Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Early Dynastic period'

In this thesis I examine evidence for change in social and political organisation at four cemetery sites within the northeast Delta of Egypt. The time period with which I am concerned, the Terminal Predynastic to Early Dynastic, coincides with the final stages of a process of cultural and political development and integration from the early fourth to the early third millennium BC. The Delta has remained, until recent years, poorly researched, in comparison to the Nile Valley. This thesis makes an important contribution towards understanding the prehistory of this region through a comparative study of the mortuary evidence from the sites of Kafr Hassan Dawood, Kufur Nigm, Minshat Abu Omar and Tell Ibrahim Awad. This thesis research has two over-arching aims: 1) to elucidate change in social and political organisation as reflected through the mortuary evidence at the key sites in the northeast Delta, and how this relates to the funerary record throughout Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt; and 2) to assess how the evidence from the northeast Delta sites affects our consideration of previous hypotheses regarding the development of social complexity in early Egypt. In order to achieve this, the thesis gradually narrows its focus onto the Delta, following a discussion of previous hypotheses on the origins of state society in Egypt, and a review of temporal and geographic diversity in Predynastic and Early Dynastic burial trends. I have critically incorporated elements of socio-evolutionary theory within my theoretical approach, and evaluated aspects of previous research into mortuary contexts worldwide, to assess which elements I consider appropriate to include within my methodology. My methodology presents a new four-stage sequence of statistical analysis that seeks to maximise the analytical potential of mortuary data through investigation of a wide range of variables relating to the wealth and effort expended on the grave, and the changing relationship between these elements and the age and sex of the deceased. Geographical Information Systems technology is used for spatial analysis at the site of Kafr Hassan Dawood, to explore the data from a visual perspective. The results prove both revealing and are, in some instances, quite unexpected. The analysis of the key sites reveals societies expressing organisational characteristics ranging from ranked to stratified, and striking differences in terms of internal site development. The widest temporal scopes for development are observed at Kafr Hassan Dawood and Minshat Abu Omar, where we witness the change from the early importance of kin groups with clear variability within ideology, to increasing cohesion in the latter stages of the sites' histories, with the declining importance of kin groups seemingly in tandem with heightening external contact. The height of prosperity visible in the latter history of the sites, however, is short-lived, with three of the four cemeteries falling into disuse. This decline would appear due to the economic repercussions of the rise of the centralised state on their livelihood.

The corpus of artifacts from the Lagas state constitutes what is arguably the single largest cohesive body of elite representational display forms thus far discovered to have come from Early Dynastic (ED) Sumer. Unlike the equally extraordinary finds from ED levels of Ur, which consist primarily of grave goods and small finds (Woolley 1934; Woolley 1956), what is unique about the finds from Lagas is that the majority of them are programmatic artifacts that were intended to be displayed to specific audiences. Specifically, many of them are relief carvings or, to a lesser degree, statues that were carefully composed and executed in order to encode and transmit carefully constructed messages on the part of individual rulers, or the religious establishment. As such, the ED Lagas corpus is a particularly important record of how one particular group of Sumerian rulers viewed themselves and how the wished to be viewed by others.

An osteological study on human skeletal remains from Maassara in Egypt. The goal of the study was to get a good picture of the health of the individuals buried in the graves at Maassara. The study was combined of nine individuals. Two from the Early Dynastic period and six individuals from the Old Kingdom. All the adult individuals have some form of pathological change. Most pathological changes are in the spine. Most pathological changes were age-related. Some of the individuals were very poorly kept and the bones were very fragile.

This thesis takes a multidisciplinary approach to the study of ancient Egyptian ceramics by applying scientific dating techniques alongside more traditional methods. It is the first study to apply OSL dating to an Egyptian ceramic assemblage, and it has done so by developing the minimum extraction technique (MET), which has made it possible to use OSL to sample, and thus analyse, ceramics housed in museums. The MET is at present essential to the success of OSL dating of Egyptian ceramics, as the exportation ban on antiquities has prevented OSL analysis of field material. For this thesis, using this new sampling technique, OSL has been applied to several assemblages from the Predynastic to the Early Dynastic period. Ceramics from [ADD IN REVIEW ] have been examined, with three phases being established: late Naqada III, First Intermediate Period, and the mediaeval Islamic period. Absolute dates have been determined for each phase and, where comparison is possible, have been found in good agreement with the historical chronology. A set of vessels from Naqada, Ballas, and the Tomb of Djer at Abydos have been examined using OSL in conjunction with radiocarbon dating. Again, three phases of activity were discerned: late Naqada II, early Naqada III, and the first scientifically determined dates for a burning event in the Tomb of Djer (the New Kingdom). The thesis also demonstrates how OSL can be used as a relative dating technique by analysing a collection of Wavy-Handled ceramics and wine jars from Turah, finding that the OSL results agree well with the established relative chronology. Finally, this thesis has also examined the applicability of cladistic analysis to the study of Egyptian ceramics. Cladistics is a technique borrowed from the biological sciences which offers a complimentary way to examine the evolution of ceramic types and forms, in particular the development of beer and wine jars.

Les prêtres sont une partie indissociable de l’organisation et du fonctionnement de la société égyptienne. Parmi eux les prophètes avaient une grande importance dans le clergé égyptien. Leur étude nous permet non seulement une meilleure compréhension du sacerdoce égyptien, mais aussi une meilleure connaissance de la religion égyptienne. Concentrée sur l’époque thinite et l’Ancien Empire, notre recherche a fait l’examen exhaustif des titulaires des prêtrises divines afin de comprendre les mécanismes de l’obtention de celle-ci et les fonctions déléguées aux prophètes. L’examen de sources nous a parmi d’attester une relation entre fonction civile et prêtrise divine qui est étudiée en détail. Nous discuterons la chronologie des prêtrises, les divinités concernées et la nature de ses titulaires. Nous interrogeons sur l’obtention et la transmission de la prêtrise divine. Enfin, nous poserons la question sur les lieux d’exercice de la fonction sacerdotale, ainsi que sur ce que celle-ci devait être
The priests were an inseparable part of the organisation and functioning of the Egyptian society. Among them the prophets were one of the most important for the Egyptian clergy. The study of them allows us not only a better comprehension ofthe Egyptian priesthood but also a better knowledge of the Egyptian religion. Focused on the Early dynastic period and the Old Kingdom our research examinedthe holders of the divine priesthoods in order to understand the ways of having andobtaining it. The study of the sources allowed us to attest a relation between the civil service and the divine priesthood. We discussed the priesthood’s chronology, the mentioned gods and its holders. We question about its obtainment and transmission. At last, we focused on finding the place of exercise of the priesthood and its significance

This thesis sets out to demonstrate the role of Western missionaries and Korean Christians, especially Protestants, on Korean nationalism. The first significant introduction of Protestantism into Korea came in 1884. Within just over thirty years, the Protestant Church in Korea expanded and many of the nationalist leaders took active roles in the Korean nationalist movement against Japanese imperialism. This thesis consults both Western and Korean primary sources including period newspapers. Some of the Korean primary sources were translated from Korean into English and others were originally written in English by Koreans. Also consulted are many valuable secondary sources which help further shed light on the subject at hand and give credence to the thesis. Chapters 2-4 show the direct contributions of Western missionaries to Korean nationalism and Chapters 5-7 show the indirect contributions of Western missionaries by the direct involvement of Korean Christians in their fight for independence against the old Korean order and Japan.

Tematem niniejszej rozprawy doktorskiej są badania stanowisk archeologicznych położonych w mikro-regionie Gebelein, znajdującym się w południowym Egipcie, około 28 km na południowy zachód od Luksoru. Są one datowane na IV tys. p.n.e. Miejsce to było przedmiotem licznych nielegalnych poszukiwań zabytków i prac archeologicznych, co najmniej od 1884 r. Wyniki tych wczesnych badań nigdy nie zostały opublikowane na dostatecznym poziomie, podobnie jak rezultaty późniejszych prac archeologicznych. Nie mniej, były one kamieniem milowym w badaniach nad genezą starożytnego Egiptu. Północna Nekropola w Gebelein była pierwszym przebadanym predynastycznym stanowiskiem archeologicznym z opublikowanymi wynikami badań. Odkryte tam zabytki wywołały zainteresowanie specjalistów. Nie potrafiono jeszcze wtedy ustalić właściwego datowania owych artefaktów, jednak stały się one przyczyną, wraz z zabytkami z innych miejsc w Egipcie, ożywionej dyskusji wśród badaczy, która w późniejszych latach doprowadziła do prawidłowego przyporządkowania ich do czasów pre- i wczesnodynastycznych. Od 1885 roku na obszarze Gebelein miały miejsce regularne prace archeologiczne. O ich wynikach prawie nic nie wiadomo. Pierwszym celem niniejszej rozprawy jest więc rekonstrukcja historii badań mikro-regionu Gebelein. W oparciu o publikacje, niepublikowane archiwalne dokumenty (np. inwentarze muzealne, dzienniki badań, korespondencje, fotografie), jak i prace terenowe autora niniejszej rozprawy, ustalono miejsca wykopalisk różnych misji archeologicznych. Zabytki pochodzące z Gebelein zostały przedstawione w katalogu będącym częścią rozprawy. Udało się też ustalić w niektórych przypadkach, na których stanowiskach je odnaleziono. Powyższe działania umożliwiły realizacje kolejnego celu badań, tj. rekonstrukcji topografii archeologicznej tego terenu. Ustalono położenie, funkcje i datowanie stanowisk archeologicznych w obrębie Gebelein. Liczne zabytki, które pochodzą z Gebelein skłaniały badaczy do spekulacji na temat rangi ośrodka znajdującego się w czasach pre- i wczesnodynastycznych w tym mikroregionie. Niektórzy specjaliści sugerowali, że mogła się tam znajdować stolica proto-państwa. Inni natomiast podważali takie interpretacje. Wszyscy jednak wskazywali na brak dostatecznych badań nad Gebelein w owych czasach. Ostatnim więc celem niniejszej rozprawy doktorskiej jest ocena znaczenia i roli jaką pełnił mikro-region Gebelein w czasach formowania się państwa egipskiego. Niezbędne jest zaprezentowanie szerokiego tła procesów jakie dokonywały się wtedy nad Nilem, a zwłaszcza na terenach wczesnych ośrodków politycznych, opisanie zabytków pochodzących z Gebelein i porównanie owych artefaktów, jak i procesów z analogiami z innych stolic proto-państw. W efekcie badań ustalono, że na Północnej Nekropoli Gebelein odkryto najwięcej zabytków świadczących o wysokim statusie społecznym pochowanych tam osób. Było to cmentarzysko miasta Sumenu. Na podstawie dostępnego materiału można wnioskować, że najpewniej to ono było wiodącym ośrodkiem tego mikro-regionu i stolicą miejscowego protopaństwa. Co więcej, wychodząc poza ścisłe ramy celów niniejszej rozprawy, autor zauważył, że stolice proto-państw znajdowały się w równych od siebie odległościach około 50 km. Zapewne geneza ich rang jako stolic wywodzi się z ich wcześniejszej roli jako lokalnych ośrodków centralnych związanych z redystrybucją dóbr.
The subject of this doctoral thesis is the study of archaeological sites located in the micro-region of Gebelein, which is located in southern Egypt, about 28 km south-west of Luxor. They are dated to the 4th and early 3rd millennium BC. This place was the subject of numerous legal and illegal excavations since at least 1884. The results of these works have never been published in sufficient extent. Nevertheless, they were crucial for studies of the origins of ancient Egypt. The Northern Necropolis of Gebelein was the first excavated predynastic site with published research results (although in very limited extent). The artefacts discovered there brought interest of specialists. The Predynastic Period was not yet recognised back then, so the objects found at Gebelein and other sites fuelled a discussion among researchers, which in later years led to the correct dating of these objects to the Pre- and Early Dynastic Periods. Official archaeological works at Gebelein were initiated in 1885 and were continued by several scholar for the following years in irregular time intervals, but most of their results are almost unknown. Therefore, the first goal of this dissertation was the reconstruction of the research history of the Gebelein micro-region. Based on publications, unpublished archival documents (e.g. museum inventories, excavations journals, correspondence, photographs etc.), as well as field works of the author of this dissertation, locations of the archaeological sites have been established, as well as where and when various archaeological missions were working. Artefacts sourced from Gebelein are presented in the catalogue being part of this dissertation. It was also possible to establish, in some cases, where at Gebelein some objects were found. This helped to reconstruct the archaeological topography of this area. Numerous artefacts that come from Gebelein prompted researchers to speculate on the rank of the centre located in pre- and early dynastic times in this micro-region. Some specialists suggested that a proto-state capital was located there. While others challenged such interpretations. Nonetheless, everyone agree that the lack of sufficient research on Gebelein unable proper evaluation of the significance of this area. Therefore, one of the goals of this PhD thesis is an assessment of the importance and role played by the settlements at Gebelein in the times of formation of ancient Egyptian state. To achieve this it was necessary to present a wide background of the processes that took place along the Nile during the times in question, especially in the areas of early political centres, analysing artefacts from Gebelein, and comparing these objects and archaeological topography of Gebelein with proto-state capitals and low-ranking sites to understand the significance of Gebelein. As a result of the research, it was concluded that there was a political centre in the Gebelein micro-region, and it was established that the largest number of opulent artefacts at Gebelein was found at the North Necropolis, which was cemetery of the city of Sumenu. Based on the available material, it can be concluded that most likely this town was the leading centre of this micro-region and the capital of the local proto-state. Furthermore, going beyond the strict objectives of this dissertation, the author observed that capitals of the proto-states were at equal distances from each other, about 50 km from each other (with the exception of Middle Egypt where such early sites are poorly known). The genesis of their rank as capitals of proto-states originated from their earlier roles as local centres related to the redistribution of goods.

This dissertation considered trade and trade finance in Mesopotamia over a period of 2000 years commencing with Sumeria and ending with Achaemenid Persia, taking in Ur III and Assyria. A range of financial instruments was selected together with important business transactions, for instance, agricultural finance, specifically the brewing industry and the working capital requirements of merchants and money lenders. The role of women in private enterprise was examined, including their role in retail finance. The great estates of temple and palace had a substantial impact on finance and trade throughout the periods. Their interaction with merchants and money lenders was important to the study. I used reductionism to facilitate analysis of complex products highlighting the essentials of finance namely, borrowing, lending and return. The study concludes that, during the era under consideration, the evolution and enhancement of the financial instruments and products developed in self-generated, incremental and progressive steps.
Biblical & Ancient Studies
M.A. (Ancient Near East Studies)

The subject of the diploma thesis is a data completion and evaluation of the finds of copper tools and model tools in the 3rd Millennium BC, in the Early Dynastic Period, Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period, in Egypt and Nubia. The first part of the thesis contains subject definition, chronological and chorological definitions and short introduction in the copper metallurgy of Ancient Near East and Egypt in the examined periods. The thesis is based on the catalogue of the archaeological contexts, the description of method and structure is followed by the synthesis of facts about archaeological context of finds. The main part of the thesis is a register of tool classes, examining their chronology, morphology and selectively also the occurrence in other sources. The conclusion brings together the facts and delineates the role of copper tools and model tools in the Ancient Egyptian society of the examined periods.

碩士
淡江大學
中國文學研究所
81
The purpose that I compose this writing is to try to the conceptualization of "Grand Unification" from Warring States Period to Early Han Dynasty. Why does my discussion end with Han Dynasty ? There are some reasons as follows : The national of China had not been changed for more than two thousand years the Chin Dynasty unified the whole China. Besides, the people traditional China began to be molded gradually by the same basic concept as Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty exculsively advocated Confucious thoughts, and thereby went to an equal comprehension the problems about polity and society. In the age, the conceptualization of "Grand Unification Tyranny Nation" of the intellectuals was not only the significant point in the of Chinese history, but also the important subject in the of Chinese thoughts. The first chapter "Introduction" : describing writing and thinking form. The second chapter "The Expectation for Grand Unification" clarifing that under the severe wars during the period of States the thinkers put their thinking point on the means of down rebellion reconstructing order and expecting the unified situation. That is why the concept of having a new emperor take place of Chou formed gradually in the middle decades of Warring States Period. The third chapter "The Development of the viewpoint of Unification" : exploring how the " Viewpoint of Grand was succeeded and developed by Chin Dynasty by thef managing the culture and social style of Chin Dynasty. In thinking about the contribution to the problem to develop the of following the mandate of the Heaven and complying with the of the people, since " The Age of Lu Shih ", the scholars also established such an official system as thouse recorded in "Kuan and "Chou Kuan".

博士
國立臺中教育大學
語文教育學系碩博士班
103
Qing Dynasty to the early Republic period, is a revolutionary and counter-revolutionary included, new culture and old culture, mutual exclusion and confused era,but also a worrying era of disillusionment. When the people at the brink of disillusionment, struggle, hesitation, hesitation when it is precisely because Yang,Ren-Shan, Ou-Yang,Jing-Wu, Zhang,Tai-Yan, Liang, Ci-Chao this group of scholars, lay Buddhist, and Master Hsu-Yun , Master Yin- Guang , Master Tai-Syu , Master Hong-Yi this group of monks, who went continuation of Buddhism, to be able to save this era of the blues, and further to this era brought a hope. Thus, scholars of the Qing Dynasty to the early Republican period, the lay Buddhist and Buddhist monks are mostly from how it is a subject worthy of study. This study is the use of the Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China (1799-1959) scholar of Buddhism and Buddhist monks' Buddhist words calligraphy as explore the material, refer to the System function of language in elementary theory, literature analysis, comparative study of law and historical research, focusing on the period of the Qing Dynasty to the early Republic scholars lay Buddhist monks how through the Buddhist words calligraphy to protect and maintain the increasingly debilitating Buddhism as research . The study found that Buddhist words calligraphy art of this period in the Qing Dynasty to the early Republic scholars lay Buddhist monks, each to his own influence to bear in terms of academic accomplishment, or rubbings on Buddhism ideological tendencies, deep subject Zen and Pure Land Buddhism influence the content, then presents a rich family, teachers, friends, colleagues relationships. Qing Dynasty to the early Republic period scholars, lay Buddhist monks, will clean and leave the earthly Buddhist language, into the into their lives, with calligraphy actively enter into the world, save the mortal beings, it is an extremely important !

碩士
國立花蓮師範學院
鄉土文化研究所
93
Focused on the often-neglected group of women in church history, this study aims to explore the changing character of women of Presbyterian Church in northern Taiwan from late Ching Dynasty to the early Japanese period, referring to missionaries’ reports, church newspapers and interviews. To better understand women’s roles during this period, missionaries’ accounts of female believers and interviews are adopted; the operation of educational and evangelical ministry is also discussed to explore the expectation of the mission toward women’s roles. Conclusions of this study are as follows: changes in socio-economic environment and the development of local church had prompted the transformation of women’s roles. Women were therefore able to play their role as a good wife and mother, and at the same time also actively participate in the church, seeing it as an expanding family responsibility. When examining the transformation of church ministry, the evolution of Girls’ School and the participation of female missionaries and women from city churches in the evangelical field reveals how women’s traditional roles were enriched, diversified and integrated into the church. In this process, women have become clearly defined and as a result been absorbed into the church system.

對建築方向觀念的關注并將其與日常的營造活動緊密聯繫起來是中國傳統建築的重要特徵之一。建築方向觀念對於建築造型、功能佈局乃至空間使用都有深遠的影響。這些影響甚至轉化成為匠人門所恪守的一系列與之相關的建築營造原則。一般而言，特定地域、特定時期對於建築方向觀念在建築營造中的應用會產生一種較為流行的空間格局，而隨著建築方向觀念的轉變，流行的空間格局則又會隨之而變。對建築方向觀念轉變的忽視往往造成對建築空間模式的誤解，尤其是西漢早期的相關轉變，對建築空間模式的當代認識產生了巨大的障礙。劉敦楨先生甚至對這一時期皇居的空間模式稱之為“開數千年未有之例（劉敦楨《大壯室筆記》）。因此，本研究試圖探尋這種因建築方向觀念轉變而形成的空間模式，并進一步探討建築方向觀念對於傳統建築營造的影響機理和表現。
本論文選擇位於帝國都城以及諸侯國都城的皇家建設作為切入點，從地下世界的建構與現實生活世界的建設兩個大方面來探討建築方向觀念，即關注皇家陰宅與陽宅的建築方向觀念。對於地下世界的建構而言，論文又進一步分成皇帝陵寢以及諸侯王陵寢兩章來敘述。本論文整體上通過標示功能空間單元所形成的核心圖式以及其間一條從朝至寢的路徑作為建築方向觀念的信號，來繪製各種空間的建築方向圖式，并由此對三種不同尺度的空間進行比較分析。最后發現，從時間上和地域空間上存在一種普遍的建築方向觀念同步轉變的現象和潮流。
論文結論部份，進一步探討了影響西漢早期建築方向觀念轉變的相關因素和動機，并從方法論角度總結了建築方向觀念研究作為建築空間觀念研究的一個重要部份的兩個方面，即作為建築實體存在的意義表述方面以及作為空間認識的人的意圖方面來探討空間觀念研究的兩個方面。論文選擇建築方向觀念作為視角，通過對這一分析和設計工具的揭示，以期助益於中國建築空間的更深入的理解、使用、設計和營造，從而回應了凱文林奇城市意象的五要素表達以及諾伯格舒爾茨建築意義闡述在中國語境下的結合點。
The emphasis on architectural direction conception in daily construction practices in ancient china was one of the most critical features of Chinese traditional architecture. It had almost penetrated into all aspects of the space constructions such as the constructions of architectural forms, the functional spaces and the using of the spaces. It gradually transformed to architectural principles followed by craftsmen. Generally speaking, the application of such architectural direction conception into constructions led to a prevalent space pattern by emphasizing particular direction and position in different periods and regions and the changing of such architectural direction conception also lead to the transition of the space pattern. Particularly, in the early periods of Western Han dynasty there was a drastic process of change which blurred the understanding of the space patterns. Such space patterns caused by the architectural direction conception transition were even classified as “special cases out of thousands years’ tradition (Liu Dunzhen, 1982, p.146). Therefore, this study attempts to explore the transition of space patterns by examining the transition of the architectural direction conception and further discuss the mechanism how architectural direction conception impacted on spatial constructions.
This thesis selects the royal constructions in the capital city of both empire and kingdoms as breakpoint and divides the examination of the architectural direction conception as two parts: the underground world and the living world. The underground world is further divided into two chapters: the emperor’s mausoleums and the kings’ mausoleums. With the help of the signals of architectural direction conception by marking the functional units and the path from the court to residential area, the comparison of these different scales of the spaces show a phenomenon of synchronized and relatively transition process of architectural direction conception.
In conclusion, this research further discusses the factors and motivations that impacted on the transition of the architectural direction conceptions and the methods adopted in this research as both analytical and design tool to understanding, constructing and using Chinese architectural space. This method responses to the theory of the image of a city through five elements by Kenvin Lynch and the interpretation of the meanings of western architecture by Norberg-Schulz in Chinese context.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Jiang, Zhidan.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 324-345).
Abstracts also in Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgments --- p.iv
Contents --- p.v
List of illustrations --- p.viii
List of tables --- p.xviii
Chapter Part I: --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter Chapter 1 --- The Architectural Direction Conception --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Problem statement --- p.2
Chapter 1.2 --- Framework of the study --- p.9
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Objectives: architectural direction conception --- p.10
Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- Definition --- p.10
Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- Signals of the architectural direction concept --- p.11
Chapter 1.2.1.3 --- Systematic architectural space --- p.12
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Time-space Framework --- p.12
Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Time span --- p.13
Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Scope of the geographic areas --- p.15
Chapter 1.3 --- Literature review --- p.15
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Chinese architectural direction concept --- p.16
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Western architectural theory and architectural direction concept --- p.18
Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Wind rose and architectural direction concept --- p.19
Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Form principles and direction neglecting --- p.19
Chapter 1.3.2.3 --- Space internal and architectural dimensions --- p.20
Chapter 1.3.2.4 --- Place and direction concept --- p.21
Chapter 1.4 --- Methodology --- p.21
Chapter 1.4.1 --- Sources and their limitations --- p.22
Chapter 1.4.1.1 --- Literary materials --- p.22
Chapter 1.4.1.2 --- Archaeological materials --- p.24
Chapter 1.4.2 --- The study of the architecture under the rules of propriety --- p.25
Chapter 1.4.3 --- Narrative strategies --- p.26
Chapter 1.4.3.1 --- yin-yang dualities and asymmetry --- p.27
Chapter 1.4.3.2 --- Background, analysis and summery --- p.27
Chapter 1.4.3.3 --- Position, path, and architectural direction concept --- p.27
Chapter Part II: --- The Transition of Architectural Direction Conception in Burial Constructions --- p.29
Chapter Chapter 2 --- The Transition of Architectural Direction Conception in Emperors’ Mausoleums --- p.29
Chapter 2.1 --- Background --- p.30
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Mausoleums --- p.30
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Location --- p.37
Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Wannianling 萬年陵 on Beiyuan 北原 (northern loss platform) to the north of the city Yueyang 櫟陽 --- p.37
Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Wuling 五陵 (five mausoleums) on Xianyang Yuan 咸陽塬 (Xianyang tableland) to the north of the Chang’an walled city 長安城 in early periods --- p.42
Chapter 2.1.2.3 --- Three mausoleums to the southeast of Chang’an City 長安城 --- p.54
Chapter 2.2 --- The Architectural direction conception transition analysis --- p.57
Chapter 2.2.1. --- The Mausoleum County 陵縣 --- p.58
Chapter 2.2.2. --- Mausoleum Town 陵邑 --- p.67
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Mausoleum Complex 陵區 --- p.73
Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Mounds above the ground and passages underground --- p.78
Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Architectural sites --- p.89
Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Burial objects Underground --- p.99
Chapter 2.3 --- Summery --- p.110
Chapter Chapter 3 --- The Transition of Architectural Direction Conception in Tomb Complexes of Kings with Princely Titles --- p.112
Chapter 3.1 --- Background --- p.113
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Manifested forms as physical substance --- p.114
Chapter 3.1.1.1 --- Location and the distribution map of the excavated tombs --- p.114
Chapter 3.1.1.2 --- Occupants --- p.146
Chapter 3.1.1.3 --- Institutions with officials for design, construction and maintain of the tomb complexes --- p.157
Chapter 3.1.1.4 --- Archaeological typology --- p.163
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Conceptualized space of tomb complexes --- p.164
Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- The divisions of archaeological space in the tomb complexes --- p.166
Chapter 3.1.2.2 --- The architectural functional divisions in the tomb complexes --- p.169
Chapter 3.2 --- The transition analysis of architectural direction conception --- p.175
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Prince-titled kings --- p.180
Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Divisions and Units --- p.183
Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Architectural direction concept --- p.213
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Zongzheng-titled kings --- p.224
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Kingdom of Chu 楚 --- p.229
Chapter 3.3 --- Summery --- p.235
Chapter Part III: --- The Transition of Architectural Direction Conception in Non-Burial Constructions --- p.237
Chapter Chapter 4 --- The Transition of Architectural Direction Conception in Capital city and palaces --- p.237
Chapter 4.1 --- Background --- p.238
Chapter 4.1.1 --- The brief construction history of Xianyang 咸陽 in Qin dynasty --- p.239
Chapter 4.1.1.1 --- King Zhaoxiangwang 昭襄王 --- p.240
Chapter 4.1.1.2 --- Emperor Shi Huangdi --- p.243
Chapter 4.1.1.3 --- The space structure of thirty palaces in Xianyang 咸陽 in the reign of Emperor Shi Huangdi --- p.248
Chapter 4.1.2 --- The brief construction history of Chang’an 長安 before Emperor Xuandi --- p.250
Chapter 4.1.2.1 --- The constructions in the reign of Emperor Gaodi --- p.250
Chapter 4.1.2.2 --- The constructions in the reign of Emperor Huidi, Emperor Wendi, and Emperor Jingdi --- p.251
Chapter 4.1.2.3 --- The constructions in the reign of Emperor Wudi and Emperor Zhaodi --- p.251
Chapter 4.2 --- The transition analysis of architectural direction conception --- p.252
Chapter 4.2.1 --- The transition of the space structure of the capital city --- p.246
Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- The space structure of Xianyang 咸陽 --- p.253
Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- The space structure of Chang’an 長安 --- p.271
Chapter 4.2.2 --- The transition of the architectural direction concept of the capital city --- p.285
Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- The transition analysis in the scale of city --- p.286
Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- The transition analysis in the scale of palace --- p.299
Chapter 4.2.2.3 --- The transition analysis in the scale of building --- p.305
Chapter 4.3 --- Summery --- p.308
Chapter Part IV: --- Conclusion --- p.310
Chapter Chapter 5 --- The Transition of Architectural Direction Conception --- p.310
Chapter 5.1 --- The meaning, intention and conception of the space identity --- p.313
Chapter 5.1.1 --- The change of the architectural technology --- p.314
Chapter 5.1.1.1 --- Orientation by stars and the calendar reform --- p.314
Chapter 5.1.1.2 --- Materials and cultural differentiation --- p.316
Chapter 5.1.2 --- The change of architectural structure form --- p.318
Chapter 5.1.2.1 --- Storied building 樓閣建築 and high-terrace building 高臺建築 --- p.318
Chapter 5.1.2.2 --- chao 朝 (court) and qin 寢 (residential ground) --- p.319
Chapter 5.1.3 --- The change of functional space --- p.319
Chapter 5.1.3.1 --- Taoist and Confucius thoughts on space order --- p.320
Chapter 5.1.3.2 --- The military and the civil resources’ distribution --- p.321
Chapter 5.2 --- Summery: The synchronization and spread of the conception transition and the research in the future --- p.322
Bibliography --- p.323
Chapter A --- Abbreviations --- p.323
Chapter B --- Bibliography --- p.328

博士
國立東華大學
中國語文學系
103
This thesis research the construction of Xu Xiake's Images : from late Ming dynasty to the early Republican period. From this study it seems Xu Xiake's Images are diverse and very different at different times. And then we can find that different types of Xu Xiake's Images is because of the different focus and value which in the minds of scholars at different times. This helps us not only to examine the the construction of Xu Xiake's Images changed with the way in different culture, and how it developed and evolved through time, but also can observed generation of intellectuals and cultural atmosphere of caring orientation section.

碩士
國立中央大學
歷史研究所
107
The main point of this thesis aims to explore how the Qing government applied civil service examination to convey its legitimacy during the Shunzhi period. The entrance to the officialdom through the civil service examination has been approved by Chinese scholars and has become a major pillar of the bureaucratic system in China. The Civil Service Examination has been long conducted by the Qing government and has become an important ruling policy. As the last stage of the civil service examination, palace examination played a vital role in this examination system. This thesis attempts to analyze the question of the essay to illustrate how Regent Dorgon and Emperor Shunzhi demonstrated the legitimacy of the Qing Dynasty. Their efforts in this regard helped to consolidate Qing’s rule in China.    Keywords: Qing dynasty, Shunzhi period, legitimacy, palace examination, essay on national affairs

碩士
國立臺灣大學
歷史學研究所
97
The interrelationship of moral character cultivation and a nation’s administration always stated and reflected Chinese’s traditional political condition. In such relationship, body was the key element. On the one part, body was the necessary foundation for moral character cultivation. Whether the emphasis was put on having great virtue inside or on either depreciating or appreciating human body, it all believed human’s heart, his mental status, and the form and structure constituted important concepts of moral character cultivation. On the other part, it was also because human body was deemed as a kind of political ground; when body and mind was trained, i.e. when moral character was cultivated, one was able to govern the country. In such administrative level, “heart” was a metaphor of the king, which was the leader of a country; “hands and legs” and “ears and eyes” implied the king’s subjects. Therefore, the king and the subject’s relationship were often imaged by the king’s body. Because of such idea, not only the king himself should set good examples with his own conducts and influence and reform the people by his own behavior, but also the king’s body would symbolize and represent the whole nation. The ideas of “body and polity”, “king and the nation were equally correlated”, and “body and the nation should be cultivated and administrated simultaneously”, constructed the frameworks of the theory of “the politics of the body”. Within such pattern of thought, great philosophers in Pre-Chin Dynasty had different arguments. Chapter III discussed among one of the body politics theory: moral characters cultivation and discipline, morality realization, body and mind cultivation before administrating the nation, and then putting efforts in governing the nation and loving his people. This article generalized and named this as the theory of “Wei-Jheng-Yi-De (meaning using morality to govern the nation)”. This was just like the political arguments held by the Confucianism and the Mohists in Pre-Chin Dynasty. Chapter IV analyzed another argument, which paid attention to solitude, inactivity, and the administration of doing nothing that goes against the nature. Later, this argument even evolved into versions of “Sing-Ming (meaning actuality and name)”, “Ren-Shih (meaning power appointment)”, “Jyun-wu-wei, Chen-you-wei (meaning an incapable king is acceptable, but his subjects must be capable of assisting the king)”. These were the body politics theory of “Jyun-yi-Chen-lao (meaning the king can be at ease, but his subjects must be hard-working)”. In this argument, Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu stressed on morality realization and inactivity. Following this thinking, from “inactivity and doing everything possible” to the statement of “king can be incompetent but his subjects must be very capable of assisting the king”, the argument of “Jyun-yi-Chen-lao” finally came into existence from the doctrines of Huang Lao, Chuang Tzu’s later study, and Hanfei of the Legalism. When such argument arose, it became an important political theory that was compatible with the idea of “ Wei-Jheng-Yi-De”. Combined real history and different thoughts, Chapter V elaborated theories on historical matters and used theories to explain such matters. From the angle of combing theories and real history, it viewed the continuous development of the two body politics arguments and illustrated how the politics of the body can be realized in the real world. It also indicated the time meaning of such thinking. How did the two concepts of the politics of the body elaborate in thinking? And how were those carried out as the form of political behavior? This article, standing on the point of history of political thoughts, investigated history and thoughts, theory and reality, political behavior and traditional culture, and tried to understand the complicated relationship among them. Between learning and politics, authority and philosophy, theory of the politics of the body not only revealed Chinese philosopher’s concerns and ideals, but also reflected their regrets and disappointments. Through such study, this article hoped to expound the history, so as to know the worldly wisdom and therefore to make some contribution to the political thinking between Pre-Chin Dynasty and early West Han Dynasty.

碩士
國立臺南藝術大學
藝術史學系藝術史與藝術評論碩士班
99
In 1904, when “treaty between U.S. and China on the Limitation on Chinese Workers to Protect the Chinese Living in America” reached to the end of its 10 years term, tens of thousands of the Chinese living in America started to write petition for the termination on the treaty, but only to see their government being denied by the American government and forced to make another renewal. It stirred up the patriotic spirits among Chinese citizens, and gave birth to the background in which the publication News Illustrated was created.Put together by a group of Chinese patriots and published in Guangzhou, where the first wave of the cultural impacts made its way to the Chinese soil, News Illustrated gradually rose up to become the primary medium for a time of anti-US movement by sending out news and ideas on revolution. The publication was written and edited by people promoting revolution who also worked as artists in Guangzhou. It made its first print in 1905 as a quarterly publication and was shut down temporally in 1910, followed by its republication later on with a different title Citizen News Illustrated, which met its end 1913. News Illustrated, with its chief editor Pan Da-Wei, who created the publication to reach inside people’s heart for revolution, carried a few missions: 1. Disseminating local news in Cantonese or other local dialects, making it easier to approach the public to rally up their patriotism and nurture a space for localism to expand in Guangzhou; 2. Using illustrations to tell stories, making arts accessible and understandable to general public and expanding the revolution ideas from the mere political realm to the art circle; 3. Changing the editorial layout in 1907, inserting a photograph in front or at the back of the introduction page on every issue. The photo mainly depicted the local events, news, and people, enriching the storytelling and the visual senses, creating an imaginary path through the photo to the real world and through the stories for the collective thoughts to give hope to their future.; 4. In terms of nationalism, while spreading out the revolution ideas and providing public education, the publication also opened a gateway to the public discussion in Guangzhou using illustrations with titles like buying made-in-china products, promoting local business, women education, and drugs advertises. Hence, it played an important role in the modernization and cultural enlightenment in Guangzhou and to certain extent had effect on Shin-Hai Revolution. This essay mainly focuses on the presentations, interactions, and expressions between the storytelling and the images when they were arranged in the actual print. Through the issues mentioned in News Illustrated, this essay would also like to discuss how the idea of “wholesome nation” started to take its shape and present itself. This essay will show readers that News Illustrated centered on the ideas of “creating a wholesome and strong nation” and “promoting spirits of revolution” through its discussion on the above mentioned issues, on which the editors also created their ideal images of a nation. The topics on making art accessible to general public and showing the localization in areas surrounding Guangzhou not only makes resonation with the focuses on Guangzhou as the center from which the political revolution rose, but also shows it as the frontier of this revolution in terms of arts and cultures, and at last on the crest of criticism frenzy during that period Guangzhou created itself a criticism ground that was different from its shanghai counterpart.

碩士
輔仁大學
織品服裝學系
99
Oriental and Western culture contacted frequently since Qin and Han dynasties in China. That improved patterns new development in design,especially after Buddhism spreading to China via Silk Road. The ornamental patterns for decoration were changed from animal-design to flower-design. And Chinese traditional floral patterns vary with different dynasties.This research uses the Chinese and the Western historical data analysis and pictures comparison to discuss the flower-design patterns of the Art Nouveau and Oriental culture from the end of 19th century to the beginning of 20th century. We want to know the influence on modern fashion brands after different cultures blending together.In recent years, many designers of the modern fashion brands, such as KENZO, ANNA SUI, ROYAL COPENHAGEN…, transferred traditional flower-design patterns to creative patterns. And this change makes the modern fashion brands more popular. The customers’ fashion points of view are different from before. And now Taiwan government pushes culture creativity industry to let people emphasize fashion taste and acuteness.The fashion brands in the thesis were divided into four parts, which included the fashion apparel brand, the fashion home decoration brand, the fashion cosmetics brand and the others. The thesis conferred how the successful fashion brands use the traditional patterns to become modern fashion brands. It is very interesting to see the traditional floral patterns, change with time going by. And that has become a valuable treasure.

碩士
中國文化大學
藝術研究所
91
The imitation of the ancient style was most popular in the later period of the Ming Dynasty and the early period of the Ching Dynasty. The main reason was that the development of painting style of the school of Wu went to an abuse that not only the calligraphy style was extremely dried and fine, but also the composition of the painting was trifling and complicated. Therefore, it leads to that Tung Ch’i- ch’ang (1555-1636) proposed 「the sectarian school of South and North」 to follow the ancient style. These theories made many painters of that time painted following the ancient style and imitated the paintings of Tung Yuan, Chu-jan, Mi Fei, and “Four Great Masters of the Yuan dynasty”, etc. Among all of them, Huang Kung-Wang possessed utmost high position in the Yuan Dynasty and the whole Chinese painting history because of his outstanding and original achievement on Landscape painting. Besides, his painting was regarded as the typical style of the painting in the literary artist’s style. As a result Huang Kung-Wang was highly praised by Tung Ch’i- ch’ang(in the decling years of the Ming Dynasty) and Wang Shih-min, Wang Chien, Wang Hui, Wang Yuan-ch’I(in the early period of the Ching Dynasty). Therefore, it made the subjects of these painters named “The imitation of Landscape Painting by Huang Kung-Wang”, and at last they created other painting style respectively. The trend of imitating the Landscape Painting by Huang Kung-Wang spread to Korea as the painters of Korea and China communicated more frequently, and caused huge impacts on painting history in the later period of Chosǔn Dynasty of about 18 centries to 19 centries. Because knowing 「the sectarian school of South and North」 of Tung Ch’i-ch’ang, the Chosun painters, as painters of China, imitating the painting skills of the Southern school gradually in the later period of Chosun painting history. But, most Chosun painters except for a few Imperial envoy for Peiking could not see the original works of these famous Chinese painters, so it holds more important position for Chosǔn painters to imitate the model paintings of ancient Chinese painter. Among these model paintings, Ku shih hua pu《顧氏畫譜》and Chieh tzu yuan hua chuan《芥子園畫傳》have more influence on Landscape Painting. Through these model paintings, the Chosun painters learned painting skills of Huang Kung- Wang or that of other imitating paintings in the Ming and Ching Dynasty. As a result, the effect displayed by the Chosun paintings including model painting pictures and painting style of the Ming and Ching Dynasty. Compared the imitating Landscape Paintings in the later period of Chosun Dynasty to that in the later period of Ming Dynasty and the early period of Ching Dynasty, although all these painters learned the traditional painting style of Huang Kung-Wang, their works were different at composition and skills distinctly. That was because these painters lived in different countries (China and Korea), and their affections and experiences about the paintings of Huang Kung-wang were also different.