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Journal articles on the topic 'Early-age concrete'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Schindler, Anton, Benjamin Byard, and Aravind Tankasala. "Mitigation of early-age cracking in concrete structures." MATEC Web of Conferences 284 (2019): 07005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928407005.

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Early-age cracking can adversely affect the behavior and durability of concrete elements. This paper will cover means to mitigate early-age cracking in concrete bridge decks and mass concrete elements. The development of in-place stresses is affected by the shrinkage, coefficient of thermal expansion, setting characteristics, restraint conditions, stress relaxation, and temperature history of the hardening concrete. The tensile strength is impacted by the cementitious materials, the water-cementitious materials ratio, the aggregate type and gradation, the curing (internal/external) provided, a

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2

Chen, Bo, Jian Tong Ding, and Yue Bo Cai. "Influence of Aggregates on Cracking Resistance of Concrete at Early Age." Applied Mechanics and Materials 151 (January 2012): 474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.151.474.

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In order to investigate influence of aggregates on cracking resistance of concrete at early age, four kinds of aggregates, i.e. syenite, basalt, marble and sandstone, were used for the test on cracking resistance of hydraulic concretes by the temperature stress testing machine. Analogy analysis was carried out with test results of concretes with two gradings of aggregates. The results show that aggregates affect elastic modulus, thermal expansion coefficients and tensile creep behavior of concrete at early age. However, the temperature rise of concrete was slightly affected by various types an

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3

Tichý, Jan, Pavel Kasal, Václav Lorenc, Petr Cikrle, and Dalibor Kocáb. "Measurement of Early-Age Strength of Concrete." Solid State Phenomena 309 (August 2020): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.309.98.

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Construction company Skanska a.s. is active in the field of reinforcement structures. Skanska finds measuring of early-age compressive strength very important because of removing of the formwork. This paper deals with three nondestructive methods for estimating compressive strength. Skanska started a collaboration with institute of building testing FAST VUT at the beginning of the year. Collaboration was focused on measuring of early-age strength of concrete with rebound hammer SilverSchmidt PC L. The paper includes the equation for calculation of compressive strength of C 30/37 XC4 from the r

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4

Kovler, Konstantin, David A. Lange, and Henrik Stang. "Early age concrete––properties and performance." Cement and Concrete Composites 26, no. 5 (2004): 413–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.04.001.

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5

Jin, Hu. "Late-Age Properties of Concrete with Different Binders Cured under 45°C at Early Ages." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8425718.

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It is commonly accepted that high curing temperature (near 60°C or above) results in reduced mechanical properties and durability of concrete compared to normal curing temperature. The internal temperature of concrete structures at early ages is not so high as 60°C in many circumstances. In this paper, concretes were cured at 45°C at early ages and their late-age properties were studied. The concrete cured at 20°C was employed as the reference sample. Four different concretes were used: plain cement concrete, concrete containing fly ash, concrete containing ground granulate blast furnace slag

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6

Holt, Erika E., and Donald J. Janssen. "Influence of Early Age Volume Changes on Long-Term Concrete Shrinkage." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1610, no. 1 (1998): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1610-05.

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Volume changes can occur in concrete during the first 24 hr and are generally missed in laboratory shrinkage evaluations. Unfortunately these early age volume changes are present in real pavements and structures and can contribute to the cracking behavior of the concrete at later ages. Early age volume changes can occur in two forms: drying shrinkage before the start of curing and autogenous volume changes. Although these early age volume changes are often dismissed as being insignificant, recent work in Europe has identified magnitudes for early age volume changes of some concretes that are e

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7

Bittermann, Thomas, and Kersten Latz. "Early-Age Concrete Cracking in Composite Bridges." IABSE Symposium Report 96, no. 7 (2009): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137809796078568.

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8

Bertagnoli, G., G. Mancini, and F. Tondolo. "Numerical modelling of early-age concrete hardening." Magazine of Concrete Research 61, no. 4 (2009): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.2008.00071.

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9

Bertagnoli, Gabriele, Giuseppe Mancini, and Francesco Tondolo. "Early age cracking of massive concrete piers." Magazine of Concrete Research 63, no. 10 (2011): 723–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.2011.63.10.723.

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10

Baiburin, A. Kh. "Technology of the Early Age Concrete Loading." Procedia Engineering 150 (2016): 2157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.257.

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11

Benboudjema, F., and J. M. Torrenti. "Early-age behaviour of concrete nuclear containments." Nuclear Engineering and Design 238, no. 10 (2008): 2495–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2008.04.009.

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12

Hauggaard, Anders Boe, Lars Damkilde, and Per Freiesleben Hansen. "Transitional Thermal Creep of Early Age Concrete." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 125, no. 4 (1999): 458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(1999)125:4(458).

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13

Li, Yun Feng, Rong Qiang Du, and Fan Ying Kong. "Analysis of Concrete Early-Age Shrinkage Based on the Theory of Humidity Diffusion." Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (January 2011): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.183.

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The early-age shrinkage cracking of concrete plays an important role to the accelerated deterioration and shortening the service life of concrete structures. Modern concretes are more sensitive to cracking immediately after setting, which is due to material characteristics (lower water/binder ratio and higher cement content) and external environmental fluctuations (humidity and temperature change). Determination of concrete free shrinkage is the basis of shrinkage cracking research. Analytical models of the autogenous shrinkage and drying shrinkage are established in this paper. The calculated

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14

Ullah, Farid, Fahim Al-Neshawy, and Jouni Punkki. "Early Age Autogenous Shrinkage of Fibre Reinforced Concrete." Nordic Concrete Research 59, no. 1 (2018): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ncr-2018-0015.

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Abstract Concrete is often sensitive to cracking during the hardening process, and these cracks could be the result of early-age shrinkage. One method to reduce shrinkage is to add different types of fibres to concrete. The aim of this study was to study the effects of different types of fibres on the early-age autogenous shrinkage of concrete. Three different types of fibre materials were used in the research. A “Schleibinger Bending-drain” test setup was used to record early-age autogenous shrinkage of fresh concrete immediately after mixing. The results show that, a fibre dosage of 0.38% by

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15

Winters, James B., and Charles W. Dolan. "Concrete breakout capacity of cast-in-place concrete anchors in early-age concrete." PCI Journal 59, no. 1 (2014): 114–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15554/pcij.01012014.114.131.

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16

Michałowska-Maziejuk, Dorota, and Barbara Goszczyńska. "Assessment of the early-age compressive strength of concrete." Budownictwo i Architektura 20, no. 2 (2021): 005–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2018.

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This paper analyses the results of concrete compressive strength tests on cubic samples with different w/c ratios during the early stage of hardening (at 7, 14, and 28 days). Statistical and strength parameters were assessed and the quality of the concrete was estimated. The expected concrete grade, C25/30, was confirmed against the formulation provided by the prefabrication plant. Then, the amount of individual constituents was adjusted to obtain the target grade of concrete, i.e., C20/25. The concrete grade was estimated based on concrete strength parameters measured at three time points and

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17

Kim, Seong-Min, Patricia Kim Nelson, Mauricio Ruiz, Robert Otto Rasmussen, and Dennis Turner. "Early-Age Behavior of Concrete Overlays on Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1823, no. 1 (2003): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1823-10.

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Delamination is the primary mode of distress in most bonded concrete overlay (BCO) projects. The objective of the present study was to develop and calibrate a mechanistic delamination model to properly predict the early-age behavior of concrete overlays bonded to continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCPs). An experimental BCO on a CRCP section was constructed to monitor its behavior, and the field data were used to calibrate the mechanistic models. Two- and three-dimensional finite element models of the BCO on CRCPs were developed and calibrated. The results from the numerical analysis

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18

Huang, Xin Min, and Cheng Yong Yang. "Early-Age Concrete Cover Crack and Its Effects on Concrete Cover." Key Engineering Materials 302-303 (January 2006): 630–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.302-303.630.

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The influence of early-age crack on concrete cover was studied in this paper. Cracks in concrete increase the permeability of concrete, the section where cracking occurs should be treated as getting thinner. The formation and propagation mechanism of the early-age cover crack, and cover crack depth were two main topics, which were discussed mainly based on the dual boundary element method. At last, the ultimate analytical method was used to determine the minimum thickness of concrete cover.

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19

Maruyama, Ippei, and Pietro Lura. "Properties of early-age concrete relevant to cracking in massive concrete." Cement and Concrete Research 123 (September 2019): 105770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.05.015.

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20

Obayes, Osamah, Emad Gad, Tilak Pokharel, Jessey Lee, and Kamiran Abdouka. "Evaluation of Concrete Material Properties at Early Age." CivilEng 1, no. 3 (2020): 326–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng1030021.

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This article investigates the development of the following material properties of concrete with time: compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and fracture energy. These properties were determined at seven different hydration ages (18 h, 30 h, 48 h, 72 h, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days) for four pure cement concrete mixes totaling 336 specimens tested throughout the study. Experimental data obtained were used to assess the relationship of the above properties with the concrete compressive strength and how these relationships are affected with age. Further, this study investigat

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21

Liu, Xiao Yan, Kai Qiong Liu, and Ai Hua Liu. "One Monitoring Device for Concrete Early Age Shrinkage." Key Engineering Materials 492 (September 2011): 552–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.492.552.

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With liquid as transmission medium, using ultrasonic precision measurement, an effective device was studied and developed for monitoring early age shrinkage of concrete. With it, shrinkage of concrete in the plastic stage could be accurately monitored. During the measurement, 0.01mm and even higher monitoring accuracy could be achieved.

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22

Zhang, Shou Zhi, Ting Yao, Qian Tian, and Fei Guo. "The Research on Early Age Deformation of Shrinkage-Compensating Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 785-786 (September 2013): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.785-786.287.

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Measuring techniques for vertical deformation and horizontal deformation of concrete were introduced in the paper. Based on these techniques, concrete deformation about reference concrete and shrinkage-compensating concrete were studied. The results show that workability of concrete was almost not affected by expansive agent. Usually deformation testing began when the mold has been removed 24 hours after casting according to present standard, but the reaserch shows that the time of starting measurement has a little influence on deformation of reference concrete, while its vastly affected on th

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23

Shi, Nan Nan, and Da Hai Huang. "Experimental Study on Early-Age Crack of RC Using TSTM." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.119.

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Thermal stress is a major cause of early-age crack of massive concrete structures. In order to analyze the influencing factors of concrete crack under thermal loads, a series of tests were conducted using the improved Temperature Stress Testing Machine (TSTM). Effects of temperature on crack resistance of concrete were studied on different concrete placing temperatures and curing temperatures. Meanwhile, the roles of reinforcement on concrete crack resistance and crack-width limitation were quantitative analyzed, which compare cracks of plain concrete and reinforced concrete with the same mix

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24

Mohajerani, Abbas, Daniel Rodrigues, Christian Ricciuti, and Christopher Wilson. "Early-Age Strength Measurement of Shotcrete." Journal of Materials 2015 (November 10, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/470160.

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Shotcrete or sprayed concrete is a special concrete designed for spraying onto a surface, as a construction material. With shotcrete application as a ground support system ever-present in both mining and tunnelling sectors, a major requirement of drive progression is to determine when it is safe to reenter beneath freshly sprayed concrete. Accurately determining this time is of paramount importance. Generally, this reentry time is based on measuring the developing strength of shotcrete until an adequate strength value is reached. The issue with current practice is that there is no widely accep

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25

Li, Yun Feng, Dong Sheng Zhang, and Li Xu. "Early Age Cracking Characteristic of Concrete with Compound Admixtures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 325-326 (June 2013): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.325-326.71.

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The shrinkage cracking of concrete plays an important role to the accelerated deterioration and shortening the service life of concrete structures. The mineral admixture will be a perfect component of high performance concrete and its utilization will be a valuable resource for recycling. Early age cracking characteristics of concrete with compound admixtures, such as steel slag, blast furnace slag, fly ash, are studied in this paper using plate test method. The better anti-cracking performance of concrete will be realized when blast furnace slag replacing cement at 30%, steel slag and fly ash

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26

Qian, Xiao Qian, Shu Lin Zhan, and Yao Tai Zhu. "Influence of Superplasticizer and Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures on Early Age Shrinkage of Concrete." Key Engineering Materials 405-406 (January 2009): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.405-406.166.

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The influence of superplasticizer (SP) and shrinkage-reducing admixtures (SRA) on the early age shrinkage of concrete with a controlled slump of 80±10 mm was investigated using a measuring apparatus developed specially. In addition, the influence of early age curing methods on the early age shrinkage of concrete was also studied. The early age shrinkage was increased sharply by the addition of SP when the concrete was exposed to the drying environment after initial setting. While under the same conditions the addition of SRA could reduce the early age shrinkage effectively. However, under seal

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27

Austin, Simon A., Peter J. Robins, and Jonathan W. Bishop. "Instrumentation and early-age monitoring of concrete slabs." Civil Engineering Innovation 1, no. 1 (2007): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jciei.2007.13414.

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28

Tang, Kangkang, Steve Millard, and Greg Beattie. "Early-age heat development in GGBS concrete structures." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings 168, no. 8 (2015): 541–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stbu.14.00089.

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29

Austin, S. A., P. J. Robins, and J. W. Bishop. "Instrumentation and early-age monitoring of concrete slabs." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings 159, no. 4 (2006): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stbu.2006.159.4.187.

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30

NAKAMURA, Shigeharu, Yoshihiro MASUDA, and Shingi HAGIHARA. "CREEP AND RESTRAINED DEFORMATION FOR EARLY AGE CONCRETE." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 66, no. 539 (2001): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.66.23_1.

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31

Austin, S. A., P. J. Robins, and J. W. Bishop. "Instrumentation and early-age monitoring of concrete slabs." Civil Engineering Innovation 1, no. 1 (2007): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/einn.2007.1.1.30.

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32

YAMAMOTO, Yasuhiko, Atsushi TAKEDA, and Tomozou CHOUAI. "Freezing and Thawing Durability of Early-Age Concrete." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 704 (2002): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2002.704_187.

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33

Paine, K. A., R. K. Dhir, and L. Zheng. "Predicting early-age temperatures of blended-cement concrete." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 159, no. 4 (2006): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/coma.2006.159.4.163.

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34

Roig-Flores, Marta, and Pedro Serna. "Concrete Early-Age Crack Closing by Autogenous Healing." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (2020): 4476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114476.

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Autogenous healing is mainly produced by continuing hydration or carbonation. The aim of this research is to quantify the crack closing produced by autogenous healing for early-age concrete. This healing was evaluated for two crack size levels, 0.1 mm and 0.4 mm, under three healing conditions: water immersion, a humidity chamber, and wet/dry cycles. Crack closing was evaluated after 7, 14, 28 and 42 days under healing conditions. The internal status of the cracks was verified visually and using phenolphthalein. The results show that specimens stored in the humidity chamber did not experience

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35

Gutsch, A. "Properties of early age concrete - Experiments and modelling." Materials and Structures 35, no. 246 (2002): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/13796.

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36

Niu, Yan-Zhou, Chuan-Lin Tu, Robert Y. Liang, and Shui-Wen Zhang. "Modeling of Thermomechanical Damage of Early-Age Concrete." Journal of Structural Engineering 121, no. 4 (1995): 717–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1995)121:4(717).

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37

ElSafty, Adel, Ahmed Abdel-Mohti, Mike Jackson, Ivan Lasa, and Mario Paredes. "Limiting Early-Age Cracking in Concrete Bridge Decks." Advances in Civil Engineering Materials 2, no. 1 (2013): 20130073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/acem20130073.

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38

Dunham, Michael R., Adam S. Rush, and James H. Hanson. "Effects of Induced Vibrations on Early Age Concrete." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 21, no. 3 (2007): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0887-3828(2007)21:3(179).

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39

William, Gergis W., Samir N. Shoukry, and Mourad Y. Riad. "Early age cracking of reinforced concrete bridge decks." Bridge Structures 1, no. 4 (2005): 379–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15732480500483828.

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40

Byard, Benjamin E., and Anton K. Schindler. "Modeling early-age stress development of restrained concrete." Materials and Structures 48, no. 1-2 (2013): 435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0194-2.

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41

Zhang, Jun, Kun Qi, and Yu Huang. "Calculation of Moisture Distribution in Early-Age Concrete." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 135, no. 8 (2009): 871–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(2009)135:8(871).

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42

Zhang, Yiming, Christian Pichler, Yong Yuan, Matthias Zeiml, and Roman Lackner. "Micromechanics-based multifield framework for early-age concrete." Engineering Structures 47 (February 2013): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.08.015.

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43

Gutsch, A. W. "Properties of early age concrete-Experiments and modelling." Materials and Structures 35, no. 2 (2002): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02482104.

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44

Van Tang, Lam, Chuc Trong Nguyen, Boris Bulgakov, and Anh Ngoc Pham. "Composition and early-age temperature regime in massive concrete foundation." MATEC Web of Conferences 196 (2018): 04017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819604017.

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The usage of monolithic concrete technology in massive structure construction has created a need for a more detailed design focused on crack control. In this study, the American standard ACI 211.1-09 and absolute volume method were used to determine the composition of heavy weight concrete for the high-rise building foundation. The concrete block temperature behavior has been analyzed by a three-dimensional thermal model in program Midas Civil. The conducted studies' result provided the possibility of obtaining heavy weight concrete from Vietnam local raw materials regarding to the concrete mi

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45

Kitouni, S., and H. Houari. "Lightweight concrete with Algerian limestone dust: Part I: Study on 30% replacement to normal aggregate at early age." Cerâmica 59, no. 352 (2013): 600–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0366-69132013000400017.

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The mechanical characteristics of the lightweight aggregate concretes (LWAC) strongly depend on the proportions of aggregates in the formulation. In particular, because of their strong porosity, the lightweight aggregates are much more deformable than the cementations matrix and their influence on concrete strength is complex. This paper focuses on studying the physical performance of concrete formulated with substitution of 30% of coarse aggregates by limestone dust. In this article an attempt is made to provide information on the elastic properties of lightweight concrete (LWC) from tests ca

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46

Mao, Ming Jie, Qiu Ning Yang, Wen Bo Zhang, and Isamu Yoshitake. "Fly-Ash Concretes of 50% of the Replacement Ratio to Reduce the Cracking in Concrete Structures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 2665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.2665.

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Fly-ash concrete used in massive concrete structure has superior advantages to reduce hydration heat. On the other hand, the fly-ash concrete has negative property of low strength development at early age because pozzolanic reaction of fly-ash activates at mature age, such as after 28 days. To investigate these characteristics of fly-ash used in concrete, the present study discusses thermal cracking possibility of fly-ash concrete by using FE analysis software. The present study employs prediction formulae proposed by Zhang and Japanese design code in the simulations. The objects in this study

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47

Wang, Yan, Sheng Xing Wu, Shuo Chen, Yao Wang, and Bao Long Wei. "Experimental Study on Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Splitting Damage Processes for Different Ages of Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 105-107 (September 2011): 976–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.105-107.976.

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A total of 18 specimens’ damage processes of concrete under split load in 1d, 3d, 5d, 7d, 14d and 28d ages are monitored by acoustic emission (AE) technique and corresponding typical AE characteristics are summarized. The results show that splitting tensile strength of concrete and the number of AE hits are both showing a gradual increase with the growth of age. During the process of splitting failure of concrete specimens in 14d and 28d, AE hits in higher duration and amplitude are collected, It shows that the older concretes tends to release more energy, at last, AE parameters which are in h

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48

Safiuddin, Md, A. Kaish, Chin-Ong Woon, and Sudharshan Raman. "Early-Age Cracking in Concrete: Causes, Consequences, Remedial Measures, and Recommendations." Applied Sciences 8, no. 10 (2018): 1730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8101730.

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Cracking is a common problem in concrete structures in real-life service conditions. In fact, crack-free concrete structures are very rare to find in real world. Concrete can undergo early-age cracking depending on the mix composition, exposure environment, hydration rate, and curing conditions. Understanding the causes and consequences of cracking thoroughly is essential for selecting proper measures to resolve the early-age cracking problem in concrete. This paper will help to identify the major causes and consequences of the early-age cracking in concrete. Also, this paper will be useful to

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49

Ding, Hong Yan, Chao He, and Pu Yang Zhang. "Study on Failure Criterion and Yield Criterion of Early-Age C20." Applied Mechanics and Materials 226-228 (November 2012): 1730–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.226-228.1730.

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The early-age concrete properties are the basis for structure nonlinear analyzed under construction structure period. But at present the study on early-age concrete is lagging behind which there is not suitabel theory. This paper takes early-age C20 concrete as an example to analysis the early-age concrete properties. According to the distribution characteristics of early-age C20 concrete experiment data in the octahedral stress space, using section function expression form, by the method of mathematical derivation and linear fitting, the failure criterion and the elastic yield criterion of ea

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50

Bertagnoli, Gabriele, Dario La Mazza, Giuseppe Mancini, and Francesco Tondolo. "Design of Massive Casting Controlling Early Age Properties of Concrete." Key Engineering Materials 711 (September 2016): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.711.126.

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The design of concrete structures exposed to environmental attack requires serious attention for concrete durability. Early age cracking due to autogenous deformations should be avoided.In this work the study of the structural effects of hydration heat and rheological behaviour of a massive concrete casting is presented. The object of the study is a skyscraper foundation slab. Aim of the work is the numerical simulation of what occurs to the structure during the hardening, in order to avoid unforeseen autogenous cracking and therefore the choice of a tailor-made concrete mixture able to fulfil

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