

Larson, Mårten. "Thermal crack estimation in early age concrete : models and methods for practical application /." Luleå, 2003. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2003/20.

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20

Bagheri, Ali Reza. "Early age thermal effects in conventional and microsilica concrete shaft linings." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315566.

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21

Essili, Mohamed. "Control of Early Age Shrinkage Cracking in Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1502447504502314.

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22

Turu'allo, Gidion. "Early age strength development of GGBS concrete cured under different temperatures." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2013. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/12215/.

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Concrete mixes incorporating ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) has not gained popularity in fast track construction. It is believed to be due to its slower strength development at early age cured under standard curing temperature. The benefits that are obtained when using GGBS in concrete such as economic, sustainability and durability are discussed. Two grades of mortars/concretes i.e. C45 and C75 containing GGBS at levels of 0, 20, 35, 50 and 70% have been investigated to give guidance for their use in fast track construction. The effect of curing temperature on the strength develo

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23

Martirosyan, Razmik. "Development of a coupled finite element model for early age concrete behavior : application to concrete pavements." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/460836.

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Nowadays, concrete pavements are one of the main traditional options of building roads and highways. Moreover, concrete pavements are used for various ground transport infrastructures such as sidewalks, streets and airport. On the other hand, concrete pavements can have indoor applications. These can be warehouses, parking or production areas. Due to several environmental, technological and economic advantages over flexible pavements along with the increasing investments in infrastructures, there is an increasing trend of construction of concrete pavements over the world. However, despite th

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24

Radovanovi´c, Sanda. "Thermal and structural finite element analysis of early-age mass concrete structures." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0009/MQ32225.pdf.

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25

Kim, Sunghwan. "Early age behavior of jointed plain concrete pavements subjected to environmental loads." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2006.

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26

Upadhyaya, Sushant. "Early age strength prediction for high volume fly ash concrete using maturity modeling." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8868.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.<br>Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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27

Larson, Mårten. "Estimation of crack risk in early age concrete : simplified methods for practical use." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-25757.

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For many situations it is obvious that an understanding of how different types of cracks arise and methods to estimate the risk of early age cracking is needed. This thesis deals with parts of this phenomenon namely thermal through cracking caused by restraint from an adjoining structure. Different existing material models used in a thermal stress analysis are compared with a tested behaviour. The main work focus on evaluating simplified manual methods for thermal crack estimation that are based on direct formulations by means of the results from a more advanced differential type method. One o

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Aghili, Ali, and Haris Ribac. "Prediction of early age and time dependent deformations in a massive concrete structure." Thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231551.

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The heat development that occurs due to the hydration of cement is important to consider during casting of massive concrete structures. By using computer programs that are based on finite element methods (FEM), simulations can be performed on the heat- and strength development. In this project, a FE program called ConTeSt has been used in order to predict the temperature- and strain development in a massive concrete wall. If the potential risks in a concrete structure are evaluated before casting, economical savings, including a better casting plan could be obtained. The structure under invest

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29

Nilsson, Martin. "Restraint factors and partial coefficients for crack risk analyses of early age concrete structures." Doctoral thesis, Luleå, 2003. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2003/019.

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30

Wenglas, Lara Gilberto. "Quality evaluation of Portland cement concrete at early age with free-free resonant column." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2008. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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31

Visser, Sophia. "The effect of binder composition and content on the early age behaviour of concrete." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/79205.

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With the increased use of high performance concrete a lower water-to-binder ratio is employed to improve the properties of concrete and mineral and chemical admixtures are introduced. With a low water-to-binder ratio, considerable early-age volume changes can occur and compromises the durability of the concrete. Early age shrinkage is often not tested in practice due to the difficulty in measuring and the lack of standardisation of measuring techniques. The tensile capacity of concrete is lowest at an early age and therefore the most susceptible to cracking and material faults when stresses ar

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32

Orosz, Katalin. "Early age autogenous deformation and cracking of cementitious materials – Implications on strengthening of concrete." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Byggkonstruktion och -produktion, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-63337.

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33

Carette, Jerome. "Towards Early Age Characterisation of Eco-Concrete Containing Blast-Furnace Slag and Limestone Filler." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/223447.

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It is estimated that concrete represents 5% of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions, mainly originating from the production of cement, the most essential component of concrete. The recent awareness to the environmental challenges facing our civilization has led the cement industry to consider substituting cement by mineral additions, by-products of existing industries. In this work, a combination of limestone filler and blast furnace slag is used to design an “eco-concrete”, defined as a concrete combining a massive decrease of the cement content as well as mechanical properties and potential durab

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Gupta, Rishi. "Development, application and early-age monitoring of fiber-reinforced ‘crack-free’ cement-based overlays." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/713.

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In most industrialized countries, significant future activity in the construction sector will be related to repair and rehabilitation of aging infrastructure. This will require use of durable and high performance repair materials. Among various mechanisms cited for lack of durability in repairs, early-age shrinkage cracking in overlay materials is of utmost importance. Fiber-reinforcement can be used to alleviate some of the issues related to plastic shrinkage. However, quantifying the performance of cement-based composites under restrained shrinkage conditions remains an issue. Various t

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35

Dippenaar, Jan Diederick. "The tensile properties of early age concrete and the experimental apparatus required for its determination." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96866.

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Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The early age cracking of concrete, which includes plastic shrinkage cracking (PShC) and plastic settlement cracking (PSeC), commonly occurs in flat concrete elements such as bridge decks and slabs or at the change of a concrete section depth. These cracks typically occur once the concrete has been cast and consolidated up to the final setting time, and initiate when the tensile stresses developed in the concrete exceeds its ultimate tensile strength or, alternatively phrased, when the restrained shrinkage induced strain in the

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36

Honorio, de Faria Tulio. "Modelling Concrete Behaviour At Early-Age : Multiscale Analysis And Simulation Of A Massive Disposal Structure." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DENS0045/document.

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La prédiction précise du comportement à long et court terme des structures en béton dans le domaine nucléaire est essentielle pour assurer des performances optimales (intégrité, capacité de confinement) pendant leur durée de vie. Dans le cas particulier des structures massives en béton, la chaleur produite au jeune âge par les processus d'hydratation ne peut pas s’évacuer rapidement, si bien que des températures élevées peuvent être atteintes et les gradients de température qui en résultent peuvent conduire à la fissuration, en fonction des conditions aux limites et contraintes internes auxque

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37

Jaafari, Chaimaa. "Effect of early age drying shrinkage on the seismic response of RC Structures." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI113.

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Les structures en béton armé s'endommagent au cours de leur vie à cause de plusieurs facteurs : conditions thermiques, attaques chimiques, retrait, fluage, carbonatation, corrosion, etc. Ce processus d'endommagement débute dès les premiers jours de la vie de l'ouvrage et continue lors de son vieillissement. L'endommagement au jeune âge peut influencer significativement le comportement dynamique des structures en béton armé. En effet, la fréquence propre d'une structure, qui constitue un paramètre de dimensionnement, peut être fortement réduite à cause de cet endommagement. Afin de déterminer l

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38

Ye, Dan. "Early-age concrete temperature and moisture relative to curing effectiveness and projected effects on selected aspects of slab behavior." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1472.

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39

Evans, Christopher Michael. "The influence of fly ash and early-age curing temperature on the durability and strength of high-performance concrete." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ28830.pdf.

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40

Hamid, Waleed Khalid. "Behavior of Bridge with Internally Cured Concrete Deck under Environmental and TruckLoading." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1603311306491899.

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41

Aurich, Mauren. "Simulação computacional do comportamento do concreto nas primeiras idades." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3144/tde-22052009-122353/.

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O estudo do comportamento do concreto nas primeiras idades está se tornando cada vez mais importante, pois os efeitos térmicos e de retração do concreto, neste período inicial, geram fissuras, aumentando a permeabilidade das estruturas e podendo induzir problemas de durabilidade e funcionalidade das mesmas. Um detalhado estudo da evolução das tensões durante as primeiras idades pode ser decisivo para manter baixos os níveis de fissuração. Neste trabalho foi implementado um modelo computacional, baseado no método dos elementos finitos, para a simulação do comportamento de peças de concreto nas

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42

Bourchy, Agathe. "Relation chaleur d'hydratation du ciment : montée en température et contraintes générées au jeune âge du béton." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1035/document.

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L’hydratation du ciment est une réaction exothermique. Ce phénomène est particulièrement surveillé lorsque des pièces massives sont construites étant donné l’élévation de la température, le développement de contraintes thermomécaniques et le risque de réaction sulfatique interne. Compte tenu de la grande variété des formules de béton, le choix d’un ciment ayant une basse chaleur d’hydratation à 41 h n’est plus exclusif. La chaleur totale dégagée dépend d’autres paramètres de formulation tels que le dosage en ciment et l’emploi d’addition. D’un point de vue mécanique, le risque de fissuration d

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43

Paiva, Mariana Acioli do Carmo. "Análise das propriedades mecânicas nas primeiras idades do concreto de lajes alveolares utilizando o ensaio de ultrassom." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18134/tde-08122017-102900/.

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Ensaios não destrutivos são testes que não causam danos a estrutura ensaiada, o que os torna um excelente auxílio aos métodos de ensaios tradicionais quando estes apresentam alguma dificuldade de serem executados. Desta forma, este trabalho visa utilizar os ensaios de esclerometria e ultrassom, dando ênfase na transmissão indireta, para determinar a resistência à compressão nas primeiras idades do concreto e possibilitar um melhor controle tecnológico do material. Para se obter a relação entre os dados experimentais não destrutivos e a resistência à compressão, foram realizados ensaios em duas

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Prado, José Fernão Miranda de Almeida. "Estruturas de edifícios em concreto armado submetidas a ações de construção." Universidade de São Paulo, 1999. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18134/tde-11122017-111943/.

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As ações presentes durante a construção de estruturas de edifícios em concreto armado são significantemente influenciadas pelo processo construtivo e podem ultrapassar a capacidade resistente definida no projeto estrutural. Os pavimentos recém concretados são suportados por pavimentos previamente concretados, através de um sistema de fôrmas, escoras e reescoras. Se houver fissuração prematura os pavimentos terão maiores deformações ao longo do tempo. Assim sendo, o trabalho apresenta um procedimento de análise estrutural que leva em conta a seqüência natural de construção. A definição das açõe

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Delsaute, Brice. "New approach for Monitoring and Modeling of the Creep and Shrinkage behaviour of Cement Pastes, Mortars and Concretes since Setting Time." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1104/document.

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Lors de la construction de structure réalisée en plusieurs phases de bétonnage, les déformations du béton sont restreintes durant son durcissement. Quand le retrait est restreint, des contraintes de traction sont induites dans le matériau et un risque de fissuration est présent. Il est alors nécessaire de modéliser l’évolution des propriétés au jeune âge afin de prédire le comportement de la structure durant le jeune âge du béton. La difficulté réside dans le fait que la modélisation des propriétés du béton doit être basée sur des données expérimentales au jeune âge et que ces données doivent

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Khokhar, Muhammad Irfan. "Optimisation of concrete mix design with high content of mineral additions: effect on microstructure, hydration and shrinkage." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209985.

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The cement being used in the construction industry is the result of a chemical process<p>linked to the decarbonation of limestone conducted at high temperature and results in a<p>significant release of CO2. This thesis is part of the project EcoBéton (Green concrete) funded<p>by the French National Research Agency (ANR), with a purpose to show the feasibility of<p>high substitution of cement by mineral additions such as blast furnaces slag, fly ash and<p>limestone fillers. Generally for high percentages of replacements, the early age strength is<p>lower than Portland cement concrete. To cope w

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Persson, Sara. "Ingjutna kylrör i en simbassängkonstruktion : En fallstudie om kylningens påverkan på temperatursprickbildningen." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-40191.

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Beståndsdelarna som bildar betong är ballast, cement, vatten och ibland olika tillsatsmedel och tillsatsmaterial. När betongen blandas startar hydratationen som leder till att cementpastan expanderar och värme frigörs. Hydratationshastigheten avtar med tiden vilket gör att cementpastan efter en viss mognad kommer kontrahera. Dessa töjningsrörelser kan under olika omständigheter bidra till att sprickor uppstår. Sprickorna kan begränsas eller elimineras med hjälp av olika åtgärder. Genom redogörelse för hur ingjutna kylrör minskar risken för att temperatursprickor uppstår i ung betong vid uppf

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Lagesson, Martin, and Anton Hägerstrand. "FE-analys av sprickvidder i ung betong på grund av tvång." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-215104.

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Betong är ett av våra idag absolut viktigaste och vanligaste byggnadsmaterial. Betong har väldigt låg draghållfasthet och på grund av detta spricker betongkonstruktioner oftast. Att helt förhindra att betong spricker är svårt och ofta kostsamt istället ställs krav för hur vida sprickorna får vara. Sprickviddsbegränsning görs genom att konstruktionerna armeras. Detta examensarbete granskar uppkomsten av sprickor i ung betong (ålder lägre än 28 dygn) som orsakas av förhindrad rörelse. Rörelser som förhindras kallas för tvång. När betongkonstruktioner utsätts för tvång uppstår spänningar i betong

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Eppers, Sören. "Assessing the autogenous shrinkage cracking propensity of concrete by means of the restrained ring test." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-65454.

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The autogenous shrinkage due to self-desiccation of high- and ultra-high performance concretes with very low water-cement ratio in case of restraint leads to considerable stresses starting from very early age. The resultant risk of cracking presently cannot be adequately investigated. Parameters that are particularly difficult to capture experimentally are the concrete temperature and the viscoelasticity. The primary objective of this work was to assess as precise as possible the autogenous shrinkage cracking propensity of representative concretes at strong restraint and constant room temperat

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Cortas, Rachid. "Nouvelle approche expérimentale pour la maîtrise de la fissuration du béton jeune : influence de la nature et de la saturation des granulats." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209672.

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Abstract:

La fissuration d’éléments minces en béton dès le jeune âge correspond à une réalité observée sur des ouvrages en construction. Cette fissuration concerne des bétons courants de bâtiments, pour lesquels les matériaux de qualité optimale ne sont pas toujours disponibles, en particulier au niveau des granulats. Le but de cette thèse est de définir une approche expérimentale d’étude de ces phénomènes et de proposer des interprétations pour les sensibilités relatives à la fissuration en fonction de la nature des granulats et de leurs taux de saturation initiaux. La sensibilité des moyens de mesures

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