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Journal articles on the topic 'Early Dynastic period'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 January 2023

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1

Ryholt, Kim. "King Seneferka in the King-lists and His Position in the Early Dynastic Period." Journal of Egyptian History 1, no. 1 (2008): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187416608784118749.

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AbstractSeneferka remains one of the most obscure rulers of the Early Dynastic Period. Through an analysis of the hypercorrection of royal names in the king-list tradition, it becomes possible to identify him with the first and otherwise unattested king recorded under the name Neferkare. This, in turn, indicates that Seneferka ruled about one century later than hitherto assumed, in the late Second Dynasty rather than at the end of the First Dynasty.

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2

Sowada, Karin N. "Black-Topped Ware in Early Dynastic Contexts." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 85, no. 1 (December 1999): 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030751339908500106.

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Black-topped ware is commonly associated with the Predynastic era, but a handful of examples made in the Early Dynastic Period are known to exist. Generally these vessels are variations of the hes-jar shape; their findspots, in tombs or temples, associate this shape with ritual or funerary use. It is argued here that during the Early Dynastic Period, black-topped ware acquired a symbolic significance linked to the shape and colours of the vessel. This symbolism continued in the depictions of such vases on the walls of tombs although the ware itself was probably no longer produced after the Early Dynastic Period.

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3

Nadali, Davide, and Lorenzo Verderame. "FRAGMENTS OF THE THIRD MILLENNIUM BC FROM NIGIN." Iraq 83 (October 4, 2021): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2021.10.

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The ancient city of Nigin in the State of Lagash is largely attested in the epigraphic sources of the rulers of the First Dynasty of Lagash. Conversely, the archaeological evidence of the Early Dynastic Period is so far very scanty and limited. This paper presents a small group of documents to be dated to the Early Dynastic Period IIIb that were found out of context, but that nevertheless point to a phase of occupation of Nigin in the third millennium BC and are coherent with the information we already know about history of the city and the State of Lagash.

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4

Fritschy, Wantje. "The pr-ḥḏ and the Early Dynastic State." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 104, no. 2 (December 2018): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307513319856853.

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Quantitative research in the available sources on the pr-ḥḏ in the Early Dynastic period shows that there are better arguments to translate the Early Dynastic term pr-ḥḏ as ‘House of Stoneware’ rather than ‘treasury’. This also helps in explaining the somewhat puzzling double dichotomy of pr-ḥḏ/ pr-dšr and pr-ḥḏ/ pr-nbw in this period. Moreover, from the results it could be argued that a theory seeing ‘spectacle’ as crucial for state formation in early states is more helpful for understanding the function of the Early Dynastic pr-ḥḏ than a theory seeing the treasury as the centre of the state.

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5

Benati, Giacomo. "THE BEGINNING OF THE EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD AT UR." Iraq 76 (December 2014): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2014.5.

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This article presents a reconsideration of the architecture, stratigraphy and finds from Building Level H, excavated in Trial Pit F at Ur. Analysis of Woolley's original excavation records, kept at the British Museum, provides the basis for a contextual reconstruction. A new complete study of published and unpublished materials now housed at the British Museum and at the Penn Museum of Philadelphia is offered here. Distribution of in situ artefacts is examined here in order to provide insights on the function of the excavated loci. Finally, pottery and glyptic assemblages, considered from a regional perspective, are used to define the chronological horizon of Level H.

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6

Ali Abdul Malik, Munther, and Israa Saad Salih. "Metal Tools in Unpublished Cuneiform Texts from Early Dynastic Period." Al-Adab Journal 2, no. 135 (December 15, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31973/aj.v2i135.1217.

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The people in ancient Mesopotamia know many minerals (Metal Tools) , and they also know how to manufacture it and used them . Minerals have entered in many of their businesses and industries , even in the field of producing artworks (artifacts) . Pots and agricultural tools as well as weapons they used in everyday life . The most important of these metals are : gold , silver , copper , and tin , which some of them entered in the work of bronze bullion (Al-Jader , 1991 , p.225) . The ancient Mesopotamians struggled to get the materials , they were carrying the tired journeys in order to bring the raw materials from far away counties , among them were Dilmun , Magan , Meluhha , Eygpt and Anatolia (Levy , 1986 , p.19) . So we did not care about the all kinds of minerals , but we define our works about one type of this metals , which is a copper metal . So the copper regarded the first mineral which known to the people of ancient Mesopotamia , they used it very much in their lives , this had been a major turning point in the history of their civilization (Louis , 2008 , p.112) .

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7

Oraibi Almamori, Haider. "THE EARLY DYNASTIC MONUMENTAL BUILDINGS AT UMM AL-AQARIB." Iraq 76 (December 2014): 149–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2014.10.

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This article presents the results of excavations conducted at the site of Umm al-Aqarib, in the Dhi Qar Governorate of Iraq, in the years 1999–2002 and 2008–2010. Despite significant practical difficulties, the excavations revealed an Early Dynastic city of major importance, with monumental architecture including two large temples, called here the White Temple and Temple H, and a palace. In interpreting the excavation results, the author argues that Umm al-Aqarib, and not Jokha (Umma) as has previously been thought, was the central settlement of the kingdom of Gišša during the Early Dynastic III period, and that the White Temple, the largest yet known from Early Dynastic Sumer, is to be identified as the temple of Šara, city god of Gišša.

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8

Hansen, Donald P. "Royal Building Activity at Sumerian Lagash in the Early Dynastic Period." Biblical Archaeologist 55, no. 4 (December 1992): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3210315.

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9

O'Connor, David. "New Funerary Enclosures (Talbezirke) of the Early Dynastic Period at Abydos." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 26 (1989): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40000701.

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10

Jucha, Mariusz, Grzegorz Bąk-Pryc, Natalia Małecka-Drozd, and Magdalena Kazimierczak. "Tell el-Murra (Northeastern Nile Delta Survey): preliminary report on research in 2016–2017." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 27, no. 1 (April 11, 2018): 149–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1970.

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The paper deals with the results of excavation in 2016 and 2017 at the site of Tell el-Murra in the northeastern part of the Nile Delta. The investigation focused on Trench T5, where settlement remains dated mostly from the Early Dynastic period were explored in its northern part, and early Old Kingdom structures in the southern part. Settlement remains of Lower Egyptian culture were also excavated in Trench S3B. Continued research on the Early Dynastic cemetery in Trench S3 yielded eight more graves, both pit burials and chambered tombs. In one case, the body was placed additionally in a pottery coffin. The results contribute new data on Early Dynastic settlement architecture and burial customs, as well as the oldest habitation associated with Lower Egyptian culture.

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11

Shepetyak, Oleh. "Monotheistic tendencies of Egypt'sreligions of the pre-dynastic and early dynasticperiod." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 80 (December 13, 2016): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2016.80.731.

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Oleh Shepetyak. Monotheistic tendencies of Egypt's religions of the pre-dynastic and early dynastic period. The study analyzes the religion of ancient Egypt, and it proved the presence of a clear monotheistic tendencies. The article provides a brief examination of the historical landmarks of Egyptian culture, its literary achievements inspection and analysis of earlier beliefs, which are at the center of the personality of Seth and Horus, and other deities who have the zeal of the late myth associated with them.

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12

Moon, Jane. "Some New Early Dynastic Pottery from Abu Salabikh." Iraq 43, no. 1 (1989): 47–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900004897.

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Of the excavations that have taken place in Iraq since the 1930s, many have revealed remains dating to the Early Dynastic period. None of these has been published as fully as the Diyala sites excavated by the Iraq Expedition of the Oriental Institute of Chicago from 1930 to 1938. (Frankfort, 1939, 1943, 1955; Delougaz, 1940, 1952, Delougaz and Lloyd, 1942; Delougaz, Hill and Lloyd, 1967.) It is these sites that still provide the largest collection of well-stratified pottery for this period, and thus material from newly-excavated sites has always been compared to that from the Diyala region.There are two major disadvantages to this state of affairs. Firstly, it is undesirable that any kind of archaeological material comparison should be limited to just one region or site; and secondly, notwithstanding the importance of the city of Eshnunna (Tell Asmar), the Diyala region was a fringe area, and the style of its pottery should not have to be accepted as the norm for Southern Mesopotamia or anywhere else.

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13

Luo, Weiwei. "Money and Future in Late Ming China." Explorations in Renaissance Culture 45, no. 1 (April 25, 2019): 50–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23526963-04501004.

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Chinese imperial dynastic time represented the cyclical change of regimes with a naturalized moral order. A linear lineage time and synchronic communal time were often eclipsed by the more ritually visible and well-documented cyclical imperial time. The dawn of China’s “silver century” (1550–1650,) however, disrupted the cyclical temporality of the dynasties and revealed other time-orders that had been usually subsumed under the dynastic time. Late Ming China (fifteenth to early seventeenth century), like many parts of Europe in the early modern period, experienced commercial accumulation, competitive consumption, desire for capital, reformulation of norms and traditions, bringing China into a globalized world historical process. This change in economy brought to the fore the many layers between imperial dynastic time and that of the individual. Money also influenced existing philosophies of past and future, as well as techniques of prognostication. Manipulation of the future often took the form of calculation of good deeds inspired by accounting. In short, money transformed what we can call “the practice of future” in two ways. First, it reemphasized the importance of linear lineage time instead of dynastic time through emphasizing the longevity of descendants and fortunes in the afterlife. Second, through the discussion of capital acquisition and the popularization of accounting, it also introduced “balance” into temporality through the discourse of just and unjust accumulation, allowing a synchronized and more egalitarian communal time to disrupt lineage time.

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14

Matthews, Donald. "The Early Dynastic-Akkadian transition, Part 1. When did the Akkadian period begin?" Iraq 59 (1997): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900003314.

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We may want to recognise an “Akkadian period” in archaeology for two reasons. A sequence of periods is used as a system of chronological reference, and the Akkadian period conventionally represents the time from 2334–2154 BC (Walker 1995, 234). Periods are also used to define fields of analysis in which studies of social structure or other synchronic investigations may be conducted. The Akkadian period is known as the “first empire” which saw major political and administrative innovations. In archaeology periods have to be defined from the changes in artefact types, so a concordance is needed between the historical and artefactual phases. During the last thirty years McG. Gibson has persistently addressed questions of chronology, and has made an especially important contribution to the chronology of the Akkadian period. A new article (Gibson and McMahon 1995) represents the present state of this issue, based on excavations in the Diyala and Hamrin regions, and in the vicinity of Nippur. Dr McMahon has subjected thousands of sherds from stratified occupation surfaces to statistical analysis, and publication of their distribution and comparanda is expected. The resulting pottery sequence, exhaustively constructed, and summarised in that article, will constitute the principal reference sequence for archaeological sites of this period in southern Iraq. In this article, while accepting the validity and importance of this achievement, I will examine how the Akkadian period should be defined and how pottery sequences should be calibrated with respect to historical periods. I will suggest that the Akkadian pottery should be calibrated by ultimate reference to the glyptic sequence, and that this results in a different dating for the strata in question.

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15

Sherkova, T. "Traditions and Innovations in Funeral Rites for the Social Elite in Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 8 (August 15, 2021): 359–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/69/42.

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Elite necropolises are the most important sources for studying the process of the formation of early states. In Ancient Egypt, this process took place over a long period of development of the sedentary culture Naqada, which developed in the 4th millennium BC, from its early phases to the final stages, when the political unification of Egypt took shape. Analysis of the burial architecture of elite burials from Hierakonpolis and Abydos, iconography, motifs and images depicted on ritual objects from tombs of the Late Dynastic and Early Dynastic times continue the scenes of hunting and battles characteristic of the earlier phases of the Naqada culture. However, their style is changing. The motives associated with the king as the protector of society, a successful warrior responsible for the stability and prosperity of Egypt come to the fore. Traditions and innovations, being oppositions, nevertheless work in an integral field, a kind of cultural and historical unity. And in terms of the socio-cultural development of Egypt, the elite necropolises of the Predynastic and Early dynastic periods provide extremely important and objective information about the formation of the first state in Egypt.

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16

Mustafa, Metin. "Iconography of Renaissance Ceremonials in the Early Modern World." Australian Journal of Islamic Studies 3, no. 1 (June 10, 2018): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.55831/ajis.v3i1.71.

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This article explores the iconography of Renaissance court ceremonials in the 16th century – how the East influenced the West – before the Orientalist trend and its impact on European visual culture during the latter part of the 17th and 18th centuries. From similar practices of using ceremonials and pageantries as representations of power and dynastic propaganda, to forging imperial and dynastic identities through myths, the Ottoman sultans and the dukes and princes of Florence and the Republic of Venice contributed to cross-cultural connections during the Renaissance period. As a result of this inextricable cultural connection between the Ottoman Empire and Renaissance Italy, this article argues the Ottomans deserve a place in Renaissance discourse.

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17

MAEDA, Tohru. "Ensiship and Lugalship of Lagash in the late Early Dynastic Period III." Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan 34, no. 2 (1991): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5356/jorient.34.2_93.

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18

Gibson, McGuire, and Augusta McMahon. "The Early Dynastic-Akkadian transition, Part 2. The authors' response." Iraq 59 (1997): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900003326.

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Dr Matthews was kind enough to show us a draft of the preceding article before publication so that we could reply, for which we thank him. Our original article was intended as a review of the problem of the Early Dynastic to Akkadian transition and as a quick general overview of the WF excavation at Nippur, rather than the final statement on either. The point of the article was not to define the Akkadian Period but to make steps towards the identification of an assemblage of material culture (pottery, tablets, objects, and seals) found in levels which are dated to the historical Akkadian Period. That assemblage included pottery types, but we did not suggest that a single pottery type or a few types alone should be the basis for dating; nor would we prefer, as is implied by Matthews, to define a period by pottery as opposed to other objects. What the Nippur WF excavation gave us was a well-stratified sequence of artifacts; and we were careful when suggesting the level at which we might have entered the Akkadian (historical) period not to be adamant about the date of the pertinent level and to precede it with a “transitional” level (Level XVII) which might have been either Early Dynastic or Akkadian. Perhaps we should have been more cautious and extended that transitional label to cover Level XVI as well.

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19

Martin, Russell E. "The Petrine Divide and the Periodization of Early Modern Russian History." Slavic Review 69, no. 2 (2010): 410–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0037677900015060.

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Among the chief problems in determining the boundaries of the early modern period in Russian history is die reign and reforms of Peter I the Great. In this article, Russell E. Martin situates Peter's reign within the context of dynastic marriage politics from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries. He argues that the centuries from roughly 1500 to 1800 constitute a single, coherent period. Court politics were dominated by concerns of kinship and marriage: in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, by the search for a domesdc bride for the Russian rulers through bride shows; then, in the eighteenth century, by the gradual transformation of court politics away from domestic brides and toward a more traditional use of dynastic marriage as a tool in foreign policy. The early modern period ends, Martin argues, only with the promulgation of a new law of succession by Paul I (as modified by Alexander I). The so-called Petrine divide, then, is elided in a periodization of Russian history that very much mirrors the boundaries that are conventional in the west.

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20

Matthews, Donald. "The Early Dynastic-Akkadian Transition Part I: When Did the Akkadian Period Begin?" Iraq 59 (1997): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4200433.

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21

Lajs, Katarzyna. "Evolution of Ancient Egyptian Bifacial Flint Knives." Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 23 (December 31, 2019): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.23.2019.23.01.

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Bifacial knives are a significant category of artefacts known from ancient Egypt, drawing the attention of researchers since the beginnings of Egyptology. A popular type of knife with a well-defined handle was produced from the Early Dynastic onwards. Bifacial knives were crucial in many aspects of life. The knives from the site of Tell el-Murra, located in the North-Eastern part of the Nile Delta, are no exception. The chronology of the site dates back to the Predynastic period and lasts to the end of the Old Kingdom. There are two main groups identified amongst the bifacial knives: the first one dated to the Early Dynastic period and the second to the Old Kingdom. Both of them have some specific features which allow them to be assigned to their proper chronological phases.

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22

Wilker, Julia. "Noble Death and Dynasty: A Popular Tradition from the Hasmonean Period in Josephus." Journal for the Study of Judaism 48, no. 1 (February 14, 2017): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700631-12341136.

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The First Book of Maccabees ends its historical narrative with the murder of Simon at the hands of his son-in-law, Ptolemy. Flavius Josephus offers a more elaborate narrative of the same event. According to his account, Ptolemy took Simon’s wife and two of his sons as hostages and tormented them when John Hyrcanus besieged him in the fortress of Doq. Josephus praises Simon’s wife for taking a heroic stance and stresses her willingness to die for the dynasty. A close analysis of the story suggests that Josephus drew on a popular tradition that emerged shortly after the historical events and adopted stylistic and narratological elements commonly associated with martyrdom stories. The story thus offers insights into dynastic representation in the early Hasmonean period and indicates that the wife of Simon played a prominent role in the propaganda and self-fashioning of the new ruling house.

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23

Huber, Louisa G. Fitzgerald. "The Bo Capital and Questions Concerning Xia and Early Shang." Early China 13 (1988): 46–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362502800005204.

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The question whether the Xia and the Shang signify a relatively homogeneous culture or relatively distinct cultures is approached through efforts both to determine whether the late Erlitou culture dates to the final years of dynastic Xia or to the beginning of Shang and to identify, in turn, those early Bronze Age sites most likely to correspond to the first recorded Shang capitals. By contrasting traditional chronologies with the developmental sequences of artifacts, the author reaches the conclusion that the Bronze Age remains at Erlitou represent the late Xia culture and the discoveries at Zhengzhou, the period of the Bo capital. A close affiliation between the Shang and the Xia rulers in the time prior to the conquest, revealed by the Bamboo Annals, is shown to be consistent with the archaeological evidence which Indicates that the transition between the two dynastic periods was characterized primarily by continuous development, rather than by disruption or radical change. The proposal is also made that the most significant influence from the eastcoast cultures upon those of the Zhong Yuan may have occurred during Xia times, instead of during Shang.

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24

Fritschy, Wantje. "A New Interpretation of the Early Dynastic so-called ‘Year’ Labels. ‘Balm Labels’ and the Preservation of the Memory of the King." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 107, no. 1-2 (June 2021): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03075133211060366.

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Inscriptions on Early Dynastic ‘oil labels’ that refer to events have long been thought to contain a ‘year-name’ that dated the oil. During the last two decades, new evidence has become available which suggests that such events referred to what had been characteristic for the regnal period of a deceased king rather than for a specific year. The labels were funerary-ceremonial rather than administrative artefacts. In addition, it can now be argued that they were balm labels rather than oil labels. Moreover, high officials of the Early Dynastic court appear to have used the labels increasingly to record their own activities in providing the precious balm.

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25

Jucha, Mariusz A., Grzegorz Bąk-Pryc, Natalia Małecka-Drozd, and Magdalena Kazimierczak. "Tell el-Murra (Northeastern Nile Delta Survey): preliminary excavation report for the 2014 and 2015 seasons." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 26, no. 1 (July 9, 2018): 135–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1772.

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The paper deals with the results of excavation in 2014 and 2015 at the Tell el-Murra site in the northeastern part of the Nile Delta. The investigations covered a settlement mostly from the Old Kingdom period found in trench T5; more specifically, the investigated features seem primarily connected with food production. Settlement remains from the Naqada III–possibly Early Dynastic and Protodynastic(?) periods were also explored in trench S3B. Continued research on the Early Dynastic cemetery in trench S3 yielded 16 more graves, including simple pit burials and chamber graves. In several cases bodies had been placed in pottery coffins. The presence of several mud-brick walls, possibly associated with older settlement structures, was also confirmed within the lattermost trench. Altogether the research provided new data on the settlement architecture, site development processes and burial customs invoked in the beginnings of the Egyptian state.

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26

KOIKE, Yayoi. "The Formation of the Courtyards in the Small Temples in the Early Dynastic Period." Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan 30, no. 1 (1987): 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5356/jorient.30.123.

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Wencel, Maciej Mateusz. "Radiocarbon Dating of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia: Results, Limitations, and Prospects." Radiocarbon 59, no. 2 (August 12, 2016): 635–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2016.60.

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AbstractThis paper describes the results of Bayesian modeling of radiocarbon dates from Early Bronze Age contexts in Southern Mesopotamia, modern-day southern Iraq. The model uses 14C dates available in the literature, employing archaeological and textual information to correlate contexts from a number of important Mesopotamian sites. The insufficient number of dates makes it impossible to precisely define the chronology of the period in question; however, the analysis allows for observing patterns of cultural change otherwise invisible in archaeological and textual records. Firstly, it is suggested that there was a hiatus of at least a century between the latest protocuneiform texts and the earliest historical writing. Furthermore, the results seem to argue against a steady, gradual evolution of literate civilizations, indicating a more complex and varied process of development.

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Mizoguchi, Koji. "Genealogy in the ground: observations of jar burials of the Yayoi period, northern Kyushu, Japan." Antiquity 79, no. 304 (June 2005): 316–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00114115.

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The author finds that cemeteries in early first millennium Japan reflect the associations of family with land. The burial parties of a core settlement could be seen to be referring to earlier burials in a dynastic or genealogical sequence, while a secondary settlement developed its burial ground in a disordered sequence. Thus Koji Mizoguchi shows that the differences between the haves and have-nots extended their having, or not having, a history.

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Görsdorf, Jochen, Günter Dreyer, and Ulrich Hartung. "New 14C Dating of the Archaic Royal Necropolis Umm El-Qaab at Abydos (Egypt)." Radiocarbon 40, no. 2 (1997): 641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200018579.

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Since 1977, the German Institute of Archaeology in Cairo has been reexamining the archaic Royal necropolis Umm el-Qaab at Abydos (ca. 500 km south of Cairo). The necropolis consists of the tomb complexes of six kings and one queen of Dynasty I as well as two kings of Dynasty II in the southern part, the cemetery with royal tombs from Dynasty 0 and early Dynasty I in the middle and the predynastic cemetery in the northern part. Although partly destroyed and deprived of most of their contents, the tombs and the remaining artifacts are a major source for the early dynastic period and are of utmost importance for the understanding of predynastic development during Naqada I–III and the chronology of the formation of Egyptian culture. Sixteen newly 14C-dated samples were mainly taken from remains of wooden roofs and coffins, or in the case of the earliest tombs from mattings. The dating results in general are in good accordance with the relative archaeological dating of the tombs, but 100–150 yr earlier than the so far established historical chronology.

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30

Bartash, Vitali. "Coerced Human Mobility and Elite Social Networks in Early Dynastic Iraq and Iran." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 7, no. 1 (September 25, 2020): 25–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/janeh-2019-0006.

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AbstractThe article provides a historical analysis of cuneiform records concerning the circulation of unfree humans among the political-cultic elite in southern Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf during the Early Dynastic IIIb period, ca. 2475–2300 BCE. The analysis of the written data from the Adab city-state demonstrates that the royal house used the unfree as gifts to maintain a sociopolitical network on three spatial levels – the internal, local, and (inter)regional. The gift-givers and gift-receivers were mostly male adult members of the local and foreign elite, whereas the dislocated unfree humans were heterogeneous in terms of age, gender, and the ways they lost their freedom. The author relates the social profiles of both groups to the logistics of human traffic to reveal the link between social status and forms and nature of spatial mobility in the politically and socially unstable Early Dynastic Near East.

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Zhu, Yizhi, Peng Cheng, Shi-Yong Yu, Huagui Yu, Zhihai Kang, Yachang Yang, A. J. T. Jull, T. Lange, and Weijian Zhou. "Establishing a Firm Chronological Framework for Neolithic and Early Dynastic Archaeology in the Shangluo Area, Central China." Radiocarbon 52, no. 2 (2010): 466–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200045495.

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Technological and theoretical advancements in modern radiocarbon chronology make the precise dating of archaeological and geological events possible. Here, we show examples of how these state-of-the-art methods can be used to establish and refine the archaeological cultural chronology for the Shangluo area in the Qinling Mountains of central China. In this study, the Donglongshan and Zijing sites were dated using the high-precision accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C method. Also, detailed magnetic-susceptibility measurements were conducted at both sites to gain preliminary information about past climate changes. The 14C dates, after being treated with Bayesian statistics, provide a firm constraint on the archaeological chronological framework for this area. Within this framework, the Malan loess-Holocene soil transition can be placed at 10,400–10,090 BC, while the duration of the Yangshao and Longshan cultures was dated to ∼4200–2900 and ∼2900–2100 BC, respectively, revealing an undisrupted history of human occupation in this area until the early dynastic period. Magnetic susceptibility values began to increase in the early Holocene, indicating a progressive amelioration of regional climate. The widespread development of paleosol during the middle Holocene indicates that warm and wet climate conditions prevailed, providing a favorable environmental context within which the Yangshao culture thrived. Magnetic susceptibility values then decreased from ∼2100 BC when the Xia Dynasty started, and loess accumulated again, pointing to cooling and drying climate conditions that may have led to a cultural transition from the Neolithic to the dynastic civilization.

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Altman, Amnon. "Tracing the Earliest Recorded Concepts of International Law. The Early Dynastic Period in Southern Mesopotamia." Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d'histoire du droit international 6, no. 2 (2004): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1571805042782145.

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Sánchez, Ignacio. "Ethnic disaffection and dynastic legitimacy in the early Almohad period: Ibn Tūmart’stranslatio studii et imperii." Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies 2, no. 2 (June 2010): 175–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17546559.2010.495290.

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Sharer, Robert J., Loa P. Traxler, David W. Sedat, Ellen E. Bell, Marcello A. Canuto, and Christopher Powell. "EARLY CLASSIC ARCHITECTURE BENEATH THE COPAN ACROPOLIS." Ancient Mesoamerica 10, no. 1 (January 1999): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536199101056.

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Excavations beneath the Copan Acropolis provide the most complete record known for the origins and development of an Early Classic Maya royal complex (ca. a.d. 420–650). Beginning at the time of the historically identified dynastic founder, the earliest levels include the first royal compound, centered on a small talud-tablero platform, a vaulted tomb that may be that of the founder, and an adjacent tomb that may be that of the founder's wife and dynastic matriarch. The timing and development of architecture provide evidence of the founding and growth of Copan as the capital of a Classic-period polity during the reigns of the first seven kings (a.d. 426–544). By the reigns of Rulers 8–11 (a.d. 544–628), the Early Classic Acropolis covered about the same area as its final version in the Late Classic. Documentation of specific Acropolis buildings provides evidence of the external connections that reinforced the authority of Copan's Early Classic kings. Building sequences reflect the perpetuation of political power by using important locations as symbolic links to the sacred past. The Early Classic Acropolis also provides new evidence for the beginnings of palace architecture that have important implications for the origins of Maya state-level organizations. Overall, the findings from the Early Classic Copan Acropolis promise to significantly advance our understanding of the origins and development of Maya state systems.

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Baines, John, and Christina Riggs. "Archaism and Kingship: A Late Royal Statue and its Early Dynastic Model." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 87, no. 1 (December 2001): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030751330108700110.

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Publication of British Museum EA 941, a Late Period or early Ptolemaic royal statue in travertine whose model is the Early Dynastic statue of Djoser (Cairo JE 49158) from the serdab on the north side of his Step Pyramid, or another statue of the same type. We present the British Museum statue, compare it with the Djoser statue, and argue for the former's likely dating and Saqqara provenance. Both statues are significant for their iconography of divine kingship and mortuary transfiguration.

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Kazimierczak, Magdalena. "Beer Jars from Tell el-Murra Graves." Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 19 (December 30, 2015): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.19.2015.19.01.

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Over the five excavation seasons conducted between 2011 and 2015 at the Early Dynastic Tell el-Murra cemetery, 17 graves were discovered along with their pottery assemblages. Nine of them contained vessels which are generally considered to be beer jars. Amongst the 18 examples of this kind of jar, a few types can be distinguished that show an affinity to similar vessels from the other Early Dynastic sites of Tell el-Farkha, Minshat Abu Omar, Buto, Helwan, Abydos, and Kafr Hassan Dawood. These analogies indicate that the Tell el-Murra graves should be dated to the Naqada IIIC2/D period and in some cases an even more precise date can be obtained. In addition, the presence of beer jars within the pottery assemblages of the graves also provides us with information concerning the funerary customs of the inhabitants of the Tell el-Murra site.

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Blomstedt, Patric. "Tracheostomy in ancient Egypt." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 128, no. 8 (July 31, 2014): 665–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215114001327.

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AbstractIt has often been reported that the ancient Egyptians performed tracheostomies. An analysis of this claim demonstrates it to be founded on only two depictions from the Protodynastic period (thirty-first centurybc). These depictions are difficult to reconcile with tracheostomy from an anatomical point of view and can more easily be explained as human sacrifices. Considering that Egyptian surgery included only minor procedures even at its zenith during later dynastic periods, it is difficult to imagine that they would have developed such an advanced procedure at such an early date.

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Karlova, Ksenia F. "On some problems on interpretation of the image of god Seth in the early dynastic period." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Istoriya, no. 68 (December 1, 2020): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988613/68/25.

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Bianucci, Raffaella, Grazia Mattutino, Rudy Lallo, Philippe Charlier, Hélène Jouin-Spriet, Alberto Peluso, Thomas Higham, Carlo Torre, and Emma Rabino Massa. "Immunological evidence of Plasmodium falciparum infection in an Egyptian child mummy from the Early Dynastic Period." Journal of Archaeological Science 35, no. 7 (July 2008): 1880–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.019.

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Braun, Eliot. "Proto, Early Dynastic Egypt, and Early Bronze I-II of the Southern Levant: Some Uneasy 14C Correlations." Radiocarbon 43, no. 3 (2001): 1279–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200038546.

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A number of recent radiocarbon determinations from several sites in Israel suggest advancing, by some considerable period of time, both the onset of the cultural horizon known as Early Bronze I and the appearance of its latest phases. The logical outcome of the acceptance of these new dates puts such a strain on chronological correlations between the 14C data and the archaeological record that the entire system would no longer be tenable if they were accepted. This paper examines in detail the problematic nature of these “uneasy correlations.”

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Gibson, McGuire, and Augusta McMahon. "Investigation of the Early Dynastic-Akkadian transition: Report of the 18th and 19th seasons of excavation in Area WF, Nippur." Iraq 57 (1995): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900002965.

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The Akkadian Period has not received the archaeological attention it deserves, despite its great historical and artistic importance. Excavated remains from the period have been more extensively reported from Syria, at such sites as Tell Brak, than from the core area of southern Iraq. The artifactual assemblage is still ill-defined, in part due to delays in the final publication of crucial excavations, including our own work at Umm al-Hafriyat and Tepe al-Atiqeh. A full assessment of the Akkadian Period also has been hindered to a significant degree, however, by errors in the dating of strata and artifacts at the key sites of Tell Asmar and Khafajah in the Diyala (see Gibson 1982), which have resulted, at these and other sites, in the disguising of early Akkadian material under the terms Protoimperial and Early Dynastic IIIB.The excavators of the critical sequence of the Northern Palace at Tell Asmar originally assumed that the main level of the palace was pre-Akkadian because of its plano-convex bricks (Frankfort 1933: pp. 34 ff.); but subsequently they assigned this level, correctly, to the Akkadian Period (Frankfort 1934: pp. 29–39). Seton Lloyd, in his manuscript for the final monograph, maintained an Akkadian dating for the main level of the building but was persuaded to allow the date to be changed to Protoimperial for the publication (Delougaz, Hill, and Lloyd 1967: pp. 181–196). Lloyd has continued to discuss the main level of the Northern Palace as an Akkadian Period building in his own books (e.g. Lloyd 1978: p. 141). Having read the Lloyd manuscript and having witnessed the process of editorial change from the vantage point of an editorial assistant, M. Gibson was aware as early as 1963 that there were some difficulties in the interpretation of the Diyala stratigraphy, especially in the zone of transition from Early Dynastic to Akkadian.

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Karlova, K. F. "Peribsen and Lower Egypt." Orientalistica 3, no. 5 (December 29, 2020): 1249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2020-3-5-1249-1258.

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The article deals with some aspects of Peribsen’s policy. In author’s opinion this pharaoh of the Second dynasty possibly led military campaigns in Lower Egypt. This hypothesis can be maintained by the data of seal impressions, stone vessels and the steles from the Early Dynastic period. The author shows that Peribsen’s election of Seth as the god of royal power and replacement of traditional patron of Egyptian rulers Horus by him could be connected with disintegration of Egypt into two parts. The author shows that the toponyms %Tt and &A-mHw in Peribsen’s monuments must be connected with Lower Egypt. The fact that place-names are connected with the tribute from Delta to Peribsen can prove that this ruler tried to conquer Lower Egypt. In the present study the comparative historical research is used.

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Jucha, Mariusz A., Grzegorz Bąk-Pryc, and Natalia Małecka-Drozd. "Tell el-Murra (Northeastern Nile Delta Survey). Seasons 2012–2013." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean XXIV, no. 1 (February 28, 2016): 199–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.9719.

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Excavations of the site of Tell el-Murra in the northeastern part of the Nile Delta in 2012 and 2013, following up on surveys in 2008 and in 2010–2011, uncovered settlement structures from the Old Kingdom in the northeastern part of the site (trench T5). Excavations in the adjacent cemetery (trench S3) cleared more graves, which were dated to the Early Dynastic period based on pottery and stone vessel evidence.

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Houk, Brett A., Hubert R. Robichaux, and Fred Valdez. "AN EARLY ROYAL MAYA TOMB FROM CHAN CHICH, BELIZE." Ancient Mesoamerica 21, no. 2 (2010): 229–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536110000301.

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AbstractIn 1997, the Chan Chich Archaeological Project excavated a Terminal Preclassic/Early Classic period Maya tomb at Chan Chich, Belize. Tomb 2 represents the earliest royal tomb in the Three Rivers Region of the east-central Yucatan Peninsula and has striking similarities to Burial 85 at Tikal, the tomb of the dynastic founder Yax Ehb' Xook. This paper describes Tomb 2 and its contents and considers its significance within the context of the significant political and cultural changes that marked the transition from the Late Preclassic to the Early Classic period. We argue that the tomb is an early example of a regional expression of elite competition for status and power in the Central Lowlands that included the use of a subcomplex of ceramics and exotic artifacts to express prestige. Tomb 2 is also an example of an early royal burial pattern that may be more widespread than believed but has been overlooked due to excavation bias.

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Kazimierczak, Magdalena. "Lidded Jar from Grave No. 40 at Tell El-Murra Cemetery." Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 25 (December 19, 2021): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.25.2021.25.02.

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The goal of the article is to provide data about a lidded jar discovered in a Tell el-Murra (Nile Delta) grave from the Early Dynastic period. Through the publication of the morphological and technological analysis of the lidded vessel and the details of the place of its discovery, the author would like to make a contribution to the understanding of this kind of jars, known mostly from Upper Egypt and Nubia.

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Chin-Hsiung, Hsü, and James C. H. Hsu. "21. An Epigraphic Interpretation of Historical Stages in Ancient Chinese History." Early China 9, S1 (1986): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362502800003084.

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ABSTRACTSince the end of the Warring States period (221 B.C.), the traditional history of China has always been said to have begun with the “Three August Sovereigns” and the “Five Emperors.” The stages in Chinese civilization were thus personified and ancient society was conceived of as having been ruled by an uninterrupted line of emperors. This early period of Chinese history may be divided into three periods, each of which may be typified by one oracle-graph.The first period is the era of the legendary personages. This is before the period of the Yellow Emperor and may be represented by the oracle-bone graph for “sage.” The second period is the era of the emperors who created social institutions, an era which may be represented by the oracle-bone graph for “jade pendant.” The final period is the era of authentic dynastic history, covering the Hsia, Shang, and Chou dynasties. This period may be represented by the oracle-bone graph for “king.”The oracle-bone character for “sage” is a pictograph of a man with extremely keen hearing. This implies exceptional physical or mental capabilities which would enable that person to bring great benefits to the community. This period of the sage saw the invention and development of a series of technological skills and tools which improved the standard of living of the community, but the stage had still not been reached when the social system necessary for political organization could come into being; that is to say, society had not yet reached the stage of true civilization.

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Kağnıcı, Gökhan. "The Forms of Propaganda in the Royal Inscriptions of Ancient Mesopotamia: From Early Dynastic Period to the End of Old Babylonian Period." Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute 2017, no. 27 (2017): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/pausbed.2017.64325.

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Takenouchi, Keita. "Mortuary Consumption and the Social Function of Stone Vessels in Early Dynastic Egypt." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 107, no. 1-2 (June 2021): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03075133211050650.

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This study examines the social functions of stone vessels in Early Dynastic society through a comparison between tomb architecture and the assemblage of stone vessels. The results demonstrated that the more valuable vessels, consisting of special wares and greenish stone vessels, were mostly restricted to high-status tombs in the Memphite and Abydos regions. This hierarchical structure places the king’s and highest officials’ tombs at the top of the hierarchy. Rulers probably distributed stone vessels to elites as part of their political strategy under the administrative institution and system developed since IIIC2. Furthermore, there are formal sets of stone vessels in elite tombs at provincial sites that are close to the vessel assemblage of the ritual list inscribed on funerary slabs during IIID. This suggests that stone vessels were likely brought to provincial areas to promote the offering ritual to local elites in this period. Thus, stone vessels functioned as a political medium for vertical and horizontal integration.

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Braun-Holzinger, Eva. "Kultszenen – Bankettszenen: Die Akteure und die Paraphernalien." Altorientalische Forschungen 48, no. 1 (June 8, 2021): 26–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2021-0002.

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Abstract On numerous images from the Early Dynastic to the Neo-Sumerian period men and women are depicted pouring liquids from special vessels. Clearly defined are two spheres: the human banquet, in which men and women are holding drinking vessel offered to them by their servants, and libation scenes showing cult personnel and other persons pouring a libation before their gods. Handwashing, which would have preceded banquets and libations, does not seem to be represented in visual imagery.

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Hendrickx, Stan. "Bibliography of the Prehistory and the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt and Northern Sudan - 1998 addition. Topographical index." Archéo-Nil. Revue de la société pour l'étude des cultures prépharaoniques de la vallée du Nil 8, no. 1 (1998): 129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/arnil.1998.1216.

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