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Journal articles on the topic 'Early Bronze Age in south Levant'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 24 April 2022

Last updated: 30 July 2025

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1

Rothman, Mitchell S. "Early Bronze Age migrants and ethnicity in the Middle Eastern mountain zone." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 30 (2015): 9190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502220112.

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The Kura-Araxes cultural tradition existed in the highlands of the South Caucasus from 3500 to 2450 BCE (before the Christian era). This tradition represented an adaptive regime and a symbolically encoded common identity spread over a broad area of patchy mountain environments. By 3000 BCE, groups bearing this identity had migrated southwest across a wide area from the Taurus Mountains down into the southern Levant, southeast along the Zagros Mountains, and north across the Caucasus Mountains. In these new places, they became effectively ethnic groups amid already heterogeneous societies. This

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2

Kafafi, Zeidan A. "Neither early Bronze Age Cities nor States in the south of the Levant: another perspective." Syria, no. 88 (January 1, 2011): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/syria.894.

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3

Langgut, Dafna, Israel Finkelstein, Thomas Litt, Frank Harald Neumann, and Mordechai Stein. "Vegetation and Climate Changes during the Bronze and Iron Ages (∼3600–600 BCE) in the Southern Levant Based on Palynological Records." Radiocarbon 57, no. 2 (2015): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/azu_rc.57.18555.

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This article presents the role of climate fluctuations in shaping southern Levantine human history from 3600 to 600 BCE (the Bronze and Iron Ages) as evidenced in palynological studies. This time interval is critical in the history of the region; it includes two phases of rise and decline of urban life, organization of the first territorial kingdoms, and domination of the area by great Ancient Near Eastern empires. The study is based on a comparison of several fossil pollen records that span a north-south transect of 220 km along the southern Levant: Birkat Ram in the northern Golan Heights, S

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4

Manoukian, Nyree, Helen L. Whelton, Julie Dunne, et al. "Diverse dietary practices across the Early Bronze Age ‘Kura-Araxes culture’ in the South Caucasus." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (2022): e0278345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278345.

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The Kura-Araxes (KA) cultural phenomenon (dated to the Early Bronze Age, c. 3500/3350-2500 BCE) is primarily characterised by the emergence of a homogeneous pottery style and a uniform ‘material culture package’ in settlements across the South Caucasus, as well as territories extending to the Ancient Near East and the Levant. It has been argued that KA societies practised pastoralism, despite a lack of direct examination of dietary and culinary practices in this region. Here, we report the first analyses of absorbed lipid residues from KA pottery to both determine the organic products produced

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Scott, Ashley, Robert C. Power, Victoria Altmann-Wendling, et al. "Exotic foods reveal contact between South Asia and the Near East during the second millennium BCE." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 2 (2020): e2014956117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014956117.

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Although the key role of long-distance trade in the transformation of cuisines worldwide has been well-documented since at least the Roman era, the prehistory of the Eurasian food trade is less visible. In order to shed light on the transformation of Eastern Mediterranean cuisines during the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, we analyzed microremains and proteins preserved in the dental calculus of individuals who lived during the second millennium BCE in the Southern Levant. Our results provide clear evidence for the consumption of expected staple foods, such as cereals (Triticeae), sesame (Sesam

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Hruby, Karolina, Marzena Cendrowska, Rivka Chasan, Iris Groman-Yaroslavski, and Danny Rosenberg. "The function of the south-Levantine Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age basalt vessels bearing circumferential depressions: Insights from use-wear analyses." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (2021): e0252535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252535.

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One of the most characteristic aspects of the Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age periods in the southern Levant is the appearance of large assemblages of basalt vessels. These vessels, frequently meticulously made, appear sometimes a considerable distance from the raw material sources and are found mainly at habitation sites. While these and their prestigious value have been widely discussed in the past, their function is still obscure. In the current paper, we address their functionality through microscopic use-wear analysis. Emphasis was placed on basalt vessels with a distinct wear patt

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7

Falconer, Steven E., and Patricia L. Fall. "A Radiocarbon Sequence from Tell Abu en-Ni‘aj, Jordan and its Implications for Early Bronze IV Chronology in the Southern Levant." Radiocarbon 58, no. 3 (2016): 615–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2016.26.

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AbstractTell Abu en-Ni‘aj, an agrarian Early Bronze IV village in the northern Jordan Valley, Jordan, provides a series of 24 accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) seed dates spanning seven stratified phases of occupation. Bayesian analysis of these ages reveals that habitation at Tell Abu en-Ni‘aj began between 2600 and 2500 cal BC and ended just before 2000 cal BC. This sequence provides the longest radiocarbon record of occupation for an Early Bronze IV settlement in the southern Levant and pushes the beginning of the Levantine Early Bronze IV earlier than proposed previously. When integrated

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8

Gilmour, Garth. "Aegean sanctuaries and the Levant in the Late Bronze Age." Annual of the British School at Athens 88 (November 1993): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400015914.

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In a recent paper by O. Negbi it was argued that certain late bronze age Aegean temples owe elements of their design to influence from the Levant. Architectural features such as corner platforms, a ‘bent-axis’ approach, and twin temples, and cultural features such as the presence of ‘smiting god’ figurines, are analysed. It is concluded that there is no evidence that Aegean shrines were built according to a Canaanite model, and that there was no Canaanite cultic influence in the Aegean during the Late Bronze Age. If anything, the reverse applied in the early Iron Age, when the influence of the

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9

Greenberg, Raphael, Sarit Paz, David Wengrow, and Mark Iserlis. "TEL BET YERAH: Hub of the Early Bronze Age Levant." Near Eastern Archaeology 75, no. 2 (2012): 88–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5615/neareastarch.75.2.0088.

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10

Montero Fenollós, Juan-Luis. "De Mari a Babilonia: ciudades fortificadas en la antigua Mesopotamia." Vínculos de Historia Revista del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, no. 11 (June 22, 2022): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/vdh_2022.11.01.

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Las ciudades mesopotámicas estaban amuralladas desde sus orígenes. Muralla y ciudad, símbolo de civilización, eran dos conceptos inseparables. Por mandato de los dioses, el rey era el responsable de la fundación de las ciudades y de la construcción de sus sistemas de defensa, que fueron evolucionando como respuesta a los cambios producidos en el arte de la guerra en el Próximo Oriente antiguo. En este artículo se analiza, en particular, la documentación arqueológica y textual de dos modelos de ciudad fortificada: Mari (III-II milenio a. C.), en el norte, y Babilonia (II-I milenio a. C.), en el

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11

Höflmayer, Felix, Michael W. Dee, Hermann Genz, and Simone Riehl. "Radiocarbon Evidence for the Early Bronze Age Levant: The Site of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida (Lebanon) and the End of the Early Bronze III Period." Radiocarbon 56, no. 2 (2014): 529–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/56.16932.

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Absolute dates for the end of the Early Bronze Age ancient Near East are of crucial importance for assessing the nature and extent of mid- to late 3rd millennium BC transitions in the Near East and their alleged link to the 4.2ka BP climatic event. This article presents a radiocarbon sequence for the Early Bronze Age site of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida (Lebanon) and argues that the end of the Early Bronze III period has to be dated considerably higher than previously estimated. There is no reason to assume that the 4.2ka BP event might have contributed to or even triggered the collapse of the first

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12

Höflmayer, Felix, Michael W. Dee, Hermann Genz, and Simone Riehl. "Radiocarbon Evidence for the Early Bronze Age Levant: The Site of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida (Lebanon) and the End of the Early Bronze III Period." Radiocarbon 56, no. 02 (2014): 529–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200049572.

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Absolute dates for the end of the Early Bronze Age ancient Near East are of crucial importance for assessing the nature and extent of mid- to late 3rd millennium BC transitions in the Near East and their alleged link to the 4.2ka BP climatic event. This article presents a radiocarbon sequence for the Early Bronze Age site of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida (Lebanon) and argues that the end of the Early Bronze III period has to be dated considerably higher than previously estimated. There is no reason to assume that the 4.2ka BP event might have contributed to or even triggered the collapse of the first

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13

Asscher, Yotam, and Elisabetta Boaretto. "Absolute Time Ranges in the Plateau of the Late Bronze to Iron Age Transition and the Appearance of Bichrome Pottery in Canaan, Southern Levant." Radiocarbon 61, no. 1 (2018): 13–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2018.58.

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ABSTRACTThe Late Bronze Age to Iron Age transition in the Levant includes the appearance of new material culture that is similar in styles to the Aegean world. In the southern Levant, the distribution of early styles of Aegean-like pottery, locally produced, is limited to the coastal areas of Canaan, making synchronization with the rest of the region difficult. Radiocarbon (14C) dating provides a high-resolution absolute chronological framework for synchronizing ceramic phases. Here, absolute14C chronologies of the Late Bronze to Iron Age transition in the sites Tel Beth Shean, Tel Rehov, Tel

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14

Hauptmann, Andreas, Sigrid Schmitt-Strecker, Thomas E. Levy, and Friedrich Begemann. "On Early Bronze Age Copper Bar Ingots from the Southern Levant." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 373 (May 2015): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5615/bullamerschoorie.373.0001.

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15

Genz, Hermann. "The Organisation of Early Bronze Age Metalworking in the Southern Levant." Paléorient 26, no. 1 (2000): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/paleo.2000.4698.

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16

Braun, Eliot. "More Evidence for Early Bronze Age Glyptics from the Southern Levant." Levant 36, no. 1 (2004): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/lev.2004.36.1.13.

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17

Ezer, Sabahattin. "Middle Bronze Age II Pottery Kiln at Oylum Höyük." Belleten 88, no. 313 (2024): 663–95. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2024.663.

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Despite the newly acquired information with increasing studies in Türkiye, archaeological evidence regarding ceramic production in some regions and periods is still not sufficient. Although our knowledge about prehistoric and protohistoric pyrotechnology increases, we can currently say little about the size of ceramic production, the settlement and regional density of pottery kilns, their distribution, development and contexts, in short their roles. The pottery kiln discovered at Oylum Höyük in 2020 and dated to Middle Bronze Age II is in good physical condition compared to its contemporaries

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18

Höflmayer, Felix, Assaf Yasur-Landau, Eric H. Cline, Michael W. Dee, Brita Lorentzen, and Simone Riehl. "New Radiocarbon Dates from Tel Kabri Support a High Middle Bronze Age Chronology." Radiocarbon 58, no. 3 (2016): 599–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2016.27.

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AbstractThis article presents new radiocarbon evidence from the Middle Bronze Age palatial site of Tel Kabri (Israel). The final phase of the palace (Phase III) can be dated to Middle Bronze Age II, with an end date around the transition from Middle Bronze II to III or very early in Middle Bronze III. According to our14C data, the end of Tel Kabri Phase III (and thus the transition from Middle Bronze II to III) can be dated to ~1700 BC. This date is about 50–100 yr earlier than traditional chronological models for the Middle Bronze Age propose (~1650 BC according to the traditional chronology

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19

Kim, hyun Sik. "Bronze Age, Lower Han Dynasty and Early Iron Age in South Korea." Pusan Archaeological Society 22 (December 29, 2023): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.47735/odia.2023.33.61.

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Currently, the lower limit of the Bronze Age is generally believed to be around 300 BC based on the appearance of the three-shaped bronze sword. And the period between 300 and 0 BC, when fine-grained bronze swords and clay pottery coexisted, is classified as the ‘Early Iron Age’. However, this common belief is problematic in that it is highly likely that three-shaped bronze swords appeared before the 5th century BC, that the lower limit of the Songguk-ri culture is around 200 BC, and that circular clay pottery coexists with the culture of the late Bronze Age. According to carbon dating,

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20

Goren, Yuval. "The Southern Levant in the Early Bronze Age IV: The Petrographic Perspective." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 303 (August 1996): 33–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1357469.

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21

Milevski, Ianir, Marcin Czarnowicz, Dmitry Yegorov, et al. "New excavations at Tel Erani: the Early Bronze Age I fortification walls and early urbanisation in the Southern Levant." Antiquity 96, no. 385 (2021): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2021.171.

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Fortification walls and other buildings discovered during renewed excavations at Tel Erani (Tell esh-Sheikh el-Areyni) shed new light on the beginnings of urbanisation in the Southern Levant during the second half of the fourth millennium BC.

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22

Middleton, Guy D. "Should I Stay or Should I Go? Mycenaeans, Migration, and Mobility in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Eastern Mediterranean." Journal of Greek Archaeology 3 (January 1, 2018): 115–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v3i.525.

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A recent paper argues that climate change at the end of the Late Bronze Age caused mass migrations, ‘vast movements of population’, out of the Balkans into Greece and Anatolia, with migrants destroying cities and states as they went – causing the collapse of Late Bronze Age societies such as the Mycenaeans. These migrants then became the Sea Peoples, who gathered more followers from the Aegean and set off for the eastern Mediterranean, destroying as they went, until they were finally defeated by Ramesses III in Egypt. The hypothesis, as with other similar arguments in the past, links together

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23

Mohammad, Waheeb, and Khasawneh Nermin. "Early Technology of Copper Mining in Antiquity: Wadi Araba, Jordan, Southern Levant (Elaf Quraysh Route)." Arqueologia Iberoamericana 55 (February 5, 2025): 58–65. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14789767.

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Our research was prompted by the need to study the history of metallurgy in Wadi Araba during the Bronze Age, as the beginning of this period witnessed the development and prosperity of copper metallurgy in the Near East. This study deals with copper and its metallurgy concerning industrialization sites and facilities during the Bronze Age. This achievement led the craftsman to produce hard-bronze metals. Apart from the very early stages when copper ores could be collected from the surface, all copper ores had to be mined, and different mining methods were used, such as open pits, tunnels (hor

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24

Ross, Jon, Shira Albaz, Haskel J. Greenfield, and Aren M. Maeir. "Ceramic Platters at Early Bronze Age Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath: An Integrated Chaîne Opératoire Approach." Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies 12, no. 3 (2024): 298–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.12.3.0298.

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ABSTRACT Recent ceramic studies in Early Bronze Age Levantine archaeology emphasize the need to update and expand the interpretative potentials of ceramic datasets by taking a multiscalar chaîne opératoire approach. In this article, we focus on the platters from the excavations at Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath in the southern Levant. The results of thin-section petrography are integrated with inspection of surface features and an alternative imaging technique for identifying traces of vessel manufacture on freshly cut and scanned thick sections. We pull together observations on the forms, surface featur

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Safadi, Sturt, and Blue. "Exploring Maritime Engagement in the Early Bronze Age Levant: A Space/Time Approach." Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology & Heritage Studies 8, no. 3-4 (2020): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.8.3-4.0250.

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26

Höflmayer, Felix, and Sturt W. Manning. "A Synchronized Early Middle Bronze Age Chronology for Egypt, the Levant, and Mesopotamia." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 81, no. 1 (2022): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/718498.

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27

Vardi, Jacob, and Isaac Gilead. "Chalcolithic – Early Bronze Age I Transition in the Southern Levant: The Lithic perspective." Paléorient 39, no. 1 (2013): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/paleo.2013.5490.

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28

Paz, Yitzhak. "The existence of archery in Early Bronze Age southern Levant warfare: a note." Journal of Conflict Archaeology 13, no. 1 (2018): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2018.1533283.

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29

Anderson, Roger W. "Southern Palestinian Chronology: Two Radiocarbon Dates for the Early Bronze Age at Tell El-Hesi (Israel)." Radiocarbon 48, no. 1 (2006): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200035426.

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Several articles reporting radiocarbon dates of Early Bronze Age (EB) material from excavations in the southern Levant have been published over the last 30 yr. The excavations conducted at Tell el-Hesi have produced material from which 2 additional 14C dates have been extracted to date. The 2 samples confirm the EB dating of Field VI material and suggest EB III settlement at Hesi might be earlier than previously reported based on pottery typology.

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Genz, Hermann. "Restoring the balance: an Early Bronze Age scale beam from Tell Fadous-Kfarabida, Lebanon." Antiquity 85, no. 329 (2011): 839–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00068344.

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The author reports an object of modest appearance but great significance — a small bone beam for weighing precious commodities. Weighing indicates the regulation of quantities for exchange or manufacture and is thus a key agent of social and economic complexity. Well-stratified and dated to the early third millennium BC, this find puts the people of the Levant among the earliest to quantify mass. We are rightly urged to inspect faunal assemblages for similarly subtle modifications of bones.

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Regev, Johanna, Pierre De Miroschedji, and Elisabetta Boaretto. "Early Bronze Age Chronology: Radiocarbon Dates and Chronological Models from Tel Yarmuth (Israel)." Radiocarbon 54, no. 3-4 (2012): 505–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200047238.

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Over the years, 40 radiocarbon samples (charcoal and seeds) have been measured from the site of Tel Yarmuth. These samples originate from 3 major archaeological periods: Final Early Bronze Age (henceforth EB) I, EB II, and EB IIIB-C. The samples are further on divided into 8 separate archaeological phases. Bayesian modeling analyses were performed on the data. Separate models were run with seeds and charcoals to detect a possible old-wood effect. Outliers were detected, and finally models with gaps were run to account for the lack of samples from 2 archaeological layers. The results suggest th

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Holl, Augustin F. C., and Leslie Dawson. "From Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age: A view from Abu Hof Cave 22 (Israel)." International Journal of Modern Anthropology 2, no. 19 (2023): 1050–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i19.2.

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Archaeological cultural taxonomy is a practical necessity. It singles out more or less coherent patio-temporal entities and facilitates scholarly exchange and communication. However, these practical conventions tend to take an independent life of their own, and sometimes constrain creative research endeavors. It is well known that ―the name is not the thing‖. Archaeological cultural taxa are relatively flexible entities, not perfectly self-contained units. Despite this realization, change documented from one archaeological culture to the next is generally framed in term of ‗transition‘, a lega

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Milevski, Ianir. "The Exchange of Flint Tools in the Southern Levant during the Early Bronze Age." Lithic Technology 38, no. 3 (2013): 202–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0197726113z.00000000021.

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34

Langgut, Dafna, and Israel Finkelstein. "Environment, subsistence strategies and settlement seasonality in the Negev Highlands (Israel) during the Bronze and Iron Ages: The palynological evidence." PLOS ONE 18, no. 5 (2023): e0285358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285358.

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The Negev Highlands arid region (southern Levant) shows evidence of sharp settlement fluctuations, with several periods of strong human activity separated by centuries with no evidence of sedentary life. In this study, we used the palynological method in order to shed light on the region’s demographic history in the Bronze and Iron Ages. Fifty-four samples of pollen were collected and analyzed from secure archaeological contexts in four Negev Highlands sites: Nahal Boqer 66, dated to the Early Bronze Age and Early Intermediate Bronze Age (ca. 3200–2200 BCE); Ein Ziq, dated to the Early Interme

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35

Agalarzade, Anar M. "Grave Monuments in South–Eastern End of the South Caucasus: Late Bronze – Early Iron Age Kurgans." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 1, no. 39 (2022): 130–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2022.1.39.130.144.

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The article deals with the results of the Late Bronze – Early Iron Age kurgans built in the foothills of the Talysh Mountains at the south-eastern end of the South Caucasus. Saribulag kurgans are located in Alar village of Yardimly district, on the pasture of the same name at an altitude of 2000 m above sea level. These grave monuments are very important in terms of studying the burial customs of the Late Bronze – Early Iron Age communities. Comparative analysis shows that such archaeological patterns are well known from the monuments of contemporary archaeological culture sites of the South C

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Asscher, Yotam, Dan Cabanes, Louise A. Hitchcock, Aren M. Maeir, Steve Weiner, and Elisabetta Boaretto. "Radiocarbon Dating Shows an Early Appearance of Philistine Material Culture in Tell es-Safi/Gath, Philistia." Radiocarbon 57, no. 5 (2015): 825–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/azu_rc.57.18391.

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The Late Bronze Age to Iron Age transition in the coastal southern Levant involves a major cultural change, which is characterized, among other things, by the appearance of Philistine pottery locally produced in styles derived from outside the Levant. This transition in the coastal southern Levant is conventionally dated to the 12th century BC, based on historical and archaeological artifacts associated with the Philistine pottery. Radiocarbon dating can provide a more precise independent absolute chronology for this transition, but dating for the period under discussion is complicated by the

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Bruins, Hendrik J., and Johannes Van Der Plicht. "Early Bronze Jericho: High-Precision 14C Dates of Short-Lived Palaeobotanic Remains." Radiocarbon 40, no. 2 (1997): 621–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200018555.

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Reliable series of high-precision radiocarbon dates in a stratified archaeological context are of great importance for interdisciplinary chronological and historical studies. The Early Bronze Age in the Near East is characterized by the beginning of the great civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia, as well as by urbanization in the Levant. We present stratified high-precision dates of short-lived material of Tell es-Sultan (Jericho), covering Late Proto-Urban/EB I, EB II and EB III layers from Trench III. Our calibrated dates, refined by Bayesian sequence analysis involving Gibbs sampling, are

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38

Vignolini, Caterina. "Context and Shape: Geographical and Chronological Distribution of Handled Stamp Seals in Anatolia and Northern Levant." Asia Anteriore Antica. Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Cultures 4 (January 25, 2023): 135–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/asiana-1599.

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This article focuses on handled stamp seals, their typological classification, archaeological contexts and geographic distribution. By analyzing a total of 679 seals (302 from good archaeological contexts) over a time period from the Early Bronze Age to the Iron Age, it was possible to point out that specific shapes can be considered typical for the Anatolian region, while others were adopted from Anatolia in the Levant or belong to specific site productions. The data have shown that of the three predominant types (Stalk, Domed and Modelled Domed Knob Seals), probably only one passed from Anat

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Falconer, Steven E., and Stephen H. Savage. "Heartlands and Hinterlands: Alternative Trajectories of Early Urbanization in Mesopotamia and the Southern Levant." American Antiquity 60, no. 1 (1995): 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/282075.

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Comparative rank-size analyses reveal highly variable courses of urbanization in ancient Mesopotamia and the southern Levant during the fourth through early second millennia B.C. While traditional rank-size methods do not consider the effects of archaeological sampling, we propose a revised approach based on Monte Carlo simulation, which incorporates site-recovery rates and demonstrates the advantages of “full-coverage” survey. We highlight the rapid development of urban primacy in southern Mesopotamia’s heartland (Adams 1981) and the more static rural integration of the Diyala hinterland (Ada

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40

Charloux, Guillaume, Shadi Shabo, Bruno Depreux, et al. "A Bronze Age town in the Khaybar walled oasis: Debating early urbanization in Northwestern Arabia." PLOS ONE 19, no. 10 (2024): e0309963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309963.

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Recent exploration of the Khaybar oasis by the Khaybar Longue Durée Archaeological Project (AFALULA-RCU-CNRS) has led to the discovery of an exceptional Bronze Age fortified site called al-Natah. For the first time in Northwestern Arabia, the characteristics of a third/second-millennium-BCE settlement can be assessed over a large area. Preliminary archaeological survey and soundings have revealed a fortified 2.6-hectares town built around 2400–2000 BCE which lasted until at least 1500 BCE and possibly 1300 BCE−but with possible interruptions−, functionally subdivided into a residential area, a

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Frumin, Suembikya. "Cereals and Fruits of the Philistines: Signs of Territorial Identity and Regional Involvement." Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies 10, no. 3-4 (2022): 259–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.10.3-4.0259.

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ABSTRACT The present study explores patterns in choices and use of staple cereals and fruits through the Late Bronze Age and Iron Ages to address the level of Philistine “commonality” with other populations in the region. Analysis of the relevant archaeobotanical data from 34 settlements shows that the Philistines exhibit cultural continuity in patterns of plant use with Late Bronze Age southern Canaan, and with the Shephelah region especially. The study also unravels, for the first time, differences in choice and use of crops between the Philistines and their neighbors during the early Iron A

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Morris, Sarah P. "Dairy Queen. Churns and milk products in the Aegean Bronze Age." Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 7 (November 2014): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-07-12.

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This article assembles examples of an unusual vessel found in domestic contexts of the Early Bronze Age around the Aegean and in the Eastern Mediterranean. Identified as a “barrel vessel” by the excavators of Troy, Lesbos (Thermi), Lemnos (Poliochni), and various sites in the Chalkidike, the shape finds its best parallels in containers identified as churns in the Chalcolithic Levant, and related vessels from the Eneolithic Balkans. Levantine parallels also exist in miniature form, as in the Aegean at Troy, Thermi, and Poliochni, and appear as part of votive figures in the Near East. My interpr

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Ashkenazi, Hai. "Sometimes Defence is Just an Excuse: Fortification Walls of the Southern Levantine Early Bronze Age." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 30, no. 1 (2019): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774319000325.

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The Early Bronze Age (EBA) of the southern Levant was the first period in which many sites became fortified. This process reached its climax during the latter part of the period (namely Early Bronze III). Until recently, most scholars saw this phenomenon as an indication that the period was characterized by a high level of organized conflict. The following article analyses the fortifications of eight EBA sites, as well as other markers of warfare, and argues that the period's fortifications were not as tactically efficient as they seem. Furthermore, other markers of war are generally missing.

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Campagno, Marcelo. "Reflexiones sobre la presencia egipcia en el Levante meridional a finales del período del Bronce Temprano I(ca.3300-3000): a propósito del Tel Erani." Trabajos de Egiptología. Papers on Ancient Egypt, no. 10 (2019): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.tde.2019.10.03.

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Although the contacts between the populations of the southern Levant and the Nile Valley date back to earlier times, the archaeological record indicates a significant change for the last third of the fourth millennium BC (the period of Early Bronze IB, in the Levantine chronology). This period is characterized by a remarkable expansion of the number of South Levantine sites where ceramics and other Egyptian objects are registered, whether imported directly or made locally imitating patterns previously known in the Nile Valley. These sites also show new types of evidence of Egyptian influence,

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Davidovich, Uri. "The Chalcolithic – Early Bronze Age Transition: A View from the Judean Desert Caves, Southern Levant." Paléorient 39, no. 1 (2013): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/paleo.2013.5491.

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Yekutieli, Yuval. "Early Bronze Age Goods Exchange in The Southern Levant: A Marxist Perspective by Ianir Milevski." Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 41 (2011): 155. https://doi.org/10.61247/s626795.

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Anđelković, Branislav. "Hegemony for Beginners: Egyptian Activity in the Southern Levant during the Second Half of the Fourth Millennium B.C." Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 7, no. 3 (2016): 793–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.21301/eap.v7i3.9.

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After a modest start in the mid-20th century, thousands of Protodynastic Egyptian objects have been unearthed and identified as such in the Southern Levant, including serekh-signs of several Dynasty 0 (Narmer, "Double Falcon", Ny-Hor, IryHor, Ka), and 1st Dynasty (Hor Aha) pharaohs. The explanatory models presented so far fail to integrate the totality of the archaeologically manifested parameters, especially considering the impact of the last fifteen years of finds and their contextual and other analysis, into the proper semiotic matrix. The conundrum of Egyptian activity in the Southern Leva

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Zeman-Wiśniewska, Katarzyna. "Re-evaluation of Contacts between Cyprus and Crete from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age." Electrum 27 (2020): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.20.001.12791.

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This article argues that it is possible to distinguish certain stages of development of the contact between Cyprus and Crete, from Early Bronze Age up to the LBA/EIA transition period. To thoroughly do that, areas in which the connections are most clearly expressed: written sources, pottery, copper trade and cult practice influences are discussed. Possible sea routes between two islands, direct and as a part of a major route between Aegean, Levant and Egypt are described. Discussed written sources include possible place-names connected with Cyprus/Alasia in linear scripts and usage of the so-c

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Turner, Louise. "Blades for the gods, blades for the dead: a Bronze Age rapier from Swaites Hill, South Lanarkshire." Scottish Archaeological Journal 42, no. 1 (2020): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/saj.2020.0124.

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The excavation in 2015 of a hilltop Bronze Age funerary cairn in South Lanarkshire resulted in the discovery of a Bronze Age rapier, found amongst displaced cairn material ( Gordon and McKinstry 2019 ). This paper discusses the wider context of the find, focussing on the differing strategies employed in rapier deposition, in contrast with those evident amongst finds of later Early Bronze Age daggers. It concludes with the observation that our assumptions regarding the deposition of Early and Middle Bronze Age daggers and rapiers cannot go unquestioned and that the strategies which underpin the

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Franklin, John C. "Ethnicity and Musical Identity in the Lyric Landscape of Early Cyprus." Greek and Roman Musical Studies 2, no. 1 (2014): 146–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22129758-12341256.

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AbstractThis paper re-examines several standing assumptions about the lyre-types of early Iron Age (ia) Cyprus and how these should be correlated with historical and cultural phases on the island, specifically the pre-Greek (‘Eteocypriot’) Late Bronze Age (LBA); Aegean immigration in the twelfth and eleventh centuries; and the so-called Phoenician colony period from the ninth century. I introduce an important new piece oflbaevidence connecting the island to the lyric culture of the Levant; challenge the usual ‘Aegean’ interpretation ofiaround-based lyres; and reassess the evidence of the so-ca

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