Journal articles: 'Early Dynastic Egypt'

1

Ikram, Salima. "Early Dynastic Egypt:Early Dynastic Egypt." American Anthropologist 103, no. 3 (September 2001): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2001.103.3.845.1.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

van Haarlem, Willem M., and Toby A. H. Wilkinson. "Early Dynastic Egypt." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 86 (2000): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3822323.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Bard, Kathryn, and Toby A. H. Wilkinson. "Early Dynastic Egypt." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 39 (2002): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40001166.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Shortland, Andrew. "Book Review: Early Dynastic Egypt." Holocene 10, no. 6 (September 2000): 779–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095968360001000616.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Van Haarlem, Willem M. "Book Review: Early Dynastic Egypt." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 86, no. 1 (December 2000): 188–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030751330008600127.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Sherkova, T. "Transitional Rites in Pre-Dynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 11 (October 15, 2021): 387–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/72/50.

Full text

Abstract:

Mythopoetic thinking operates on a binary principle, classifying all the phenomena of the macro- and microcosm. The opposition between cosmos and chaos, in other words, between life and non-being, was fundamental. Spaces assimilated by culture, an ordered world, symbolized by various images: a pillar, a mountain, a temple, a dwelling, was conceived as the center of the universe, which was opposed by chaos that threatened order. These ideas about the world order were actualized in the sphere of ritual, designed to preserve the order created in the first times by the ancestors and gods. The repetition of the original myth in the ritual was supposed to restore, renew the world order in the cyclical movement of time. This applied both to the general Egyptian holidays, such as the New Year, and to the initiations that members of society took place at one stage or another of the development of Ancient Egyptian culture. Transitional rites had two aspects: age and social. When passing the initiation, the members of the collective increased their social status, became initiated, moving from adolescence to marital relations, increasing their status in the collective. A special position was occupied by leaders and kings, who confirmed their high position in society during the holiday sd. Funerals were also considered transitional rites. Transitional rituals united ideas about such opposites as life and death, which was equated with the loss of a person's previous social status. An indispensable attribute of rituals was sacrifice, and not only bloody of animals, but also sacrifice with ancient ritual objects during the construction of temples on the site of ancient sanctuaries. Notable examples have been associated with the kings in charge of the prosperity of Egypt.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Sherkova, T. "Traditions and Innovations in Funeral Rites for the Social Elite in Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 8 (August 15, 2021): 359–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/69/42.

Full text

Abstract:

Elite necropolises are the most important sources for studying the process of the formation of early states. In Ancient Egypt, this process took place over a long period of development of the sedentary culture Naqada, which developed in the 4th millennium BC, from its early phases to the final stages, when the political unification of Egypt took shape. Analysis of the burial architecture of elite burials from Hierakonpolis and Abydos, iconography, motifs and images depicted on ritual objects from tombs of the Late Dynastic and Early Dynastic times continue the scenes of hunting and battles characteristic of the earlier phases of the Naqada culture. However, their style is changing. The motives associated with the king as the protector of society, a successful warrior responsible for the stability and prosperity of Egypt come to the fore. Traditions and innovations, being oppositions, nevertheless work in an integral field, a kind of cultural and historical unity. And in terms of the socio-cultural development of Egypt, the elite necropolises of the Predynastic and Early dynastic periods provide extremely important and objective information about the formation of the first state in Egypt.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Karlova, K. F. "Peribsen and Lower Egypt." Orientalistica 3, no. 5 (December 29, 2020): 1249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2020-3-5-1249-1258.

Full text

Abstract:

The article deals with some aspects of Peribsen’s policy. In author’s opinion this pharaoh of the Second dynasty possibly led military campaigns in Lower Egypt. This hypothesis can be maintained by the data of seal impressions, stone vessels and the steles from the Early Dynastic period. The author shows that Peribsen’s election of Seth as the god of royal power and replacement of traditional patron of Egyptian rulers Horus by him could be connected with disintegration of Egypt into two parts. The author shows that the toponyms %Tt and &A-mHw in Peribsen’s monuments must be connected with Lower Egypt. The fact that place-names are connected with the tribute from Delta to Peribsen can prove that this ruler tried to conquer Lower Egypt. In the present study the comparative historical research is used.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Shepetyak, Oleh. "Monotheistic tendencies of Egypt'sreligions of the pre-dynastic and early dynasticperiod." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 80 (December 13, 2016): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2016.80.731.

Full text

Abstract:

Oleh Shepetyak. Monotheistic tendencies of Egypt's religions of the pre-dynastic and early dynastic period. The study analyzes the religion of ancient Egypt, and it proved the presence of a clear monotheistic tendencies. The article provides a brief examination of the historical landmarks of Egyptian culture, its literary achievements inspection and analysis of earlier beliefs, which are at the center of the personality of Seth and Horus, and other deities who have the zeal of the late myth associated with them.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Blomstedt, Patric. "Tracheostomy in ancient Egypt." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 128, no. 8 (July 31, 2014): 665–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215114001327.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractIt has often been reported that the ancient Egyptians performed tracheostomies. An analysis of this claim demonstrates it to be founded on only two depictions from the Protodynastic period (thirty-first centurybc). These depictions are difficult to reconcile with tracheostomy from an anatomical point of view and can more easily be explained as human sacrifices. Considering that Egyptian surgery included only minor procedures even at its zenith during later dynastic periods, it is difficult to imagine that they would have developed such an advanced procedure at such an early date.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Rowling, J. Thompson. "The rise and decline of surgery in dynastic Egypt." Antiquity 63, no. 239 (June 1989): 312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0007602x.

Full text

Abstract:

The Egyptian mammified bodies and the Egyptian texts between them offer a unique insight into the medical skills of an early civilization. Here the evidence for surgery is surveyed, and a pattern of rise and decline identified in its accomplishment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Sobas, Magdalena. "Bread Mould Potmarks from a Protodynastic and Early Dynastic Site in the Nile Delta, Egypt." Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 18 (December 30, 2014): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.18.2014.18.05.

Full text

Abstract:

This article focuses on potmarks from the Western, Eastern and Central Koms of the Tell el-Farkha site. They date back to the Protodynastic and Early Dynastic periods (up until the 1st Dynasty) and are associated with Phases 4 and 5 of the settlement. 91 of the potmarks have been identified and analysed. They were all incised on wet clay and covered either the inside or outside walls of bread moulds. 16 categories of patterns have been distinguished: cross, criss-cross, vertical and horizontal line combination, horizontal line, vertical line, curvilinear line, rectangular-like shape, animal-like shape, plant-like shape, star-like shape, arch-like shape, radial wheel shape, strokes on the rim, V-shaped sign, circle and semi-circle.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Görsdorf, Jochen, Günter Dreyer, and Ulrich Hartung. "New 14C Dating of the Archaic Royal Necropolis Umm El-Qaab at Abydos (Egypt)." Radiocarbon 40, no. 2 (1997): 641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200018579.

Full text

Abstract:

Since 1977, the German Institute of Archaeology in Cairo has been reexamining the archaic Royal necropolis Umm el-Qaab at Abydos (ca. 500 km south of Cairo). The necropolis consists of the tomb complexes of six kings and one queen of Dynasty I as well as two kings of Dynasty II in the southern part, the cemetery with royal tombs from Dynasty 0 and early Dynasty I in the middle and the predynastic cemetery in the northern part. Although partly destroyed and deprived of most of their contents, the tombs and the remaining artifacts are a major source for the early dynastic period and are of utmost importance for the understanding of predynastic development during Naqada I–III and the chronology of the formation of Egyptian culture. Sixteen newly 14C-dated samples were mainly taken from remains of wooden roofs and coffins, or in the case of the earliest tombs from mattings. The dating results in general are in good accordance with the relative archaeological dating of the tombs, but 100–150 yr earlier than the so far established historical chronology.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Claes, Wouter, Christopher J. Davey, and Stan Hendrickx. "An Early Dynastic Crucible from the Settlement of Elkab (Upper Egypt)." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 105, no. 1 (June 2019): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307513319885098.

Full text

Abstract:

During excavations in the spring of 2015 in the settlement of Elkab, a complete and almost intact crucible was discovered on the floor level of a Second Dynasty building. This article describes the crucible and its archaeological context, it explores the design of the crucible in comparison with contemporary crucibles of a corresponding style and it foreshadows the character of on-going research. The crucible has the shape depicted in Old Kingdom tomb metal-working scenes. Its profile became the hieroglyphic ideogram denoting metal-workers implying it was an iconic implement, although this is currently the only example of this kind of crucible from Egypt. Indeed, this is the earliest complete crucible for melting copper yet found anywhere.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Sullivan, Richard. "Proto-Surgery in Ancient Egypt." Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic) 41, no. 3 (1998): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2019.174.

Full text

Abstract:

This article investigates the evidence we have for the existence of proto-surgery in ancient Egypt during the Dynastic Period (c.3200 - 323 BC). Climate and chance have preserved medical literature as well as paleoarcheological specimens and these artefacts, along with extant Greek and Roman treatises appear to support the conclusion that protosurgery was practised in ancient Egypt (the prefix proto- designates an original or early form). Elements of proto-surgical development including analgesia and sedation, the incision, trephination, proto-surgery of trauma, mythical proto-surgery and antisepsis, drawing on primary sources, surviving artefacts and modern commentary are discussed. Where appropriate comparisons are made with proto-surgery in ancient Mesopotamia and the Bronze Age Aegean.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Lajs, Katarzyna. "Evolution of Ancient Egyptian Bifacial Flint Knives." Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 23 (December 31, 2019): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.23.2019.23.01.

Full text

Abstract:

Bifacial knives are a significant category of artefacts known from ancient Egypt, drawing the attention of researchers since the beginnings of Egyptology. A popular type of knife with a well-defined handle was produced from the Early Dynastic onwards. Bifacial knives were crucial in many aspects of life. The knives from the site of Tell el-Murra, located in the North-Eastern part of the Nile Delta, are no exception. The chronology of the site dates back to the Predynastic period and lasts to the end of the Old Kingdom. There are two main groups identified amongst the bifacial knives: the first one dated to the Early Dynastic period and the second to the Old Kingdom. Both of them have some specific features which allow them to be assigned to their proper chronological phases.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Trigger, Bruce G., Sally B. Johnson, and Alan B. Lloyd. "The Cobra Goddess of Ancient Egypt: Predynastic, Early Dynastic, and Old Kingdom Periods." International Journal of African Historical Studies 25, no. 1 (1992): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/220156.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Takenouchi, Keita. "Mortuary Consumption and the Social Function of Stone Vessels in Early Dynastic Egypt." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 107, no. 1-2 (June 2021): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03075133211050650.

Full text

Abstract:

This study examines the social functions of stone vessels in Early Dynastic society through a comparison between tomb architecture and the assemblage of stone vessels. The results demonstrated that the more valuable vessels, consisting of special wares and greenish stone vessels, were mostly restricted to high-status tombs in the Memphite and Abydos regions. This hierarchical structure places the king’s and highest officials’ tombs at the top of the hierarchy. Rulers probably distributed stone vessels to elites as part of their political strategy under the administrative institution and system developed since IIIC2. Furthermore, there are formal sets of stone vessels in elite tombs at provincial sites that are close to the vessel assemblage of the ritual list inscribed on funerary slabs during IIID. This suggests that stone vessels were likely brought to provincial areas to promote the offering ritual to local elites in this period. Thus, stone vessels functioned as a political medium for vertical and horizontal integration.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

AMER, WAFAA M., and OSAMA A. MOMTAZ. "Historic background of Egyptian cotton (2600 BC–AD 1910)." Archives of Natural History 26, no. 2 (June 1999): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.1999.26.2.211.

Full text

Abstract:

The cotton plant was recorded from Egypt in the Dynastic period as early as 2500 BC. Cotton seeds were recovered from Nubia (Egypt) in 1964. Many writers and relief sculptures as well as hieroglyphic symbols confirm cotton cultivation during this period. Cotton cultivation dominated in the Ptolemaic and Roman period (305 BC-AD 395). There were two cotton species (Gossypium arboreum L. and Gossypium herbaceum L.) grown in Egypt during the Islamic period (AD 1477-AD 1711). Later Ashmouni cotton was derived from Sea Island cotton (G. barbadense L. var. maritima Watt); Jumel's cotton (G. brasiliense Macf.) and other Egyptian stocks (possibly G. arboreum and/or G. herbaceum var. africanum (Watt) Hutchinson & Ghose). Ashmouni cotton was the main ancestor of Egyptian cultivare after 1887.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Kazimierczak, Magdalena. "Lidded Jar from Grave No. 40 at Tell El-Murra Cemetery." Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 25 (December 19, 2021): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.25.2021.25.02.

Full text

Abstract:

The goal of the article is to provide data about a lidded jar discovered in a Tell el-Murra (Nile Delta) grave from the Early Dynastic period. Through the publication of the morphological and technological analysis of the lidded vessel and the details of the place of its discovery, the author would like to make a contribution to the understanding of this kind of jars, known mostly from Upper Egypt and Nubia.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Lajs, Katarzyna. "Two Fragments of Early Dynastic Flint Bangles from Tell El-Murra in the Context of Finds from Ancient Egypt." Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 25 (December 19, 2021): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.25.2021.25.04.

Full text

Abstract:

The aim of this study is to present two fragments of flint bangles discovered in the remains of the settlement excavated at the site of Tell el-Murra (north-eastern Nile Delta). This group of artefacts, related to the Proto- and Early Dynastic periods, is known from several sites of Ancient Egypt, but their total number is still modest. The items from Tell el-Murra may contribute to the discussion on the method of production and distribution of this type of items.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Sherkova, T. "Iconography and Attributes of Predynastic and Early Dynastic Kings as a Socio-Cultural Phenomenon." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 9 (September 15, 2022): 588–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/82/66.

Full text

Abstract:

Established in Hierakonpolis, as well as in other strong politarchies: in Nagada and Abydos of the predynastic time, headed by a leader, vested with sacred and military functions, in a historical perspective, formed the basis of the institution of royal power and the state structure of the Egyptian territorial state. The structuring of the physical space of the historically established local territories corresponded to the centric socio-political structure of society headed by a leader, later a regional king, and in the dynastic era, the king of Egypt. Knowledge of the model of the world, its origin and the place of man in it occupied a central place in the mythology of predynastic Egypt. The ritual was the most important evidence of the role of cosmologic principles in their earthly incarnation. It played a primary role in the mythopoetic model of the world. At the same time, the main figure during the ritual, the holiday was the leader of society as a participant in the cosmological action - the creation of the universe. Hence the belief in the divinity of the sacred king, for he was considered the bearer of order, fighting chaos. Ritual items associated with the cult of the king, found in sanctuaries and royal tombs, provide important information about the iconography, attributes and insignia of power. The image-symbolic language of visual texts allows us to interpret the functions of the supreme power.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Braun, Eliot. "Proto, Early Dynastic Egypt, and Early Bronze I-II of the Southern Levant: Some Uneasy 14C Correlations." Radiocarbon 43, no. 3 (2001): 1279–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200038546.

Full text

Abstract:

A number of recent radiocarbon determinations from several sites in Israel suggest advancing, by some considerable period of time, both the onset of the cultural horizon known as Early Bronze I and the appearance of its latest phases. The logical outcome of the acceptance of these new dates puts such a strain on chronological correlations between the 14C data and the archaeological record that the entire system would no longer be tenable if they were accepted. This paper examines in detail the problematic nature of these “uneasy correlations.”

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Mueller, Katja. "Dating the Ptolemaic city-foundations in Cyrenaica. A brief note." Libyan Studies 35 (2004): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900003708.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThis article discusses the origin of the three dynastic settlements, which the Ptolemies (re) founded in Cyrenaica: Arsinoe-Taucheira, Ptolemais near Barca and Berenike near Euesperides. The evidence for the dating of the foundation of Ptolemais is re-examined and a papyrological text introduced, which has so far been ignored by previous scholars. This text unambiguously attests citizens of Ptolemais near Barca as early as 252 BC in Egypt. It refutes the commonly accepted argument that all three Ptolemaic cities were founded under Ptolemy III Euergetes (246-221 BC) and within the same framework of administrative-political concerns. It will be suggested that Ptolemy I Soter had the motifs, opportunity and resources to found Ptolemais as early as the end of the fourth century BC. Several papyri further emphasise that despite the almost simultaneous demise of Euesperides and rise of Berenike nearby, ethnic designations for these two cities were simultaneously in use throughout Ptolemaic Egypt until at least the end of the third century BC.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

TAKENOUCHI, Keita. "Hierarchical Structure and Social Function in Mortuary Consumption of Stone Vessels in Early Dynastic Egypt." Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan 59, no. 2 (March 31, 2017): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5356/jorient.59.2_133.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Brewer, Douglas J. "Early Dynastic Egypt. By Toby A. H. Wilkinson. London: Routledge, 1999. Pp. xxii + 413. $85." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 62, no. 1 (January 2003): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/375925.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Metwaly, Mohamed, Alan G. Green, Heinrich Horstmeyer, Hansruedi Maurer, Abbas M. Abbas, and Abdel-Rady Gh. Hassaneen. "Combined seismic tomographic and ultrashallow seismic reflection study of an Early Dynastic mastaba, Saqqara, Egypt." Archaeological Prospection 12, no. 4 (2005): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arp.261.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Mortel, Richard T. "Zaydi Shiʿism and the Ḥasanid Sharifs of Mecca." International Journal of Middle East Studies 19, no. 4 (November 1987): 455–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800056518.

Full text

Abstract:

The sharifs of Hasanid descent, commonly referred to as the Banū Hasan, who ruled Mecca and its dependencies from the middle of the fourth century A.H./tenth century A.D. until the early twentieth century, can be divided into three major dynastic branches, each of which bears the name of the first of its members to attain the office of emir of Mecca. Thus, the first dynasty of the Hasanid sharifs of Mecca, known as the Jaʿfarids, was founded by Jaʿfar b. Muhammad b. al-Husayn al-Amīr, a descendant in the ninth generation of al-Hasan b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, in about the year 357/968, shortly before the conquest of Egypt for the Fatimids of North Africa by their general, Jawhar, in 358/969. Control of Mecca remained in the hands of the Jaʿfarids until the last representative of the line, Shukr b. Abī'l-Futūḥ, died without leaving a male heir in 453/ 1061.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Gardón-Ramos, Víctor. "The Imitation Phenomenon The Imitation Phenomenon During the Thinite Age." Trabajos de Egiptología. Papers on Ancient Egypt 12 (2021): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.tde.2021.12.03.

Full text

Abstract:

The most important evolution in the royal architecture of Ancient Egypt was probably the emergence of pyramidal architecture. This revolutionary new concept, started with Netjerkhet’s step pyramid, does not have a clear architectural explanation in the Egyptological context. Most scholars argue that the emerging solar cult was the only clue to this transformation. The present work shows that pyramidal architecture was the result of mixing the clear importance that the solar cult was growing in this historical context and the necessity of the pharaohs to stop the imitation phenomenon that their buildings were suffering by the upper classes during the Early Dynastic Period.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Wengrow, David. "Rethinking ‘Cattle Cults’ in Early Egypt: Towards a Prehistoric Perspective on the Narmer Palette." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11, no. 1 (April 2001): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774301000051.

Full text

Abstract:

The Narmer Palette occupies a key position in our understanding of the transition from Predynastic to Dynastic culture in Egypt. Previous interpretations have focused largely upon correspondences between its decorative content and later conventions of élite display. Here, the decoration of the palette is instead related to its form and functional attributes and their derivation from the Neolithic cultures of the Nile Valley, which are contrasted with those of southwest Asia and Europe. It is argued that the widespread adoption of a pastoral lifestyle during the fifth millennium BC was associated with new modes of bodily display and ritual, into which cattle and other animals were incorporated. These constituted an archive of cultural forms and practices which the makers of the Narmer Palette, and other Protodynastic monuments, drew from and transformed. Taking cattle as a focus, the article begins with a consideration of interpretative problems relating to animal art and ritual in archaeology, and stresses the value of perspectives derived from the anthropology of pastoral societies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Abu Stet, Dalia. "Cultural Exchange Between Egypt and The Ancient Near East During the Pre and Early Dynastic Periods." Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality 11, no. 3 (December 20, 2014): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jaauth.2014.57687.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Belmonte, Juan Antonio, Mosalam Shaltout, and Magdi Fekri. "Astronomy and landscape in Ancient Egypt: Challenging the enigma of the minor step pyramids." Trabajos de Egiptología. Papers on Ancien Egypt 1695-4750 (2005): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.tde.2005.04.01.

Full text

Abstract:

The minor step pyramids (MSPs) form a coherent group of seven monuments distributed along Egyptian geography with a series of common characteristics that make them unique and distinct from other buildings of similar typology. The purpose of these pyramids is a matter of dispute among Egyptologists and most proposals could be interpreted as sad examples of vox nihil. By contrast, our archaeoastronomical study of the monuments would suggest that minor step pyramids were built at certain locations and with particular orientations that might relate them to the preliminary stages and consolidation, during the reign of king Snefru, of two master creations of early dynastic Egypt, the civil calendar and the stellar Afterlife later appearing in the Pyramid Texts.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Marouard, Gregory. "Dendara at Its Origins: New Evidence for a Pre- and Early Dynastic Settlement Site in Upper Egypt." Near Eastern Archaeology 80, no. 3 (September 2017): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5615/neareastarch.80.3.0166.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Hassan, Fekri A., Geoffrey John Tassie, Teri L. Tucker, Joanne Rowland, and Joris Van Wetering. "Social Dynamics at the Late Predynastic to Early Dynastic Site of Kafr Hassan Dawood, East Delta, Egypt." Archéo-Nil. Revue de la société pour l'étude des cultures prépharaoniques de la vallée du Nil 13, no. 1 (2003): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/arnil.2003.1135.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Van Steenbergen, Jo. "The Mamluk Sultanate as a Military Patronage State: Household Politics and the Case of the Qalāwūnid bayt (1279-1382)." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 56, no. 2 (2013): 189–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341300.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract This article focuses on the conceptualisation of Mamluk socio-political organisation in late thirteenth and early to mid-fourteenth-century Egypt and Syria. Breaking free of the heuristic constraints imposed on Mamluk studies by the paradigm of the political elite as defined by the normative exclusivism of elite military slavery—the so-called Mamluk system—it demonstrates that apparent dynastic attitudes were no mere façade for that system but rather powerful representations of the Mamluk version of a long-standing regional tradition of socio-political organisation: the military patronage state. It is argued here that this tradition, with its focus on military leadership, patronage ties, household bonds, and unstable devolved authorities, coalesced between 1279 and 1382 in Qalāwūnid leadership over and monopolisation of Syro-Egyptian societies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

ZINK, A. R., W. GRABNER, U. REISCHL, H. WOLF, and A. G. NERLICH. "Molecular study on human tuberculosis in three geographically distinct and time delineated populations from ancient Egypt." Epidemiology and Infection 130, no. 2 (April 2003): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268802008257.

Full text

Abstract:

We describe the molecular identification of human tuberculosis (TB) from vertebral bone tissue samples from three different populations of ancient Egypt. The specimens were obtained from the predynastic to early dynastic necropolis of Abydos (7 individuals, c. 3500–2650 B.C.), from a Middle Kingdom to Second Intermediate Period tomb of the necropolis of Thebes-West (37, c. 2100–1550 B.C.) and from five further Theban tombs used in the New Kingdom and the Late Period (39, c. 1450–500 B.C.). A total of 18 cases tested positive for the presence of ancient DNA (aDNA) of the M. tuberculosis complex. Out of the 9 cases with typical macromorphological signs of tuberculous spondylitis, 6 were positive for mycobacterial aDNA (66·7%). Of 24 cases with non-specific pathological alterations, 5 provided a positive result (20·8%). In 50 cases of normally appearing vertebral bones 7 tested positive (14·0%). There were only minor differences in the frequencies between the three populations. These data strongly support the notion that tuberculosis was present and prevalent in ancient Egypt since very early periods of this civilization. The unexpectedly high rate of mycobacterial aDNA in normal bone samples is presumably due to a pre- to perimortal systemic spread of the bacteria and indicates a generalized infection by M. tuberculosis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Hendrickx, Stan. "Bibliography of the Prehistory and the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt and Northern Sudan - 1998 addition. Topographical index." Archéo-Nil. Revue de la société pour l'étude des cultures prépharaoniques de la vallée du Nil 8, no. 1 (1998): 129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/arnil.1998.1216.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Sherkova, T., and N. Kuzina. "Formation of the Personality - Self-consciousness of the Individual in Pre-dynastic Egypt." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 3 (March 15, 2020): 505–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/52/61.

Full text

Abstract:

The question of the appropriateness of the use of the term and category of Personality in relation to studies of the model of the world and the model of I in predynastic Egypt is considered. Points of view are given on the scope and application of the concept, both from the point of view of various schools of psychological science, and researchers belonging to a number of humanitarian areas of science who consider the concept of identity in the context of historical development and historical memory. At the same time, it is taken into account that a personality is traditionally defined in psychology as a self-regulating dynamic functional system of continuously interacting properties, relationships and actions that take shape in the process of ontogenesis of a person. A person is considered as a phenomenon of social development, a specific living person with consciousness and self-awareness (capable of self-reflection). It is taken into account that in social sciences a person is considered as a special quality of a person acquired by him in a sociocultural environment in the process of joint activity and communication. The article considers the social role and hierarchy in predynastic Egypt, as well as funeral rituals in the context of individualizing practices or in the context of attributing it to a collective personality. Two of these arguments allow us to talk about the applicability of the concept of Personality to this historical period. The study suggests that in relation to the period under study, the level of formation of self-awareness Personality can be talked about in relation to social leaders (chief / regional kings). The study is based on the study of archaeological sites such as elite necropolis, a ritual center in Hierakonpolis, as well as artifacts originating from the tombs of an elite necropolis in Hierakonpolis, determining the development of a socially hierarchical society with an aristocratic clan to which the social leader (chief) — regional king) belonged. The study of the formation of the category Personality notes the special role of finds of funerary masks, which most likely represent the first ancestors in the developing form of the cult of the ancestors. The leader in the period under study in the history of Egypt is a collective person and he also leaves for the ancestors, who are also the incarnations of a collective person. Thus, for the preliterate period, there is no way to talk about specific personalities (including named personalities). But already at the initial stages of the development of the Early kingdom, when writing occurs, we can talk about the naming of each of the kings, since the name reflects the personality (its qualities that contain the names themselves). Nevertheless, the name of each king was also accompanied by the name of the ancestor — the deified legendary king Horus in Hierokonpolis, and later — in the royal title, his name as a name of the god was added to the names of the ruling pharaohs until the end of the era of ancient Egypt. The work, therefore, is debatable, since in psychological science the emergence of self-consciousness and personality as an entity is usually referred to the New Time. The question of the possibility of using modern psychological concepts (Personality), to a person of antiquity, in particular to representatives of preliterate culture, is investigated. The image of a person for an individual of a given era was reconstructed through the prism of the reflection of a person of a given period over the limitations of social stratification, ritual and death. Specific personality traits are described as an individual who performs various social roles and is buried according to his merit, both in terms of personal ethics and in the hierarchy of society.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Elhadi, Ali M., Samuel Kalb, Luis Perez-Orribo, Andrew S. Little, Robert F. Spetzler, and Mark C. Preul. "The journey of discovering skull base anatomy in ancient Egypt and the special influence of Alexandria." Neurosurgical Focus 33, no. 2 (August 2012): E2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2012.6.focus12128.

Full text

Abstract:

The field of anatomy, one of the most ancient sciences, first evolved in Egypt. From the Early Dynastic Period (3100 bc) until the time of Galen at the end of the 2nd century ad, Egypt was the center of anatomical knowledge, including neuroanatomy. Knowledge of neuroanatomy first became important so that sacred rituals could be performed by ancient Egyptian embalmers during mummification procedures. Later, neuroanatomy became a science to be studied by wise men at the ancient temple of Memphis. As religious conflicts developed, the study of the human body became restricted. Myths started to replace scientific research, squelching further exploration of the human body until Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria. This period witnessed a revolution in the study of anatomy and functional anatomy. Herophilus of Chalcedon, Erasistratus of Chios, Rufus of Ephesus, and Galen of Pergamon were prominent physicians who studied at the medical school of Alexandria and contributed greatly to knowledge about the anatomy of the skull base. After the Royal Library of Alexandria was burned and laws were passed prohibiting human dissections based on religious and cultural factors, knowledge of human skull base anatomy plateaued for almost 1500 years. In this article the authors consider the beginning of this journey, from the earliest descriptions of skull base anatomy to the establishment of basic skull base anatomy in ancient Egypt.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Małecka-Drozd, Natalia. "The Nile Delta during the Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom periods. Preliminary remarks on the evolution of settlement landscape." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, no. 29/2 (December 31, 2020): 13–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2083-537x.pam29.2.01.

Full text

Abstract:

The 3rd millennium BC appears to be a key period of development of the historical settlement landscape in ancient Egypt. After the unification of the country, the process of disappearance of the predynastic socio-political structures and settlement patterns associated with them significantly accelerated. Old chiefdoms, along with their centres and elites, declined and vanished. On the other hand, new settlements emerging in various parts of the country were often strictly related to the central authorities and formation of the new territorial administration. Not negligible were climatic changes, which influenced the shifting of the ecumene. Although these changes were evolutionary in their nature, some important stages may be recognized. According to data obtained during surveys and excavations, there are a number of sites that were considerably impoverished and/or abandoned before and at the beginning of the Old Kingdom. On the other hand, during the Third and Fourth Dynasties some important Egyptian settlements have emerged in the sources and begun their prosperity. Architectural remains as well as written sources indicate the growing interest of the state in the hierarchy of landscape elements and territorial structure of the country.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Małecka-Drozd, Natalia. "More remarks on settlement patterns in the Nile Delta in the 3rd millennium BC." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, no. 30/2 (December 31, 2021): 29–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.2083-537x.pam30.2.15.

Full text

Abstract:

Research on settlement patterns in the Nile Delta in the 3rd millenium BC is still in its infancy. The work to date has been limited mainly to microregions and is related to the surveys conducted intensively since the 1980s, especially in the northeastern Delta and the area of Tell el-Fara’in/Buto. Recent inventorying and mapping work by the Egypt Exploration Society Delta Survey, which included also the results of new fieldwork, has created a map presenting the distribution of the Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom settlements in the Delta. Assuming that the recognized distribution of sites reflects to some extent the ancient settlement network, it gives grounds for considering the underlying reasons behind its formation. This paper highlights factors that could be of key significance for understanding this phenomenon, identifying areas that were pivotal to the process and those clearly marginal in their role. In effect, planning ground surveys and excavation research should gain in effectiveness.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Nerlich, Andreas G., and Sandra Lösch. "Paleopathology of Human Tuberculosis and the Potential Role of Climate." Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2009 (2009): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/437187.

Full text

Abstract:

Both origin and evolution of tuberculosis and its pathogens (Mycobacterium tuberculosiscomplex) are not fully understood. The paleopathological investigation of human remains offers a unique insight into the molecular evolution and spread including correlative data of the environment. The molecular analysis of material from Egypt (3000–500 BC), Sudan (200–600 AD), Hungary (600–1700 AD), Latvia (1200–1600 AD), and South Germany (1400–1800 AD) urprisingly revealed constantly high frequencies of tuberculosis in all different time periods excluding significant environmental influence on tuberculosis spread. The typing of various mycobacteria strains provides evidence for ancestralM. tuberculosisstrains in Pre- to early Egyptian dynastic material (3500–2650 BC), while typicalM. africanumsignatures were detected in a Middle Kingdom tomb (2050–1650 BC). Samples from the New Kingdom to Late Period (1500–500 BC) indicated modernM. tuberculosisstrains. No evidence was seen forM. bovisin Egyptian material whileM. bovissignatures were first identified in Siberian biomaterial dating 2000 years before present. These results contraindicates the theory thatM. tuberculosisevolved fromM. bovisduring early domestication in the region of the “Fertile Crescent,” but supports the scenario thatM. tuberculosisprobably derived from an ancestral progenitor strain. The environmental influence of this evolutionary scenario deserves continuing intense evaluation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Ellis‐Barrett, Louise. "Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt: From Early Dynastic Times to the Death of Cleopatra2007196Joyce Tyldesley. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt: From Early Dynastic Times to the Death of Cleopatra. London: Thames & Hudson 2006. 224 pp., ISBN: 978 0 500 05145 0 £19.95/$34.95." Reference Reviews 21, no. 4 (May 8, 2007): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09504120710744682.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Martynjuk, Yevhenii. "THE HISTORICAL AND LEGAL STUDY OF SEARCHING OF THE PROTOTYPES OF THE PROSECUTOR’S INSTITUTE IN THE JUSTICE OF ANCIENT EGYPT." Scientific Notes Series Law 1, no. 9 (2020): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2522-9230-2020-1-9-18-23.

Full text

Abstract:

The institutional organizations of the system of pre-trial investigation and judicial, and procedures for investigation and legal proceedings in the Ancient Egypt during the existence of the independent state is analyzed in the article. Based on the peculiarities of the organization of the justice’s mechanism, there are two main stages. The first stage covers time from the Early Dynastic Period (n. 3050 BC) till the Late Period (332 BC). Separately the justice of the Ptolemaic period (332–30 BC) has been analyzed which differs from privies periods essentially across combining conventional ancient egyptional features with Hellenic traditions. Within the framework of this analysis, an attempt was made to determinate the list of bodies and officials who in the Ancient Egypt’s justice were the prototypes of the future creation of the prosecutor’s institute. This separation of Ancient Egyptian officials is based on the comparison their institutional and functional matter with the modern prosecutor’s positions and powers, such as: overseeing the bodies of pre-trial investigation in the form of procedural guidance and supporting of public accusation at the trial, representation of the state’s interests at civil, commercial and administrative courts, as well.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

T., Sherkova,. "Symbolism of Images and Motives in the Image Texts of the Nagada Culture and Their Transformation in the Cultural and Historical Development of Ancient Egypt." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 340–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/86/50.

Full text

Abstract:

Motives of hunting and battles were the most popular in the fine arts of predynastic and early dynastic time. This article analyzes the painted vessels of type C and D, related respectively to the early and middle phases of the Nagada I (amrat) and Nagada II (gerzean) cultures, as well as ceremonial slate palettes of the protodynastic period (Nagada III) with their complex compositions. These artifacts reflectedmytho-religious ideas and the ritual that played the most important role in the struggle of order against chaos. It served as the main mechanism for the preservation of the cosmos as a cosmogonic principle. The ritual consolidated society around a social leader (king), who was symbolized on some artifacts by images of animals: a bull, a lion, fantastic animals projecting magical power, mana onto him. Along with geometric ornamentation, including floral and figurines of the inhabitants of the Nile waters: hippos and crocodiles, type C vessels were painted with scenes of hunting, battles and the victory of leaders - leaders or regional kings over enemies. The visual arts of Nagada II-III were still dominated by the motifs of hunting and battles, but they were executed in a new stylistic manner. Symbolically, the motif of hunting and battles, culminating in the triumph of the leader / king, reveals the internal identity of the theme of hunting the inhabitants of the Nile, wild animals of the desert and defeating enemies in the dynamics of the development of ancient Egyptian culture.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Elfadaly, Abdelaziz, Mohamed A. R. Abouarab, Radwa R. M. El Shabrawy, Wael Mostafa, Penelope Wilson, Christophe Morhange, Jay Silverstein, and Rosa Lasaponara. "Discovering Potential Settlement Areas around Archaeological Tells Using the Integration between Historic Topographic Maps, Optical, and Radar Data in the Northern Nile Delta, Egypt." Remote Sensing 11, no. 24 (December 16, 2019): 3039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11243039.

Full text

Abstract:

The primary objective of this study is to leverage the integration of surface mapping data derived from optical, radar, and historic topographical studies with archaeological sampling to identify ancient settlement areas in the Northern Nile Delta, Egypt. This study employed the following methods: digitization of topographic maps, band indices techniques on optical data, the creation of a 3D model from SRTM data, and Sentinel-1 interferometric wide swath (IW) analysis. This type of study is particularly relevant to the search for evidence of otherwise hidden ancient settlements. Due to its geographical situation and the fertility of the Nile, Egypt witnessed the autochthonous development of predynastic and dynastic civilizations, as well as an extensive history of external influences due to Greek, Roman, Coptic, Islamic, and Colonial-era interventions. Excavation work at Buto (Tell el-Fara’in) in 2017–18, carried out by the Kafrelsheikh University (KFS) in cooperation with the Ministry of Antiquities, demonstrated that remote sensing data offers considerable promise as a tool for developing regional settlement studies and excavation strategies. This study integrates the mission work in Buto with the satellite imagery in and around the area of the excavation. The results of the initial Buto area research serve as a methodological model to expand the study area to the North Delta with the goal of detecting the extent of the ancient kingdoms of Buto and Sakha. The results of this research include the creation of a composite historical database using ancient references and early topographical maps (1722, 1941, 1950, and 1997), Optical Corona (1965), Landsat MSS (Multispectral Scanner System) (1973, 1978, and 1988), TM (Thematic Mapper) (2005) data, and Radar SRTM (2014) and Sentinel1 (2018 and 2019) data. The data in this study have been analyzed using the ArcMap, Envi, and SNAP software. The results from the current investigation highlight the rapid changes in the land use/land cover in the last century in which many ancient sites were lost due to agriculture and urban development. Three potential settlement areas have been identified with the Sentinel1 Radar data, and have been integrated with the early maps. These discoveries will help develop excavation strategies aimed at elucidating the ancient settlement dynamics and history of the region during the next phase of research.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Shahidul Islam, Muhammad, and Anup De. "Ancient Boxing: A Narrative Discussion from Archaeological and Historical Evidences." Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 11, no. 2 (2022): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.220909.

Full text

Abstract:

Boxing is one of the most popular and ancient striking combat sports where two athletes, generally wearing protective gloves, throw punches at each other in a boxing ring for a specified amount of time. Boxing has a golden history that dates back thousands of years, not just hundreds. The most famous evidence of fighting sporting competitions goes back to ancient civilizations: the civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt Civilization, Minoan Civilization, Greece Civilization, and Roman Civilization. The present investigation was designed to un- derstand the evolution and pattern of boxing games in the ancient world. This study finds that one of the ear- liest ancient boxing depictions appeared in a terracotta relief based on ancient Eshnunna, a limestone plaque based on the early Dynastic periods of Sumeria, a terracotta tablet was discovered in a tomb near Larasa in southern Iraq, and many more. The study analyzes the extensive literature on the Greek statue of a sitting nude boxer and explains its existence, face, cauliflower-like ear. The study reported some distinguished observations concerning winning rules, awards, gloves, and injuries in ancient boxing. In essence, the current investigators believe that the most notable findings of this study were that no boxing ring was mentioned in literature, the majority of boxers (males) wore beards, and the majority of ancient battles were depicted on ancient Greek pottery. There was bleeding and facial injuries as the sport was very brutal at that time.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Shaw, Ian. "Toby A.H. Wilkinson Early Dynastic Egypt. xxi2+414 pages, 44 figures, 13 b&w plates. 1999. London & New York (NY): Routledge; 0-415-18633-1; hardback; £50." Antiquity 74, no. 285 (September 2000): 731–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00060166.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Heldal, Tom, Per Storemyr, Elizabeth Bloxam, and Ian Shaw. "Heritage Stone 6. Gneiss for the Pharaoh: Geology of the Third Millennium BCE Chephren's Quarries in Southern Egypt." Geoscience Canada 43, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2016.43.090.

Full text

Abstract:

A remarkable campaign of decorative stone quarrying took place in the southwestern Egyptian desert almost 5000 years ago. The target for quarrying was Precambrian plagioclase−hornblende gneiss, from which several life-sized statues of King Chephren (or Khafra) and thousands of funerary vessels were produced. The former inspired George Murray in 1939 to name the ancient quarry site 'Chephren's Quarries.' Almost 700 individual extraction pits are found in the area, in which free-standing boulders formed by spheroidal weathering were worked by stone tools made from local rocks and fashioned into rough-outs for the production of vessels and statues. These were transported over large distances across Egypt to Nile Valley workshops for finishing. Although some of these workshop locations remain unknown, there is evidence to suggest that, during the Predynastic to Early Dynastic period, the permanent settlement at Hierakonpolis (Upper Egypt) could have been one destination, and during the Old Kingdom, another may have been located at pyramid construction sites such as the Giza Plateau (Lower Egypt). Chephren's Quarries remains one of the earliest examples of how the combined aesthetic appearance and supreme technical quality of a rock made humans go to extreme efforts to obtain and transport this raw material on an ‘industrial’ scale from a remote source. The quarries were abandoned about 4500 years ago, leaving a rare and well-preserved insight into ancient stone quarrying technologies. RÉSUMÉUne remarquable campagne d’extraction de pierres décorative a été mené dans le sud-ouest du désert égyptien il y a près de 5000 ans. La roche cible était un gneiss à plagioclase–hornblende, de laquelle ont été tiré plusieurs statues grandeur nature du roi Khéphren (ou Khâef Rê) et des milliers de vases funéraires. C’est pourquoi George Murray, en 1939, a donné au site de l’ancienne carrière le nom de 'Chephren’s Quarries.' On peut trouver près de 700 fosses d’extraction sur le site, renfermant des blocs de roches formés par altération sphéroïdale qui ont été dégrossis avec des outils de pierre pour la production de vases et de statues. Puis ils ont été transportés à travers l’Égypte jusqu’aux ateliers de finition de la vallée du Nil. Bien que la localisation de certains de ces ateliers demeure inconnue, certains indices permettent de penser que, de la période prédynastique jusqu’à la période dynastique précoce, l’établissement permanent à Hiérakonpolis (Haute Égypte) aurait pu être l’une de ces destinations; durant l’Ancien empire une autre destination aurait pu être située aux sites de construction de pyramides comme le Plateau de Giza (Basse Égypte). Les Chephren’s Quarries l’une des plus anciennes exemples montrant comment la combinaison des qualités esthétiques et techniques remarquables de la roche ont incité les humains à consentir de si grands efforts pour extraire et transporter ce matériau brute à une échelle industrielle d’un site éloigné. Les carrières ont été abandonnées il y a environ 4500 ans, nous laissant une fenêtre rare et bien conservé sur des technologies anciennes d’extraction de pierre de taille.Traduit par le Traducteur

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Carey, John. "Russia, Cradle of the Gael." Studia Celto-Slavica 1 (2006): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.54586/lnaz5825.

Full text

Abstract:

The pseudohistorical doctrines that the early Gaels had close relations with the Israelites, that their ancestry connects them with ancient Egypt, and that they came to Ireland from Spain, have been variously exploited for propaganda purposes over the centuries — the last of these traditions, indeed, is still widely believed to reflect an actual Iron Age migration. The idea that the Gaels were Greeks has received less attention, although a recent extended study by Bart Jaski has gone some way toward redressing the balance. But there is another doctrine which has, so far as I can tell, played no part in constituting contemporary ideas of Irish identity: the assertion that the first patriarch of the Gaels was the ruler of Scythia — roughly speaking the regions lying to the north of the Black Sea, including what are now Russia and Ukraine. This idea can be traced back at least as far as the eighth century: how and why did it originate? In this paper I will review the conjectures which have so far been put forward as answers to this question, and will consider the associations which the concept ‘Scythian' had in the sources on which the Irish scholar(s) responsible for originating the doctrine are likeliest to have drawn. The paper will proceed to look at the ways in which Scythia was imagined by the medieval Irish. Lebor Gabála gives us some notion of the geography of Scythia and of the lands adjacent to it: this can be supplemented from ancient sources, and from Irish geographical writings. There is also an intriguing account of dynastic warfare in Scythia extending over several generations, until the proto-Gaels were finally driven into exile: this is evidently modeled on the alternating kingship of the Northern and Southern Uí Néill in Ireland, suggesting at least one way in which the Irish thought of the Scythians as primeval counterparts of themselves, and of Scythia as a sort of ‘Ireland in the east’. Finally, I intend to look at Irish scholarship in the early modern period, to see whether access to the new learning had any impact on the conception of Scythian origins. As is well known, the easternmost extension of Irish peregrinatio brought Gaelic monks to Kiev in the eleventh century. Little is known of their mission, and it can probably be adequately explained simply in terms of the adventurous restlessness of the peregrini themselves. It is tempting, however, to imagine that a part of their motivation may have been — as it was when their English missionary counterparts sought out the ‘Old Saxons’ — a desire to bring light to the land of their own origins.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Early Dynastic Egypt'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles